579:), supplied him with combined force of 220,000 cavalry.) Dynamis’ mother was probably a Sarmatian woman from one of these two tribes. Aspurgos was probably the king of the tribe which sheltered Dynamis. He might have been a lesser king of the Sarmatian tribes. Rostovtzeff further hypothesises that Aspurgos was the leader of a group of young tribesmen who followed him in his advance to the Bosporus and formed his bodyguard, which assumed the name Aspurgians and gave their name to the land they occupied. Thus, the Aspurgians were not a tribe, but followers of king Aspurgos whom he led “from the shores of the Sea of Azov or from the depths of Sarmatia.”
655:
Augustus for
Bosporan coins which endured until 80/1 AD, see above). She was the ruler in the name of Augustus and this was testified by the head of Augustus being on one of the sides of the coins. The head of Agrippa, who by then had died, without an insignia on the other side of the coins was in his memory and a sign of Augustus’ reverence towards a man who had played a crucial role in the establishment of his power in Rome and who had worked hard to settle affairs in the east. The specifications of these coins must have been decided in Rome or by the Roman representative in the Bosporus.
559:(from basileus Asandrochou).) The latter word would allegedly be a scribal error for "Asandrou" (of Asander - the son of Asander). However, "Asandrochou" would be an unusual mistake for "Asandrou," and Rose agrees this identification was inconclusive and said without more conclusive evidence it "is difficult to subscribe to this thesis." Kiessling considered this Asandrochou as a Sarmatian king who had nothing in common with Asander. Rostovtzeff agreed with Kiessling and went further. He argued that Dynamis married Aspurgos after Polemon's death. Thus, Aspurgos was Dynamis’ fourth husband.
153:, before the battle with Caesar Pharnaces sent envoys to him to negotiate a peace. They “bore a golden crown and foolishly offered him the daughter of Pharnaces in marriage.” After his defeat, Pharnaces returned to the Cimmerian Bosporus with his cavalry. Asander defeated Pharnaces II, who died in battle. Asander took over the Bosporan Kingdom and married Dynamis, probably to legitimise his rule.
216:
inscription about his wife
Dynamis which reads ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΗΣ ΔΥΝΑΜΕΩΣ (of Basílissa Dynamís), of Queen Dynamis. From the fourth year onwards, his title on his coins was king and his head features on them. On the obverse there was the head of Mark Antony instead of that of Octavian, most probably because Antony took charge of Rome's eastern provinces in 42 BC.
468:
indicates that this city was grateful to him. Orieshnikoff suggests that other city adopted the name of
Caesarea at the same time as indicated by two series of coppers coins with the inscriptions Αγριππέωv (Agrippia) and Κασαρέωv (Caesarea) respectively. Orieshnikoff thinks that the city was Panticapaeum and he also connects these coins to a series of gold
604:
Bosporus, rather than just a vassal king. Dynamis succeeded in removing him with the help of
Aspurgos. Augustus then had to settle the fate of the Bosporus. He supported Dynamis because of the military strength of Dynamis and Aspurgos, while Pythodorida could not guarantee the stability of the region as she had three children.
300:
the sole right to coin gold and the limitation of other coining rights." This was the start of a period in
Bosporan history in which "the Romans controlled the issues of the Bosporan mint." From 8/9 BC to 80/1 AD, the gold coins did not have the full name of the king or his head. Instead, the rulers were identified with
203:. Ethnarchs were rulers of client kingdoms who did not rise to the level of kings. Minns thought that Lucian's attribution of Asander's elevation in status to Augustus was inaccurate and that this occurred by the concurrence of Octavian (the name used by historians for Augustus before he became the emperor) and
455:
These inscriptions show that
Dynamis had close associations with Augustus, Livia and Agrippa. Rose sees them as supporting his theory that Dynamis might have gone to Rome with Agrippa and stayed there while Polemon was married with Pythodorida. Roses also suggests that she might have been one of "the
379:
Hardly anything is known about
Dynamis from the ancient literature. The only reference to her are Cassius Dio's mention that she was the wife of Asander and that Scribonius and Polemon I married her and Appian's mention that Pharnaces II offered her in marriage to Gaius Julius Caesar (see above). The
224:
When
Asander died Dynamis was entrusted with the regency of Bosporan Kingdom. She married a certain Scribonius. Scribonius was overthrown and Dynamis married Polemon I of Pontus, who had been sent by the Romans to fight against Scribonius. This would not have been before 17/16 BC because in that year
662:
Kersley holds a view which contrasts to that of
Rostovtzeff and sees Dynamis’ sole rule positively. It could have been expected that when Octavian became the emperor Augustus, he “would have taken steps to curtail or remove from power any other queen within the empire he controlled after the victory
607:
Minns noted that we first hear of the
Aspurgians when they defeated and killed Polemon and wrote that "it is hardly a coincidence that Aspurgos is the name of the next king of whom we know, the rightful heir of Asander. It would be natural to suppose to be a political party of adherents having its
475:
The changes of names by cites in the Bosporus probably date to the time of the start of this series of staters and therefore not to Dynamis' reign in 17-16 BC or the time of her marriage with Polemon. There is no reference to Polemon on the coins and Dynamis appears as the sole ruler. In addition to
324:
argued that it was in 12 or 13 BC. After this there is no record of Dynamis until 8 BC, when she reappeared on Bosporan coins and inscriptions. Thus, it seems that after the death of Polemon she regained the Bosporan kingdom and she appears to have ruled until 7-8 AD. Rostovtzeff assumed that during
210:
Minns reckoned that Asander started issuing coins in his name in 44 BC, the year Caesar, who supported Mithridates of Pergamon, died. Then he started minting with the acquiescence of Octavian, whose head featured on his coins. For the first three years the coins had the inscription ΑΡΧΟΝΤΟΣ ΑΣΑΝΔΡΟΥ
506:
Rostovtzeff argued that a bronze bust of a female found in the Crimea is the portrait of a member of the Bosporan royal family. He maintained that it represented Dynamis. Roses seems to agree with its attribution to the Bosporan royal family. However, he maintains that its attribution to Dynamis is
658:
In Rostovtzeff's view Dynamis had to show that she was thankful to Augustus and Livia and emphasise that she was philoromaios. The latter was an indication that she was a vassal of Rome despite being a descendant of Mithridates VI. She also felt obliged to change the name of two cities to Caesarea
299:
This marriage was Polemon's first marriage and Dynamis' second. The couple had no children, Dynamis was already an elderly woman. Minns thought that Dynamis’ marriage was forced on her and that this represented an assertion of Roman power which almost coincided with "the assumption by Augustus of
215:
Asander. Here we also have the first occurrence of Φιλορωμαίος (Philoromaios, friend of Rome) on coinage. Thus, his title was Archon (Lord) rather than Basileus (King) and remained so for the first three years. Phıloromaíos shows that his rule was recognised by the Romans. These coins also had an
467:
Rostovtzeff also argued that the evidence points to Dynamis being the sole ruler after 8 BC. The inscription by the people of Phanagoria can be dated approximately. It could not date to before the intervention of Agrippa in the Bosporus and the adoption by this city of the name of Agrippia, which
371:, the Bosporan capital. The presence of this foreign prince and others on the Ara Pacis illustrates the success of Roman foreign policy in a now peaceful world. It also provides a visual reference to “the foreign rulers and members of their families who sought refuge or residence with in Rome."
307:
Kersley thinks that Rome's support for Polemon I in the Bosporus was about seeking to limit the power of Dynamis and challenging her sovereignty. However, we do not know the details about who Scribonius was, what the circumstances of his marriage with Dynamis were and why Rome was opposed to his
679:
region established by Mark Antony. This led to the recognition of two females as rulers (Dynamis and Pythodorida). The "cultural difference between Rome and the East over the legitimacy of a female ruler … did not result in Augustus failing to acknowledge the queen of the Bosporan kingdom as an
480:
deciphered into the name of Dynamis. The inscription by the people of Phanagoria states that she was the daughter of Pharnaces I and granddaughter of Mithridates VI. This emphasised her right to the throne by virtue of belonging to the line of these two kings. It would have been a belittling of
244:
against him. Scribonius was killed by the people before Polemon got there because they had heard of his advance. Scribonius was murdered by the Bosporans, leaving Dynamis as sole ruler of the country. They resisted Polemon because they were afraid that he may be appointed as their king. Polemon
654:
Rostovtzeff also thought that with Augustus’ appointment of Dynamis the autonomy of the Bosporan kingdom ended. The head of Dynamis and her full title were not on the coins of the time. Only the mentioned monogram testified that she was the ruler (this was the practice established in 8/9 BC by
603:
The relevance of a possible link between Aspurgos and the Aspurgians in this theory is that Polemon was captured and killed when he attacked the Aspurgians by treachery. This was discovered, and he was outfoxed. According to Rostovtzeff, Polemon was striving to become the de facto ruler of the
273:. With this marriage Dynamis preserved her position of the Bosporan throne. The marriage "effectively unified the kingdoms of Pontus and the Bosporus, and the triumph voted to Agrippa by the Senate commemorated the apparent establishment of peace in the former kingdom of Mithridates."
594:
In this theory, the link between Aspurgos and the Aspurgians is demonstrated by the support the Sarmatians gave to him and his successor, Mithridates VII. Aspurgos was probably also related to Dynamis through her Sarmatian mother. Rostovtzeff also argued that Strabo enumerated the
608:
chief strength in that part of the country ...". However, the name Aspurgos occurs in a late third century inscription about an officer of the Bosporan monarchy. This may support Rostovtzeff's theory that the Aspurgians were a military entity. The region where they settled, the
659:
and Agrippia in honour to Augustus and Agrippa and to call Augustus a saviour and benefactor. The city of Phanagoria, which also had risked being sacked by Polemon like Tanais, honoured Dynamis as its saviour with a statue and did not forget to describe her as philoromaios.
680:
outright ruler.” Despite Rome's tradition of excluding women from politics, “ar from removing Dynamis as a ruler because of sex, Augustus … actually enhanced her authority … maintained her royal power and elevated her status in the cities of the Pontic region and beyond.”
1597:
Minns, E., H., (2011) Scythians and Greeks, A Survey of Ancient History and Archaeology on the North Coast of the Euxine from the Danube to the Caucasus, Cambridge Library Collection – Archaeology, Cambridge University Press; reissue edition, 2011 (original edition 1913);
599:
tribes and then set apart the Aspurgians a “new tribe” in the region. However, Strabo mentioned the Aspurgians as having been attacked by Polemon and indicated that all Maeotian tribes were new tribes, not just the Aspurgians (the Aspurgians were one of these tribes).
296:(73-63 BC) and withdrew to the Cimmerian Bosporus. Pharnaces hoped to obtain the favour of the Romans. He sent the body of his father, who had himself killed after a suicide attempt in 63 BC, to Pompey. Pharnaces obtained the crown of the Cimmerian Bosporus.
591:, which were documented by Strabo. Dynamis, Aspurgos and the tribes on the shores of the Lake Maeotis held out and continued the resistance on and off from 13 BC to 8 BC. Rostovtzeff thought that this interpretation explained Polemon marrying Pythodorida.
546:
Several scholars have argued that Aspurgos, who was the king of the Bosporus Dynamis, was a son Dynamis had with her first husband Asander. Rose questions this notion. He notes that this is based on a single piece of evidence, an inscription of the late
675:(Antony's lover and ally) because of her gender and the fact that she was foreign. (Cleopatra committed suicide when she and Antony were defeated, Octavian removed her children from Egypt). Instead, he left in place the ‘political character’ of the
582:
Aspurgos may have hoped to seize the Bosporus, and thus may have supported Dynamis and married her. Dynamis organised a rebellion by the Sarmatians with the help of Aspurgos. This forced Polemon into military actions, which included the capture of
562:
According to Rostovtzeff, it is possible that Agrippa had wanted Polemon and Dynamis to marry to stabilise the Bosporus, but the marriage did not work and out and Polemon married Pythodoris. He thinks that Dynamis fled to one of the neighbouring
169:. He also allowed him to wage war against Asander and conquer the Cimmerian Bosporus because Asander “had been mean to his friend Pharnaces.” This must have been in late 47 BC or early 46 BC. We know this date because this is the date given by
463:
Rostovtzeff noted that the inscriptions by Dynamis attest some beneficence by Augustus and Livia and of that the one by people of Phanagoria attest some beneficence by Dynamis. All inscriptions refer to some act of salvation.
612:, was later called τά Ασπουργιανά (Asporgya) and was a local division of the kingdom. Minns made no reference to Rostovtzeff's idea that Dynamis took refuge among the Sarmatian tribes and allied with or married Aspurgos.
1388:
This seems to be an oversight. Cassius Dio specified that it was the part of Pontus next to Cappadocia. Thus, it was an area of Pontus, not somewhere next to it. Moreover, Lycaonia was next to Cappadocia, not
177:. He was investigated and he claimed that “he was collecting these troops for the use of Mithridates the Pergamenian in an expedition against Bosporus.” Mithridates of Pergamon overthrew Asander and became
618:
Minns related Polemon's struggles in Colchis and the eastern coast of Lake Maeotis, which led to the sack of Tanais, to Polemon having “no possible right to the Bosporus.” His father was from
495:
Dynamis dedicated a gravestone to a Sarmatian man called Matian, the son of Zaidar. The gravestone depicts a horseman with a bow and quiver. This indicates that Asander's practice of using
236:
and that he had received the Bosporan Kingdom from Augustus after the death of Asander. He married Dynamis, who had been entrusted with the regency of the kingdom by her husband Asander.
575:, had supported Pharnaces I, her father, in his rebellion against Mithridates VI. (Strabo mentioned that the Siraces and Aorsi, who lived on the eastern shores of Lake Maeotis (today's
360:) to deal with political affairs in the east from late 17/early 16 BC to 13 BC. However, the woman is a Roman, not a foreign queen. The boy is an Eastern prince, probably a Parthian.
344:
Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace) in Rome were depictions of Dynamis and her son. In this relief the figures are next to Agrippa. Agrippa had undertaken a three-year tour of the east (
325:
this period of absence from the record Dynamis took refuge with nearby Sarmatian tribes. However, there is no evidence for this. Or Dynamis died in 14 BC and Polemon ruled until 8 BC.
249:
to prepare a campaign against them. At that point the people surrendered. Polemon was appointed as their king. He married Dynamis with the sanction of Augustus. Agrippa was awarded a
1641:
1647:
1644:
484:
Another inscription which stated that Dynamis was the daughter of Pharnaces and granddaughter of Mithridates was found in February 1957 during excavations in the site of ancient
451:
Queen Dynamis philoromaios, | of king the great Pharnaces, of king of kings Mithridates Epurator Dionysus, to their saviour and benefactress, the people of the city of Agrippa.
1638:
1775:
145:. Pharnaces took over Anatolian territories in the east but had to stop an advance into western Anatolia because of Asander's rebellion. He was eventually defeated by Gaius
511:
decorated with stars. Her hair has long corkscrew curls that fall to the shoulders. Roses argues that her features and hairstyle are much closer to the coin portraits of
1842:
411:. In all inscriptions she describes herself as βασίλισσα Δύναμις φιλορώαμιος, Queen Dynamis philoromaios (friend of the Romans). The inscription in Phanagoria reads:
141:. Asander revolted against Pharnaces II. He hoped that by betraying Pharnaces II he would win favour with the Romans and that through them he could become king of the
418:
The emperor, Caesar, son of god, | August (venerable), of all land and | all sea the overlord, | to her saviour and benefactor, | queen Dynamis philoromaios
1617:
953:
3145:
109:
747:
1173:
Orieshnikoff, A., Excursions into the Region of Ancient Numismatics on the Shores of the Black Sea, 4, Coins of Caesarea and Agrippia, pp. 37, 40
1935:
1857:
3402:
1908:
363:
The woman on the Ara Pacis panel wears a brill mistaken for a diadem. Dynamis’ grandfather, Mithridates VI, associated himself with the god
2209:
288:. The Cimmerian Bosporus became a separate kingdom when his son, Pharnaces II, rebelled against his father when the latter was defeated by
181:. According to Mayor, Asander and Dynamis were exiled and during their time in exile they were sheltered by her mother's Sarmatian tribe.
332:
and returned to Rome in 13 BC and stayed there until Polemon died. When she returned home she dedicated statues to Augustus and his wife
261:
By marrying Dynamis, Polemon became the king of the Bosporan Kingdom in addition to being the king of "that part of Pontus bordering on
1956:
615:
Rose notes that “the inscriptions and coins do not support” Rostovtzeff's theory that Dynamis married Aspurgos after Polemon's death.
3631:
340:
was renamed Agrippia. Rose abandoned his earlier view that the figures of a background woman and a boy on the southern panel of the
1782:
17:
1416:
Kersley, R. A., Women and Public Life in Imperial Asia Minor, in Tsetskhladze, G. R., (ed.), Ancient West & East, pp. 100-101
137:
In 47 BC king Pharnaces II put Asander in charge of his Bosporan Kingdom when he went away to invade Roman territories in eastern
1791:
460:. One problem with this is that the Res Gestae did not mention Dynamis. However, it can be noted that no females were mentioned.
3641:
1671:
1042:
917:
992:
Kersley, R. A., Women and Public Life in Imperial Asia Minor, in Tsetskhladze, G. R., (ed.), Ancient West & East, p. 100
448:ασίλισσα Δύναμις φιλορώμν έκ βασιλέωεγάλου Φαρνάκου ν έκ βασιλέως βασιλέων Μιθν Ευπάτορος νυσν ν έαυτών σαί ευεν ήμος πέων.
1705:
The supreme gods of the Bosporan Kingdom: Celestial Aphrodite and the Most High God (Religions in the Graeco-Roman World)
1310:
Rose, C. B., "Princes" and Barbarians on the Ara Pacis, American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 94, No.3 (Jul.1990), p. 459
1217:. Paper delivered at the international conference: The Bosporan Kingdom. Sandbjerg, Denmark, 23–26 March 2009. p. 12
1214:
1712:
1603:
1574:
1556:
1542:
1508:
1487:
1473:
1459:
1445:
415:αύτoκράτoρα Kαίσαpα θεού υίόν | Σεβαστόν τόν άσης γής καί | θαλάσσης άοντα | τόν έαυτής σωτεργέτη | βασίλισσα Δύνμαιος
1606:
1577:
1417:
1032:
854:
1693:
456:
foreign rulers and members of their families who sought refuge or residence" with Augustus whom he enumerated in his
1519:
The dynastic history of the Hellenistic monarchies of Asia Minor according to the "Chronography" of George Synkellos
2202:
2116:
503:
origin who used daggers, long swords and quivers to assist the defence of the kingdom was continued by Dynamis.
3651:
3326:
3218:
2176:
2131:
2126:
1995:
779:
426:α]ύτoκράτoρα Kαίσαpα θεόν | εού υίόν Σεβαστόν τόν έαυτής | ωτήρα καί εὐεργέτηv | ασίλισσα] Δύνα]μις φιλορώμαιος
3407:
1913:
1615:
960:
3467:
3453:
3321:
3306:
2461:
2161:
2146:
2111:
2086:
2022:
941:
813:
802:
178:
117:
429:
The emperor Caesar, god, | son of god, August, to her| saviour and benefactor, | queen Dynamis philoromaios.
3646:
3611:
3316:
3301:
3276:
3253:
3233:
2101:
2091:
1279:
L. Zgusta, L., Die Personennamen griechischer Stiidte der niirdlichen Schwarzmeerkiiste (1955), pp. 363-64.
643:
894:
824:
3515:
3500:
3311:
3296:
3281:
3266:
3223:
3195:
2406:
2195:
2171:
2166:
2141:
2076:
1252:
V. Latyschev, Inscriptiones antique orae septentrionalis Ponti Euxini graecae et latinae (1890) 2, no. 36
3331:
3286:
3261:
3238:
3208:
3029:
2151:
2136:
1516:
745:
35:
1350:
1339:
1328:
1001:
3243:
3228:
3131:
3088:
2914:
2667:
2311:
2121:
229:
in her name. This shows that in that year she reigned on her own and had not yet married Scribonius.
3558:
3490:
3476:
3471:
3462:
3448:
3434:
3424:
3291:
3213:
3141:
3126:
3093:
3083:
2959:
2672:
2156:
2096:
2056:
2038:
2027:
2016:
2011:
2000:
1984:
1974:
1930:
740:
Gabelko, O,. L., The dynastic history of the Hellenistic monarchies of Asia Minor according to the
237:
233:
105:
3538:
3505:
3458:
3444:
3336:
3203:
3150:
3116:
3108:
3057:
3052:
2738:
2562:
2441:
2375:
2283:
2250:
2106:
2081:
2048:
1768:
1747:
Ancient Coins: Roman, Greek, Byzantine and Celtic Numismatic Reference for Attribution and Values
457:
113:
3573:
3439:
3271:
3160:
3155:
3121:
3078:
3047:
2919:
2844:
2781:
2758:
2677:
2662:
2652:
2647:
2632:
2572:
2567:
2552:
2421:
2326:
2316:
2278:
1979:
316:
The marriage between Dynamis and Polemon I lasted not much longer than a year. Polemon married
173:
about a rebellion against Caesar plotted by Caecilius Bassus, who gathered troops to take over
85:
1742:
1162:
622:
in western Anatolia, far from the Cimmerian Bosporus. He had been elevated to the kingship of
3636:
3599:
3594:
3578:
3548:
3414:
3180:
3136:
3073:
2869:
2859:
2806:
2801:
2657:
2637:
2627:
2622:
2607:
2597:
2557:
2436:
2431:
2411:
2401:
2385:
2380:
2245:
1920:
1803:
907:
635:
619:
535:
472:
with the heads of Augustus and Agrippa on them which starts from 8 BC and “goes up to 7 AD.”
317:
293:
1738:, covered with stars. In Dynamis’ portrait, she may have imitated one of Livia's hairstyles.
3584:
3563:
3366:
3185:
3037:
2612:
2592:
2509:
2499:
2466:
2416:
2321:
2293:
2273:
2235:
2062:
1872:
1379:
Minns, E., H., Scythians and Greeks, A Survey of Ancient History and Archaeology pp. 494-95
8:
3533:
3485:
3480:
3371:
3175:
3068:
3062:
2924:
2642:
2577:
2519:
2446:
2426:
2390:
2336:
2331:
2240:
2033:
1966:
1877:
531:
241:
121:
853:
Minns, E., H., Scythians and Greeks, A Survey of Ancient History and Archaeology p. 592
76:. Dynamis is an ancient Greek name which means the “powerful one”. She was a monarch of
3553:
2984:
2836:
2547:
2537:
2504:
2341:
2260:
2218:
983:
Minns, E., H., Scythians and Greeks, A Survey of Ancient History and Archaeology p. 595
444:
The people of Phanagoria erected a statue dedicated to Dynamis. The inscription reads:
142:
81:
1215:"On the weapons of Sarmatian type in the Bosporan Kingdom in the 1st–2nd centuries AD"
492:). In this inscription Mithridates is referred to as king, rather than king of kings.
3589:
3568:
3523:
3170:
3098:
2944:
2582:
2542:
2357:
2303:
2288:
1824:
1708:
1689:
1667:
1599:
1570:
1552:
1538:
1504:
1483:
1469:
1455:
1441:
1038:
913:
672:
527:
285:
101:
97:
835:
3346:
3165:
2816:
2700:
2602:
2395:
2370:
1795:
1760:
689:
93:
61:
31:
1066:
Rose, C. B., "Princes" and Barbarians on the Ara Pacis, pp. 455-459, Gaius Stern,
440:
Livia, the wife of the August, | Queen Dynamis philoromaios | to her benefactress.
3042:
2999:
2934:
2894:
2710:
2587:
2529:
2494:
2486:
2365:
1728:
1621:
1079:
Rose, C. B., "Princes" and Barbarians on the Ara Pacis, pp. 458-459;Gaius Stern,
751:
676:
627:
609:
477:
391:
Two inscriptions attest that, during her reign, Dynamis dedicated two statues to
192:
wrote that Asander overthrew Mithridates. He did not give a date for this event.
77:
1614:, American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 94, No. 3 (July 1990), pp. 453–467
437:Λιουίαν τήν τού Σεβαστού γuναίκ | ασίλισσα] Δύνα]μις φιλορώμαιος | τής εὐεργέτηv
3419:
2989:
2929:
2617:
2227:
2006:
1990:
1925:
631:
266:
199:, Asander had been an ethnarch and then was proclaimed king of the Bosporus by
65:
49:
1361:
Rostovtzeff. M., Queen Dynamis of Bosporus, JHS, pp. 102-104, 103 notes 26, 27
328:
Rose formerly argued that Dynamis might have accompanied Agrippa when he left
3625:
3387:
3376:
2874:
2864:
2821:
2786:
2514:
1887:
1882:
866:
634:
by Mark Antony. Similarly, his second wife, Pythodorida, was the daughter of
250:
246:
146:
73:
3429:
3392:
3356:
3009:
2994:
2909:
2849:
2811:
2791:
2776:
2451:
1940:
1892:
1862:
1734:. In this picture Dynamis, is wearing a Royal Persian Headdress called the
1591:
The Poison King: the life and legend of Mithradates, Rome's deadliest enemy
694:
642:), also in western Anatolia, whom Mark Antony married to his eldest child,
508:
485:
400:
368:
245:
defeated them but was unable to quell the rebellion until Agrippa went to
112:, who was also his sister. Dynamis married three times. Her husbands were
2969:
2964:
2904:
2889:
2826:
2771:
2748:
2743:
2718:
2456:
1832:
1681:
664:
576:
353:
321:
270:
204:
174:
170:
380:
fact that she returned to power in the Bosporan kingdom is indicated by
232:
Cassius Dio wrote that a certain Scribonius claimed to be a grandson of
3528:
3495:
3361:
3019:
2879:
2766:
2733:
2695:
2687:
2071:
1867:
1811:
1243:
Rose, C. B., "Princes" and Barbarians on the Ara Pacis, p. 458, note 25
516:
512:
496:
396:
381:
337:
276:
Mithridates VI had conquered the eastern shores of the Euxine Sea (the
262:
89:
3397:
3381:
3014:
3004:
2979:
2949:
2854:
2796:
2728:
2723:
2476:
2471:
2346:
2268:
2187:
1902:
1897:
1852:
1837:
1398:
Rostovtzeff. M., Queen Dynamis of Bosporus, JHS, pp. 104, 105 note 20
668:
564:
523:
500:
408:
385:
341:
301:
277:
124:. According to Rostovtzeff, she also had a fourth husband, Aspurgos.
1551:, Akademie-Vlg. in AG mit Hermann Böhlaus Nachf. Berlin/Köln, 1971;
1290:
2974:
2899:
2884:
1847:
623:
596:
552:
548:
520:
392:
364:
349:
329:
200:
166:
138:
69:
1630:, The Journal of Hellenic Studies, vol. 39 (1919), pp. 88–109
639:
3543:
2939:
584:
568:
281:
162:
1501:
Rome and the Friendly King: The Character of the Client Kingship
954:"Rose, C. B., "Princes" and Barbarians on the Ara Pacis, p. 458"
2954:
1583:
Vassal - Queens and Some Contemporary Women in the Roman Empire
588:
469:
345:
289:
226:
212:
196:
189:
161:
Asander was soon overthrown. Julius Caesar gave a tetrarchy in
150:
567:
tribes because, according to Appian, two of these tribes, the
649:
572:
489:
404:
357:
333:
1482:, vol. 5, Books 10-12 (Loeb Classical Library), Loeb, 1989;
1468:, vol. 6, Books 51-55 (Loeb Classical Library), Loeb, 1989;
1454:, vol. 5, Books 46-50 (Loeb Classical Library), Loeb, 1989;
1407:
Rostovtzeff. M., Queen Dynamis of Bosporus, JHS, pp. 104-105
1191:
Rostovtzeff. M., Queen Dynamis of Bosporus, JHS, pp. 100-101
1012:
Rostovtzeff, M., Queen Dynamis of Bosporus, JHS, pp. 101-102
767:
Rostovtzeff. M., Queen Dynamis of Bosporus, JHS, pp. 103-104
407:
Drusilla, the wife of Augustus, by Dynamis at the temple of
284:
to the Cimmerian Bosporus, thus joining the region with his
1021:
Rostovtzeff, M., Queen Dynamis of Bosporus, JHS, p. 100-105
1729:
A picture of a Bronze Bust of Dynamis on page 90 from the
1234:
Rostovtzeff, M., Queen Dynamis of Bosporus, JHS, pp. 88-94
403:. Another inscription attests a dedication of a statue to
1529:. Black Sea Studies. Vol. 9. Aarhus University Press
388:
evidence, which also suggests that she ruled on her own.
367:. Not surprisingly, there was a sanctuary of Dionysus in
100:. Her paternal grandparents had been the monarchs of the
1182:
Mommsen, T., Geschichte des römischen Münzwesens, p. 720
433:
The inscription of the statue dedicated to Livia reads:
336:
and coinage with the portraits of Augustus and Agrippa.
1126:
Rostovtzeff. M., Queen Dynamis of Bosporus, JHS, p. 100
1101:
Braund, D., Rome and the Friendly King, p. 120, note 92
1081:
Women, Children, and Senators on the Ara Pacis Augustae
1068:
Women, Children, and Senators on the Ara Pacis Augustae
871:
Digital Historia Numorum: A manual of Greek numismatics
667:. During his struggle with Antony, Octavian denigrated
1261:
von Rohden, P., s.v. Aspurgos RE 4 (1896), pp. 1739-40
1635:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
541:
1790:
60:, c. 67 BC – AD 8), was a Roman client queen of the
1511:; Kindle Edition, Routledge, 2014; ASIN: B00JKEYVK2
1270:
Gajdukevic, V., 'Das bosporanische, p. 328, note 69
1057:
Braund, D., Rome and the Friendly King (1984) p. 10
422:Similarly, the inscription in Panticapaeum reads:
269:. The former two kingship had been given to him by
3623:
1658:
1291:"CIRB 40. Aspurgos, son of Dynamis and Asander"
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
207:when they shared the rule of the Roman Empire.
1594:, Princeton University Press. ASIN: B003V5WKPE
1514:
2203:
1776:
1585:, Johns Hopkins Press, 1937; ASIN: B000WUFYY0
507:questionable. The woman wears a diadem and a
1702:
1661:Encyclopedia of women in the ancient world,
1563:Women and Public Life in Imperial Asia Minor
1212:
1113:
646:. She, too, owed her status to Mark Antony.
374:
184:
30:This article is about Dynamis, Queen of the
1006:
789:
787:
555:periods about a Bosporan king which reads:
2210:
2196:
1783:
1769:
1731:Encyclopedia of women in the ancient world
909:Encyclopedia of Women in the Ancient World
712:
710:
650:Views about the character of Dynamis' rule
320:. The date of this marriage is uncertain.
1612:"Princes" and Barbarians on the Ara Pacis
905:
849:
847:
845:
843:
481:Polemon. He would not have allowed this.
1680:
1083:(Berkeley dissertation 2006), chapter 4.
1070:(Berkeley dissertation 2006), chapter 4.
864:
784:
775:
773:
165:and the title of king to Mithridates of
132:
1306:
1304:
986:
707:
14:
3624:
2217:
890:
888:
886:
840:
763:
761:
759:
219:
92:wife. She had an older brother called
3142:Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos
2191:
1764:
1655:, ANRW II 7.2 (1980) pp. 919–20;
1526:Mithridates VI and the Pontic Kingdom
1288:
895:Cassius Dio, Roman History, 54.24.4-8
770:
34:. For the philosophical concept, see
27:Queen regnant of the Bosporan Kingdom
3610:Hellenistic rulers were preceded by
1743:"Ancient Coinage of Bosporos, Kings"
1319:Kiessling P.W.K., R. E. vii. p. 1628
1301:
1030:
499:cavalry detachments and warriors of
942:Cassius Dio, Roman History, 49.33.2
932:Cassius Dio, Roman History, 54.24.5
883:
814:Cassius Dio, Roman History, 47.25.5
756:
256:
24:
542:Theory of a marriage with Aspurgos
25:
3663:
1722:
1565:, in Tsetskhladze, G. R., (ed.),
1201:Corpus Regni Inscriptionum Bospor
803:Cassius Dio, Roman History, 42.47
793:Appian, The Mithridatic Wars, 120
530:. The latter was the daughter of
476:this, they bear a monogram which
3632:Monarchs of the Bosporan Kingdom
1034:THE CRIMEA. A VERY SHORT HISTORY
1410:
1401:
1392:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1344:
1333:
1322:
1313:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1255:
1246:
1237:
1228:
1206:
1194:
1185:
1176:
1167:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1129:
1104:
1095:
1086:
1073:
1060:
1051:
1024:
1015:
995:
977:
946:
935:
926:
899:
858:
829:
253:, but this was nor celebrated.
84:. She was the daughter of King
818:
807:
796:
734:
722:
225:Dynamis had issued a solitary
13:
1:
3642:1st-century BC queens regnant
3614:in most of their territories.
2412:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter
1425:
1340:Strabo, Geography, 11.2.3, 18
1289:Stern, Gaius (January 2019).
311:
179:Mithridates I of the Bosporus
96:and a younger brother called
1686:Anatolica: studies in Strabo
1503:, Palgrave Macmillan, 1984;
906:Salisbury, Joyce E. (2001).
587:and the sack of the city of
7:
2407:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
1688:. Oxford University Press.
780:Appian, The Civil War, 2.91
744:of George Synkellos, p. 48
683:
10:
3668:
1589:
1569:Vol 4, No.1, BRILL, 2010;
1440:, Penguin Classics, 1996;
1002:Strabo, Geography, 12.3.25
731:, The Poison King, p. 362.
728:
719:, The Poison King, p. 345.
716:
36:Potentiality and actuality
29:
3608:
3514:
3345:
3252:
3194:
3107:
3028:
2835:
2757:
2709:
2686:
2528:
2485:
2356:
2312:Antigonus I Monophthalmus
2302:
2259:
2226:
2047:
1965:
1949:
1823:
1802:
1659:Salisbury, J. E. (2001).
1628:Queen Dynamis of Bosporus
1523:. In Højte, L. M. (ed.).
1370:Strabo, Geography, 11. 11
1351:Strabo, Geography 11.2.11
1329:Strabo, Geography 11.5. 8
1031:HALL, M. CLEMENT (2014).
867:"Ancient coins of Pontus"
825:Strabo, Geography, 13.4.3
526:from 12 AD to 19 AD) and
375:Sole rule and allegiances
185:Second reign with Asander
82:Greek Macedonian ancestry
68:and part of the reign of
53:
2673:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
2472:Cleopatra VII Philopator
1567:Ancient West & East,
1037:. Lulu.com. p. 23.
912:. ABC-CLIO. p. 89.
700:
238:Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
234:Mithridates VI of Pontus
156:
106:Mithridates VI of Pontus
18:Dynamis (Bosporan queen)
3470:'s attempted rule with
3151:Mithridates V Euergetes
2563:Antiochus III the Great
2376:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
2317:Demetrius I Poliorcetes
2241:Alexander III the Great
2049:Tiberian-Julian dynasty
1549:Das bosporanische Reich
1515:Gabelko, O. L. (2009).
458:Res Gestae Divi Augusti
127:
58:Dynamis, friend of Rome
3254:Monarchs of Cappadocia
3156:Mithridates VI Eupator
2678:Philip II Philoromaeus
2663:Antiochus XII Dionysus
2653:Demetrius III Eucaerus
2648:Antiochus XI Epiphanes
2633:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
2573:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
2568:Seleucus IV Philopator
2553:Seleucus II Callinicus
2452:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
2327:Demetrius II Aetolicus
1637:, articles on Asander
836:Lucian, Long Lives. 16
557:ἐκ βασιλέως Ἀσανδρόχου
211:(Àrchontos Asàndrou),
86:Pharnaces II of Pontus
3652:Roman client monarchs
3196:Monarchs of Commagene
3117:Mithridates I Ctistes
2658:Philip I Philadelphus
2638:Seleucus VI Epiphanes
2628:Antiochus VIII Grypus
2623:Seleucus V Philometor
2608:Antiochus VII Sidetes
2598:Antiochus VI Dionysus
2558:Seleucus III Ceraunus
2457:Berenice IV Epiphanea
2402:Ptolemy VI Philometor
2386:Ptolemy IV Philopator
2381:Ptolemy III Euergetes
2246:Philip III Arrhidaeus
1804:Archaeanactid dynasty
1703:Ustinova. Y. (1998).
1213:Treister. M. (2009).
636:Pythodoros of Tralles
620:Laodicea on the Lycus
318:Pythodorida of Pontus
294:Third Mithridatic War
133:Marriage with Asander
3030:Monarchs of Bithynia
2613:Alexander II Zabinas
2593:Demetrius II Nicator
2510:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
2477:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
2442:Ptolemy XI Alexander
2417:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
2322:Antigonus II Gonatas
1092:IGR I, 875, 901, 902
3647:Mithridatic dynasty
3612:Hellenistic satraps
2643:Antiochus X Eusebes
2578:Antiochus V Eupator
2520:Cleopatra Selene II
2447:Ptolemy XII Auletes
2432:Ptolemy X Alexander
2427:Ptolemy IX Lathyros
2391:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
2332:Antigonus III Doson
1967:Mithridatic dynasty
1663:illustrated edition
1588:Mayor, A., (2009),
399:, and the other in
242:Polemon I of Pontus
220:Queen of Scribonius
122:Polemon I of Pontus
108:and his first wife
54:Δύναμις Φιλορωμαῖος
3516:Monarchs of Epirus
3349:Cimmerian Bosporus
3109:Monarchs of Pontus
2668:Cleopatra Selene I
2548:Antiochus II Theos
2538:Seleucus I Nicator
2505:Demetrius the Fair
2487:Monarchs of Cyrene
1633:Smith, W., (ed.).
1620:2018-04-19 at the
1153:I.O.S.P.E. ii. 356
1144:I.O.S.P.E. iv. 420
1135:I.O.S.P.E. iv. 201
1110:I.O.S.P.E. ii. 354
750:2011-03-16 at the
671:VII, the queen of
515:, the daughter of
143:Cimmerian Bosporus
3619:
3618:
3099:Socrates Chrestus
2588:Alexander I Balas
2583:Demetrius I Soter
2543:Antiochus I Soter
2289:Antipater Etesias
2185:
2184:
1825:Spartocid dynasty
1673:978-1-57607-092-5
1653:Dynasts in Pontus
1626:Rostovtzeff, M.,
1494:Secondary sources
1044:978-1-304-97576-8
919:978-1-57607-092-5
528:Antonia Tryphaena
286:kingdom of Pontus
102:Kingdom of Pontus
16:(Redirected from
3659:
3411:
3327:Ariobarzanes III
2701:Ptolemy Epigonos
2603:Diodotus Tryphon
2396:Cleopatra I Syra
2371:Ptolemy Keraunos
2212:
2205:
2198:
2189:
2188:
1917:
1796:Bosporan Kingdom
1785:
1778:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1718:
1707:. BRILL (1770).
1699:
1677:
1651:Sullivan, R.D.,
1593:
1561:Kersley, R. A.,
1547:Gajdukevic, V.,
1537:
1535:
1534:
1419:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1348:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1299:
1298:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1165:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1077:
1071:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1004:
999:
993:
990:
984:
981:
975:
974:
972:
971:
965:
959:. Archived from
958:
950:
944:
939:
933:
930:
924:
923:
903:
897:
892:
881:
880:
878:
877:
862:
856:
851:
838:
833:
827:
822:
816:
811:
805:
800:
794:
791:
782:
777:
768:
765:
754:
738:
732:
726:
720:
714:
690:Bosporan Kingdom
257:Queen of Polemon
64:during the Late
62:Bosporan Kingdom
55:
32:Bosporan Kingdom
21:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3604:
3510:
3501:Mithridates III
3405:
3348:
3347:Monarchs of the
3341:
3322:Ariobarzanes II
3307:Ariarathes VIII
3248:
3234:Mithridates III
3190:
3132:Mithridates III
3103:
3024:
2831:
2759:Greco-Bactrians
2753:
2705:
2682:
2524:
2481:
2366:Ptolemy I Soter
2352:
2298:
2255:
2222:
2216:
2186:
2181:
2117:Rhescuporis III
2077:Mithridates III
2043:
1961:
1945:
1911:
1819:
1798:
1789:
1752:
1750:
1749:. WildWinds Ltd
1741:
1725:
1715:
1696:
1674:
1640:, Pharnaces II
1622:Wayback Machine
1532:
1530:
1431:Primary sources
1428:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1302:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1220:
1218:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1078:
1074:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1000:
996:
991:
987:
982:
978:
969:
967:
963:
956:
952:
951:
947:
940:
936:
931:
927:
920:
904:
900:
893:
884:
875:
873:
863:
859:
852:
841:
834:
830:
823:
819:
812:
808:
801:
797:
792:
785:
778:
771:
766:
757:
752:Wayback Machine
739:
735:
727:
723:
715:
708:
703:
686:
652:
610:Taman Peninsula
544:
377:
314:
259:
222:
187:
159:
149:. According to
135:
130:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3665:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3617:
3616:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3559:Neoptolemus II
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3474:
3465:
3456:
3454:Mithridates II
3451:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3420:Paerisades III
3417:
3412:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3353:
3351:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3317:Ariobarzanes I
3314:
3309:
3304:
3302:Ariarathes VII
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3277:Ariarathes III
3274:
3269:
3264:
3258:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3224:Mithridates II
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3127:Mithridates II
3124:
3119:
3113:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3034:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2990:Apollodotus II
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2841:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2618:Cleopatra Thea
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2491:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2308:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2215:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2192:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2177:Rhescuporis VI
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2132:Rhescuporis IV
2129:
2127:Sauromates III
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2087:Rhescuporis II
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2025:
2014:
2009:
1998:
1996:Mithridates II
1993:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1926:Paerisades III
1923:
1918:
1906:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1788:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1739:
1724:
1723:External links
1721:
1720:
1719:
1714:978-9004112315
1713:
1700:
1694:
1678:
1672:
1656:
1649:
1631:
1624:
1608:
1604:978-1108024877
1595:
1586:
1579:
1575:978-9004141766
1559:
1557:978-3050004259
1545:
1543:978-8779344433
1512:
1509:978-0312692100
1496:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1488:978-0674992337
1476:
1474:978-0674990920
1462:
1460:978-0674990913
1448:
1446:978-0140445091
1438:The Civil Wars
1433:
1432:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1381:
1372:
1363:
1354:
1343:
1332:
1321:
1312:
1300:
1281:
1272:
1263:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1205:
1193:
1184:
1175:
1166:
1163:Res Gestae, 32
1155:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1112:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1072:
1059:
1050:
1043:
1023:
1014:
1005:
994:
985:
976:
945:
934:
925:
918:
898:
882:
865:Barclay Head.
857:
839:
828:
817:
806:
795:
783:
769:
755:
733:
721:
705:
704:
702:
699:
698:
697:
692:
685:
682:
651:
648:
632:Lesser Armenia
543:
540:
453:
452:
449:
442:
441:
438:
431:
430:
427:
420:
419:
416:
376:
373:
313:
310:
267:Lesser Armenia
258:
255:
221:
218:
186:
183:
158:
155:
134:
131:
129:
126:
66:Roman Republic
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3664:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3539:Neoptolemus I
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3435:Mithridates I
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3425:Paerisades IV
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3388:Paerisades II
3386:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3377:Spartokos III
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3312:Ariarathes IX
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3297:Ariarathes VI
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3282:Ariarathes IV
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3267:Ariarathes II
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3239:Antiochus III
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3214:Mithridates I
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3089:Nicomedes III
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2920:Demetrius III
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2875:Antimachus II
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2865:Apollodotus I
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2822:Eucratides II
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2787:Euthydemus II
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2515:Ptolemy Apion
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2422:Cleopatra III
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2162:Sauromates IV
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2147:Rhescuporis V
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2112:Sauromates II
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:Rhescuporis I
2067:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1975:Mithridates I
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:Scythian rule
1948:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1931:Paerisades IV
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1888:Paerisades II
1886:
1884:
1883:Spartocus III
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1816:Unknown kings
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1774:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1716:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1695:0-19-814943-3
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1646:; Scribonius
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:Rose, C. B.,
1609:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1584:
1581:Macurdy, G.,
1580:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1466:Roman History
1464:Cassius Dio,
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1452:Roman History
1450:Cassius Dio,
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1418:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1385:
1376:
1367:
1358:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1336:
1330:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1305:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1276:
1267:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1231:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1164:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1107:
1098:
1089:
1082:
1076:
1069:
1063:
1054:
1046:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1027:
1018:
1009:
1003:
998:
989:
980:
966:on 2018-04-19
962:
955:
949:
943:
938:
929:
921:
915:
911:
910:
902:
896:
891:
889:
887:
872:
868:
861:
855:
850:
848:
846:
844:
837:
832:
826:
821:
815:
810:
804:
799:
790:
788:
781:
776:
774:
764:
762:
760:
753:
749:
746:
743:
737:
730:
725:
718:
713:
711:
706:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
681:
678:
674:
670:
666:
660:
656:
647:
645:
644:Antonia Prima
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
616:
613:
611:
605:
601:
598:
592:
590:
586:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
560:
558:
554:
550:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
522:
519:(the king of
518:
514:
510:
504:
502:
498:
493:
491:
488:(near modern
487:
482:
479:
473:
471:
465:
461:
459:
450:
447:
446:
445:
439:
436:
435:
434:
428:
425:
424:
423:
417:
414:
413:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
372:
370:
366:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
323:
319:
309:
305:
303:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
254:
252:
248:
243:
239:
235:
230:
228:
217:
214:
208:
206:
202:
198:
195:According to
193:
191:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
154:
152:
148:
147:Julius Caesar
144:
140:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
74:Roman Emperor
71:
67:
63:
59:
51:
47:
43:
37:
33:
19:
3637:14 BC deaths
3574:Alexander II
3430:Paerisades V
3393:Spartokos IV
3357:Paerisades I
3332:Ariarathes X
3287:Ariarathes V
3262:Ariarathes I
3244:Antiochus IV
3229:Antiochus II
3161:Pharnaces II
3122:Ariobarzanes
3094:Nicomedes IV
3084:Nicomedes II
3010:Apollophanes
2995:Hippostratos
2910:Heliokles II
2870:Demetrius II
2850:Antimachus I
2812:Eucratides I
2807:Demetrius II
2792:Antimachus I
2777:Euthydemus I
2462:Ptolemy XIII
2437:Berenice III
2284:Antipater II
2251:Alexander IV
2102:Rhoemetalces
2092:Sauromates I
2030:
2019:
2003:
1987:
1941:Paerisades V
1936:Spartocus VI
1893:Spartocus IV
1863:Paerisades I
1858:Spartocus II
1751:. Retrieved
1746:
1735:
1730:
1704:
1685:
1666:. ABC-CLIO.
1664:
1660:
1652:
1643:, Polemon I
1634:
1627:
1611:
1590:
1582:
1566:
1562:
1548:
1531:. Retrieved
1527:
1524:
1518:
1500:
1499:Braund, D.,
1479:
1465:
1451:
1437:
1412:
1403:
1394:
1384:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1346:
1335:
1324:
1315:
1294:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1257:
1248:
1239:
1230:
1219:. Retrieved
1208:
1200:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1158:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1080:
1075:
1067:
1062:
1053:
1033:
1026:
1017:
1008:
997:
988:
979:
968:. Retrieved
961:the original
948:
937:
928:
908:
901:
874:. Retrieved
870:
860:
831:
820:
809:
798:
742:Chronography
741:
736:
724:
695:Roman Crimea
661:
657:
653:
626:next to the
617:
614:
606:
602:
593:
581:
561:
556:
545:
509:Phrygian cap
505:
494:
486:Panticapaeum
483:
474:
466:
462:
454:
443:
432:
421:
401:Panticapaeum
390:
378:
369:Panticapaeum
362:
327:
315:
306:
298:
275:
260:
231:
223:
209:
194:
188:
160:
136:
116:, a certain
72:, the first
57:
46:Philoromaios
45:
44:, nicknamed
41:
40:
3595:Pyrrhus III
3579:Olympias II
3549:Alexander I
3406: [
3403:Spartokos V
3272:Ariamnes II
3219:Antiochus I
3181:Pythodorida
3137:Pharnaces I
3058:Zipoetes II
3053:Nicomedes I
2970:Artemidoros
2965:Menander II
2905:Antialcidas
2890:Agathokleia
2845:Demetrius I
2837:Indo-Greeks
2827:Heliocles I
2782:Demetrius I
2772:Diodotus II
2749:Eumenes III
2744:Attalus III
2719:Philetaerus
2688:Lysimachids
2500:Berenice II
2467:Ptolemy XIV
2349:(pretender)
2279:Alexander V
2261:Antipatrids
2219:Hellenistic
2172:Rhadamsades
2167:Theothorses
2142:Ininthimeus
1912: [
1909:Spartokos V
1833:Spartocus I
1736:Tiara Orthe
665:Mark Antony
577:Sea of Azov
536:Pythodorida
322:Rostovtzeff
308:power bid.
271:Mark Antony
205:Mark Antony
171:Cassius Dio
3626:Categories
3585:Pyrrhus II
3564:Alcetas II
3529:Tharrhypas
3496:Gepaepyris
3468:Scribonius
3362:Satyros II
3292:Orophernes
3204:Ptolemaeus
3186:Polemon II
3079:Prusias II
3048:Zipoetes I
3020:Strato III
2945:Theophilos
2925:Philoxenus
2880:Menander I
2860:Agathocles
2802:Agathocles
2767:Diodotus I
2739:Attalus II
2734:Eumenes II
2696:Lysimachus
2304:Antigonids
2152:Pharsanzes
2137:Chedosbius
2072:Gepaepyris
2063:Polemon II
2023:Scribonius
1868:Satyrus II
1812:Archaeanax
1753:2015-03-19
1533:2015-03-03
1426:References
1221:2015-03-03
970:2018-04-18
876:2015-03-19
517:Cotys VIII
513:Gepaepyris
397:Phanagoria
386:epigraphic
382:numismatic
338:Phanagoria
312:Sole queen
263:Cappadocia
118:Scribonius
3569:Pyrrhus I
3534:Alcetas I
3440:Pharnaces
3415:Kamasarye
3398:Leukon II
3382:Hygiainon
3337:Archelaus
3176:Polemon I
3074:Prusias I
3015:Strato II
3005:Zoilos II
3000:Dionysios
2980:Archebius
2950:Peukolaos
2915:Polyxenos
2855:Pantaleon
2797:Pantaleon
2729:Attalus I
2724:Eumenes I
2530:Seleucids
2358:Ptolemies
2347:Philip VI
2294:Sosthenes
2274:Philip IV
2269:Cassander
2236:Philip II
2122:Cotys III
2034:Polemon I
1980:Pharnaces
1921:Camasarye
1903:Hygiaenon
1898:Leucon II
1853:Gorgippus
1838:Satyrus I
1480:Geography
669:Cleopatra
565:Sarmatian
532:Polemon I
524:Thracians
501:Sarmatian
497:Aspurgian
409:Aphrodite
395:, one in
342:Ara Pacis
302:monograms
278:Black Sea
265:" and of
90:Sarmatian
3600:Deidamia
3581:(regent)
3554:Aeacides
3491:Aspurgus
3384:(regent)
3367:Prytanis
3209:Sames II
3065:(regent)
3038:Boteiras
2985:Telephos
2975:Hermaeus
2930:Diomedes
2900:Strato I
2885:Zoilos I
2711:Attalids
2398:(regent)
2337:Philip V
2157:Teiranes
2097:Cotys II
2057:Aspurgus
1957:Saumacus
1905:(regent)
1873:Prytanis
1848:Leucon I
1843:Seleucus
1792:Monarchs
1684:(1995).
1682:Syme, R.
1618:Archived
1478:Strabo,
1436:Appian,
748:Archived
684:See also
638:(modern
624:Lycaonia
597:Maeotian
571:and the
553:Tiberian
551:and the
549:Augustan
393:Augustus
365:Dionysus
350:Anatolia
330:Anatolia
280:), from
201:Augustus
167:Pergamon
139:Anatolia
88:and his
70:Augustus
3590:Ptolemy
3544:Arybbas
3524:Admetus
3506:Cotys I
3486:Polemon
3481:Polemon
3477:Dynamis
3472:Dynamis
3463:Dynamis
3459:Asander
3449:Dynamis
3445:Asander
3372:Eumelos
3171:Arsaces
3146:Laodice
3069:Ziaelas
3063:Etazeta
2940:Epander
2935:Amyntas
2342:Perseus
2228:Argeads
2107:Eupator
2082:Cotys I
2039:Dynamis
2028:Dynamis
2017:Dynamis
2012:Dynamis
2007:Asander
2001:Dynamis
1991:Asander
1985:Dynamis
1878:Eumelus
1794:of the
1389:Pontus.
585:Colchis
569:Siraces
521:Sapaean
478:Mommsen
470:staters
292:in the
282:Colchis
251:triumph
163:Galatia
114:Asander
110:Laodice
98:Arsaces
78:Iranian
42:Dynamis
3166:Darius
2960:Nicias
2955:Thraso
2895:Lysias
2221:rulers
1711:
1692:
1670:
1602:
1573:
1555:
1541:
1507:
1486:
1472:
1458:
1444:
1041:
916:
677:Pontic
663:over”
630:, and
628:Pontus
589:Tanais
346:Greece
290:Pompey
247:Sinope
227:stater
213:archon
197:Lucian
190:Strabo
151:Appian
94:Darius
3479:with
3461:with
3447:with
3410:]
3144:with
2817:Plato
2495:Magas
1916:]
1203:, 31.
964:(PDF)
957:(PDF)
729:Mayor
717:Mayor
701:Notes
673:Egypt
640:Aydın
573:Aorsi
490:Kerch
405:Livia
358:Judea
354:Syria
334:Livia
240:sent
175:Syria
157:Exile
50:Greek
2031:with
2020:with
2004:with
1988:with
1709:ISBN
1690:ISBN
1668:ISBN
1600:ISBN
1571:ISBN
1553:ISBN
1539:ISBN
1505:ISBN
1484:ISBN
1470:ISBN
1456:ISBN
1442:ISBN
1295:Cirb
1039:ISBN
914:ISBN
534:and
384:and
356:and
128:Life
120:and
80:and
3043:Bas
3628::
3408:ru
1914:ru
1745:.
1303:^
1293:.
1115:^
885:^
869:.
842:^
786:^
772:^
758:^
709:^
538:.
352:,
348:,
304:.
104:,
56:,
52::
2211:e
2204:t
2197:v
2065:)
2061:(
1784:e
1777:t
1770:v
1756:.
1717:.
1698:.
1676:.
1536:.
1521:"
1517:"
1297:.
1224:.
1047:.
973:.
922:.
879:.
48:(
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.