907:
3370:
720:
545:
1541:, p. 148: "Results from the analysis of the structure of mtDNA samples. The studied individuals were characterized by an identical structure of DNA HVR I. The HVR I haplotype structure 16093C-16129A-16223T-16298C-16327T gives unambiguous evidence that this structural variant of mtDNA belongs to the Eastern Eurasian haplogroup C (most probably, to haplogroup C4a1), falling into macrohaplogroup M. According to the results of phylogeographical analysis, variants of haplogroup C4 with an identical or similar structure of haplotypes are common both among the population of Southern Siberia (including Altai) and Central Asia (including Northern China), and also among the autochthonous populations of more remote northern regions of Siberia (Pilipenko, Trapezov, Polosmak, 2015; Derenko et al., 2003, 2007; Starikovskaya et al., 2005; Metspalu et al., 2004). Thus, the revealed variant is characteristic of modern indigenous peoples of the region under consideration."
748:
736:
969:
684:
708:
935:
919:
3884:
3542:
783:
769:
33:
4326:
1005:
954:
672:
985:
568:
47:
39:
536:
3484:
696:
3472:
660:
608:
often incorporated in them. Many of the trappings took the form of iron, bronze, and gilt wood animal motifs either applied or suspended from them; and bits had animal-shaped terminal ornaments. Altai-Sayan animals frequently display muscles delineated with dot and comma markings, a formal convention that may have derived from appliqué needlework. Such markings are sometimes included in
586:
burials, notably those of the 5th century BC at
Pazyryk and neighbouring sites, such as Katanda, Shibe, and Tuekta, were isolated from external climatic variations by a protective layer of ice that conserved the organic substances buried in them. At Pazyryk these included the bodies of horses and an
859:-like source. One outlier specimen (Pazyryk_Berel_50BCE) could be modeled as c. 18% Pazyryk_IA and c. 82% additional Northeast Asian admixture, suggesting that this individual represents a migrant who arrived from further East. The same additional Eastern ancestry is found among the later groups of
607:
Horse reins either had animal designs cut out on them or were studded with wooden ones covered in gold foil. Their tail sheaths were ornamented, as were their headpieces and breastpieces. Some horses were provided with leather or felt masks made to resemble animals, with stag antlers or rams’ horns
1437:
In response to aggressive
Xiongnu expansion into the Altai region around the 2nd century BCE, some members of the Pazyryk culture may have started moving up North, and eventually reached the Vilyuy River at the beginning of 1st century CE. Notably, there is clear population continuity between the
1450:
Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido
Alberto; Khussainova, Elmira; Kahbatkyzy, Nurzhibek; Musralina, Lyazzat; Spyrou, Maria A.; Bianco, Raffaela A.; Radzeviciute, Rita; Martins, Nuno Filipe Gomes; Freund, Caecilia; Iksan, Olzhas; Garshin, Alexander; Zhaniyazov, Zhassulan; Bekmanov, Bakhytzhan; Kitov, Egor;
1339:
Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido
Alberto; Khussainova, Elmira; Kahbatkyzy, Nurzhibek; Musralina, Lyazzat; Spyrou, Maria A.; Bianco, Raffaela A.; Radzeviciute, Rita; Martins, Nuno Filipe Gomes; Freund, Caecilia; Iksan, Olzhas; Garshin, Alexander; Zhaniyazov, Zhassulan; Bekmanov, Bakhytzhan; Kitov, Egor;
599:
fabric (State
Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg). Red and ochre predominate in the carpet, the main design of which is of riders, stags, and griffins. Many of the Pazyryk felt hangings, saddlecloths, and cushions were covered with elaborate designs executed in appliqué feltwork, dyed furs, and
1584:, p. 148: "The complete allelic profile obtained based on 17 STR-loci has made it possible to determine that the studied variant of the Y-chromosome belongs to haplogroup N (according to the data of Haplogroup Predictor software, the probability is 100 %)."
906:
1438:
Uralic people such as Khants, Mansis and
Nganasans, Paleo-Siberian people such as Yukaghirs and Chuvantsi, and the Pazyryk people even when considering just the two mtDNA and Y-STR haplotypes from the Ak-Alakha-1 mound 1 kurgan (Tables 1a, b, Table 2, Fig. 1).
719:
1600:, page 71: "Individual I0563 (Pazyryk) belonged to the Z93 clade45 which is frequent in Central Asia and was also recorded in Bronze Age individuals from Mongolia and the Sintashta culture from Samara." See also page 55, Table 22: "I0563 R1a1a1b2".
600:
embroidery. Of exceptional interest are those with animal and human figural compositions, the most notable of which are the repeat design of an investiture scene on a felt hanging and that of a semihuman, semibird creature on another (both in the
512:, indicating a flourishing culture at this location that benefited from the many trade routes and caravans of merchants passing through the area. The Pazyryk are considered to have had a war-like life. The Pazyryk culture was preceded by the "
968:
827:. Some outlier samples need additional geneflow from an Ancient Northeast Asian source, best represented by Neolithic groups from the Devil’s Gate Cave site in the Russian Far East. The Pazyryk people display genetic affinites to modern
747:
683:
735:
3237:
934:
707:
1169:
Wertmann, Patrick; Yibulayinmu, Maria; Wagner, Mayke; Taylor, Chris; Müller, Samira; Xu, Dongliang; Elkina, Irina; Leipe, Christian; Deng, Yonghong; Tarasov, Pavel E. (1 September 2023).
1152:"Iron Age Archaeology and Trauma from Aymyrlyg South Siberia: An examination of the health diet and lifestyles of the two Iron Age populations buried at the cemetery complex of Aymyrlyg"
3369:
3244:
918:
1620:
1597:
1519:
645:, recur at Pazyryk but are completely outnumbered by animal motifs. The stag and its relatives figure as prominently as in Altai-Sayan. Combat scenes between
855:. Overall, the Pazyryk population could be modeled to derive between c. 50% from the Khövsgöl LBA source, c. 36% from WSH (Steppe_MLBA), and c. 14% from a
587:
embalmed man whose body was covered with tattoos of animal motifs. The remarkable textiles recovered from the
Pazyryk burials include the oldest woollen
1407:"On The Genetic Continuity of the Iron Age Pazyryk Culture: Geographic Distributions of the Paternal and Maternal Lineages from the Ak-Alakha-1 Burial"
544:
3541:
1798:
1676:
Jordana, Xavier (2009). "The warriors of the steppes: osteological evidence of warfare and violence from
Pazyryk tumuli in the Mongolian Altai".
653:
are exceedingly numerous in
Pazyryk work; the Pazyryk beasts are locked in such bitter fights that the victim's hindquarters become inverted.
4391:
4356:
3364:
2956:
1846:
1261:
856:
32:
671:
3883:
2891:
1773:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Pazyryk culture
3109:
54:
1723:
4371:
4329:
3230:
1980:
4386:
3211:
1770:
1603:
1525:
1170:
1223:
3166:
1791:
4366:
3161:
2162:
1754:
953:
2572:
579:. There are so far no known sites of settlements associated with the burials, suggesting a purely nomadic lifestyle.
1218:
1171:"The earliest directly dated saddle for horse-riding from a mid-1st millennium BCE female burial in Northwest China"
624:. Roundels containing a dot serve the same purpose on the stag and other animal renderings executed by contemporary
3171:
2441:
1821:
4381:
4306:
3206:
3151:
2401:
1784:
575:
Other kurgan cemeteries associated with the culture include those of
Bashadar, Tuekta, Ulandryk, Polosmak, or
3312:
2695:
2157:
984:
3156:
3935:
3696:
2421:
4292:
3774:
3708:
3690:
3563:
2657:
1951:
1325:
3780:
3777:
3771:
3765:
3735:
3678:
3351:
3104:
2677:
2391:
2381:
2376:
1971:
1961:
1926:
1453:"Ancient genomic time transect from the Central Asian Steppe unravels the history of the Scythians"
1342:"Ancient genomic time transect from the Central Asian Steppe unravels the history of the Scythians"
1213:
782:
768:
695:
4361:
4315:
3795:
3762:
3738:
3732:
3717:
3560:
3254:
3201:
3089:
2966:
2871:
2715:
2597:
2006:
1956:
1807:
816:
4152:
3753:
3744:
3687:
3622:
3607:
3181:
2941:
1966:
1901:
897:
820:
808:
800:
464:
1706:
1097:
467:(6th to 3rd centuries BC) identified by excavated artifacts and mummified humans found in the
4041:
4032:
3726:
3702:
3557:
3016:
2991:
2901:
2532:
2366:
1744:
1312:
883:
Two closely related males from the Pazyryk culture were found to belong to the East Eurasian
832:
753:
Frontal decoration (harness), burial mound Berel (IV.-III. B.C.) Kazakhstan, Pazyryk culture.
576:
509:
4325:
4038:
2951:
2798:
2333:
2131:
1685:
1464:
1353:
887:
872:
571:
The Pazyryk cultural area, including burials sites of Pazyryk, Berel, Tuetka and Ak-Alakha.
803:(WSH or Steppe_MLBA) and local groups of Southern Siberia. Genetic data revealed that the
689:
Tatooes of the warrior excavated at Pazyryk, with zoomorphic symbols, 5th-4th century BCE.
8:
4047:
4044:
3995:
3699:
3554:
3191:
3125:
2981:
2406:
2396:
2126:
2051:
1727:
1568:
960:
940:
621:
588:
558:
227:
1689:
1468:
1357:
4238:
4035:
3580:
3574:
3346:
3141:
3094:
2961:
2876:
2861:
2818:
2773:
2637:
2426:
2212:
2101:
2061:
1986:
1831:
1493:
1452:
1423:
1406:
1382:
1341:
1018:
583:
429:
240:
142:
630:
metalworkers. Animal processions of the Assyro-Achaemenian type also appealed to many
4265:
4026:
3577:
3491:
3382:
3196:
2305:
2147:
2121:
2116:
2016:
2001:
1891:
1886:
1856:
1836:
1750:
1552:
1498:
1480:
1428:
1387:
1369:
1195:
1085:
824:
812:
796:
726:
457:
262:
103:
72:
1004:
788:
Map of Scythian cultures, including different Saka populations with genetic profiles
4262:
4080:
3842:
3276:
3186:
3114:
2735:
2622:
2431:
2416:
2265:
2111:
2071:
2026:
2011:
1693:
1564:
1553:"A Paleogenetic Study of Pazyryk People Buried at Ak-Alakha-1, the Altai Mountains"
1488:
1472:
1418:
1377:
1361:
1185:
1013:
894:
884:
828:
642:
601:
508:. Many artifacts and human remains have been found at this location, including the
442:
214:
713:
Samruk (Griffin), burial mound of Tuekta (5th century BCE) Altay, Pazyryk culture.
4250:
4001:
3876:
3720:
3672:
3569:
3497:
3465:
3336:
3332:
3324:
3301:
3222:
3176:
3119:
3059:
3049:
3011:
2753:
2446:
2245:
2202:
2184:
2021:
1991:
1896:
1826:
1038:
1028:
1023:
991:
975:
840:
836:
807:
Pazyryk people were not identical with the WSH but substantially shifted towards
741:
Scene of torment, burial mound Berel (V. - III. BCE) Kazakhstan, Pazyryk culture.
659:
525:
501:
475:
425:
411:
129:
116:
4232:
4192:
4178:
3848:
3549:
3518:
3136:
3099:
2921:
2856:
2730:
2582:
2567:
2537:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2255:
2106:
2096:
2056:
1841:
944:
925:
596:
407:
92:
1697:
1190:
4376:
4350:
4271:
4217:
4172:
4013:
3971:
3836:
3658:
3625:
3521:
3515:
3401:
3328:
3131:
3084:
2976:
2808:
2793:
2725:
2484:
2250:
2222:
2207:
2167:
2066:
1921:
1906:
1861:
1621:"Legal bid fails to rebury remains of 2,500 year old tattooed 'ice princess'"
1484:
1449:
1432:
1373:
1338:
1199:
1033:
631:
604:). Clothing, whether of felt, leather, or fur, was also lavishly ornamented.
389:
201:
177:
157:
1301:
4268:
4256:
4224:
4200:
4184:
4181:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4133:
3983:
3941:
3792:
3783:
3705:
3628:
3619:
3509:
3054:
3021:
3001:
2906:
2813:
2768:
2745:
2662:
2557:
2474:
2464:
2356:
2091:
2086:
2076:
2036:
1976:
1941:
1866:
1742:
1502:
1476:
1391:
1365:
1069:
848:
505:
317:
282:
271:
249:
1776:
978:, Pazyryk. Circa 300 BCE. State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, 1684/29.
912:
Reconstruction of a Saka, found in the kurgan Olon-Kurin-Gol 10 in Pazyryk
4280:
4277:
4229:
4159:
4102:
3998:
3989:
3944:
3929:
3920:
3914:
3789:
3756:
3714:
3684:
3681:
3648:
3616:
3500:
3146:
3079:
3031:
2996:
2971:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2916:
2911:
2866:
2846:
2838:
2667:
2652:
2602:
2592:
2547:
2504:
2280:
2275:
2240:
2041:
1996:
1936:
638:
613:
487:
567:
4274:
4196:
4139:
4121:
4007:
4004:
3986:
3977:
3968:
3965:
3923:
3911:
3905:
3890:
3857:
3845:
3821:
3800:
3759:
3750:
3747:
3741:
3723:
3693:
3613:
3524:
3431:
3026:
2851:
2783:
2778:
2705:
2687:
2647:
2632:
2612:
2577:
2562:
2524:
2514:
2499:
2489:
2456:
2343:
2270:
2046:
1946:
1876:
650:
646:
479:
471:
332:
2230:
863:(Hun Berel 300CE, Hun elite 350CE), and the Karakaba remains (830CE).
4086:
4070:
4016:
3962:
3932:
3926:
3917:
3902:
3896:
3786:
3729:
3711:
3512:
3410:
2946:
2896:
2828:
2763:
2710:
2700:
2672:
2607:
2552:
2542:
2479:
2469:
2315:
2192:
2152:
2081:
1931:
1557:
Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia (Russian-language)
1043:
304:
4188:
1656:
1639:
1522:, page 38, Table 7. West Eurasia (WEA): 48%, East Eurasia (EEA) 52%.
1280:
1245:
1008:
Timeline of the Pazyryk culture and predecessors in western Mongolia
4118:
4108:
4090:
3980:
3938:
3899:
3893:
3854:
3851:
3818:
3768:
3651:
3506:
3503:
3419:
3416:
3296:
3281:
3006:
2986:
2587:
2411:
2325:
2260:
2031:
804:
483:
461:
166:
38:
3483:
3471:
1151:
893:
Another Pazyryk specimen was found to belong to the West Eurasian
535:
293:
4111:
4019:
3974:
3959:
3953:
3947:
3824:
3642:
3447:
3436:
3407:
3286:
2886:
2881:
2823:
2758:
2642:
2627:
2494:
2371:
2361:
2310:
1916:
1746:
Frozen Tombs of Siberia: The Pazyryk Burials of Iron Age Horsemen
852:
811:. The eastern Eurasian geneflow can largely be explained through
609:
497:
468:
421:
1302:"International exhibition of original artifacts «Scythian gold»"
626:
4235:
4204:
4114:
4083:
4077:
4054:
3956:
3950:
3908:
3812:
3634:
3594:
3459:
3413:
3291:
2788:
2720:
2351:
2285:
2197:
1911:
1168:
844:
617:
513:
492:
83:
677:
Pazyryk carpet, manufactured in Central Asia or the Near-East.
4175:
4010:
3992:
2617:
2509:
2436:
2386:
2235:
1881:
1206:
592:
363:
345:
63:
557:
carpet (c.300 BC), and a horse harness from the tomb of the
3863:
3587:
3453:
3442:
3425:
3041:
2803:
1851:
943:
inside her wooden sarcophagus (reconstruction from burial,
860:
554:
453:
1551:
Pilipenko, A. S.; Trapezov, R. O.; Polosmak, N. V (2015).
871:
Two individuals were found to belong to the East Eurasian
1581:
1550:
1538:
774:
Genetic makeup of Bronze and Iron Age Steppe populations
725:
Catlike predator with protomas of two elk, burial mound
1721:
1655:
Pankova, Svetlana; Simpson, St John (1 January 2017).
1638:
Pankova, Svetlana; Simpson, St John (1 January 2017).
1279:
Pankova, Svetlana; Simpson, St John (1 January 2017).
1262:"Siberian Princess reveals her 2,500 year old tattoos"
1244:
Pankova, Svetlana; Simpson, St John (1 January 2017).
1124:
851:. The Pazyryk people were later replaced by expanding
1724:"Prehistoric Art - Early Nomads of the Altaic Region"
1661:. British Museum. pp. 106–109, Items 31, 32, 33.
1644:. British Museum. pp. 106–109, Items 31, 32, 33.
1743:Сергей Иванович Руденко (Sergei I. Rudenko) (1970).
496:) similar to the tomb mounds of Scythian culture in
516:" (Initial Scythian period, 8th - 7th century BC).
362:General location of the Pazyryk culture within the
3252:
1602:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFUnterländer2017 (
1524:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFUnterländer2017 (
4348:
1070:"Pazyryk | archaeological site, Kazakhstan"
582:Because of a freak climatic freeze, some of the
1654:
1637:
1278:
1243:
815:groups, themselves a combination of primarily
795:The Pazyryk population is associated with the
368:
3238:
1792:
16:Saka nomadic Iron Age archaeological culture
3545:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon
1806:
1771:Nomadic Art of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes
1593:
1515:
1067:
729:(IV.-III. BCE) Kazakhstan, Pazyryk culture.
3245:
3231:
1799:
1785:
924:Pazyryk man (reconstruction from burials,
634:tribesmen and are featured in their arts.
3110:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
1492:
1422:
1381:
1189:
1003:
566:
4323:
3365:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
2957:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
1847:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
1675:
1582:Pilipenko, Trapezov & Polosmak 2015
1539:Pilipenko, Trapezov & Polosmak 2015
1411:International Journal of Human Genetics
1285:. British Museum. p. 155, Fig.105.
1137:
878:
866:
46:
4349:
4261:
4214:
4149:
4089:Kungas Brahmi Buddhatala Varhran (II)
3381:
3343:
3309:
3212:Siberian Collection of Peter the Great
1726:. The Hermitage Museum. Archived from
1658:Scythians: warriors of ancient Siberia
1641:Scythians: warriors of ancient Siberia
1404:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1282:Scythians: warriors of ancient Siberia
1247:Scythians: warriors of ancient Siberia
1149:
602:State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg
269:
247:
4312:
4289:
4247:
4130:
4099:
4067:
4051:
4023:
3873:
3861:
3833:
3669:
3639:
3632:
3592:
3585:
3481:
3451:
3440:
3423:
3391:
3363:
3361:
3226:
1780:
1615:
1613:
330:
291:
280:
238:
225:
212:
199:
188:
175:
164:
155:
140:
127:
114:
90:
81:
70:
61:
52:
4259:Ishbara Yabgu Wu-shih-po Pantu Nili
1704:
1569:10.17746/1563-0102.2015.43.4.144-150
1451:Samashev, Zainolla (26 March 2021).
1340:Samashev, Zainolla (26 March 2021).
1111:
343:
315:
302:
260:
101:
4392:Archaeological cultures in Mongolia
3167:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
1289:
974:Embalmed head of a clan chieftain.
372:), and contemporary Asian polities
13:
4357:Archaeological cultures of Siberia
3882:
3540:
3482:
3313:Chronology of the Neolithic period
3162:Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription
2163:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
1749:. University of California Press.
1707:"Ice Mummies: Siberian Ice Maiden"
1610:
14:
4403:
3887:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.
2573:Desert castles of ancient Khorezm
1764:
1678:Journal of Archaeological Science
1068:The Editors (11 September 2001).
4324:
3470:
3368:
1424:10.31901/24566330.2019/19.01.709
1405:Gurkan, Cemal (8 January 2019).
983:
967:
952:
933:
917:
905:
781:
767:
746:
734:
718:
706:
694:
682:
670:
658:
543:
534:
45:
37:
31:
4372:Iranian archaeological cultures
4330:Rulers of the Ancient Near-East
3172:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka
2442:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
1722:State Hermitage Museum (2007).
1648:
1631:
1587:
1575:
1544:
1532:
1509:
1443:
1398:
1332:
1272:
1178:Archaeological Research in Asia
819:and components associated with
4307:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
3207:Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)
3152:Aramaic Inscription of Laghman
1598:Supplementary Information file
1520:Supplementary Information file
1254:
1237:
1219:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
1162:
1143:
1130:
1117:
1104:
1061:
701:Pazyryk cart, 3rd century BCE.
637:Certain geometric designs and
620:animal representations of the
595:silk, and two pieces of woven
591:known, the oldest embroidered
519:
1:
4387:6th-century BC establishments
2158:Silk Road transmission of art
1049:
373:
3157:Kandahar Aramaic inscription
1054:
486:. The mummies are buried in
7:
1125:State Hermitage Museum 2007
999:
758:
10:
4408:
4117:Lakhana Udayaditya Aduman
3374:
3323:(Eastern migration of the
3322:
1669:
1150:Murphy, Eileen M. (2003).
523:
4367:Nomadic groups in Eurasia
4303:
4293:Muslim conquest of Persia
4244:
4211:
4146:
4127:
4096:
4064:
3870:
3830:
3809:
3806:
3799:
3604:
3533:
3478:
3398:
3345:
3319:
3307:
3295:
3290:
3261:
3072:
3040:
2837:
2744:
2686:
2658:Siypantosh Rock Paintings
2523:
2455:
2342:
2324:
2221:
2183:
2176:
2140:
1814:
1698:10.1016/j.jas.2009.01.008
1191:10.1016/j.ara.2023.100451
641:, such as the circle and
446:
417:
403:
395:
385:
26:
3105:Mogao Christian painting
2678:Zarautsoy Rock Paintings
2392:Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen
2382:Merke Turkic Sanctuaries
1156:BAR International Series
817:Ancient Northeast Asians
797:Eastern Scythian horizon
500:. The type site are the
44:
4316:Second Turkic Khaganate
3202:Saksanokhur gold buckle
3090:Hephthalite silver bowl
2967:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa
2007:Second Turkic Khaganate
1808:History of Central Asia
1224:Encyclopædia Britannica
821:Ancient North Eurasians
799:, which emerged out of
399:6th to 3rd centuries BC
4153:First Turkic Khaganate
3888:
3608:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
3546:
3487:
3297:Trans-Jaxartes steppes
3182:Stamp seal (BM 119999)
2942:Alexandria Prophthasia
1967:First Turkic Khaganate
1902:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
1477:10.1126/sciadv.abe4414
1366:10.1126/sciadv.abe4414
1320:Cite journal requires
1009:
873:maternal haplogroup C4
801:Western Steppe Herders
572:
553:Horseman on a Pazyryk
465:archaeological culture
4382:Scytho-Siberian world
3886:
3544:
3486:
2992:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
2367:Karsakpay inscription
1822:Mal'ta–Buret' culture
1007:
833:Paleosiberian peoples
570:
510:Siberian Ice Princess
3255:Ancient Central Asia
2799:Kutlug Timur Minaret
2334:Noin-Ula burial site
2132:Chinese Central Asia
1518:: Data available at
879:Paternal haplogroups
867:Maternal haplogroups
561:(5th-4th century BC)
447:Пазырыкская культура
3996:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
3192:Siberian Ice Maiden
2982:Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan
2397:Petrovka settlement
2127:Soviet Central Asia
2052:Great Seljuq Empire
1690:2009JArSc..36.1319J
1469:2021SciA....7.4414G
1358:2021SciA....7.4414G
961:Siberian Ice Maiden
941:Siberian Ice Maiden
895:paternal haplogroup
622:ancient Middle East
589:knotted-pile carpet
559:Siberian Ice Maiden
23:
4239:Tong Yabghu Qaghan
3889:
3547:
3536:Hellenistic Period
3488:
3347:Afanasievo culture
3142:Buddhas of Bamiyan
3095:Chilek silver bowl
2962:Buddhas of Bamiyan
2638:Obi-Rakhmat Grotto
2427:Talapty Settlement
2213:Filippovka kurgans
2102:Khanate of Bukhara
2062:Khwarazmian Empire
1987:Ikhshids of Sogdia
1832:Afanasievo culture
1625:The Siberian Times
1266:The Siberian Times
1096:has generic name (
1019:Bulan-Koba culture
1010:
573:
430:Bulan-Koba culture
386:Geographical range
21:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4266:Irbis Bolun Cabgu
4027:Kushano-Sasanians
3492:Achaemenid Empire
3383:Andronovo Culture
3220:
3219:
3197:Ai-Khanoum plaque
3068:
3067:
2872:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi
2148:Central Asian art
2122:Russian Turkestan
2117:Chinese Turkestan
2017:Abbasid Caliphate
1981:Anxi Protectorate
1927:Kushano-Sasanians
1892:Macedonian Empire
1887:Achaemenid Empire
1857:Andronovo culture
1837:Sintashta culture
825:Sintashta culture
435:
434:
371:
264:MACEDONIAN EMPIRE
4399:
4328:
4142:Kun-khi Ghadfar
3972:Bahram VI Chobin
3843:Kujula Kadphises
3474:
3372:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3224:
3223:
3187:Seal of Khingila
3115:Penjikent murals
2736:Kalai Kafirnigan
2623:Koi Krylgan Kala
2432:Turkistan (city)
2417:Steppe Geoglyphs
2181:
2180:
2112:Khanate of Khiva
2072:Chagatai Khanate
2027:Saffarid dynasty
2012:Uyghur Khaganate
1801:
1794:
1787:
1778:
1777:
1760:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1701:
1684:(7): 1319–1327.
1663:
1662:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1617:
1608:
1607:
1594:Unterländer 2017
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1516:Unterländer 2017
1513:
1507:
1506:
1496:
1457:Science Advances
1447:
1441:
1440:
1426:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1385:
1346:Science Advances
1336:
1330:
1329:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1308:
1306:
1298:
1287:
1286:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1193:
1175:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1147:
1141:
1134:
1128:
1121:
1115:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1072:. Britannica.com
1065:
1014:Aldy-Bel culture
987:
971:
956:
937:
921:
909:
785:
771:
750:
738:
722:
710:
698:
686:
674:
662:
547:
538:
448:
378:
375:
370:
367:
354:
352:
341:
339:
328:
326:
313:
311:
300:
298:
289:
287:
278:
276:
267:
265:
258:
256:
245:
243:
236:
234:
223:
221:
210:
208:
197:
195:
186:
184:
173:
171:
162:
160:
153:
151:
138:
136:
125:
123:
112:
110:
99:
97:
88:
86:
79:
77:
68:
66:
59:
57:
49:
48:
41:
35:
24:
20:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4318:
4309:
4295:
4255:
4253:
4251:Tokhara Yabghus
4228:
4223:(vassal of the
4222:
4220:
4157:
4155:
4138:
4136:
4107:
4105:
4075:
4073:
4059:
4057:
4031:
4029:
4002:Farrukh Hormizd
3881:
3879:
3877:Sasanian Empire
3841:
3839:
3817:
3815:
3697:Mithridates III
3677:
3675:
3673:Parthian Empire
3661:
3655:
3654:
3647:
3645:
3612:
3610:
3570:Seleucid Empire
3566:
3539:
3537:
3496:
3494:
3469:
3466:Pazyryk Culture
3463:
3457:
3446:
3435:
3429:
3406:
3404:
3367:
3352:Proto-Tocharian
3349:
3335:,as far as the
3333:Eurasian Steppe
3325:Yamnaya culture
3302:Altai Mountains
3272:
3257:
3251:
3221:
3216:
3177:Afrasiab murals
3120:Sampul tapestry
3064:
3060:Shahr-e Sukhteh
3050:Bandian complex
3036:
3012:Musalla Complex
2892:Tapa-i Kafariha
2833:
2754:Cave of Dzhebel
2740:
2682:
2519:
2451:
2447:Araltobe kurgan
2338:
2320:
2246:Kizilgaha caves
2217:
2203:Pazyryk burials
2185:Southern Russia
2172:
2136:
2022:Tahirid dynasty
1992:Tokhara Yabghus
1897:Seleucid Empire
1872:Pazyryk culture
1827:Yamnaya culture
1810:
1805:
1767:
1757:
1733:
1731:
1730:on 22 June 2007
1712:
1710:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1653:
1649:
1636:
1632:
1619:
1618:
1611:
1601:
1592:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1549:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1523:
1514:
1510:
1448:
1444:
1403:
1399:
1337:
1333:
1321:
1319:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1290:
1277:
1273:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1242:
1238:
1228:
1226:
1214:"Altaic Tribes"
1212:
1211:
1207:
1173:
1167:
1163:
1148:
1144:
1135:
1131:
1122:
1118:
1109:
1105:
1093:
1092:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1073:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1039:Tashtyk culture
1029:Pazyryk burials
1024:Karasuk culture
1002:
995:
990:Tattoos of the
988:
979:
972:
963:
957:
948:
938:
929:
922:
913:
910:
881:
869:
793:
792:
791:
790:
789:
786:
777:
776:
775:
772:
761:
754:
751:
742:
739:
730:
723:
714:
711:
702:
699:
690:
687:
678:
675:
666:
663:
565:
564:
563:
562:
550:
549:
548:
540:
539:
528:
526:Pazyryk burials
522:
502:Pazyryk burials
476:Altay Mountains
456:(Central Asian
452:kul'tura) is a
439:Pazyryk culture
426:Tashtyk culture
412:Karakol culture
381:
380:
376:
359:
358:
357:
356:
355:
346:
344:
342:
333:
331:
329:
322:
318:
316:
314:
305:
303:
301:
294:
292:
290:
285:
283:
281:
279:
274:
272:
270:
268:
263:
261:
259:
253:
250:
248:
246:
241:
239:
237:
228:
226:
224:
215:
213:
211:
202:
200:
198:
191:
189:
187:
181:
178:
176:
174:
167:
165:
163:
158:
156:
154:
147:
143:
141:
139:
130:
128:
126:
120:
117:
115:
113:
107:
104:
102:
100:
93:
91:
89:
84:
82:
80:
73:
71:
69:
64:
62:
60:
55:
53:
51:
50:
42:
22:Pazyryk culture
17:
12:
11:
5:
4405:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4362:Animals in art
4359:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4321:
4320:
4314:
4311:
4305:
4302:
4298:
4297:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4260:
4249:
4246:
4245:625 CE–651 CE
4242:
4241:
4233:Heshana Khagan
4216:
4213:
4212:560 CE–625 CE
4209:
4208:
4193:Empress Ashina
4179:Ishbara Qaghan
4151:
4148:
4147:560 CE–651 CE
4144:
4143:
4132:
4129:
4128:440 CE–560 CE
4125:
4124:
4101:
4098:
4097:370 CE–540 CE
4094:
4093:
4069:
4066:
4065:320 CE–467 CE
4062:
4061:
4053:
4050:
4025:
4022:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3867:
3860:
3849:Vima Kadphises
3835:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3811:
3808:
3807:141 BCE–30 CE
3804:
3803:
3798:
3775:Parthamaspates
3709:Mithridates IV
3691:Mithridates II
3671:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3657:
3641:
3638:
3631:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3550:Argead dynasty
3535:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3519:Artaxerxes III
3490:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3460:Arzhan culture
3450:
3439:
3422:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3379:2000–1900 BCE
3376:
3375:
3373:
3362:
3360:
3359:2400–2000 BCE
3356:
3355:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3321:
3320:3500–2500 BCE
3317:
3316:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3250:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3227:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3137:Bimaran Casket
3134:
3129:
3126:Sogdian Daēnās
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3100:Gardez Ganesha
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2922:Takht-e Rostam
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2857:Dilberjin Tepe
2854:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2731:Takht-i Sangin
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2583:Guldursun-Kala
2580:
2575:
2570:
2568:Dalverzin Tepe
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2538:Akchakhan-Kala
2535:
2529:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2461:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2330:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2296:Dunhuang Caves
2293:
2291:Bezeklik Caves
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2256:Subashi Temple
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2107:Durrani Empire
2104:
2099:
2097:Timurid Empire
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1842:Vakhsh culture
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1804:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1766:
1765:External links
1763:
1762:
1761:
1756:978-0520013957
1755:
1740:
1719:
1702:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1647:
1630:
1609:
1586:
1574:
1563:(4): 144–150.
1543:
1531:
1508:
1442:
1397:
1331:
1322:|journal=
1307:. 2017: 92–97.
1288:
1271:
1253:
1250:. p. 281.
1236:
1205:
1161:
1142:
1129:
1116:
1103:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1001:
998:
997:
996:
989:
982:
980:
976:Burial mound 2
973:
966:
964:
958:
951:
949:
945:Anokhin Museum
939:
932:
930:
926:Anokhin Museum
923:
916:
914:
911:
904:
880:
877:
868:
865:
835:, such as the
809:East Eurasians
787:
780:
779:
778:
773:
766:
765:
764:
763:
762:
760:
757:
756:
755:
752:
745:
743:
740:
733:
731:
724:
717:
715:
712:
705:
703:
700:
693:
691:
688:
681:
679:
676:
669:
667:
665:Pazyryk Kurgan
664:
657:
552:
551:
542:
541:
533:
532:
531:
530:
529:
524:Main article:
521:
518:
514:Arzhan culture
433:
432:
419:
415:
414:
408:Arzhan culture
405:
401:
400:
397:
393:
392:
387:
383:
382:
361:
360:
43:
36:
30:
29:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4404:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4331:
4327:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4310:
4308:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4272:Ishbara Tolis
4270:
4267:
4264:
4258:
4254:
4252:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4219:
4218:Western Turks
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4173:Taspar Qaghan
4171:
4168:
4165:
4161:
4156:
4154:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4135:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4104:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4074:
4072:
4063:
4058:
4056:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4028:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4014:Yazdegerd III
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3885:
3880:
3878:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3838:
3837:Kushan Empire
3829:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3814:
3805:
3802:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3781:Mithridates V
3779:
3778:Sinatruces II
3776:
3773:
3772:Vologases III
3770:
3767:
3766:Artabanus III
3764:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3736:Tiridates III
3734:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3679:Mithridates I
3676:
3674:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3659:Hunnic tribes
3653:
3650:
3646:
3644:
3637:
3636:
3630:
3627:
3626:Euthydemus II
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3609:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3543:
3538:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3522:Artaxerxes IV
3520:
3517:
3516:Artaxerxes II
3514:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3493:
3485:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3456:
3455:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3403:
3402:Median Empire
3395:
3394:
3389:2000–900 BCE
3388:
3387:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3371:
3366:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3329:Pontic steppe
3326:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3311:Preceded by:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3248:
3243:
3241:
3236:
3234:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3132:Oxus Treasure
3130:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3085:Orlat plaques
3083:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2977:Dasht-e Nawar
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2809:Monjukli Depe
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2794:Konye-Urgench
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2726:Takht-i Kuwad
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2485:Koshoy Korgon
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2251:Kumtura Caves
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2223:Western China
2220:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2208:Salbyk kurgan
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2198:Arzhan kurgan
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2168:Serindian art
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2067:Mongol Empire
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2057:Ghurid Empire
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1972:Western Turks
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1922:Kushan Empire
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1907:Guiyi Circuit
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1882:Median Empire
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1862:Tagar culture
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1758:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1741:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1708:
1705:NOVA (2007).
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1660:
1659:
1651:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1605:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1583:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1535:
1527:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1446:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1327:
1314:
1303:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1284:
1283:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1249:
1248:
1240:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1133:
1126:
1120:
1113:
1107:
1099:
1094:|author=
1087:
1071:
1064:
1060:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1034:Tagar culture
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1006:
993:
986:
981:
977:
970:
965:
962:
959:Mummy of the
955:
950:
946:
942:
936:
931:
927:
920:
915:
908:
903:
902:
901:
899:
896:
891:
889:
886:
876:
874:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
784:
770:
749:
744:
737:
732:
728:
721:
716:
709:
704:
697:
692:
685:
680:
673:
668:
661:
656:
655:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
635:
633:
632:Central Asian
629:
628:
623:
619:
615:
611:
605:
603:
598:
594:
590:
585:
580:
578:
569:
560:
556:
546:
537:
527:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
494:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
470:
466:
463:
459:
455:
451:
444:
440:
431:
427:
423:
420:
416:
413:
409:
406:
402:
398:
394:
391:
390:South Siberia
388:
384:
365:
353:
351:
350:
340:
338:
337:
327:
325:
324:
312:
310:
309:
299:
297:
288:
277:
266:
257:
255:
244:
235:
233:
232:
222:
220:
219:
209:
207:
206:
196:
194:
185:
183:
172:
170:
161:
152:
150:
149:
137:
135:
134:
124:
122:
111:
109:
98:
96:
87:
78:
76:
67:
58:
40:
34:
25:
19:
4313:
4304:
4301:673–751 CE
4290:
4287:651–673 CE
4269:Duolu Qaghan
4257:Tardush Shad
4248:
4225:Tang dynasty
4215:
4201:Yangsu Tegin
4185:Tulan Qaghan
4182:Bagha Qaghan
4176:Ashina Anluo
4170:Muqan Qaghan
4167:Issik Qaghan
4164:Bumin Qaghan
4150:
4134:Hephthalites
4131:
4100:
4068:
4052:
4024:
3984:Ardashir III
3942:Yazdegerd II
3874:
3862:
3834:
3810:
3796:Artabanus IV
3793:Vologases VI
3784:Vologases IV
3763:Vologases II
3739:Artabanus II
3733:Artabanus II
3718:Tiridates II
3706:Phraates III
3670:
3667:160–141 BCE
3656:
3640:
3633:
3629:Antimachus I
3620:Euthydemus I
3605:
3602:256–160 BCE
3593:
3586:
3581:Antiochus II
3568:
3567:
3561:Alexander II
3548:
3534:
3531:331–256 BCE
3510:Artaxerxes I
3489:
3479:539–331 BCE
3452:
3441:
3430:
3424:
3399:
3396:626–539 BCE
3331:through the
3310:
3271:Territories/
3124:
3055:Mount Khajeh
3022:Qala-i-Jangi
3002:Khair Khaneh
2907:Khair Khaneh
2814:Namazga-Tepe
2769:Anau culture
2746:Turkmenistan
2663:Tavka Kurgan
2558:Balalyk Tepe
2475:Burana Tower
2465:Aigyr-Zhal 2
2357:Issyk kurgan
2092:Kart dynasty
2087:Sufi dynasty
2077:Golden Horde
2002:Oghuz Yabgus
1977:Tang dynasty
1942:Hephthalites
1871:
1867:Uyuk culture
1745:
1732:. Retrieved
1728:the original
1711:. Retrieved
1709:. PBS - NOVA
1681:
1677:
1657:
1650:
1640:
1633:
1624:
1589:
1577:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1534:
1511:
1460:
1456:
1445:
1436:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1349:
1345:
1334:
1313:cite journal
1281:
1274:
1265:
1256:
1246:
1239:
1227:. Retrieved
1217:
1208:
1181:
1177:
1164:
1155:
1145:
1138:Jordana 2009
1132:
1119:
1106:
1074:. Retrieved
1063:
892:
888:haplogroup N
882:
870:
849:Mansi people
813:Khövsgöl LBA
794:
636:
625:
606:
581:
574:
506:Ukok Plateau
491:
488:long barrows
450:Pazyrykskaya
449:
438:
436:
348:
347:
335:
334:
320:
319:
307:
306:
295:
251:
230:
229:
217:
216:
204:
203:
192:
190:
179:
168:
145:
144:
132:
131:
118:
105:
94:
74:
18:
4281:Ashina Helu
4278:Irbis Seguy
4263:Külüg Sibir
4230:Niri Qaghan
4160:Ashina Tuwu
4103:Alchon Huns
3999:Azarmidokht
3990:Khosrow III
3945:Hormizd III
3930:Yazdegerd I
3921:Ardashir II
3915:Adur Narseh
3871:224–350 CE
3831:30 –224 CE
3790:Vologases V
3757:Vardanes II
3754:Vologases I
3745:Gotarzes II
3715:Phraates IV
3685:Hyspaosines
3649:Modu Chanyu
3623:Demetrius I
3617:Diodotus II
3578:Antiochus I
3555:Alexander I
3147:Kabul hoard
3080:Sokh snakes
3032:Surkh Kotal
2997:Haji Piyada
2972:Darra-e Kur
2937:Yemshi Tepe
2932:Tillya Tepe
2927:Tepe Fullol
2917:Tepe Narenj
2912:Tapa Sardar
2902:Fondukistan
2867:Tapa Shotor
2847:Tepe Fullol
2839:Afghanistan
2668:Toprak-Kala
2653:Shahrukhiya
2603:Kampir Tepe
2593:Itchan Kala
2548:Ancient Pap
2505:Shakh Fazil
2377:Krasnyi Yar
2281:Mogao Caves
2241:Kizil Caves
2177:Archaeology
2042:Farighunids
1997:Turk Shahis
1937:Alchon Huns
1596:: From the
639:sun symbols
616:, and even
614:Achaemenian
520:Archaeology
418:Followed by
404:Preceded by
4351:Categories
4275:Yukuk Shad
4197:Apa Qaghan
4140:Akhshunwar
4122:Mihirakula
4060:Wanunkhur
4042:Hormizd II
4033:Ardashir I
4008:Khosrow IV
4005:Hormizd VI
3987:Shahrbaraz
3978:Khosrow II
3969:Khosrow II
3966:Hormizd IV
3924:Shapur III
3912:Hormizd II
3906:Bahram III
3891:Ardashir I
3858:Vasudeva I
3852:Kanishka I
3846:Vima Takto
3822:Sapadbizes
3801:Eucratides
3760:Pacorus II
3751:Vonones II
3748:Meherdates
3742:Vardanes I
3727:Orodes III
3724:Phraates V
3703:Sinatruces
3614:Diodotus I
3575:Seleucus I
3525:Darius III
3432:Massagetae
3253:Rulers of
3027:Rag-i-Bibi
2852:Ai-Khanoum
2784:Gonur Depe
2779:Dev-Kesken
2716:Kafir-kala
2706:Ajina tepe
2688:Tajikistan
2648:Sarmishsay
2633:Kyzyl-Kala
2613:Khalchayan
2598:Kafir-kala
2578:Fayaz Tepe
2563:Burchmulla
2525:Uzbekistan
2515:Tash Rabat
2490:Manas Ordo
2457:Kyrgyzstan
2344:Kazakhstan
2047:Ghaznavids
1952:Ustrushana
1947:Tocharians
1877:Massagetae
1229:5 December
1184:: 100451.
1050:References
651:herbivores
647:carnivores
480:Kazakhstan
472:permafrost
460:) nomadic
377: 325
336:Massagetae
146:Slab-grave
4087:Grumbates
4071:Kidarites
4039:Hormizd I
4017:Peroz III
3963:Khosrow I
3933:Shapur IV
3927:Bahram IV
3918:Shapur II
3903:Bahram II
3897:Hormizd I
3787:Osroes II
3730:Vonones I
3712:Orodes II
3688:Artabanus
3564:Antigonus
3513:Darius II
3411:Phraortes
3327:from the
3073:Artifacts
2947:Aq Kupruk
2897:Mes Aynak
2829:Ulug Depe
2764:Altyndepe
2711:Cyropolis
2701:Penjikent
2673:Varakhsha
2608:Kara Tepe
2553:Ayaz-Kala
2543:Akhsikath
2533:Afrasiyab
2480:Issyk-Kul
2470:Balasagun
2316:Beshbalik
2193:Sintashta
2153:Silk Road
2082:Ilkhanate
2037:Ma'munids
1932:Kidarites
1485:2375-2548
1433:0972-3757
1374:2375-2548
1200:2352-2267
1112:NOVA 2007
1055:Citations
1044:Scythians
992:Pazyryk-2
841:Nganasans
837:Yukaghirs
474:, in the
308:Scythians
75:Korgantas
4227:657–742)
4119:Toramana
4109:Khingila
4091:Goboziko
4048:Varahran
4045:Peroz II
3981:Kavad II
3939:Bahram V
3900:Bahram I
3894:Shapur I
3855:Huvishka
3819:Arseiles
3769:Osroes I
3700:Orodes I
3694:Gotarzes
3682:Phraates
3652:Laoshang
3504:Darius I
3501:Cambyses
3420:Astyages
3417:Cyaxares
3339:region)
3282:Margiana
3277:Khorasan
3007:Mundigak
2987:Firozkoh
2877:Shotorak
2696:Bunjikat
2588:Hazorasp
2412:Shilikty
2402:Boralday
2326:Mongolia
2261:Dunhuang
2032:Samanids
1962:Farghana
1815:Polities
1503:33771866
1392:33771866
1086:cite web
1000:See also
885:paternal
823:and the
805:Iron Age
759:Genetics
618:Urartian
610:Assyrian
484:Mongolia
469:Siberian
462:Iron Age
458:Scythian
218:Chandman
4112:Javukha
4076:Yosada
4036:Peroz I
4020:Narsieh
3975:Vistahm
3960:Kavad I
3954:Kavad I
3948:Peroz I
3936:Khosrow
3825:Heraios
3643:Xiongnu
3448:Skunkha
3437:Tomyris
3408:Deioces
3287:Bactria
2952:Asqalan
2887:Bimaran
2882:Paitava
2824:Togolok
2759:Abiward
2643:Poykent
2628:Koktepe
2495:Navekat
2372:Kerderi
2362:Jankent
2311:Kashgar
2286:Tumshuq
2231:Bulayïq
2141:Culture
1957:Khuttal
1917:Xiongnu
1734:31 July
1713:31 July
1686:Bibcode
1670:Sources
1627:. 2016.
1494:7997506
1465:Bibcode
1383:7997506
1354:Bibcode
1268:. 2012.
1076:5 March
898:R1a-Z93
853:Xiongnu
643:rosette
597:Persian
593:Chinese
504:of the
498:Ukraine
493:kurgans
443:Russian
422:Xiongnu
369:
366:realm (
323:matians
286:DYNASTY
254:culture
193:Pazyryk
182:culture
169:SABEANS
148:culture
133:Subeshi
4236:Sheguy
4205:Tamgan
4189:Istämi
4115:Mehama
4084:Kidara
4078:Kirada
4055:Kangju
3957:Jamasp
3951:Balash
3909:Narseh
3813:Yuezhi
3635:Yuezhi
3595:Yuezhi
3558:Philip
3507:Xerxes
3414:Madyes
3292:Sogdia
3017:Nagara
2789:Jeitun
2721:Sarazm
2407:Sawran
2352:Begash
2306:Khotan
2301:Loulan
1912:Yuezhi
1753:
1501:
1491:
1483:
1463:(13).
1431:
1390:
1380:
1372:
1352:(13).
1198:
994:chief.
847:, and
845:Khanty
829:Uralic
321:Sauro-
275:EMPIRE
159:DONGHU
95:Sargat
85:YUEZHI
4081:Peroz
4011:Boran
3993:Boran
3498:Cyrus
3337:Altai
3273:dates
2862:Hadda
2618:Khiva
2510:Suyab
2500:Özgön
2437:Urpek
2422:Sumbe
2387:Otrar
2276:Rawak
2266:Miran
2236:Kucha
1417:(1).
1305:(PDF)
1174:(PDF)
727:Berel
584:Altai
577:Berel
396:Dates
349:Dahae
296:MEROË
273:NANDA
231:Sagly
205:Tagar
180:Ordos
108:khovo
106:Goro-
65:SAKAS
4377:Saka
3864:Saka
3721:Musa
3588:Saka
3454:Saka
3443:Saka
3426:Saka
3042:Iran
2819:Nisa
2804:Merv
2774:Anau
2271:Niya
1852:Saka
1751:ISBN
1736:2007
1715:2007
1604:help
1526:help
1499:PMID
1481:ISSN
1429:ISSN
1388:PMID
1370:ISSN
1326:help
1231:2016
1196:ISSN
1098:help
1078:2019
861:Huns
857:BMAC
831:and
649:and
627:Śaka
555:felt
490:(or
482:and
454:Saka
437:The
364:Saka
284:ZHOU
252:Dian
121:jing
119:Sha-
56:-325
4203:) (
4199:) (
4195:) (
4191:) (
1694:doi
1565:doi
1489:PMC
1473:doi
1419:doi
1378:PMC
1362:doi
1186:doi
242:JIN
4353::
4207:)
4162:)
3573::
3553::
3354:)
1692:.
1682:36
1680:.
1623:.
1612:^
1561:43
1559:.
1555:.
1497:.
1487:.
1479:.
1471:.
1459:.
1455:.
1435:.
1427:.
1415:19
1413:.
1409:.
1386:.
1376:.
1368:.
1360:.
1348:.
1344:.
1317::
1315:}}
1311:{{
1291:^
1264:.
1222:.
1216:.
1194:.
1182:35
1180:.
1176:.
1154:.
1090::
1088:}}
1084:{{
947:).
928:).
900:.
890:.
875:.
843:,
839:,
612:,
478:,
445::
428:,
424:,
410:,
379:BC
374:c.
4187:(
4158:(
3468:)
3464:(
3462:)
3458:(
3350:(
3246:e
3239:t
3232:v
1983:)
1979:(
1800:e
1793:t
1786:v
1759:.
1738:.
1717:.
1700:.
1696::
1688::
1606:)
1571:.
1567::
1528:)
1505:.
1475::
1467::
1461:7
1421::
1394:.
1364::
1356::
1350:7
1328:)
1324:(
1233:.
1202:.
1188::
1158:.
1140:)
1136:(
1127:)
1123:(
1114:)
1110:(
1100:)
1080:.
441:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.png)
