Donghu people - Knowledge

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the Donghu.(p.4) The attribution of any non-Chinese culture to a name provided by early Chinese texts is risky. Unless material evidence appears to coincide with written evidence (assuming there is indeed written evidence, other than the notation of a name), we cannot be sure such attribution is justified. In the case of the Donghu, we have scant textual evidence.(p.5) In any case, attributing Upper Xiajiadian to the Donghu compounds the problems the material remains themselves present. At this time，I see no benefit in making any specific attribution (p.6)

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of Zhao 趙 to the edge of the steppe in present Shanxi province shortly before the end of the fifth century B.C.E. brought them into contact with a new type of horse-riding “barbarian” that they called Hu 胡. … In Han times the term Hu was applied to steppe nomads in general but especially to the Xiongnu who had become the dominant power in the steppe. Earlier it had referred to a specific proto-Mongolian people, now differentiated as the Eastern Hu 東胡, from whom the Xianbei 鮮卑 and the Wuhuan 烏桓 later emerged.

1349: 4247: 540: 3102:"The above-mentioned stone statues are images of Hu people, and scholars have no objection to this. Hu people are the general name given by the Han people in the Central Plains of our country to the foreign ethnic groups in the north and west in ancient China. In the cognitive field of Han people, the concept of Hu people is relatively vague, and it has a tendency to change with time. The Hu in the pre-Qin period refers specifically to the 3208:" quote: "鮮卑者，亦東胡之支也，別依鮮卑山，故因號焉。其言語習俗與烏桓同。…… 漢初，亦為冒頓所破，遠竄遼東塞外，與烏桓相接，未常通中國焉。" Xu (2005)'s translation: "The Xianbei who were a branch of the Donghu, relied upon the Xianbei Mountains. Therefore, they were called the Xianbei. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-A.D. 220), (they) were defeated by Maodun, and then fled in disorder to Liaodong beyond the northern border of China Proper ..." 1457: 1438:

dissension, the Eastern Hu became rebellious. From then on they played an increasingly prominent role in Chinese frontier strategy as a force to play off against the Hsiung-nu. Two major divisions are distinguished, the Hsien-pei to the north and the Wu-huan to the south. By the end of the first century B.C. these more specific names had supplanted the older generic term.

2726:Это отчасти связано с недостаточным количеством материалов, отчасти - с допущенными ошибками. Например, фонетическое отождествление древнего народа дунху (восточные ху) с тунгусами, сделанное в начале XIX в. Абелем Ремюса лишь на принципе звукового сходства дунху - тунгус, привело к тому, что всех потомков дунху долгое время считали предками тунгусов. 1680:. This lineage has also been found among remains associated with the Donghu people. The authors of the study suggested that haplogroup C2b1a1b was an important lineage among the Donghu, and that the Rouran were paternally descended from the Xianbei and Donghu. Haplogroup C2b1a1b has a high frequency among 1446:

there is now archaeological evidence of the spread of pastoral nomadism based on horse riding from Central Asia into Mongolia and farther east in the first half of the first millennium B.C.E., as far as we have evidence it did not impinge on Chinese consciousness until the northward push of the state

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killed his father Touman (in 209 BCE) and took the title of Chanyu, the Donghu thought that Modu feared them, and they started to ask for tribute from the Xiongnu, his best horses and even a consort of Modu's. Modu conceded. Not satisfied with this they asked for some of the Xiongnu territories. This

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The most typical early form of metal mask was a combination of sackcloth, copper clasps and mussels found in the Zhoujiadi cemetery in Aohan Banner, Inner Mongolia, of the Xiajiadian upper culture (Yang and Gu 1984). (...) Besides, both Zhoujiadi M45 and Iheura M2 can be identified as remains of the

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defected to the Xiongnu in 195 BC he was created King of Donghu (東胡王) by the Xiongnu. This Kingdom of Donghu fiefdom lasted until 144 BC when Lu Wan's grandson Lu Tazhi defected back to the Han dynasty. The Wuhuan (southern Donghu) inhabitants of the fiefdom continued as vassals of the Xiongnu until

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We can thus reasonably say that, by the end of the fourth century B.C., the term "Hu" applied to various ethnic groups (tribes, groups of tribes, and even states) speaking different languages and generally found living scattered across a wide territory. Their fragmentation, however, could be turned,

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The study of Upper Xiaiadianis hampered by the small number of well-reported excavations, the conditions of the tombs themselves, and by confusion concerning the nature of the culture and its dating. In general，"Upper Xiajiadian" is considered to refer to a nomadic culture，frequently attributed to

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populations. It is, rather unsatisfactorily, commonly translated as 'barbarian'. While sometimes it was used in this general way to describe people of non-Han descent, and carried the same negative overtones of the English term, this was not always the case. Most frequently, it was used to denote

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This is due to the insufficient amount of materials and partly due to the mistakes made. For example, the phonetic identification of the ancient people of the Donghu (Eastern Hu) with the Tungus, made at the beginning of the 19th century by Abel-Rémusat only on the principle of sound similarity

1399:胡 as "a new type of foreigner", and believes, "This term, whatever its origin, soon came to indicate an 'anthropological type' rather than a specific group or tribe, which the records allow us to identify as early steppe nomads. The Hu were the source of the introduction of cavalry in China." 3383:

Other evidence to support our argument is that Western, Asian-style architectural elements such as Hu statue columns and arched doorways (Figure 35) indicate the influence of foreign styles in some of the large, high-grade Han pictorial stone tombs currently found in this region, such as the

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The Tung-hu peoples were probably a tribal federation founded by a number of nomadic peoples, including the Wu-huan and Hsien-pi. After its conquest of the Hsiung-nu, the federation apparently ceased to exist. Throughout the Han period, no trace can be found of activities of the Tung-hu as a

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along with the Woods Hu and the Lou-fan as barbarians to the north of Chao in the fourth century B.C., appear again as one of the first peoples whom the Hsiung-nu conquered in establishing their empire. Toward the end of the Former Han, as the Hsiung-nu empire was weakening through internal

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At the dawn of history we find the Chinese, self-identified by such terms as Hsia and Hua, surrounded and interspersed by other peoples with whom they were frequently in conflict and whom they typically looked down upon as inferior beings in the same way the Hellenes looked down on the

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enraged Modu who attacked and soundly defeated them, killing their ruler, taking his subjects prisoner, and seizing their livestock, before turning west to attack and defeat the Yuezhi (c. 177 BCE). This caused disintegration in the Donghu federation. Thereafter, the

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can also refer to a variety of different races and different ethnic groups. It was used by Han Chinese to describe anyone who is not of ethnic Han Chinese descent and were considered barbarians: for example, Sima Qian also used Hu to call the

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between the Yun and Luo rivers; there they were known as the Red Di and the White Di. Shortly afterwards, Duke Mu of Qin, having obtained the services of You Yu, succeeded in getting the eight barbarian tribes of the west to submit to his

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the Mianzhu, the Hunrong, and the Diyuan tribes. North of Mts. Qi and Liang and the Jing and Qi rivers lived the Yiqu, Dali, Wuzhi, and Quyuan tribes. North of Jin were the Linhu (Forest Barbarians) and the Loufan, while north of

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121 BC. Gradually the name Donghu stopped being used. In the 1st century, the Xianbei (northern Donghu) defeated the Wuhuan and northern Xiongnu, and developed into a powerful state under the leadership of their elected

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on their west. Although "Upper Xiajiadian" is indeed frequently attributed to the Donghu, such attribution remains uncertain given the lack of details in Chinese sources about what the Donghu exactly were, beyond a name

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While often being referred as tribal confederation, they may rather be an only loosely united group of nomadic tribes "that occupied territories between the Mongolian steppes and the Great Xing'an Mountains of China".

1402: 1203:, characterized by the practice of agriculture and animal husbandry supplemented by handicrafts and bronze art. Through the use of cavalry and bronze weaponry in warfare, the Donghu apparently dominated over the 1166:

This "chance similarity in modern pronunciation", writes Pulleyblank, "led to the once widely held assumption that the Eastern Hu were Tungusic in language. This is a vulgar error with no real foundation."

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is "Eastern Barbarians" (e.g., Watson, di Cosmo, Pulleyblank, and Yu), and the partial translation "Eastern Hu" is occasionally used (Pulleyblank). Note that "Eastern Barbarians" is also a translation for

1269:(Mountain Barbarians), each of them with their own chieftains. From time to time they would have gatherings of a hundred or so men, but no one tribe was capable of unifying the others under a single rule. 3851: 1519:) descended from the Donghu. In 1980, Russian scholar Lydia Leonidovna Viktorova criticized the 19th century phonetic identification of the ancient people of the Donghu (Eastern Hu) with the Tungus. 702:

often have depiction of battles between Hu barbarians, with bows and arrows and wearing pointed hats (left), against Han troops. Eastern Han dynasty (151–153 CE). Tsangshan Han tomb in Linyi city,

2465: 3256:" quote: "契丹，本東胡種，其先爲匈奴所破，保鮮卑山。" Xu (2005)'s translation: "The Khitan were of Donghu origin. Their ancestors were defeated by the Xiongnu, and then sought refuge in the Xianbei Mountains." 5844: 2351:

quote: 「胡無弓車。……胡之無弓車也，非無弓車也，夫人而能為弓車也。」Translation by Jun (2013): "Among the nomads Hu there are no special craftsmen of bow and chariot but all the men there are proficient in the art."

4573: 5839: 1281:(356-323 BC), instituted a military reform called "Hu clothes, Cavalry archery" after having been repeatedly harassed earlier in his reign by Donghu horse-archers. In 300 BCE 3945: 673:, yet able to regain their territory following the Qin Empire's collapse. All Hu workmen were famed for their skills at making bows and carts even without specialization. 2538:""Shelter My Soul with Your Body" – A Burial Custom Influenced by Shamanism: A Case of Covering a Dead Face with the Right Ribs of a Local Sheep in Inner Mongolia, China" 1332:

moved to Mt. Wuhuan and engaged in continuous warfare with the Xiongnu on the west and China on the south. As they came to be worn out from the lengthy battles, the

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Yìluòguī, a Xianbei man from the Jí Citadel, Chānglí. He/They descended from the Youxiong lineage in former times; for generations had been dwelling the Northern

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pronunciation, which roughly dates from the Warring States period (476–221 BCE) when Donghu was first recorded. Old Chinese reconstructions of

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between Donghu and Tungus. This led to the fact that for a long time all the descendants of the Donghu were considered the ancestors of the Tungus."

3714: 2238: 2189: 3130:"The image of a barbarian with a high nose, deep eyes, and a pointed hat found in Shandong is likely to be some white ethnic group related to the 3782: 897: 2285:

in the east, and to the west we have the Loufan and shared borders with Qin and Han. Nevertheless, we have no mounted archers ready for action."

5066: 2128: 2537: 1504: 4580: 3931: 3178:"奚亦東胡種, 為匈奴所破, 保烏丸山. 漢曹操斬其帥蹋頓蓋其後也." tr. "The Xi are also a Donghu race. Defeated by the Xiongnu, their refuge was Wuwan mountains. During 3752: 2061: 1508: 30: 5859: 3705: 1664: 1524: 45: 5299: 5138: 1908: 1293:), defeated the Donghu after having gained the esteem of the Donghu and learning their battle tactics. In 273 BC (26th year of 3693: 3668: 3640: 3543: 3325: 2807: 2632: 4246: 3100:上述石雕像为胡人形象，对此学者们均无异议。胡人是我国古代中原汉人对北方和西方异族的通称。在汉人的认知领域，胡人的概念比较模糊，大致也有个变化的过程。先秦时的胡，专指匈奴，汉晋时期泛指匈奴、鲜卑、羯、氐、羌，"胡人"的范围已由北方逐渐扩大到西部族群。 2423: 2405: 3767:

Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1994). “Ji Hu 稽胡: Indigenous Inhabitants of Shaanbei and Western Shanxi,” in Edward H. Kaplan, ed.,

3852:"Genetic data suggests that the Jinggouzi people are associated with the Donghu, an ancient nomadic group of North China" 3432:"Genetic data suggests that the Jinggouzi people are associated with the Donghu, an ancient nomadic group of North China" 2703:

Golden, P.B. (2003) "Cumanica II: The Olberli (Olperli): The Fortunes and Misfortunes of an Inner Asian Nomadic Clan" in

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Among the northern ethnic groups, the Donghu was the earliest to evolve into a state of civilization and first developed

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Li, Jiawei; Zhang, Ye; Zhao, Yongbin; Chen, Yongzhi; Ochir, A.; Sarenbilige, null; Zhu, Hong; Zhou, Hui (August 2018).

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Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, First to Second Centuries CE

2448: 2314: 879: 5849: 3865: 3020:(姓) yet called nation differently; used to stamp bright virtue; therefore, the Yellow Emperor was Youxiong..." 2258: 2362:

Ancient Chinese Encyclopedia of Technology: Translation and Annotation of the Kaogong Ji (the Artificers' Records)

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Hao, Weimin and Qimudedaoerji . (2007). Neimenggu tong shi gang yao 内蒙古通史纲要. Beijing , Renmin chubanshe 人民出版社.

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Vovin, Alexander. "Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language?". Central Asiatic Journal 44/1 (2000), pp. 87-104.

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people, usually of Caucasoid or partial Caucasoid appearance, living to the north and west of China. (2009:453)

577: 556: 434: 5864: 5091: 5052: 5035: 2114: 2021: 1979: 1708: 774:. The Di and Qiang were from the highlands of western China. The Qiang were predominantly herdsmen and spoke 426: 3774:

Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1983). "The Chinese and Their Neighbors in Prehistoric and Early Historic China," in

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at our borders. Yet we have no strong army to help us, surely we will lose our country. What is to be done?"

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Genetic data support a close genetic relationship between the Donghu, the ancient Jinggouzi people, and the

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and the Tung Hu. Whether or not it had originally been an ethnonym, such a designation had been lost by the

676: 3701:"The genome of an ancient Rouran individual reveals an important paternal lineage in the Donghu population" 3479:"The genome of an ancient Rouran individual reveals an important paternal lineage in the Donghu population" 2791:

The metal road of the Eastern Eurasian steppe: the formation of the Xiongnu Confederation and the Silk Road

2017: 5809: 5143: 4566: 3253: 2972: 1949: 3205: 2186: 1146: 5817:

Mongolized ethnic groups.Ethnic groups of Mongolian origin or with a large Mongolian ethnic component.

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The ethnic composition of the Donghu people remains unclear. It is suggested that the majority was of

1187: 5170: 4098: 3123: 2051: 1989: 1974: 1964: 1954: 1831: 1365: 758:. The ethnic identity of the Xiongnu is uncertain, but the Xianbei appear to have been Mongolic. The 747: 414: 2565: 1309:

period, defeated the Donghu after stopping a major Xiongnu invasion. By the time of the rule of the

3856: 1899: 1540:. This lineage has also been found among the Donghu. Haplogroup C2b1a1b has a high frequency among 1200: 1180: 951: 892:

when the need arose, into a superior form of political organization (a "state"). This explains why

681: 400: 2379:"Stone Reliefs of the Han Tombs in Shandong Province: Relationship Between Motifs and Composition" 1379:

rulers were claimed to be the Yellow Emperor's descendants, for individual and national prestige.

714: 5131: 3525: 1497: 775: 3764:

Ma, Changshou . (1962). Wuhuan yu Xianbei 烏桓與鮮卑. Shanghai , Shanghai renmin chubanshe 上海人民出版社.

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Huang Di Nei Jing Su Wen: An Annotated Translation of Huang Di's Inner Classic – Basic Questions

3006: 2300:(1994) “Ji Hu: Indigenous Inhabitants of Shaanbei and Western Shanxi,” in Edward H. Kaplan, ed., 896:

appears often preceded by a qualifier that we may take for a specific ethnic group, as with the

494:" (胡) nomadic people that was first recorded from the 7th century BCE and was taken over by the 5834: 5158: 4694: 2056: 1881: 1336:

preserved their strengths by moving northward to Mt. Xianbei. When the Han dynasty vassal king

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At this time Qin and Jin were the most powerful states in China. Duke Wen of Jin expelled the

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Peter Van Der Veer, "III. Contexts of Cosmopolitanism" in Steven Vertovec, Robin Cohen eds.,

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Burial at Zhoujiadi cemetery (with and without mussel mask), an ancestor of the Donghu clan,

901: 685: 523: 3240:"奚本曰庫莫奚東部胡之種" tr. "The Xi were originally called the Kumo Xi. They are a race of Eastern Hu" 1641: 5180: 4093: 3119: 2484: 2297: 2278: 2266: 2246: 2041: 1811: 1728: 1717: 1375:

and possibly named after the Yellow Emperor's "hereditary principality". However, many non-

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Lü, Jianfu . (2002). Tu zu shi 土族史. Beijing , Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe 中囯社会科学出版社.

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Wang, Zhongluo (2007). Wei jin nan bei chao shi 魏晋南北朝史. Beijing , Zhonghua shuju 中华书局.

3398:"From the Ethnic History of Asia – the Dōnghú, Wūhuán and Xiānbēi Proto-Mongolian Tribes" 2656: 2270: 1294: 1278: 1274: 642: 5561: 4929: 1604:

origins, and that they stood in contact with other Steppe nomadic entities, such as the

5165: 5126: 5116: 3885: 2378: 2347:"Dongguan Kaogong Ji (Winter Office(r)s: Records on the Examination of Craftsmanship)" 2031: 799: 718:

Hu warriors from the mountains (left) and Han troops (right) battling around a bridge,

323: 3923: 3917: 3175: 3017: 5468: 5096: 4474: 4331: 4273: 4045: 3889: 3877: 3822: 3783:"Ji 姬 and Jiang 姜: The Role of Exogamic Clans in the Organization of the Zhou Polity" 3726: 3689: 3664: 3636: 3608: 3600: 3539: 3506: 3498: 3459: 3451: 3409: 3321: 3200: 3046: 2889: 2803: 2628: 2451:

Chinese Steles: Pre-Buddhist and Buddhist Use of a Symbolic Form University of Hawaii

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Wang, Haijing; Chen, Lu; Ge, Binwen; Zhang, Ye; Zhu, Hong; Zhou, Hui (August 2012).

5746: 5531: 5526: 5498: 5213: 5101: 5075: 4984: 4737: 4614: 4013: 3869: 3718: 3535: 3531: 3490: 3443: 3372: 3317:

Educating China: Knowledge, Society and Textbooks in a Modernizing World, 1902–1937

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Journal of the Institute of Chinese Studies of the Chinese University of Hong Kong

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Donghu clan, with Zhoujiadi M45 considered to be an ancestor of the Donghu clan...

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Lin, Gan . (2007). Donghu shi 东胡史. Huhehaote , Nei Menggu renmin chubanshe [

2984: 2869: 2472: 2193: 2095: 2090: 2035: 2012: 2007: 1924: 1919: 1234: 779: 638: 585: 279: 222: 209: 63: 5609: 5219: 4743: 3771:. ed. by. Bellingham: Western Washington University. pp. 518–519 of 499–531 633:(林胡, "Forest Hu"), were mentioned as a non-Chinese people who were neighbors of 5762: 5614: 5521: 5352: 5175: 5148: 4944: 4839: 4536: 4505: 4367: 4336: 3811: 2411: 2026: 1372: 1306: 1238: 1034: 999: 751: 503: 452: 109: 4003: 3597:

Ancient China and its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History

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Di Cosmo, Nicola. (1999). "The Northern Frontier in Pre-imperial China", in

3478: 3431: 3237: 2789: 2668:

Atwood, Christopher P. "The Qai, the Khongai, and the Names of the Xiōngnú"

1348: 5725: 5719: 5658: 5556: 5413: 5337: 4994: 4964: 4844: 4639: 4634: 4515: 4413: 4060: 4050: 3881: 3821:. Translated by Burton Watson. Revised Edition. Columbia University Press. 3730: 3510: 3463: 3013: 3009: 2644: 2304:. ed. by. Bellingham: Western Washington University. pp. 518-519 of 499-531 1983: 1939: 1929: 1904: 1856: 1426: 1383: 1342: 1286: 1262: 1250: 1216:, ie "Eastern mounted nomads") and the account of their destruction by the 883:

and, indeed, as human we-groups have always looked down on their neighbors.

820: 816:東夷, which refers to "ancient peoples in eastern China, Korea, Japan, etc." 786:

scholar Cui Hao 崔浩 is that the Donghu were originally located "east of the

634: 515: 312: 172: 146: 3332:

Fan and Han noted that the Jurchens were of the Eastern Hu race (Donghuzu)

1649: 1645: 5730: 5653: 5408: 5256: 5009: 4979: 4974: 4959: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4869: 4854: 4811: 4780: 4699: 4656: 4649: 4644: 4624: 4479: 4362: 4288: 4283: 4055: 4038: 3955: 3873: 3758:

Liu, Xueyao (1994). Xianbei shi lun 鮮卑史論. Taipei , Nantian shuju 南天書局.

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txt: "自黃帝至舜、禹，皆同姓而異其國號，以章明德。故黃帝爲有熊，..." tr.: "From the Yellow Emperor to

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The peoples categorized as the Five Barbarians, or "Five Hu", were the

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General location of the Donghu people, and contemporary Asian polities

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as *ˤa. Recently, Christopher Atwood reconstructs a foreign ethnonym *

1007: 916:

has lost its original meaning although it still appears in words like

839: 832: 829: 564: 561: 5483: 5438: 5372: 5019: 4999: 4969: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4864: 4859: 4629: 4558: 4423: 4305: 4077: 3361:"The hybrid origin of the dragon-wrapped column in Han dynasty China" 3126:. The scope of "Hu people" also expanded from the north to the west." 3033:, p. 338 cited in Unschuld, Paul U.; Tessenow, Hermann, eds. (2011), 2996: 2086: 2071: 1851: 1617: 1407: 767: 666: 539: 358: 3295:"蠕蠕，東胡之苗裔也，姓郁久閭氏" tr. "Rúrú, offsprings of Dōnghú, surnamed Yùjiŭlǘ" 2987:, settlement in the wilderness of Zimeng, appellation Eastern Hu." 1691:. The closest modern extant people to the historical Donghu are the 1653: 5696: 5673: 5423: 5397: 5367: 5362: 5342: 5332: 5044: 4914: 4894: 4834: 4671: 4601: 4210: 4183: 4128: 3620:

Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica

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Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania By Barbara A. West

1944: 1826: 1761: 1587: 1512: 1414: 1266: 763: 723: 703: 699: 507: 185: 2690:

Golden, Peter B. (2006). "Cumanica V: The Basmils and Qipčaqs" in

2261:, "King Wuling spends his day in idleness", quote: "自常山以至代、上黨，東有燕、 1417:, featuring people with a high nose, deep eyes and a pointed hat. 778:, while the Di were farmers who may have spoken a Sino-Tibetan or 347: 5740: 5683: 5663: 5648: 5635: 5629: 5624: 5598: 5541: 5516: 5511: 5488: 5473: 5463: 5455: 5387: 5377: 5357: 5347: 5312: 5271: 5246: 5236: 5203: 4795: 4770: 4760: 4727: 4689: 4593: 4541: 4418: 4394: 4389: 4357: 4326: 4278: 4227: 4200: 4193: 4171: 4166: 4133: 4033: 4028: 3183: 3111: 3107: 3103: 1934: 1861: 1816: 1791: 1688: 1681: 1673: 1613: 1605: 1541: 1533: 1489: 1481: 1473: 1361: 1333: 1310: 1290: 1230: 1217: 1204: 1091: 1071: 1059: 842:"barbarians, non-Chinese, foreigner": this is referred to as the 787: 766:

people, may have been a branch of the Xiongnu, who may have been

739: 731: 651: 495: 410: 5282: 4806: 1319:(c. 220 BCE to 209 BCE), "the Donghu were very powerful and the 782:. The traditional explanation, going back to the second-century 5787: 5767: 5641: 5593: 5588: 5575: 5536: 5392: 5382: 5327: 5322: 5241: 5208: 4765: 4732: 4531: 4510: 4445: 4440: 4215: 4188: 4145: 4123: 4072: 4067: 4023: 4018: 3993: 3977: 3233: 3135: 2147: 1914: 1801: 1776: 1766: 1677: 1537: 1465: 1352:

Donghu raided both Zhao and Yan in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC

1337: 1329: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1196: 1075: 1063: 935: 927: 858: 825: 812: 755: 658: 655: 442: 270: 3342: 3340: 3106:, but in the Han and Jin dynasties generally Hu refers to the 2659:'s five tribes. Or said successors of Mountain Rong Red Di". 5793: 5702: 5619: 5551: 5433: 5418: 5402: 5251: 5231: 4775: 4755: 4714: 4684: 4435: 4428: 4232: 4220: 4161: 4138: 4118: 4108: 3839:

Zhou Fagao . (1972). "Shanggu Hanyu he Han-Zangyu 上古漢語和漢藏語",

3552: 3384:

afore-mentioned Wu Baizhuang 吳白莊 tomb in Linyi 臨沂, Shandong.

3259: 3187: 3001: 2386:

Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research

2214: 1836: 1821: 1583: 1456: 1298: 1257: 1225: 1067: 864: 511: 499: 54: 3834:

The Cambridge History of China. 1. The Ch'in and Han Empires

3769:

Opuscula Altaica: Essays presented in honor of Henry Schwarz

2302:

Opuscula Altaica: Essays presented in honor of Henry Schwarz

750:. Of these five ethnic groups, the Xiongnu and Xianbei were 5845:

States and territories disestablished in the 2nd century BC

5506: 5289: 4379: 4103: 3337: 3131: 3128:山东发现的这种高鼻深目、头戴尖帽的胡人形象，很可能是与斯基泰人文化有关的某些白种民族，并推测可能是月氏或早于月氏的民族 2975:

text: "慕容廆，字弈洛瑰，昌黎棘城鮮卑人也。其先有熊氏之苗裔，世居北夷，邑于紫蒙之野，號曰東胡。" tr.: "

918: 2747:

Psarras, Sophia-Karin (January 1999). "Upper Xiajiadian".

1429:

that the Donghu, Xianbei, and Wuhuan were "proto-Mongols".

1323:

were likewise flourishing." When the Xiongnu crown prince

3618:

Dong, Tonghe . (1948). "Shanggu yinyun biao gao 上古音韻表搞",

3271: 5840:

States and territories established in the 7th century BC

2426:

Conceiving Cosmopolitanism: Theory, Context and Practice

1612:

further West. The Donghu were ethnically related to the

3953: 2173:

Sima Qian (author); Watson, Burton (translator), 1993.

3524:

Dalziel, Nigel; MacKenzie, John M, eds. (2016-01-11).

3365:

Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering

2655:, probably a splinter kind of Xiongnu descendants of 1305:

state, one of the four most prominent generals of the

1249:

barbarians and drove them into the region west of the

1277:(born 356 BC, reigned 325-299 BC), a contemporary of 1191:

Bronze helmet, Upper Xiajiadian Culture later period.

922:二胡 (lit. "two foreign") "Chinese two-string fiddle", 1256:

Thus at this time there lived in the region west of

1157:通古. Russian Mongolist Lydia Viktorova states that: 3778:, University of California Press, pp. 411–466. 3216: 3214: 2722:

Mongols: Origin of the People and Source of Culture

2169: 2167: 1233:history first records the Donghu during the era of 3832:Yu Ying-Shih. (1986). "Han Foreign Relations," in 2794:. Singapore: Springer. p. 249 Fig 4.12 No25. 2495: 2493: 2225:，西有林胡、樓煩、秦、韓之邊，而無彊兵之救，是亡社稷，柰何？" translation: "Now 1199:technology. Their culture was associated with the 3805:Historical development of the pre-dynastic Khitan 2705:Nomads and their neighbours in the Russian Steppe 2293: 2291: 2187:Origins of Minority Ethnic Groups in Heilongjiang 1090:, based on the ethnonym of the Mongolic-speaking 798:suggests that "Donghu" was a transcription of an 16:697–150 BCE nomadic confederacy in northern China 5826: 3918:Non-Chinese peoples and neighboring states: Hu 胡 3715:American Association of Physical Anthropologists 3523: 3211: 3204:"Vol. 90 Accounts of the Wuhuan & Xianbei - 3166: 3164: 2715: 2713: 2164: 1360:, published in 648, linked the Donghu and their 802:and did not literally mean "Eastern Barbarian". 592:) "five northern nomadic tribes involved in the 584:, meaning "non-Chinese peoples in the west" and 5497: 3836:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 377–462. 3592:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 885–966. 3476: 3429: 2788:Yang, Jianhua; Shao, Huiqiu; Pan, Ling (2020). 2490: 2487:, Volume 1, Issue 1, J. Benjamins 1996. page 7. 596:(304–316 CE)". Hill (2009:59) translates 568:literally means "Eastern Barbarians". The term 2288: 2177:, "vol. 110 - Account of the Xiongnu"; p. 132. 1126:(2003) proposes several Mongolic etymologies: 5060: 4574: 3939: 3161: 3051:China's Cosmopolitan Empire: the Tang Dynasty 2710: 2623:Baxter, William H. and Laurent Sagart. 2014. 2122: 3583:ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary 3138:or an ethnic group earlier than the Yuezhi." 2417: 1492:. Another people of Donghu descent were the 1017:, which was borrowed into Old Chinese as 胡 * 543:The Donghu were located to the northeast of 3849: 3320:. Cambridge University Press. p. 191. 3134:, it is also speculated that it may be the 2787: 1578:statues from Wu Baizhuang tomb (吳白莊), Late 471: 5067: 5053: 4581: 4567: 3946: 3932: 3850:Wang, Haijung; et al. (August 2012). 3066:, University of Pennsylvania Press, p. 154 2724:(in Russian). Moscow: Nauka. p. 183. 2414:, Cambridge University Press 1996 P.186-87 2129: 2115: 1265:lived the Donghu (Eastern Barbarians) and 3794:An Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese 3706:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 3698: 3558: 3483:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 3395: 3376: 3346: 3084:Several photographs and descriptions in: 2719: 2670:International Journal of Eurasian Studies 2647:"稽胡一曰步落稽，蓋匈奴別種，劉元海五部之苗裔也。或云山戎赤狄之後。" tr. " 2458: 2401: 2399: 1665:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1525:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1484:, while the Xianbei are ancestors of the 1395:Di Cosmo says the Chinese considered the 887:The historian Nicola di Cosmo concludes: 790:" who were one of the "Five Barbarians" ( 3914:, Silk Road Seattle Virtual Art Exhibit. 3753:Inner Mongolia People's Publishing House 3656: 3358: 3277: 2062:Korean People's Association in Manchuria 1455: 1401: 1347: 1186: 1174: 1058:), based on the ethnonym of a people of 945: 713: 690: 675: 538: 481:Eastern foreigners or Eastern barbarians 3699:Li, Jiawei; et al. (August 2018). 2867: 2746: 457: 5827: 4588: 3313: 2868:Psarras, Sophia-Karin (January 1999). 2396: 1442:Pulleyblank also writes that although 1297:) Zhao defeated the Donghu. In 265 BC 1183:(1000-600 BCE). Inner Mongolia Museum. 776:Sino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman) languages 645:would later adopt). However, the term 625:proper, encompassing both the eastern 466: 299: 170: 5048: 4562: 3927: 3425: 3423: 2442: 2372: 2370: 1668:in August 2018 detected the paternal 1145:Some dictionaries and scholars (e.g. 345: 336: 321: 310: 277: 268: 257: 244: 231: 220: 207: 194: 183: 159: 131: 107: 83: 72: 61: 52: 43: 37: 5074: 3681:. Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities. 2720:Viktorova, Lydia Leonidovna (1980). 2508:Hao and Qimudedaoerji (2007), p. 17. 2237:to the east, Forest Hu to the west, 356: 290: 144: 118: 96: 3776:The Origins of Chinese Civilization 3746:Far East Chinese-English Dictionary 3576:A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology 2535: 2485:Guo Ji Zhongguo Yu Yan Xue Ping Lun 1406:General appearance of the numerous 1285:, a general taken hostage from the 1094:(奚), whom Arab geographers knew as 856:"barbarian" meanings, for instance 629:(東胡, "Eastern Hu") and the western 498:in 150 BCE. They lived in northern 13: 3802: 3657:Janhunen, Juha (27 January 2006). 3590:Cambridge History of Ancient China 3420: 3265: 3252:"Vol. 219 - Northern Barbarians - 3220: 3190:. are probably their descendants" 3053:, Harvard University Press. p. 202 2376: 2367: 2204:Liang (1992) and DeFrancis (2003). 1480:: the Wuhuan are ancestors of the 1464:The Dōnghú later divided into the 1460:Lineage of the Donghu (Eastern Hu) 1142:"to hew", albeit none compelling. 14: 5886: 3905: 3085: 3031:A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 2625:Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction 2407:A History of Chinese Civilization 1662:A genetic study published in the 1547: 1522:A genetic study published in the 1433:The Eastern Hu, mentioned in the 805:The usual English translation of 680:Horse bit and harness ornaments. 5860:Ethnic groups in Chinese history 4245: 3304:Pulleyblank (2000), p. 20, n. 57 2259:Stratagems of the Warring States 1727: 1642:Rouran Khaganate § Genetics 1624:, which are described as either 1565: 1556: 36: 29: 3517: 3470: 3396:Vidaković, Nenad (2012-04-01). 3389: 3359:Guan, Liu; Bing, Huang (2023). 3352: 3307: 3298: 3283: 3243: 3226: 3193: 3152: 3143: 3078: 3069: 3056: 3040: 3023: 2990: 2958: 2949: 2940: 2931: 2922: 2913: 2904: 2861: 2852: 2843: 2834: 2825: 2816: 2781: 2767: 2740: 2731: 2697: 2694:15: notes 24–25. p. 17 of 13-42 2684: 2675: 2662: 2638: 2617: 2608: 2599: 2590: 2581: 2572: 2529: 2520: 2511: 2502: 2478: 2433: 2360:Jun Wenren (translator) (2013) 2354: 2281:, our lands border Yan and the 1894:Medieval to Early Modern period 1658:Pannonian Avars § Genetics 1130:"trouble, misfortune, misery", 862:南蠻 ("southern barbarians") and 594:Uprising of the Five Barbarians 534: 3817:Records of the Grand Historian 3807:(PhD). University of Helsinki. 3781:Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (2000). 3684:Lebedynsky, Iaroslav. (2007). 3599:. Cambridge University Press. 3536:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe153 3062:Abramson, Mark Samuel (2008), 2886:10.1080/02549948.1999.11731324 2761:10.1080/02549948.1999.11731324 2334: 2329:Ch. 110 Account of the Xiongnu 2318: 2307: 2267:Jennifer Dodgson's translation 2252: 2207: 2198: 2180: 1503:In the past, scholars such as 581: 576:meaning "Western barbarians" ( 560: 447: 438: 430: 1: 3796:. University of Hawaii Press. 3585:. University of Hawaii Press. 3378:10.1080/13467581.2022.2153057 3064:Ethnic Identity in Tang China 3029:Giles, Herbert Allen (1898), 2158: 1980:Sino-Russian border conflicts 1511:also mistakenly thought that 1179:Bronze Dagger with figurine, 376: 3677:Karlgren, Bernhard. (1957). 3314:Zarrow, Peter (2015-09-23). 3075:Di Cosmo (1999), pp. 951–52. 2692:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 2428:Oxford University Press 2002 2229:is at our heart and belly , 941: 868:北狄 ("northern barbarians"). 7: 3688:. Editions Errance, Paris. 3574:Baxter, William H. (1992). 3268:, pp. 75, 86, 175–179. 2858:Lü (2002), pp. 15–16. 2737:Pulleyblank (1983), p. 452. 2627:. Oxford University Press, 2517:Pulleyblank (1983), p. 411. 2364:. New York: Routledge. p. 3 1756:Ancient to Classical period 1698: 1635: 1371:(有熊氏), associated with the 1289:(whose capital "Ji" is now 1241:(r. ca. 659–621 BCE). 1237:(r. 697–628 BCE) and 1223:The (ca. 109–91 BCE) 1102:The etymology of ethnonym * 600:as "Western Hu" and notes: 10: 5891: 3792:Schuessler, Axel. (2007). 3595:Di Cosmo, Nicola. (2002). 3567: 3527:The Encyclopedia of Empire 3402:Migracijske i Etniĉke Teme 3149:Pulleyblank (1983), p. 452 2219:"Hereditary House of Zhao" 1639: 1170: 5870:History of Inner Mongolia 5806: 5712: 5682: 5574: 5454: 5447: 5298: 5189: 5082: 5028: 4822: 4713: 4670: 4600: 4524: 4498: 4467: 4460: 4345: 4314: 4261: 4254: 4243: 4154: 4086: 3986: 3970: 3963: 3581:DeFrancis, John, (2003). 3158:Pulleyblank (2000), p 20. 2800:10.1007/978-981-32-9155-3 2681:Schuessler (2007), p. 281 2651:, another appellation is 2052:Kwantung Leased Territory 1451: 1149:) confuse Dōnghú 東胡 with 1134:"interjection of grief", 1037:transcriptions: namely, 1029:-suffixed derivative of * 958:The modern pronunciation 654:, who were then ruled by 641:(a military tactic which 610:胡 was used to denote non- 415:Yan Kingdom (Han dynasty) 406: 396: 388: 24: 5855:Ancient peoples of China 4705:Southern Liang (397–414) 3744:Liang Shih-Chiu (1992). 2614:Schuesler 2007:215, 281. 2526:Di Cosmo (2002), p. 130. 1900:Eastern Turkic Khaganate 1413:monumental statues from 1201:Upper Xiajiadian culture 1181:Upper Xiajiadian culture 1147:Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat 952:Upper Xiajiadian culture 934:胡萝卜 ("foreign radish") " 682:Upper Xiajiadian culture 572:contrasts with the term 506:and the western part of 401:Upper Xiajiadian culture 35: 5850:Agglutinative languages 4662:Northern Zhou (557–581) 3803:Xu, Elina-Qian (2005). 3679:Grammata Serica Recensa 2265:之境，西有樓煩、秦、韓之邊，而無騎射之備。" 2192:March 22, 2014, at the 1650:Xiongnu § Genetics 1646:Xianbei § Genetics 1421:period, 2nd century CE. 1002:(2014) reconstruct the 547:in the 3rd century BCE. 529: 4640:Northern Wei (386–535) 4635:Southern Yan (398–410) 3660:The Mongolic Languages 3651:The Mongolic Languages 2919:Watson (1993), p. 135. 2910:Watson (1993), p. 134. 2707:note. 49 p. 17 of 5-29 2587:Karlgren 1957:303, 34. 2560:Cite journal requires 2221:quote: "今中山在我腹心，北有燕，東有 2057:Nationalist government 1528:detected the paternal 1461: 1449: 1440: 1422: 1393: 1353: 1271: 1192: 1184: 1164: 1118:s possibly derivation 1114:) is unknown. As for * 955: 926:胡桃 ("foreign peach") " 906: 885: 727: 711: 688: 617: 548: 5875:Former confederations 4700:Western Qin (385–431) 4657:Northern Qi (550–577) 4650:Western Wei (535–557) 4645:Eastern Wei (534–550) 4625:Western Yan (384–394) 3561:, p. 4, Table 2. 3530:(1 ed.). Wiley. 2605:Baxter 1992:754, 763. 2377:Bi, Zhicheng (2019). 1478:Greater Khingan Range 1459: 1444: 1431: 1405: 1388: 1386:describes the Donghu. 1351: 1243: 1190: 1178: 1159: 949: 902:Warring States period 889: 874: 848:. Many names besides 717: 694: 686:Inner Mongolia Museum 679: 602: 542: 524:Greater Khingan Range 5865:History of Manchuria 5036:Mongol ethnic groups 4620:Former Yan (337–370) 3874:10.3378/027.084.0402 3578:. Mouton de Gruyter. 3448:10.3378/027.084.0402 2755:(1): 90, Figure 19. 2042:Far Eastern Republic 1812:Yan (Three Kingdoms) 1787:Yan (Warring States) 1654:Huns § Genetics 1070:origins in Northern 870:Edwin G. Pulleyblank 4630:Later Yan (384–409) 3748:. Far East Book Co. 3095:美术研究 (Art Research) 3088:"山东发现的汉代大型胡人石雕像再研究" 1950:Jurchen Jin dynasty 1909:Andong Protectorate 1695:of Northern China. 1364:descendants to the 1279:Alexander the Great 1275:King Wuling of Zhao 823:differentiates the 661:, once expelled by 643:King Wuling of Zhao 435:traditional Chinese 21: 5810:Donghu and Xianbei 5166:Mongolian nobility 5117:Slab Grave culture 3723:10.1002/ajpa.23491 3631:Hill, John. 2009. 3495:10.1002/ajpa.23491 3349:, pp. 1, 8–9. 3186:slew their leader 3047:Lewis, Mark Edward 2870:"Upper Xiajiadian" 2499:Yu (1986), p. 436. 2471:2018-09-08 at the 2466:段渝, 先秦巴蜀地区百濮和氐羌的来源 2032:Beiyang government 1738:Prehistoric period 1670:haplogroup C2b1a1b 1530:haplogroup C2b1a1b 1515:(ancestors of the 1462: 1425:Pulleyblank cites 1423: 1382:Chinese historian 1354: 1193: 1185: 956: 845:Huá–Yì distinction 835:"Chinese" and the 794:). Modern Chinese 754:from the northern 728: 712: 706:. Also visible in 689: 619:In 307 BCE, the 胡 549: 427:simplified Chinese 19: 5822: 5821: 5802: 5801: 5570: 5569: 5097:Mongolian Plateau 5042: 5041: 4955:Yujiulü Dengshuzi 4950:Yujiulü Anluochen 4690:Tuyuhun (284–670) 4556: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4456: 4455: 4241: 4240: 3920:, ChinaKnowledge. 3843:5:159–244. 3694:978-2-87772-346-6 3670:978-1-135-79690-7 3641:978-1-4392-2134-1 3545:978-1-118-44064-3 3327:978-1-107-11547-7 3280:, pp. 405–6. 3201:Book of Later Han 2809:978-981-32-9154-6 2633:978-0-19-994537-5 2536:Ban, Lin (2022). 2298:Pulleyblank E. G. 2139: 2138: 2081:Chinese Civil War 2077:Liaoshen Campaign 2067:Japanese invasion 2022:Russian invasions 1882:Göktürk Khaganate 1744:Liao civilization 1628:or Para-Mongols. 1391:political entity. 996:William H. Baxter 962:differs from the 726:, 2nd century CE. 553:Classical Chinese 420: 419: 294:ACHAEMENID EMPIRE 5882: 5499:Southern Mongols 5495: 5494: 5452: 5451: 5102:Mongol heartland 5076:Mongolic peoples 5069: 5062: 5055: 5046: 5045: 4985:Empress Zhangsun 4930:Yujiulü Cheluhui 4615:Rouran (330–555) 4610:Xianbei (93–234) 4583: 4576: 4569: 4560: 4559: 4465: 4464: 4259: 4258: 4249: 3968: 3967: 3958:peoples in China 3948: 3941: 3934: 3925: 3924: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3846: 3808: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3674: 3625: 3622:18:1–249. 3562: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3427: 3418: 3417: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3380: 3371:(4): 1970–1994. 3356: 3350: 3344: 3335: 3334: 3311: 3305: 3302: 3296: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3250:New Book of Tang 3247: 3241: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3209: 3197: 3191: 3172:New Book of Tang 3168: 3159: 3156: 3150: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3132:Scythian culture 3092: 3082: 3076: 3073: 3067: 3060: 3054: 3044: 3038: 3037:, 2 volumes, p.5 3027: 3021: 3016:, all the same 2994: 2988: 2962: 2956: 2953: 2947: 2944: 2938: 2935: 2929: 2926: 2920: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2874:Monumenta Serica 2865: 2859: 2856: 2850: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2832: 2829: 2823: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2749:Monumenta Serica 2744: 2738: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2717: 2708: 2701: 2695: 2688: 2682: 2679: 2673: 2666: 2660: 2642: 2636: 2621: 2615: 2612: 2606: 2603: 2597: 2594: 2588: 2585: 2579: 2576: 2570: 2569: 2563: 2558: 2556: 2548: 2542: 2533: 2527: 2524: 2518: 2515: 2509: 2506: 2500: 2497: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2462: 2456: 2446: 2440: 2437: 2431: 2421: 2415: 2403: 2394: 2393: 2383: 2374: 2365: 2358: 2352: 2338: 2332: 2322: 2316: 2311: 2305: 2295: 2286: 2256: 2250: 2211: 2205: 2202: 2196: 2184: 2178: 2171: 2131: 2124: 2117: 2100:Russian Far East 1832:Sima Jin dynasty 1731: 1721: 1703: 1702: 1569: 1560: 1151:Tungusic peoples 910:Standard Chinese 583: 567: 485: 482: 479: 476: 473: 469: 459: 449: 440: 432: 381: 378: 367: 365: 354: 352: 343: 341: 334: 332: 319: 317: 308: 306: 297: 295: 288: 286: 275: 273: 266: 264: 255: 253: 242: 240: 229: 227: 218: 216: 205: 203: 192: 190: 181: 179: 168: 166: 157: 155: 142: 140: 129: 127: 116: 114: 105: 103: 94: 92: 81: 79: 70: 68: 59: 57: 50: 48: 40: 39: 33: 22: 18: 5890: 5889: 5885: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5880: 5879: 5825: 5824: 5823: 5818: 5816: 5798: 5778:Sichuan Mongols 5708: 5678: 5584:Altai Uriankhai 5566: 5493: 5443: 5300:Medieval tribes 5294: 5185: 5171:Writing systems 5139:Medieval tribes 5078: 5073: 5043: 5038: 5024: 5005:Zhangsun Shunde 4818: 4709: 4685:Yuwen (260–345) 4666: 4596: 4587: 4557: 4548: 4520: 4494: 4452: 4341: 4310: 4250: 4237: 4150: 4082: 3982: 3959: 3954:Historical non- 3952: 3908: 3903: 3894: 3892: 3844: 3755:] 内蒙古人民出版社. 3735: 3733: 3671: 3623: 3570: 3565: 3557: 3553: 3546: 3522: 3518: 3475: 3471: 3428: 3421: 3394: 3390: 3357: 3353: 3345: 3338: 3328: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3248: 3244: 3231: 3227: 3219: 3212: 3198: 3194: 3169: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3144: 3129: 3127: 3101: 3099: 3090: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3061: 3057: 3045: 3041: 3028: 3024: 2995: 2991: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2817: 2810: 2786: 2782: 2773: 2772: 2768: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2718: 2711: 2702: 2698: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2667: 2663: 2643: 2639: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2573: 2561: 2559: 2550: 2549: 2540: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2473:Wayback Machine 2463: 2459: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2422: 2418: 2404: 2397: 2381: 2375: 2368: 2359: 2355: 2339: 2335: 2323: 2319: 2312: 2308: 2296: 2289: 2257: 2253: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2194:Wayback Machine 2185: 2181: 2172: 2165: 2161: 2135: 2106: 2105: 2096:Outer Manchuria 2091:Northeast China 2036:Fengtian Clique 2013:Chuang Guandong 2008:Amur Annexation 2003: 1995: 1994: 1925:Dongdan Kingdom 1920:Little Goguryeo 1895: 1887: 1886: 1757: 1749: 1748: 1739: 1719: 1712: 1701: 1660: 1638: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1591: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1562: 1561: 1550: 1454: 1255: 1235:Duke Wen of Jin 1173: 954:(1000-600 BCE). 944: 852:originally had 780:Turkic language 752:nomadic peoples 669:north from the 639:mounted archery 637:and skilled at 586:Five Barbarians 537: 532: 502:, southeastern 486:) was a tribal 483: 480: 477: 474: 413: 384: 383: 379: 372: 371: 370: 369: 368: 359: 357: 355: 348: 346: 344: 339: 337: 335: 328: 324: 322: 320: 315: 313: 311: 309: 304: 302: 300: 298: 293: 291: 289: 280: 278: 276: 271: 269: 267: 260: 258: 256: 247: 245: 243: 234: 232: 230: 223: 221: 219: 213: 210: 208: 206: 200: 197: 195: 193: 186: 184: 182: 176: 173: 171: 169: 162: 160: 158: 151: 147: 145: 143: 134: 132: 130: 124: 121: 119: 117: 110: 108: 106: 99: 97: 95: 89: 86: 84: 82: 75: 73: 71: 64: 62: 60: 55: 53: 51: 46: 44: 42: 41: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5888: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5820: 5819: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5791: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5749: 5744: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5716: 5714: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5706: 5700: 5694: 5688: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5633: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5580: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5522:Eastern Dorbet 5519: 5514: 5509: 5503: 5501: 5492: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5460: 5458: 5449: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5304: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5292: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5223: 5222: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5195: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5183: 5178: 5176:Soyombo symbol 5173: 5168: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5156: 5149:Nomadic empire 5146: 5141: 5136: 5135: 5134: 5132:Proto-Mongolic 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5088: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5072: 5071: 5064: 5057: 5049: 5040: 5039: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4945:Yujiulu Anagui 4942: 4937: 4935:Yujiulü Shelun 4932: 4927: 4925:Yujiulü Mugulü 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4840:Tufa Shujineng 4837: 4832: 4826: 4824: 4823:Notable people 4820: 4819: 4817: 4816: 4815: 4814: 4809: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4747: 4746: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4719: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4680:Duan (250–338) 4676: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4647: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4606: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4586: 4585: 4578: 4571: 4563: 4554: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4546: 4545: 4544: 4539: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4506:Khalkha Mongol 4502: 4500: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4471: 4469: 4462: 4458: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4450: 4449: 4448: 4438: 4433: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4411: 4406: 4405: 4404: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4372: 4371: 4370: 4360: 4355: 4349: 4347: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4318: 4316: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4308: 4303: 4302: 4301: 4296: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4265: 4263: 4256: 4252: 4251: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4224: 4223: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4197: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4176: 4175: 4174: 4164: 4158: 4156: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4148: 4143: 4142: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4090: 4088: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4064: 4063: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4042: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3990: 3988: 3984: 3983: 3981: 3980: 3974: 3972: 3965: 3961: 3960: 3951: 3950: 3943: 3936: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3915: 3912:The Hu Peoples 3907: 3906:External links 3904: 3902: 3901: 3857:Human Genetics 3847: 3837: 3830: 3812:Watson, Burton 3809: 3800: 3797: 3790: 3789:25:1–27. 3779: 3772: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3749: 3742: 3696: 3682: 3675: 3669: 3654: 3647:Janhunen, Juha 3644: 3629: 3626: 3616: 3593: 3586: 3579: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3563: 3559:Li et al. 2018 3551: 3544: 3516: 3489:(4): 895–905. 3469: 3442:(4): 365–378. 3419: 3388: 3351: 3347:Li et al. 2018 3336: 3326: 3306: 3297: 3282: 3270: 3258: 3242: 3225: 3210: 3192: 3160: 3151: 3142: 3086:徐, 龙国 (2017). 3077: 3068: 3055: 3039: 3022: 3018:tribal surname 2989: 2957: 2948: 2939: 2930: 2921: 2912: 2903: 2860: 2851: 2842: 2833: 2824: 2815: 2808: 2780: 2766: 2739: 2730: 2709: 2696: 2683: 2674: 2661: 2637: 2616: 2607: 2598: 2589: 2580: 2571: 2562:|journal= 2528: 2519: 2510: 2501: 2489: 2477: 2457: 2449:Dorothy Wong, 2441: 2432: 2416: 2412:Jacques Gernet 2395: 2366: 2353: 2333: 2317: 2306: 2287: 2251: 2233:to the north, 2206: 2197: 2179: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2156: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2137: 2136: 2134: 2133: 2126: 2119: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2093: 2084: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2029: 2027:Russian Dalian 2024: 2015: 2010: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1977: 1972: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1902: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1724: 1723: 1714: 1713: 1706: 1700: 1697: 1637: 1634: 1574: 1573: 1564: 1563: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1549: 1548:Ethnic origins 1546: 1498:Proto-Mongolic 1453: 1450: 1373:Yellow Emperor 1345:, Tanshihuai. 1307:Warring States 1239:Duke Mu of Qin 1172: 1169: 1100: 1099: 1083: 1035:Middle Chinese 1033:underlies two 1000:Laurent Sagart 943: 940: 536: 533: 531: 528: 504:Inner Mongolia 418: 417: 408: 404: 403: 398: 394: 393: 390: 386: 385: 374: 373: 34: 28: 27: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5887: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5835:Donghu people 5833: 5832: 5830: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5795: 5792: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5773: 5772:Yunnan Mongol 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5704: 5701: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5681: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5669:Upper Mongols 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5634: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5573: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5496: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5453: 5450: 5448:Ethnic groups 5446: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5308:Khamag Mongol 5306: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5297: 5291: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5279: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5191:Proto-Mongols 5188: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5154:Mongol Empire 5152: 5151: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5133: 5130: 5129: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5122:Ordos culture 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5070: 5065: 5063: 5058: 5056: 5051: 5050: 5047: 5037: 5033: 5032:Proto-Mongols 5027: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4990:Zhangsun Wuji 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4940:Yujiulü Datan 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4821: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4804: 4803: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4740: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4712: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4695:Dai (310–376) 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4669: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4584: 4579: 4577: 4572: 4570: 4565: 4564: 4561: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4466: 4463: 4459: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4385:Khamag Mongol 4383: 4382: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4376: 4373: 4369: 4366: 4365: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4344: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4313: 4307: 4304: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4260: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4181: 4180: 4177: 4173: 4170: 4169: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4147: 4144: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4126: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4062: 4059: 4058: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3996: 3995: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3985: 3979: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3949: 3944: 3942: 3937: 3935: 3930: 3929: 3926: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3842: 3838: 3835: 3831: 3828: 3827:0-231-08167-7 3824: 3820: 3818: 3813: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3791: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3777: 3773: 3770: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3666: 3663:. Routledge. 3662: 3661: 3655: 3652: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3635:. BookSurge. 3634: 3630: 3627: 3621: 3617: 3614: 3613:0-521-54382-7 3610: 3606: 3605:0-521-77064-5 3602: 3598: 3594: 3591: 3587: 3584: 3580: 3577: 3573: 3572: 3560: 3555: 3547: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3528: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3473: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3436:Human Biology 3433: 3426: 3424: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3392: 3385: 3379: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3355: 3348: 3343: 3341: 3333: 3329: 3323: 3319: 3318: 3310: 3301: 3294: 3291: 3286: 3279: 3278:Janhunen 2006 3274: 3267: 3262: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3239: 3236: 3235: 3229: 3223:, p. 24. 3222: 3217: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3202: 3196: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3174: 3173: 3167: 3165: 3155: 3146: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3096: 3089: 3081: 3072: 3065: 3059: 3052: 3048: 3043: 3036: 3032: 3026: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3004: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2986: 2982: 2981:courtesy name 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2965:Fang Xuanling 2961: 2952: 2943: 2934: 2925: 2916: 2907: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2864: 2855: 2846: 2837: 2828: 2819: 2811: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2792: 2784: 2776: 2775:"Certificate" 2770: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2743: 2734: 2727: 2723: 2716: 2714: 2706: 2700: 2693: 2687: 2678: 2671: 2665: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2620: 2611: 2602: 2593: 2584: 2575: 2567: 2554: 2547: 2539: 2532: 2523: 2514: 2505: 2496: 2494: 2486: 2481: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2461: 2454: 2452: 2445: 2436: 2429: 2427: 2420: 2413: 2409: 2408: 2402: 2400: 2391: 2387: 2380: 2373: 2371: 2363: 2357: 2350: 2346: 2344: 2343:Rites of Zhou 2337: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2315: 2310: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2292: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2217: 2216: 2210: 2201: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2183: 2176: 2170: 2168: 2163: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2140: 2132: 2127: 2125: 2120: 2118: 2113: 2112: 2110: 2109: 2101: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2047:Green Ukraine 2045: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2002:Modern period 1999: 1998: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1960:Northern Yuan 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1891: 1890: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1807:Xianbei state 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1782:Takri Kingdom 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1753: 1752: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1735: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1725: 1722: 1716: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1704: 1696: 1694: 1693:Oroqen people 1690: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1666: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1633: 1629: 1627: 1626:Proto-Mongols 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1568: 1559: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1526: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1470:Yan Mountains 1467: 1458: 1448: 1443: 1439: 1436: 1430: 1428: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1409: 1404: 1400: 1398: 1392: 1387: 1385: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1350: 1346: 1344: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1252: 1248: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1227: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1189: 1182: 1177: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1088: 1084: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1064:Mountain Rong 1061: 1057: 1053: 1052: 1046: 1045: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 953: 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people 5814:Turco-Mongol 5771: 5198: 5159:Turco-Mongol 5144:Modern clans 4995:Yuchi Jingde 4965:Yuchi Yichen 4845:Murong Huang 4722: 4589: 4461:Early Modern 4178: 3893:. 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(1993). 2977:Murong Hui 2973:Murong Hui 2937:Liu (1994) 2880:(1): 4–6. 2840:Liu (1994) 2822:Lin (2007) 2475:2006-11-30 2464:(Chinese) 2392:: 175–177. 2159:References 1847:Former Qin 1842:Former Yan 1672:among the 1640:See also: 1532:among the 1273:In 307 BC 1254:authority. 1212:, Eastern 908:In modern 872:explains: 854:pejorative 762:, another 671:Ordos Loop 518:along the 453:Wade–Giles 380: 500 327:Slab-grave 137:Massagetae 5736:Dongxiang 5484:Khotogoid 5469:Dariganga 5439:Uriankhai 5414:Qara'unas 5373:Khongirad 5127:Languages 5020:Yuan Zhen 5000:Qutu Tong 4970:Yuwen Shu 4890:Yuwen Tai 4885:Tuoba Tao 4880:Tuoba Gui 4865:Murong De 4860:Murong Ke 4424:Xueyantuo 4332:Khotanese 4114:Tocharian 3895:April 11, 3890:202599607 3736:April 11, 3503:1096-8644 3456:1534-6617 3414:1333-2546 3005:, vol. 1 2997:Sima Qian 2955:Lü (2002) 2928:Ma (1962) 2894:0254-9948 2831:Ma (1962) 2430:p. 200-01 2279:Shangdang 2227:Zhongshan 2087:Manchuria 2072:Manchukuo 1990:Qing rule 1975:Later Jin 1965:Ming rule 1955:Yuan rule 1852:Later Yan 1720:Manchuria 1618:Jinggouzi 1509:Han Feimu 1110:> Ch. 970:include * 942:Etymology 768:Yeniseian 698:tombs in 667:Meng Tian 604:The term 545:Qin China 362:Scythians 305:JANAPADAS 5697:Hamnigan 5674:Zakhchin 5562:Üzemchin 5532:Khorchin 5527:Kharchin 5424:Taichiud 5398:Olkhonud 5333:Borjigin 5181:Religion 5092:Timeline 4915:Yuwen Hu 4895:Dugu Xin 4835:Kebineng 4672:Kingdoms 4499:Northern 4468:Southern 4346:Northern 4262:Southern 4255:Medieval 4211:Shanrong 4184:Dingling 4155:Northern 4129:Quanrong 4014:Lạc Việt 3987:Southern 3882:23249313 3866:Springer 3731:29681138 3649:(2003). 3511:29681138 3464:23249313 3293:vol. 103 3176:vol. 219 3049:(2009), 2967:et al., 2469:Archived 2341:Zhouli ( 2269:: "From 2190:Archived 1945:Xingliao 1827:Goguryeo 1762:Gojoseon 1709:a series 1707:Part of 1699:See also 1636:Genetics 1608:and the 1602:Tungusic 1598:Mongolic 1588:Shandong 1582:period, 1513:Jurchens 1500:tribe). 1488:and the 1435:Shih-chi 1415:Shandong 1408:Scythoïd 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3104:Xiongnu 2653:Buluoji 2153:Qin Kai 1935:Jeongan 1862:Kumo Xi 1817:Cao Wei 1792:Xiongnu 1689:Xianbei 1682:Mongols 1674:Xianbei 1614:Xianbei 1606:Xiongnu 1542:Mongols 1534:Xianbei 1517:Manchus 1490:Mongols 1482:Kumo Xi 1476:in the 1474:Xianbei 1468:in the 1369:lineage 1362:Xianbei 1334:Xianbei 1311:Xiongnu 1301:of the 1291:Beijing 1283:Qin Kai 1231:Xiongnu 1218:Xiongnu 1205:Xiongnu 1171:History 1072:Shaanxi 1060:Xiongnu 986:, and * 976:Tungg'o 972:Tûngɣâg 932:húluóbō 930:", and 800:endonym 788:Xiongnu 756:steppes 740:Xianbei 732:Xiongnu 652:Xiongnu 578:Chinese 557:Chinese 496:Xiongnu 475: 458:Tung-hu 411:Xiongnu 329:culture 316:DYNASTY 283:Subeshi 225:Pazyryk 201:culture 188:SABEANS 177:culture 152:matians 125:culture 66:Tasmola 5768:Khatso 5758:Moghol 5752:Mughal 5741:Hazara 5642:Buzava 5640:incl. 5636:Kalmyk 5630:Khoton 5610:Dörbet 5605:Choros 5589:Baatud 5576:Oirats 5542:Naiman 5537:Jaruud 5517:Chahar 5512:Baarin 5388:Naiman 5383:Merkit 5368:Kerait 5358:Jalair 5353:Gorlos 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