308:, the Middle East and Afghanistan. He "enjoyed a rapid rise in the Soviet Army as a specialist in charge of psychological and ideological warfare. Only a fully committed Communist could qualify for these posts, and he earned his credentials by grinding out propagandistic and agitational screeds." "But even as he was indoctrinating troops in Communist orthodoxy, General Volkogonov was struggling with private doubts based on the horrors he discovered hidden in the archives". Volkogonov also had the opportunity to view the conditions of various client states during the
596:
663:). The book presents chapters on "the seven leaders of the Soviet Union: Lenin, Stalin, Khrushchev, Brezhnev, Andropov, Chernenko and Gorbachev." Volkogonov was in the Soviet Army during the reign of six of the seven leaders, and he had "direct working contact" with four of those leaders in his role as a colonel-general. The English editions were essentially condensed versions of the much longer Russian originals, as acknowledged by their translator and editor Harold Shukman.
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554:. I felt enormous relief, and at the same time a sense of deep regret that I had wasted so many years in Utopian captivity. Perhaps the only thing I achieved in this life was to break with the faith I had held for so long...Disillusionment first came to me as an idea, rather like the melancholy of a spiritual hangover. Then, it came as intellectual confusion. Finally, as the determination to confront the truth and understand it...
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418:"Not a single document, and a great amount of materials has been studied, substantiates the allegation that Mr. A. Hiss collaborated with the intelligence services of the Soviet Union," the official, Gen. Dmitry A. Volkogonov, chairman of the Russian Government's military intelligence archives, declared. He called the espionage accusations against Mr. Hiss "completely groundless."
546:, first met him in Oxford, England in 1989, he found Volkogonov to be "utterly unlike idea of a Soviet general." Shukman explained: "He did not strut or swagger, or drink or smoke, and in the many different situations in which I was to see him — in other countries, in Russia, with academics, etc., he was invariably easy-going and relaxed, and plainly popular."
399:
access. As part of this process, Volkogonov was able to personally review "many documents of the
Communist Party Central Committee and the Politburo." This declassification of state and Party papers allowed historians access which had never been allowed going back to the early formation of the Soviet Union seventy years before.
398:
In the early 1990s, Volkogonov was "the chairman of the commission investigating the hitherto unknown fates of allied prisoners of war in Soviet camps, chairman of the parliamentary committee for KGB and
Communist Party archives." The second parliamentary committee released 78 million files to public
437:
Volkogonov co-chaired a U.S.-Russia Joint
Commission on Prisoners of War, "and continued, always, to write." Volkogonov fell out of favor with Yeltsin in 1994, after opposing the use of force to solve ethnic disputes within areas of the former Soviet Union. Specifically, Volkogonov felt that Yeltsin
606:
During the August 1991 coup attempt in which a hardliners attempted to wrest control from
Gorbachev in an attempt to reassert the Communist Party's power in the Soviet Union, Volkogonov was in a hospital in London. When Volkogonov saw the news of the coup on television, he said to his editor, "So,
325:
years, Volkogonov "found documents that astounded him — papers that revealed top
Communists as cruel, dishonest and inept". Thus, while Volkogonov was actively writing and editing Soviet propaganda materials for troops, " was engaged in a lengthy, tortured but very private process of re-evaluating
360:
While the Stalin biography caused friction, everything really came to a head in June 1991, when he was forced to resign. Volkogonov had shown the other senior officers at the
Institute a draft of the first volume of a 10-volume official Soviet history of World War II. In it, Volkogonov criticized
469:. Deep in the basement of the huge grey building were shelves holding metal boxes that contained all the written records associated with Lenin. Volkogonov explained, "As I saw more and more closed Soviet archives, as well as the large Western collections at Harvard University and the
320:
Volkogonov was a fervent ideologue until the end of the 1970s, and devoted his energy to spreading
Marxism–Leninism within the military. Only with the most impeccable communist credentials did Volkogonov access the most secret Soviet archives. While reading in the archives during the
312:. While these countries received military aid, Volkogonov later recalled, "...they all became poorer; their economies were collapsing everywhere. And I came to the conclusion that the Marxist model was a real historic blind alley, and that we, too, were caught in a historic trap."
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writer described
Volkogonov: "For exposing truths and exploding myths, Volkogonov was often accused of treason and treachery. But he never retreated." Volkogonov was under tremendous pressures at the time. For instance he related that when he would enter the
587:(where he had held a seat as a liberal since the Gorbachev era), he would be met by Communist legislators who would "line up at the door and shout insults." Of this Volkogonov commented at the time, "I take these shouts as sounds of historical praise."
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349:"Volkogonov admitted publicly that, like many senior Soviet officials, he had lived two mental lives, rising higher and higher in his career while burrowing deeper in the archives, as if symbolically undermining the system that had nurtured him."
430:"I was not properly understood... The Ministry of Defense also has an intelligence service, which is totally different, and many documents have been destroyed. I only looked through what the K.G.B. had. All I said was that I saw no evidence."
508:
His biographical work, notably on
Trotsky, have also attracted varied reception. Some reviewers have argued he provides overwhelming evidence of the former’s ruthlessness in the name of the revolution. Conversely, other writers such as
266:, who had fallen out of favor with Stalin and who was arrested that year. This was something Volkogonov only found out years later while doing his own research in the restricted archives in Moscow. His mother was sent to a
450:
Although
Volkogonov began intensive research into Lenin in 1990, by the late 1980s he was actually already arriving at his own conclusion regarding Lenin's role. He eventually became thoroughly disillusioned with
1503:
513:
have claimed bias in his historical interpretation to “proclaim that Marxism is evil and revolution is wrong”, superficial assessment of the ideological formulations and compared his book unfavourably to the
292:
within himself. While reading early journals of Party members from the 1920s, Volkogonov realized "how stifled and sterile political debate in the Soviet Union had become in comparison to the early days."
344:
Although Volkogonov approached Lenin in the Stalin biography in a rather conventional way, he was passionate in his indictment of the Stalinist system. As he later remarked, "It immediately made me many
476:
Volkogonov always used to say "that in his own mind, Lenin was the last bastion to fall." He said that the turning point was when he discovered one of Lenin's orders calling for the public hanging of
353:
He had been director of the Institute of Military History since 1985, where he was heavily involved in research and writing. While there, Volkogonov compiled a two-volume collection of data on 45,000
364:
One British historian, summarizing Volkogonov's criticisms of Stalin's military role in World War II, then notes that "a number of officers at the Institute of Military History who had fought on the
1350:"Soviets Executed GIs After WWII : Prisoners: Other Americans were forced to renounce citizenship, Yeltsin writes Senate panel. But no sign of POWs from Korea, Vietnam wars found, Russian says"
611:, who had fired Volkogonov from the Institute three months earlier, had told him, "something will happen to get rid of the likes of you." From his hospital bed Volkogonov broadcast an appeal on the
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434:
Responding to Volkogonov's last remarks, Hiss himself stated: "If he and his associates haven't examined all the files, I hope they will examine the others, and they will show the same thing."
274:
in Western Siberia: Volkogonov joked that as they were already in the Far East, and Stalin was not in the habit of sending his political prisoners to Hawaii, they had to be sent west."
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622:, an American Russian organization tasked with finding American POWs in Russia. He told a US Senate committee that 730 American airmen had been captured on Cold War spy flights.
792:
603:"Despite his undergoing extensive surgery for colon and liver cancer" in 1991, the pace of both his political activity and the publication of his writings increased sharply.
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and his lawyer in the United States. In 1948, Hiss had been accused of being a spy for the Soviet Union. When Hiss's lawyer contacted Volkogonov to check the
458:
619:
551:
371:"Accused of blackening the name of the army, as well as that of the Communist Party and the Soviet state, and personally attacked by Minister of Defense
238:
that had been built up around Lenin and Stalin. Volkogonov published books that contributed to the strain of liberal Russian thought that emerged during
258:. Volkogonov was the son of a collective farm manager and a schoolteacher. In 1937, when he was eight, Volkogonov's father was arrested and shot during
484:
Hang (hang without fail, so the people see) no fewer than one hundred known kulaks, rich men, bloodsuckers...Do it in such a way that for hundreds of
329:
Volkogonov began writing his biography of Stalin in 1978. He completed it by 1983, but it was banned by the Central Committee. It was published under
578:
Volkogonov told his editor that the "spiritual strength" that he displayed in his last years was derived from undergoing a Christian baptism. As one
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were critical of Volkogonov's writings on the war because he had never set foot on a battlefield. He was, they said, an 'armchair-general'."
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of the Soviet Union. The publication of the book on Stalin within Russia made Volkogonov "a pariah among his fellow senior officers".
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department in 1970. There he wrote propaganda pamphlets and manuals on psychological warfare and gained a reputation as a hardliner.
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By the end of his life, Volkogonov had "firmly committed himself to the view that Russia's only hope in 1917 lay in the liberal and
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has also disputed the historical assessments by modern historians such as Volkogonov in which he argued had falsely equated
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around, the people will see, tremble, know, shout: they are strangling and will strangle to death the bloodsucking kulaks.
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it was only late in my life, after long and tortuous inner struggle, that I was able to free myself of the chimera of
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Volkogonov entered the military at the age of seventeen in 1945, which was common for many orphans. He studied at the
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It was as early as the 1950s, while a young Army officer, that Volkogonov first discovered information that created
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Volkogonov died from cancer in December 1995 at the age of 67. His family donated his papers to the United States
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1370:"Taking Lyon on the Ninth Day? The 1964 Warsaw Pact Plan for a Nuclear War in Europe and Related Documents"
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Recipients of the Order "For Service to the Homeland in the Armed Forces of the USSR", 3rd class
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1349:
1164:
510:
1325:
Trotsky: a biographer's problems. In The Trotsky reappraisal. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds)
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Editor's Preface to Volkogonov's Autopsy for an Empire: The Seven Leaders who Built the Soviet Regime
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in December 1991, Volkogonov became the special adviser for defence issues to the Russian President
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further solidified this thought within him, but he kept these thoughts to himself at that time.
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234:, Volkogonov discovered facts that contradicted the official Soviet version of events, and the
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Recipients of the Medal "For Distinction in Guarding the State Border of the USSR"
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During the decades that Volkogonov headed the Department of Special Propaganda, he visited
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When notice of Volkogonov's research became known in the West, inquiries came to him from
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officers who were arrested during the purges of the 1930s, in which 15,000 were shot.
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The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire: Political Leaders from Lenin to Gorbachev
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system within the last decade of his life before his death from cancer in 1995.
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636:(Вожди, or Vozhdi), which consists of the three books about: Vladimir Lenin (
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Later Volkogonov took issue with what amounted to exoneration of Hiss. In a
1113:"After 40 Years, a Postscript on Hiss: Russian Official Calls Him Innocent"
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article entitled "Russian General Retreats on Hiss," Volkogonov clarified:
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Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 3rd class
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was taking "the advice of wrong-headed counselors" in deciding to invade
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Stalin's management of the war and his liquidation of Soviet officers.
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Autopsy For An Empire: The Seven Leaders Who Built the Soviet Regime
842:
Autopsy For An Empire: The Seven Leaders Who Built the Soviet Regime
773:
Autopsy for an Empire: the Seven Leaders Who Built the Soviet Regime
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Autopsy for an Empire: the Seven Leaders Who Built the Soviet Regime
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First convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)
1372:. Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact. May 2000
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When Volkogonov's editor for the English editions of his books,
270:, where she died during World War II. The family was "exiled to
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to the Soviet army to not obey the orders of the coup leaders.
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111:
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List of members of the State Duma of Russia who died in office
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in the late 1980s and the post-Soviet era of the early 1990s.
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Through his research in the restricted archives of the Soviet
485:
477:
267:
973:"Dmitri Volkogonov, 67, Historian Who Debunked Heroes, Dies"
812:"Dmitri Volkogonov, 67, Historian Who Debunked Heroes, Dies"
175:; 22 March 1928 – 6 December 1995) was a Soviet and Russian
375:," and under pressure from Gorbachev, Volkogonov resigned.
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in California, Lenin's profile altered in my estimation".
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Corresponding Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
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by communist hardliners in August 1991, followed by the
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First Russian Biographies of Trotsky: A Review Article
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in Moscow in 1961, transferring to the Soviet Army's
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for most of his career, Volkogonov came to repudiate
496:
might be a counter-revolution, when compared to the
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Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
970:
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1001:"Writing History, Soviet General Finds Revelation"
1041:Albert Axell, Russia's Heroes, 1941-45; 2001:248.
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534:to present the notion of ideological continuity.
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1077:Dmitri Volkogonov; Harold Shukman (1 May 1999).
998:
925:"Dmitri Volkogonov Dies; Exposed Soviet Horrors"
922:
1524:State Prize of the Russian Federation laureates
1327:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 19, 20.
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492:"It never occurred to us", he wrote, "that the
262:for being found in possession of a pamphlet by
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673:Mythical "Threat" and the Real Danger to Peace
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446:Biography of Lenin and Critique of Leninism
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1225:The Unknown Lenin: From the Secret Archive
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947:"Sowing the Seeds of his Own Destruction"
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739:Credited as a Historical Consultant for
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250:Volkogonov was born on 22 March 1928 in
1519:Recipients of the Order of the Red Star
1489:Lenin Military Political Academy alumni
1228:. Yale University Press. pp. 50–.
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655:He also finished just before his death
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1494:Recipients of the Lenin Komsomol Prize
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1393:McInnes, Neil. "Volkogonov's journey"
1322:
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1267:
1137:Schmemann, Serge (December 17, 1992).
1065:
957:
859:
410:archives for record of Hiss as a spy,
1209:Author's intro: Autopsy for an Empire
1111:Margolick, David (October 29, 1992).
677:Novosti Press Agency Publishing House
503:
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191:department. After research in secret
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1270:"Trotsky: The Eternal Revolutionary"
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1083:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 24–.
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379:Advisor to Yeltsin and 1990s Stances
1474:Advisers to the President of Russia
1469:People from Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai
1348:Ross, Michael (November 12, 1992).
1308:Singer, Daniel (24 February 1999).
1163:Howe, Marvine (December 17, 1992).
1051:Champion, Mark (October 12, 1992).
607:they've done it." Defense Minister
13:
1569:Deaths from brain cancer in Russia
1539:Stalinism-era scholars and writers
1397:08849382, (Winter96/97), Issue 46
1387:
1139:"Russian General Retreats on Hiss"
971:Stanley, Alessandra (1995-12-07).
747:Trotsky: The Eternal Revolutionary
646:Trotsky: The Eternal Revolutionary
618:Volkogonov was the co-chairman of
14:
1585:
1549:20th-century Russian philosophers
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762:, HarperCollins Publishers, 1998
741:Russia's War: Blood upon the Snow
599:Volkogonov's gravestone in Moscow
559:Dmitri Volkogonov, Introduction,
1431:
1419:
1023:Breslauer, George (1998-06-14).
839:Dmitri Volkogonov (1 May 1999).
279:Lenin Military-Political Academy
1464:20th-century Russian historians
1341:
1316:
1301:
1284:
1268:Kramer, Mark (1 January 1997).
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1104:
1044:
999:Erlanger, Steven (1995-08-01).
923:Simon, Stephanie (1995-12-07).
498:events of February of that year
389:dissolution of the Soviet Union
385:1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt
295:Khrushchev's 1956 secret speech
173:Дми́трий Анто́нович Волкого́нов
1222:Richard Pipes (10 June 1999).
1053:"Volkogonov Rediscovers Lenin"
1035:
804:
743:television documentary series.
571:coalition that emerged in the
494:'breakthrough' of October 1917
1:
945:Pipes, Richard (1996-03-24).
798:
590:
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21:Eastern Slavic naming customs
1574:Burials at Kuntsevo Cemetery
845:. Free Press. pp. 12–.
695:The Army and Social Progress
648:, 1992); and Joseph Stalin (
537:
211:. Despite being a committed
165:Dmitri Antonovich Volkogonov
61:Dmitri Antonovich Volkogonov
7:
1544:Russian military historians
1207:Volkogonov, Dmitri (1999).
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701:Stalin: Triumph and tragedy
697:, Progress Publishers, 1987
650:Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy
195:(both before and after the
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461:were housed in the former
201:biography of Joseph Stalin
19:In this name that follows
18:
1291:Thatcher, Ian D. (1994).
1165:"Keep Looking, Hiss Says"
725:. London: HarperCollins.
703:, Grove Weidenfeld, 1991
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89:
56:
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1310:"The Prophet Vulgarized"
899:Shukman, Harold (1998).
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197:dissolution of the union
1554:Soviet colonel generals
1529:Historians of communism
1323:Broue., Pierre (1992).
207:, among others such as
1436:Quotations related to
1274:The Review of Politics
719:Lenin: A New Biography
638:Lenin: A New Biography
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1297:. pp. 1417–1423.
1190:Autopsy for an Empire
684:The Psychological War
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561:Autopsy For An Empire
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465:building on Moscow's
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189:psychological warfare
141:Years of service
1534:Historians of Russia
1428:at Wikimedia Commons
290:cognitive dissonance
183:who was head of the
1564:Soviet philosophers
775:, Free Press, 1999
749:, Free Press, 1996
689:Progress Publishers
627:Library of Congress
573:February Revolution
518:. French historian
236:cult of personality
1188:Editor's Preface,
715:Volkogonov, Dmitry
601:
585:Russian Parliament
552:Bolshevik Ideology
504:Reception of works
480:peasants in 1918:
471:Hoover Institution
412:The New York Times
316:Researching Stalin
199:), he published a
1559:Soviet historians
1438:Dmitri Volkogonov
1426:Dmitri Volkogonov
1424:Media related to
1395:National Interest
1355:Los Angeles Times
1334:978-0-7486-0317-6
1235:978-0-300-07662-2
1090:978-0-684-87112-7
929:Los Angeles Times
852:978-1-4391-0572-6
820:. 7 December 1995
781:978-0-684-87112-7
768:978-0-00-255791-7
755:978-0-684-82293-8
732:978-0-00-255123-6
709:978-0-8021-1165-4
620:Task Force Russia
580:Los Angeles Times
569:social democratic
516:Deutscher trilogy
463:Central Committee
383:After the failed
331:Mikhail Gorbachev
326:Soviet history."
232:Central Committee
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46:Dmitri Volkogonov
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71:22 March 1928
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1459:1995 deaths
1454:1928 births
1404:Appearances
661:Sem Vozhdei
414:reported:
339:dissolution
337:before the
272:Krasnoyarsk
108:Nationality
33:family name
1448:Categories
1174:14 October
1148:14 October
1122:14 October
799:References
591:Last years
532:Trotskyism
404:Alger Hiss
283:propaganda
268:labor camp
254:, Eastern
246:Early life
118:Occupation
67:1928-03-22
37:Volkogonov
29:Antonovich
25:patronymic
1241:13 August
640:, 1994);
538:Character
528:Stalinism
345:enemies."
221:communism
213:Stalinist
177:historian
144:1945–1991
121:Historian
787:See also
717:(1994).
557:—
524:Leninism
453:Leninism
440:Chechnya
355:Red Army
335:Glasnost
323:Brezhnev
310:Cold War
306:Ethiopia
264:Bukharin
240:Glasnost
223:and the
1376:15 July
1096:26 July
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634:Leaders
256:Siberia
169:Russian
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1399:online
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486:versts
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667:Works
478:Kulak
373:Yazov
252:Chita
79:RSFSR
75:Chita
1378:2015
1329:ISBN
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1176:2012
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1124:2012
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847:ISBN
826:2024
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727:ISBN
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530:and
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203:and
179:and
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