78:
439:. This product was renowned for advancing the mobility and flexibility of video cameras, thereby facilitating heightened efficiency during documentary production. Moreover, camcorders allowed for substantial production cost reductions in relation to traditional film camera production techniques, thereby allowing for increased amounts of footage to be captured. This led camcorders to almost entirely replace film cameras by the end of the twentieth century. Glover suggests that this widespread adoption of digital documentary production methods provided novel opportunities for documentaries to "take on any or several of the modes" of documentary as defined by
178:
424:
378:
605:
619:, expressed an opinion in which he lamented the contemporary state of television documentaries. He believed modern audiences to lack an interest in lengthy documentary series, rather favouring miniseries composed of two or three episodes. He suggested that these miniseries do not "deal with something properly." Instead, Attenborough longed for a "stronger commitment and belief" in one subject matter, facilitating extended documentary series production once more.
272:
36:
554:. Despite previous broadcasting approval, the BBC later concluded that the documentary was "too horrifying for the medium of broadcasting," thus, it was not publicly broadcast. Later remarks affirmed that the BBC took such an approach with concern for the potentially negative institutional and cultural influence arising from public televised broadcasting of
242:, centred their televised documentaries around historical, military, wartime and event-related genres. The 1960s are frequently celebrated as the "Golden Age" of television documentary within the United States. At this time, television documentaries began to hold increasing importance within both journalistic and political realms. Notably, the
206:. This suspension lasted throughout the six-year wartime period. Regular television broadcasting was resumed in 1946. Subsequent expansion of the BBC's network throughout the coming years toward nationwide coverage, additional channels, as well as the introduction of novel competition into the television network market (notably
583:. They concluded that the docudrama held influence upon other newspaper and television stories, particularly regarding discussions of arms limitations with the Soviet Union. The study also found that public concerns heightened regarding the United States' ability to survive following a major nuclear attack. Additionally,
507:
The continued emergence of television documentary within historical and informative media contexts has engaged significant debate and controversy surrounding its wide-reaching influence. These controversies typically consist of ethical, cultural, social and political concerns. Televised documentary
140:
Documentary television rose to prominence during the 1940s, spawning from earlier cinematic documentary filmmaking ventures. Early production techniques were highly inefficient compared to modern recording methods. Early television documentaries typically featured historical, wartime, investigative
353:
ward at the San
Francisco General Hospital. The documentary aligns with Johnson and Johnson's brand focus on "care" and "touch". Tim Stevenson indicates that brand-sponsored documentaries allow marketers to access widespread audiences through mediums that traditional advertising methods cannot.
144:
Many television documentaries have created controversy and debate surrounding ethical, cultural, social and political concerns. Controversy has also arisen regarding the current formatting of televised documentary series, as well as the contextualisation of televised documentaries broadcast via
213:
It is of common belief that the widespread televised revolution, particularly within documentary filmmaking, was an inevitable construct. Duncan Ross and Ramsay Short became early pioneers of the televised documentary format, prominently embedding existing filmmaking techniques within this new
214:
broadcasting vehicle. Ross, in 1950, noted that documentary media was "perfectly at home in television." At this time, Ross and his contemporaries considered television documentary as an extension beyond traditional documentary filmmaking – particularly in celebrating
316:, otherwise known as i-docs or web documentaries, often accompany traditionally broadcast television documentaries, featuring interactive hyper-links, audio, text and images. Interactive documentaries have been recognised in recent film festivals, such as the
622:
The emergence of streaming services into the cultural broadcasting mainstream throughout the 2010s in particular, has also sparked contemporary controversy surrounding the format and classification of televised documentaries. Subsequently, the
218:'s defining notion that documentary exists as "the creative treatment of actuality." These early television documentarists advocated for the potential influence of television documentary within educational, social and cultural mediums.
547:
influence of television documentary has frequently been under public scrutiny. Such concerns date to the initial emergence of televised documentary within public spheres. Cultural controversy arose regarding the BBC's 1965 production,
627:(ATAS), a leading professional honorary organisation that champions the advancement of the television industry in the United States, has recognised documentaries published by streaming services as eligible for consideration for an
451:
Early
British television documentaries held a large focus upon historical events, locations and governing states. Additionally, war documentaries rose to prominence in the late 1940s and early 1950s, illustrating efforts of the
498:
Television documentaries continue to spotlight wartime, historical, governmental and wildlife subjects. Contemporary genres of television documentaries also include sport, health, economic, social media and celebrity subjects.
1589:
466:(1951–1955) as being a landmark television documentary that spawned the investigative genre, marking the "first critical journalism on television." Later, in the 1960s, televised documentary genres continued to expand;
210:) spurred opportunities for the emergence of televised documentary. In line with the British conception of a publicly televised broadcasting network, television documentary also finds its origins in British media.
303:
continued to screen investigative television documentaries. Moreover, this period also saw the emergence of television documentaries produced by minority groups, offering novel cultural and political opinions.
987:
540:. Such factual discrepancies have led to frequent suggestions that television documentary occasionally deviates from accurate historical representations, rather escalating drama for entertainment purposes.
443:. This lends particular convenience to the production of the 'slide-show' approach, which shows framed-stills with narrating 'talking heads' – a "constant staple" of television documentary.
644:
162:
Televised documentary finds its roots in the media communication modes of film, photojournalism and radio. Specifically, televised documentary can be traced to the origins of cinematic
1100:
615:
The advancement and contemporary formatting of popular television documentary productions has also drawn controversy in recent years. In 2014, famed documentary narrator,
174:
to consider its origins as a largely "international process" involving nations such as the United States of
America, France, Germany, the Soviet Union and Great Britain.
842:
431:
The next significant development within television documentary production techniques came in the 1980s with the introduction of portable video recorders, also known as
287:
The latter decades of the twentieth century saw television documentary decline in popularity on commercial broadcasting networks, rather screening primarily via
1047:
57:
141:
or event-related subject matter. Contemporary television documentaries have extended to include celebrity, sporting, travel, economic and wildlife subjects.
1503:
Chattoo, Caty Borum; Jenkins, Will (2019). "From reel life to real social change: the role of contemporary social-issue documentary in U.S. public policy".
420:
campaign and was recognised for its facilitation of the transfer of video tape recordings from one company's device to another company's respective device.
350:
366:, often positioned on tripods, captured the image, utilising accompanying lighting and filtering equipment. Sound was recorded using a quarter inch
397:
sound recorders. Contemporary attempts to recreate a similar vintage production environment note such methods to be inefficient and often faulty.
591:
should have increased public defence expenditure. Similarly, another study concluded that several recent social-issue documentaries, including
202:(BBC). Following this initial broadcast, the BBC's television service continued, albeit in limited capacity, until 1939 with the onset of the
170:, a Polish cinematographer suggested documentary film to be a "new source of history". The widespread evolution of documentary filmmaking led
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146:
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influence of television documentaries. Feldman and
Sigelman conducted a study in 1985, analysing the effect of the television docudrama,
1074:
1566:
44:
296:
166:. Documentary film emerged in prominence within non-fiction filmmaking as an account of historical and contemporary events. In 1898,
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624:
1628:
A 16mm lighting technician discusses their equipment and the drawbacks of lighting for documentary production in domestic settings
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The current trajectory of television documentary productions is widely suggested to transit towards streaming services such as
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706:
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Early television documentaries were produced by recording the relevant visual and sonic media separately. Sixteen millimetre
230:
dates to 1949, depicting a series of wartime memoirs. During the 1950s, prominent commercial broadcasting networks, such as
1205:
530:, who claimed that the film "utterly betrayed" him in its portrayal of his relationships with young children. Similarly,
520:. As such, defamation within television documentary has been a persistent source of controversy. ITV's 2003 documentary,
77:
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1021:
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Television documentary continued to grow in popularity globally throughout the forthcoming decades. James
Chapman notes
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389:
Particularly prominent equipment utilised throughout the early period of television documentary production included
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controversy surrounding the incomplete portrayal of an event; ethical controversy following image modification via
199:
1642:
460:. Investigative television documentaries also grew in popularity during the 1950s. Chad Raphael highlights CBS's
312:
A new medium for documentary broadcasting emerged in the 2000s and continued to rise to prominence in the 2010s.
171:
95:. Television documentaries exist either as a television documentary series or as a television documentary film.
1460:
Feldman, Stanley; Sigelman, Lee (June 1985). "The
Political Impact of Prime-Time Television: "The Day After"".
666:
259:(1969) as "the best indication of the cultural acceptance" of television documentary. Following its screening,
246:
believed that televised documentaries could contribute towards the
American efforts to constrain the growth of
132:. Occasionally, documentary films that were initially intended for televised broadcasting may be screened in a
580:
408:
inspired a revolt against the existing traditional methods of information communication to
American society.
243:
235:
686:
537:
653:
536:(2004) raised concerns regarding the factual accuracy and honesty of its portrayal of the geopolitics of
522:
195:
1433:
Shaw, Tony (2006). "The BBC, the State and Cold War
Culture: The Case of Television's War Game (1965)".
1647:
733:
636:
593:
440:
17:
1322:
Broadcast
Network Documentaries (In C.H. Sterling & C. Whitney (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Journalism)
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Broadcast Network Documentaries (In C.H. Sterling & C. Whitney (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Journalism)
701:
1567:"Emmys: Netflix Dominates in 2020, With a Whopping 160 Nominations; HBO's 'Watchmen' Leads Programs"
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696:
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techniques and ethical concerns regarding the verifiability of the information presented within an
483:
332:
988:"The True Story of the Royal Family's BBC Documentary, Which Hasn't Been Seen Publicly in Decades"
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778:
49:
167:
631:. Televised media, broadcast via streaming services, has grown so much in popularity such that
453:
321:
1623:
A 16mm documentary cameraman discusses the cameras used for documentary, and drama, production
1185:
Boyle, Dierdre (1992). "From Portapak to Camcorder: A Brief History of Guerrilla Television".
177:
317:
864:
Boon, Timothy (2013). "British Science Documentaries: Transitions from Film to Television".
711:
597:, held "situated knowledge" and thus were influential within the United States in enacting
492:
417:
340:
8:
843:"Eighty years ago the BBC made its first live broadcast – and the world changed for ever"
716:
292:
255:
194:
The emergence of documentary film within its televised format followed the advent of the
125:
1414:
Crowcroft, Robert (2 February 2019). "How good is television as a medium for history?".
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The early 1970s sparked revolutionary changes within documentary production techniques.
1520:
1485:
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608:
405:
196:
launch of the world's first high-definition (as then defined) public television service
1101:"JOHNSON & JOHNSON AIDS DOCUMENTARY WINS ENTERTAINMENT LIONS GRAND PRIX AT CANNES"
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networks. This saw the rise of several specialised documentary channels, such as
1272:. New York, NY: The Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 258–259.
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Contemporary studies have been conducted with specific focus on evaluating the
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324:, largely for their success in educational and historical media productions.
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877:
1389:"Honest Truths: Documentary Filmmakers on Ethical Challenges in Their Work"
763:
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363:
643:, who received 107 nominations in 2020. Notably, the 2020 grand prize for
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280:
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598:
462:
432:
1285:"The Emergence of Digital Documentary Filmmaking in the United States"
1233:"The Emergence of Digital Documentary Filmmaking in the United States"
1011:"The Emergence of Digital Documentary Filmmaking in the United States"
271:
566:
345:
247:
1473:
635:-produced television shows received a record 160 nominations in the
1618:
A 16mm documentary crew prepare to shoot a basic interview sequence
1124:"Marketers are capitalizing on documentary filmmaking's golden age"
691:
544:
471:
413:
798:
Matuszewski, Bolesław (25 March 1898). "A New Source of History".
639:
in 2020. This achievement was followed by streaming service rival
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328:
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35:
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299:, in the early 2000s. During this period in the United States,
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screened within an ordered collection of two or more televised
1154:"Filming for Television: How a 16mm Film Crew Worked Together"
517:
394:
81:
People in Taiwan watching the Discovery Channel documentary
648:
409:
1540:"David Attenborough bemoans the state of TV documentaries"
263:
amassed viewership figures of 40 million people globally.
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575:, presenting the aftermath that could unfold following a
300:
239:
231:
182:
1590:"'The Last Dance' Wins Emmy for Best Documentary Series"
1158:
View: Journal of European Television History and Culture
487:(1969), a thirteen-part documentary series broadcast on
1324:. Beverley Hills: Sage Publications. pp. 458–463.
949:. Beverley Hills: Sage Publications. pp. 458–463.
891:
Ross, Duncan (1950). "The Documentary in Television".
307:
1204:
U. o. L. Department of Media Arts at Royal Holloway.
416:
video camera was a significant tool that spurred the
1386:
477:So too did documentaries that explored themes of
374:, the visual and sonic elements were syncopated.
1634:
1387:Aufderheide, Pat; Jaszi, Peter; Chandra, Mridu.
226:The origin of television documentary within the
1459:
927:The Magic Window American Television ,1939–1953
657:(2020) which was streamed on Netflix globally.
1502:
474:subjects became popular documentary subjects.
1048:"DOCUMENTARY PRODUCTION FOCUS ON INTERACTIVE"
924:
335:. This trend coincides with the emergence of
185:'s high-definition public television service.
1354:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
1045:
645:Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Series
91:are televised media productions that screen
1267:
797:
349:, depicting several nurses who founded an
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1413:
1337:Kenneth Clark: Life, Art and Civilisation
1268:Ellis, Jack C.; McLane, Betsy A. (2005).
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60:of all important aspects of the article.
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759:List of documentary television channels
393:16mm film cameras, in conjunction with
14:
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1395:. Center for Media & Social Impact
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370:alongside several microphones. During
56:Please consider expanding the lead to
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1184:
1151:
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1432:
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863:
828:A New History of British Documentary
587:sparked debate about whether or not
508:media has been considered to create
29:
1565:Schneider, Michael (28 July 2020).
1098:
1075:"What Is The Future Of Television?"
986:Rieden, Juliet (23 November 2019).
960:Thompson, Robert J.; Allen, Steve.
912:The First Principles of Documentary
830:. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
660:
435:. Most notably, Sony developed the
308:Contemporary television documentary
24:
1588:Porter, Rick (19 September 2020).
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1230:
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1008:
25:
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1301:from the original on 3 March 2021
1270:A New History of Documentary Film
1249:from the original on 3 March 2021
1027:from the original on 3 March 2021
962:"Television in the United States"
841:Robson, David (27 October 2016).
279:television network cable with an
1538:Deans, Jason (14 October 2014).
1171:10.18146/2213-0969.2019.jethc167
1122:Stevenson, Tim (7 August 2019).
200:British Broadcasting Corporation
181:The commemorative plaque of the
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1658:Documentary television channels
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538:George W. Bush's administration
343:commissioned the production of
48:may be too short to adequately
1210:How Television Used To Be Made
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884:
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667:Al Jazeera Documentary Channel
58:provide an accessible overview
13:
1:
1653:Documentary television series
1435:The English Historical Review
1366:"Michael Jackson's statement"
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337:brand-sponsored documentaries
100:Television documentary series
1663:Documentary television films
1505:Media, Culture & Society
914:. London: Faber & Faber.
687:DOC: The Documentary Channel
502:
266:
221:
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118:Television documentary films
7:
1352:Introduction to Documentary
925:Von Schilling, Jim (2002).
727:
523:Living with Michael Jackson
491:, portraying the course of
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27:Genre of television program
10:
1679:
734:Bill Nichols (film critic)
637:72nd Primetime Emmy Awards
198:on 2 November 1936 by the
152:
1292:Academic Forum 30 2012–13
1240:Academic Forum 30 2012–13
1187:Journal of Film and Video
1018:Academic Forum 30 2012–13
446:
427:Sony Betacam SP Camcorder
314:Interactive documentaries
1517:10.1177/0163443718823145
1335:Stourton, James (2016).
769:Public-access television
697:Documentary (TV channel)
579:nuclear attack upon the
89:Television documentaries
1462:The Journal of Politics
966:Encyclopædia Britannica
910:Grierson, John (1966).
878:10.3366/jbctv.2013.0151
826:Chapman, James (2015).
779:Walter Goodman (critic)
83:Taiwan's Military Elite
1643:Documentary television
1594:The Hollywood Reporter
1368:. CNN. 6 February 2003
1350:Nichols, Bill (2001).
1320:Raphael, Chad (2009).
945:Raphael, Chad (2009).
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526:, drew criticism from
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322:Sundance Film Festival
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244:Kennedy administration
208:Independent Television
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124:to be broadcast via a
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1206:"U-matic and Betacam"
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426:
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358:Production techniques
341:Johnson & Johnson
318:Tribeca Film Festival
274:
180:
80:
1152:Ellis, John (2019).
1099:Jardine, Alexandra.
990:. Town & Country
493:Western civilisation
418:Guerrilla television
168:Bolesław Matuszewski
130:news-related channel
120:exist as a singular
717:Smithsonian Channel
707:National Geographic
412:'s newly developed
297:National Geographic
293:The History Channel
126:documentary channel
102:, sometimes called
1569:. Variety. Variety
1447:10.1093/ehr/cel282
1441:(494): 1351–1384.
1339:. William Collins.
1212:. ADAPT TV History
1054:. Screen Australia
1046:Screen Australia.
845:. Express. Express
617:David Attenborough
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609:David Attenborough
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406:Buckminster Fuller
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381:Recording with an
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147:streaming services
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1648:Television genres
682:Discovery Channel
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661:Example channels
589:President Reagan
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458:Second World War
402:Marshall McLuhan
339:. For instance,
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1546:. The Guardian
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1573:13 November
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1372:13 November
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1253:13 November
1134:13 November
1107:13 November
1084:13 November
1058:13 November
1031:13 November
971:12 November
647:was won by
1637:Categories
785:References
749:Filmmaking
629:Emmy Award
599:law reform
463:See It Now
433:camcorders
104:docuseries
66:April 2021
18:Docuseries
1525:149835431
1490:154884471
1216:2 October
1130:. Digiday
994:2 October
594:Semper Fi
567:political
503:Criticism
283:connector
267:1970–2000
248:communism
222:1950–1970
190:1900–1950
50:summarize
1296:Archived
1244:Archived
1022:Archived
899:(1): 19.
728:See also
692:Docu TVE
611:in 2019.
545:cultural
479:humanity
472:wildlife
414:Portapak
320:and the
158:Pre-1900
112:episodes
1482:2130896
1128:Digiday
1103:. AdAge
712:Science
702:History
633:Netflix
510:ethical
489:BBC Two
456:in the
437:Betacam
329:Netflix
277:coaxial
153:History
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1079:Forbes
577:Soviet
563:social
447:Genres
391:Éclair
383:Éclair
281:F-type
134:cinema
106:, are
1521:S2CID
1486:S2CID
1478:JSTOR
1299:(PDF)
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1014:(PDF)
518:image
395:Nagra
128:or a
1601:2020
1575:2020
1552:2020
1422:(2).
1401:2020
1393:CMSI
1374:2020
1307:2020
1255:2020
1218:2020
1136:2020
1109:2020
1086:2020
1060:2020
1033:2020
996:2020
973:2020
851:2020
649:ESPN
565:and
543:The
470:and
410:Sony
404:and
351:AIDS
333:Stan
331:and
295:and
238:and
1513:doi
1470:doi
1443:doi
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1166:doi
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651:'s
641:HBO
301:PBS
240:CBS
236:ABC
232:NBC
183:BBC
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