101:, or right which patrons or protectors had over their benefices. Ultimately, it had its origin in the assumption that bishoprics and imperial abbeys, with all their temporalities and privileges, were royal estates given as fiefs to the bishops or abbots, and subject to the feudal laws of the times. At first the right was exercised only during the actual vacancy of a see or abbey, but it was later extended over the whole year following the death of the bishop or abbot. Often, the temporal rulers also claimed the right to collate all the benefices that became vacant during the vacancy of a diocese, with the exception of those to which the
179:(1154â1189), it had become an established practice for the King of England to take possession of the revenues of all vacant dioceses although he generally allowed a division of revenues between the actual monks and the abbatial office and did not administer or touch the monks' income. Revenues from the regalian rights were normally paid into the Exchequer, who would record it on the pipe rolls. That the pope did not recognize the right is manifest from the fact that
1125:
157:
this was not quite as common as indicated by the complaints of medieval chroniclers. The income from the regalian right was an important, if irregular, source of income for the kings. At least in
England under William II, there was a natural tendency to keep the more lucrative offices vacant longer than the poorer offices, thus allowing the royal revenue to be augmented.
156:
vacant for more than three years, during which period the king seized all the archiepiscopal revenues. William II was also known for keeping other bishoprics and abbeys vacant so that his own officials could administer them and keep the income for the king, although recent studies have shown that
265:, in September 1219. In 1238, he began to exercise it anew but only during the actual vacancy of dioceses, not for a whole year, as he had done previously. After the death of Frederick II, the claims of the German Emperors to this right gradually ceased. The revenues of vacant dioceses in
558:
gave strict orders to his officials not to exercise it over exempt dioceses. Towards the end of the 16th century, the restriction of the
Council of Lyons began to be disregarded, and on 24 April 1608, the Parliament decided that the king had the
164:, said at the start of his reign that he would abandon the practice of leaving ecclesiastical offices vacant to secure their revenue for himself, events soon required him also to exploit the regalian rights. Henry's most recent biographer,
88:
It is a matter of dispute on what ground the temporal rulers claimed the revenues of vacant dioceses and abbeys. Some hold that it is an inherent right of sovereignty; others state that it is a necessary consequence of the
882:
168:, argued that Henry never intended to renounce the exercise of the regalian right, merely the abuses of it that William II was accused of by the monastic chroniclers. The
199:
never to exercise the right of regalia beyond one year. With the exception of a few short periods, the right continued to be exercised by the
English kings until the
137:
in 1066 is unclear, but for monasteries, it is likely that the bishop or the prior administered the estate, and that the revenues did not go to the king. Under King
227:(1155â1189) are known as the first to have claimed it. Frederick I exercised it in its utmost rigour and styles it "an ancient right of kings and emperors". King
383:
51:), such as hunting, fishing and mining rights. Many sovereigns in the Middle Ages and in later times claimed the right to seize the revenues of vacant
448:
1135:
439:
407:
371:
345:
594:/ resisting. They at first sought redress through their metropolitans, but when the latter took the king's side, they appealed in 1677 to
416:
354:
318:
362:
709:
The
Monastic Order in England: A History of its Development from the Times of St. Dunstan to the Fourth Lateran Council, 940â1216
620:
attempted to restore it in a decree dated 6 November 1813, but his downfall the following year frustrated his plan. In 1880, the
598:. In three successive briefs, Innocent urged the king not to extend the right to dioceses that had previously been exempt. The
141:, the record is also unclear, but the absence of monastic complaints suggests that revenues did not go to the royal treasury.
684:
599:
491:
to renounce it but without avail. In France, the right did not belong exclusively to the king but was exercised also by the
35:
is a medieval legal term that denoted rights that belonged exclusively to the king, either as essential to his sovereignty (
1157:
816:
794:
752:
716:
665:
17:
578:
to all of France. The
Parliament was pleased, and most bishops yielded without serious protest, with only
195:) of a vacant archbishopric, bishopric, abbacy, or priory in his dominion. In 1176, Henry II promised the
651:
134:
704:
543:
90:
1116:
200:
1162:
1140:
621:
220:
172:
from 1130 shows a number of vacant benefices whose revenues were going to the royal coffers.
153:
145:
118:
602:, held at Paris in 1681â1682, sided with the king, and despite the protests of Innocent XI,
583:
520:
512:
470:
466:
246:
184:
138:
8:
504:
488:
462:
224:
176:
165:
122:
784:
655:
564:
536:
532:
478:
297:
Ability to grant of protection to people who were not under the protection of the clan,
180:
161:
77:
1090:
812:
804:
790:
748:
712:
680:
661:
633:
611:
587:
524:
500:
496:
492:
258:
238:
228:
624:
again asserted the right and overstepped even the limits of its former application.
595:
579:
516:
886:
832:
725:
547:
528:
508:
216:
68:
291:
Ability to dispose of duchies, counties, margraviates and unclaimed territories,
857:
603:
428:
376:
207:
even today exercises it over the temporalities of vacant (Anglican) dioceses.
187:(1164), which provided that the king was to receive, as of seigniorial right (
1151:
1129:
483:
204:
102:
94:
52:
607:
196:
327:
391:
770:
Documents relatifs aux rapports du clergé avec la royauté de 1682 à 1702
254:
617:
591:
433:
399:
233:
711:(Second reprint ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
571:
555:
336:
169:
1128: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
693:
149:
98:
638:
274:
270:
266:
262:
242:
59:. In some countries, especially in France. where it was known as
461:
In France, the first mention of it is found during the reign of
121:, it made its first appearance probably towards the end of the
76:
came to be applied almost exclusively to that assumed right. A
285:
554:
over any diocese that was then exempt from it, and in 1499,
250:
827:
RealencyclopĂ€die fĂŒr protestantische
Theologie und Kirche
567:
did not carry that parliamentary decision into effect.
473:
that in the Church of Paris, the king had extended the
80:
was an area in which the regalian right did not apply.
366:(services for the maintenance of the imperial courts),
657:
England Under the Norman and
Angevin Kings: 1075â1225
674:
300:
Right to exercise the highest level of jurisdiction,
650:
837:Vetus ac nova ecclesiae disciplina circa beneficia
803:
679:(Reprint ed.). Woodbridge, UK: D. S. Brewer.
511:. Entirely exempt from it were the ecclesiastical
782:
1149:
1020:Urkundenbuch fĂŒr die Geschichte des Niederrheins
811:(Second ed.). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
284:Right to allocate episcopal offices and to call
113:It is difficult to determine when and where the
253:, on 12 July 1213 and then in the Privilege of
703:
294:Duty to ensure internal peace (law and order),
144:It is first mentioned in connection with King
125:, that is, in the course of the 10th century.
43:), such as royal authority, or as accidental (
427:Right to uninherited property, including the
914:
912:
809:From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087â1216
677:A Dictionary of Medieval Terms & Phrases
231:reluctantly renounced it, together with the
133:In England, the exact practice prior to the
874:
866:
742:
1133:
959:England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings
951:
990:
909:
977:
904:Dictionary of Medieval Terms and Phrases
938:
925:
313:Sovereignty over transportation routes,
14:
1150:
964:
896:
280:Important regalia were the following:
249:renounced it to Innocent III first at
27:Rights of a monarch in medieval Europe
737:Die Verfassung der Kirche von England
610:, the right was maintained until the
600:General Assembly of the French clergy
546:(1274) forbade anyone, under pain of
67:
1144:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
574:issued a declaration extending the
160:Although William's successor, King
24:
1134:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
730:De concordia sacerdotii et imperii
269:went to the succeeding bishop; in
97:; still others derive it from the
25:
1174:
1110:
563:over all dioceses of France, but
1123:
1097:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1037:
1025:
1012:
1003:
763:Das Regalienrecht in Frankreich
745:William II: Rufus, the Red King
660:. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
1052:Mon. Germ.: Const. II, 58, 60.
850:
469:complained in a letter to the
303:Right to build royal palaces (
273:, to the cathedral church; in
13:
1:
843:
829:, XVI (Leipzig, 1905), 536-44
675:Coredon, Christopher (2007).
93:; others make it part of the
933:Domesday Book to Magna Carta
487:, of 5 December 1301, urged
414:Hunting and fishing rights (
257:, in May 1216, and again to
183:condemned Article 12 of the
117:was first exercised. In the
83:
7:
1079:Mon. Germ.: Const. II, 285.
627:
398:Jewish right of protection
10:
1179:
1070:Mon. Germ.: Const. II, 78.
1061:Mon. Germ.: Const. II, 68.
1043:Mon. Germ.: Const. II, 37.
1018:Theodor Joseph Lacomblet,
783:Mortimer, Richard (1994).
644:
310:Right to nominate consuls,
277:, to the "Religionsfond".
210:
148:, who, after the death of
135:Norman Conquest of England
128:
108:
789:. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
786:Angevin England 1154â1258
456:
1158:French legal terminology
772:, I (Paris, 1893) 18 sq.
417:Jagd- und Fischereiregal
779:(thesis) (Ligugé, 1900)
761:George Jakob Phillips,
739:(Berlin, 1894), 326 sq.
544:Second Council of Lyons
316:Right to charge tolls (
193:omnes reditus et exitus
890:
875:
867:
861:
747:. Stroud, UK: Tempus.
245:did the same in 1209.
201:Protestant Reformation
1141:Catholic Encyclopedia
570:On 10 February 1673,
382:Fortification rights
154:Diocese of Canterbury
146:William II of England
139:William the Conqueror
119:West Frankish Kingdom
69:[dÊwadÉÊeÉĄal]
1117:Ulrich Stutz article
743:Mason, Emma (2005).
590:, both of whom were
521:province of Narbonne
513:province of Bordeaux
471:Bishop of Palestrina
467:Bernard of Clairvaux
420:) or forest rights (
247:Emperor Frederick II
185:Council of Clarendon
175:During the reign of
91:right of investiture
1119:(with bibliography)
839:, III, lib. II, liv
652:Bartlett, Robert C.
505:Counts of Champagne
477:over a whole year.
402:(Judenschutzrecht),
225:Emperor Frederick I
177:Henry II of England
166:C. Warren Hollister
123:Carolingian dynasty
805:Poole, Austin Lane
777:Du droit de régale
732:, lib. VIII (1704)
584:François de Caulet
565:Henry IV of France
537:province of Vienne
533:province of Embrun
479:Pope Boniface VIII
325:Right of coinage (
221:Emperor Conrad III
181:Pope Alexander III
152:in 1089, kept the
1091:Patrologia Latina
1009:Mansi, XXI, 1195.
825:Ulrich Stutz, in
686:978-1-84384-138-8
634:Royal prerogative
612:French Revolution
588:bishop of Pamiers
525:province of Arles
501:Dukes of Burgundy
497:Dukes of Brittany
493:Dukes of Normandy
389:Right of escort (
384:Befestigungsrecht
375:) (the rights to
369:Treasure rights (
259:Pope Honorius III
241:in 1203. Emperor
239:Pope Innocent III
229:Philip of Germany
223:(1138â1152), and
49:jura accidentalia
16:(Redirected from
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1127:
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1103:Mansi, XXIV, 90/
1101:
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580:Nicolas Pavillon
550:, to extend the
517:province of Auch
465:, when in 1143,
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41:jura essentialia
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726:Pierre de Marca
719:
700:, s. v. Regalia
687:
668:
647:
630:
576:droit de régale
561:droit de régale
548:excommunication
529:province of Aix
509:Counts of Anjou
489:Philip the Fair
475:droit de régale
459:
343:Market rights (
334:Mining rights (
217:Emperor Henry V
213:
191:), all income (
189:sicut dominicos
131:
111:
86:
64:
61:droit de régale
55:or abbeys as a
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18:Droit de regale
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481:, in his bull
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446:Amber rights (
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608:Innocent XII
582:of Alet and
575:
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552:jus regaliae
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541:
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447:
440:Spolienrecht
438:
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304:
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192:
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74:jura regalia
73:
60:
56:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:Jura regalia
31:
30:
29:
987:pp. 109â110
922:pp. 612â615
408:Wasserregal
392:Geleitrecht
372:Schatzregal
215:In Germany
45:jura minora
37:jura majora
1152:Categories
1032:Mon. Germ.
983:Hollister
972:William II
946:William II
868:jus regale
844:References
698:Glossarium
618:Napoleon I
592:Jansenists
434:Jus Spolii
422:Forstregal
400:Judenregal
346:Marktregal
234:jus spolii
1088:ep. 224,
1022:, I, 288.
996:Mortimer
974:pp. 71â72
957:Bartlett
883:âčSee Tfdâș
572:Louis XIV
556:Louis XII
463:Louis VII
355:Salzregal
337:Bergregal
328:MĂŒnzregal
319:Zollregal
170:Pipe roll
84:Rationale
918:Knowles
902:Coredon
807:(1955).
707:(1976).
694:Du Cange
654:(2000).
628:See also
507:and the
255:WĂŒrzburg
150:Lanfranc
99:advowson
1132::
985:Henry I
645:Sources
639:Regalia
305:Pfalzen
275:Austria
271:Bavaria
267:Prussia
263:Hagenau
243:Otto IV
211:Germany
162:Henry I
129:England
109:History
78:liberty
65:French:
970:Mason
961:p. 175
948:p. 139
944:Mason
935:p. 170
931:Poole
906:p. 236
887:German
815:
793:
751:
715:
683:
664:
606:, and
535:, and
457:France
363:Fodrum
286:synods
203:. The
1000:p. 42
858:Latin
856:also
261:, at
813:ISBN
791:ISBN
749:ISBN
713:ISBN
681:ISBN
662:ISBN
542:The
251:Eger
72:),
1138:".
437:or
237:to
1154::
911:^
889::
880:;
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860::
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799:.
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670:.
443:)
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