6590:
4955:
4819:
8677:
5069:
6369:– who claim descent from Greek soldiers allowed us to compare Y lineages within these populations and re-evaluate their suggested Greek origins. This study as a whole seems to exclude a large Greek contribution to any Pakistani population, confirming previous observations. However, it provides strong evidence in support of the Greek origins for a small proportion of Pathans, as demonstrated by the clade E network and the low pairwise genetic distances between these two populations.
5002:. E-V12* made up approximately 20% of the Sudanese E-M78. They propose that the E-V12 and E-V22 sub-clades of E-M78 might have been brought to Sudan from their place of origin in North Africa after the progressive desertification of the Sahara around 6,000–8,000 years ago. Sudden climate change might have forced several Neolithic cultures/people to migrate northward to the Mediterranean and southward to the Sahel and the Nile Valley. The E-V12*
400:. The fossils were directly dated to between 15,100 and 13,900 calibrated years before present. The scientists found that all the male specimens with sufficient nuclear DNA preservation belonged to the E1b1b1a1 (M78) subclade, with one skeleton bearing the E1b1b1a1b1 parent lineage to E-V13. Martiniano et al. (2022) later reassigned all the Taforalt samples to haplogroup E-M78 and none to E-L618, the predecessor to EV13.
6954:
new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to move quickly between nomenclatures.
6298:, northeastern Spain included a male specimen, which carried haplogroup E1b1b. This fossil belonged to the E1b1b1a1b (V13) subclade, and possessed identical haplotypes as found in modern European individuals (five Albanians, two Provence French, two Corsicans, two Bosnians, one Italian, one Sicilian, and one Greek). The presence of this haplogroup in Neolithic Spain suggests that it is associated with the
360:, sub-clade mutation of haplogroup E, was shared between the populations in the locale of original Egyptian speakers and modern Cushitic speakers from the Horn. These lineages are present in Egyptians, Berbers, Cushitic speakers from the Horn of Africa, and Semitic speakers in the Near-East. He noted that variants are also found in the Aegean and Balkans, but the origin of the M35 subclade was in
5729:
6325:, which carried haplogroup E1b1b1a1b1 predecessor to EV13. The skeleton has been directly dated to between 15,100 and 13,900 calibrated years before present. Martiniano et al. (2022) later reassigned all the Taforalt samples to haplogroup E-M78 and none to E-L618, the predecessor to EV13. Fernandes et al. (2016) and Lipson et al. (2017) detected haplogroup E-L618 in two individuals from
191:
4982:(up to 74.5%). The subclades are also scattered widely in small amounts in both Northern Africa and Europe, but with very little sign in Western Asia, apart from Turkey. These E-V12* lineages were formerly included (along with many E-V22* lineages) in Cruciani et al.'s original (2004) "delta cluster", which he had defined using
12215:
Haber, Marc; Platt, Daniel E.; Ashrafian Bonab, Maziar; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; MartĂnez-Cruz, Begoña; Douaihy, Bouchra; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella; Rafatpanah, Hoshang; Ghanbari, Mohsen; Whale, John; Balanovsky, Oleg; Wells, R. Spencer; Comas, David; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Zalloua,
5123:
found it extremely prominent in Somali men and stated that "the male Somali population is a branch of the Horn
African population – closely related to the Oromos in Ethiopia and North Kenya (Boranas)" and that their gamma cluster lineages "probably were introduced into the Somali population 4000–5000
11808:
Di
Giacomo, F.; Luca, F.; Anagnou, N.; Ciavarella, G.; Corbo, R.M.; Cresta, M.; Cucci, F.; Di Stasi, L.; Agostiano, V.; Giparaki, M.; Loutradis, A.; Mammi’, C.; Michalodimitrakis, E.N.; Papola, F.; Pedicini, G.; Plata, E.; Terrenato, L.; Tofanelli, S.; Malaspina, P.; Novelletto, A. (September 2003).
6953:
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome
Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single
5762:
Haplogroup E-V13 is the only lineage that reaches the highest frequencies out of Africa. In fact, it represents about 85% of the
European E-M78 chromosomes with a clinal pattern of frequency distribution from the southern Balkan peninsula (19.6%) to western Europe (2.5%). The same haplogroup is also
4834:
sister to clades E-V22 and E-V13. The mutation V1477 defines a new basal branch observed only in one northern
African sample. Finally, a sister clade of E-V12, defined by V264, includes E-V65 and a new central African lineage defined by V259. The rare M78 subhaplogroup E1b1b1a1-PF2186 has been found
6506:
concurs: "The 'E3b hole' suggests that either (a) a massive displacement of the ... Romano-British population by invasion or, (b) the substantial genetic replacement of Romano-British Y-DNA through an elite dominance ("apartheid") model... Regardless of the mechanism, the
Central England region ...
13687:
Semino, Ornella; Magri, Chiara; Benuzzi, Giorgia; Lin, Alice A.; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Battaglia, Vincenza; MacCioni, Liliana; Triantaphyllidis, Costas; et al. (2004), "Origin, Diffusion, and
Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later
305:, writing prior to the discovery of E-V68, describe Egypt as "a hub for the distribution of the various geographically localized M78-related sub-clades" and, based on archaeological data, they propose that the point of origin of E-M78 (as opposed to later dispersals from Egypt) may have been in a
10877:
Ambrosio, B; Dugoujon, JM; Hernández, C; De La Fuente, D; González-MartĂn, A; Fortes-Lima, CA; Novelletto, A; RodrĂguez, JN; CalderĂłn, R; et al. (2010), "The
Andalusian population from Huelva reveals a high diversification of Y-DNA paternal lineages from haplogroup E: Identifying human male
380:
populations, but stated that this derived from a small, published sample of 12. Keita also wrote that the PN2 mutation was shared by M35 and M2 lineages and this defined clade originated from East Africa. He concluded that "the genetic data give population profiles that clearly indicate males of
955:(approximately 20% in southern areas; up to almost 50% is some particular places and populations) and Italy. It today has lower frequencies toward the western, central and northeastern areas, though E-V13 has been found in a Neolithic burial in Catalonia. This is discussed in more detail below.
10914:
Adams, Susan M; Bosch, Elena; Balaresque, Patricia L.; Ballereau, Stéphane J.; Lee, Andrew C.; Arroyo, Eduardo; López-Parra, Ana M.; Aler, Mercedes; et al. (2008), "The
Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian
6381:
This study however tested only for M78, and not V13, the typical type of M78 from the
Balkans. More recent and detailed analyses of E-V13 in this region have however concluded that this hypothesis is incorrect, and that the variants found there are not the types typical of the Balkans. Instead
260:
also proposed that E-M35, the parent clade of E-M78, originated in East Africa during the Palaeolithic and subsequently spread to the region of Egypt. E-M78 in East Africa, is therefore the result of a back migration. The authors believe there were "at least 2 episodes between 23.9–17.3 ky and
249:
were able to study more data, and concluded that the E-M78 lineages in the Horn of Africa were dominated by relatively recent branches (see E-V32 below). They concluded that the region of Egypt was the likely place of origin of E-M78 based on "the peripheral geographic distribution of the most
12947:
Martinez, Laisel; Underhill, Peter A; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Gayden, Tenzin; Moschonas, Nicholas K; Chow, Cheryl-Emiliane T; Conti, Simon; Mamolini, Elisabetta; Cavalli-Sforza, L Luca; Herrera, Rene (April 1, 2007), "Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau",
5858:
It was concluded that northeastern Africa, rather than eastern Africa, was where the E-M78 chromosomes began dispersing to other regions. The most plausible scenario is that E-V13 originated in Western Asia. A hypothesis is that E-M78 carriers devoid of V13 mutation left Africa and that the
11977:
Flores, Carlos; Maca-Meyer, Nicole; González, Ana M; Oefner, Peter J; Shen, Peidong; Pérez, Jose A; Rojas, Antonio; Larruga, Jose M; Underhill, Peter A (2004), "Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography",
9336:
K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik
6190:
The last two seem within the timespan possible for V13 given its STR age of arise putatively in the Middle East. In favor of the agricultural connection, human remains excavated in a Spanish funeral cave dating from approximately 7000 years ago were shown to be in this haplogroup.
11264:
Bosch, Elena; Calafell, Francesc; Comas, David; Oefner, Peter J.; Underhill, Peter A.; Bertranpetit, Jaume (2001), "High-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome variation shows a sharp discontinuity and limited gene flow between north-western Africa and the Iberian Peninsula",
11072:
Behar, Doron M.; Thomas, Mark G.; Skorecki, Karl; Hammer, Michael F.; Bulygina, Ekaterina; Rosengarten, Dror; Jones, Abigail L.; Held, Karen; et al. (October 2003), "Multiple Origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y Chromosome Evidence for Both Near Eastern and European Ancestries",
11460:
Capelli, Cristian; Onofri, Valerio; Brisighelli, Francesca; Boschi, Ilaria; Scarnicci, Francesca; Masullo, Mara; Ferri, Gianmarco; Tofanelli, Sergio; et al. (2009), "Moors and Saracens in Europe: estimating the medieval North African male legacy in southern Europe",
5024:
The non-basal subhaplogroup E1b1b-V12/E3b1a1 has been found at highest frequencies among various Afroasiatic-speaking populations in eastern Africa, including Garreh (74.1%), Gabra (58.6%), Wata (55.6%), Borana (50.0%), Sanye (41.7%), Beja (33.3%) and Rendille (29.0%).
11585:
Cruciani, Fulvio; Santolamazza, Piero; Shen, Peidong; MacAulay, Vincent; Moral, Pedro; Olckers, Antonel; Modiano, David; Holmes, Susan (2002), "A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes",
11536:
Contu, Daniela; Morelli, Daniela; Santoni, Federico; Foster, Jamie W.; Francalacci, Paolo; Cucca, Francesco (2008), "Y-Chromosome Based Evidence for Pre-Neolithic Origin of the Genetically Homogeneous but Diverse Sardinian Population: Inference for Association Scans",
11874:
El-Sibai, Mirvat; Platt, Daniel E.; Haber, Marc; Xue, Yali; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Wells, R. Spencer; Izaabel, Hassan; Sanyoura, May F.; et al. (2009), "Geographical Structure of the Y-chromosomal Genetic Landscape of the Levant: A coastal-inland contrast",
11763:
12047:
Francalacci, P.; Morelli, L.; Underhill, P.A.; Lillie, A.S.; Passarino, G.; Useli, A.; Madeddu, R.; Paoli, G.; et al. (2003), "Peopling of Three Mediterranean Islands (Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily) Inferred by Y-Chromosome Biallelic Variability",
14319:
Zalloua, Pierre A.; Platt, Daniel E.; El Sibai, Mirvat; Khalife, Jade; Makhoul, Nadine; Haber, Marc; Xue, Yali; Izaabel, Hassan; et al. (2008), "Identifying Genetic Traces of Historical Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean",
6917:
studied the beta cluster in Europe. They found small amounts in Southern Italy, but also traces in Cantabria, Portugal and Galicia, with Cantabria having the highest level in Europe in their study, at 3.1% (5 out of 161 people). Next to Cantabria,
13965:
Trombetta, Beniamino; Cruciani, Fulvio; Sellitto, Daniele; Scozzari, Rosaria (2011), MacAulay, Vincent (ed.), "A New Topology of the Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) Revealed through the Use of Newly Characterized Binary Polymorphisms",
12661:
Lacan, Marie; Keyser, Christine; Ricaut, François-Xavier; Brucato, Nicolas; Tarrús, Josep; Bosch, Angel; Guilaine, Jean; Crubézy, Eric; Ludes, Bertrand (2011), "Ancient DNA suggests the leading role played by men in the Neolithic dissemination",
12347:
Henn, B. M.; Gignoux, C.; Lin, Alice A; Oefner, Peter J.; Shen, P.; Scozzari, R.; Cruciani, F.; Tishkoff, S. A.; Mountain, J. L.; Underhill, P. A. (2008), "Y-chromosomal evidence of a pastoralist migration through Tanzania to southern Africa",
11033:
Battaglia, Vincenza; Fornarino, Simona; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Olivieri, Anna; Pala, Maria; Myres, Natalie M; King, Roy J; Rootsi, Siiri; et al. (2008), "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe",
13148:
Pelotti; Ceccardi, S; Lugaresi, F; Trane, R; Falconi, M; Bini, C; Willuweit, S; Roewer, L (2007), "Microgeographic genetic variation of Y chromosome in a population sample of Ravenna's area in the Emilia-Romagna region (North of Italy)",
13822:
Shlush; Behar, Doron M.; Yudkovsky, Guennady; Templeton, Alan; Hadid, Yarin; Basis, Fuad; Hammer, Michael; Itzkovitz, Shalev; Skorecki, Karl (2008), Gemmell, Neil John (ed.), "The Druze: A Population Genetic Refugium of the Near East",
5875:
Arab lineages. The Druze are considered a genetically isolated community, and are therefore of particular interest. The STR DNA signature of some of the E-V13 men amongst them was actually originally classified in the delta cluster in
12986:
Mendizabal, Isabel; Sandoval, Karla; Berniell-Lee, Gemma; Calafell, Francesc; Salas, Antonio; Martinez-Fuentes, Antonio; Comas, David (2008), "Genetic origin, admixture, and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba",
381:
African origin, as opposed to being of Asian or European descent" but acknowledged that the biodiversity does not indicate any specific set of skin colors or facial features as populations were subject to microevolutionary pressures.
14280:
Zalloua, Pierre A.; Xue, Yali; Khalife, Jade; Makhoul, Nadine; Debiane, Labib; Platt, Daniel E.; Royyuru, Ajay K.; Herrera, Rene J.; et al. (2008), "Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events",
6520:
remarked that at the time of that article, it was not certain that the two clades were truly separate ("the positions of these mutations have not been resolved because of a lack of a DNA sample containing the derived state at V27").
12899:
Maca-Meyer, N.; Sánchez-Velasco, P.; Flores, C.; Larruga, JM; González, AM; Oterino, A; Leyva-Cobián, F; et al. (2003), "Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Characterization of Pasiegos, a Human Isolate from Cantabria (Spain)",
6713:, but still present in levels of >10%. The authors suggest a North African origin for this lineage. In Europe, only a few individuals were found in Italy and Greece. The results from the article can be summarized as follows...
11687:
Cruciani; La Fratta; Torroni; Underhill; Scozzari (2006), "Molecular Dissection of the Y Chromosome Haplogroup E-M78 (E3b1a): A Posteriori Evaluation of a Microsatellite-Network-Based Approach Through Six New Biallelic Markers",
935:
Outside of this core area of distribution (North Africa and the Horn of Africa), E-V68 is also observed in other parts of the continent at lower frequencies due to more recent dispersals. It is thus found today in pockets of the
14052:
Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Peidong; Lin, Alice A.; Jin, Li; Passarino, Giuseppe; Yang, Wei H.; Kauffman, Erin; Bonné-Tamir, Batsheva; et al. (2000), "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations",
6515:
Although most E-V13 individuals do not show any known downstream SNP mutations, and are therefore categorized as E-V13* there are several recognized sub-clades, all of which may be very small. These are one of two cases where
14085:
Underhill; Passarino, G.; Lin, A. A.; Shen, P.; Mirazon Lahr, M.; Foley, R. A.; Oefner, P. J.; Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. (2001), "The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations",
12076:
Fregel, Rosa; Gomes, Verónica; Gusmão, Leonor; González, Ana M; Cabrera, Vicente M; Amorim, António; Larruga, Jose M (2009), "Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: replacement of native lineages by European",
6274:
suggest that the movement out of the Balkans may have been more recent than 5300 years ago. The authors suggest that for the most part, modern E-V13 descends from a population which remained in the Balkans until the Balkan
11938:
Firasat; Khaliq, Shagufta; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Papaioannou, Myrto; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Underhill, Peter A; Ayub, Qasim (2006), "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan",
13356:
Rodriguez, Javier; Palencia-Madrid, Leire; Mendoza, Vivian C; Garcia-Bertrand, Ralph; Pancorbo, Mirian M de; Herrera, Rene J (2021), "The Y chromosome of autochthonous Basque populations and the Bronze Age replacement",
13319:
Robino, C.; Crobu, F.; Gaetano, C.; Bekada, A.; Benhamamouch, S.; Cerutti, N.; Piazza, A.; Inturri, S.; Torre, C. (2008), "Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample",
11499:
CinnioÄźlu, Cengiz; King, Roy; Kivisild, Toomas; Kalfoglu, Ersi; Atasoy, Sevil; Cavalleri, Gianpiero L.; Lillie, Anita S.; Roseman, Charles C.; et al. (2004), "Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia",
10953:
Alvarez; Santos, Cristina; Montiel, Rafael; Caeiro, Blazquez; Baali, Abdellatif; Dugoujon, Jean-Michel; Aluja, Maria Pilar (2009), "Y-chromosome variation in South Iberia: Insights into the North African contribution",
9683:"Geography, selected Afro-Asiatic families, and Y chromosome lineage variation: An exploration in linguistics and phylogeography" In hot pursuit of language in prehistory : essays in the four fields of anthropology
5854:
The apparent movement of E-M78 lineages from the Near East to Europe, and their subsequent rapid expansion, make its E-V13 subclade a particularly interesting subject for speculation about ancient human migrations.
332:
The division of E-V68 into sub-clades such as E-V12, E-V13, etc. has largely been the work of an Italian team including Fulvio Cruciani, Beniamino Trombetta, Rosario Scozzari and others. They started on the basis of
6146:
has also frequently been discussed in connection with V13, as a haplogroup with a seemingly very similar distribution and pre-history. (There is no consensus regarding the circumstances or timing of its evolution.)
12016:
Flores; Maca-Meyer, Nicole; Larruga, Jose M.; Cabrera, Vicente M.; Karadsheh, Naif; Gonzalez, Ana M. (2005), "Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan",
6449:. In particular, Steven Bird proposes a connection to a modern region encompassing Kosovo, southern Serbia, northern Macedonia, and extreme northwestern Bulgaria – a region corresponding to the Roman province of
5866:
Before then, the SNP mutation, V13 apparently first arose in West Asia around 10 thousand years ago, and although not widespread there, it is for example found in high levels (>10% of the male population) in
10992:
Arredi, B; Poloni, E; Paracchini, S; Zerjal, T; Fathallah, D; Makrelouf, M; Pascali, V; Novelletto, A; Tylersmith, C (2004), "A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa",
5128:
typed 147 males from Somalia for 12 Y-STR loci, and observed that 77% (113/147) had typical E-V32 haplotypes. This is currently the highest frequency of E-V32 found in any single sample population. Similarly,
12710:
Lacau, Harlette; Gayden, Tenzin; Regueiro, Maria; Chennakrishnaiah, Shilpa; Bukhari, Areej; Underhill, Peter; Garcia-Bertrand, Ralph; Herrera, Rene (2012), "Afghanistan from a Y-chromosome perspective",
290:(of people carrying E-V68*, E-V12, E-V22, and E-V65), the majority of E-M78 lineages found in Europe belong to the E-V13 subclade which appears to have entered Europe at some time undetermined from the
13496:
Sanchez, Juan J; Hallenberg, Charlotte; Børsting, Claus; Hernandez, Alexis; Gorlin, RJ (2005), "High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males",
268:
based upon their survey of Sudan. Specifically E-V12 and E-V22, "might have been brought to Sudan from North Africa after the progressive desertification of the Sahara around 6,000-8,000 years ago".
5763:
present at lower frequencies in Anatolia (3.8%), the Near East (2.0%), and the Caucasus (1.8%). In Africa, haplogroup E-V13 is rare, being observed only in northern Africa at a low frequency (0.9%).
4830:
of M78 as of June 2015. Within the E-M78 subclade, Trombetta et al. 2015 allocated most of the former E-M78* chromosomes to three new distinct branches: E-V1083*, E-V1477 and E-V259. The first is a
14014:
Trombetta (2015), "Phylogeographic refinement and large scale genotyping of human Y chromosome haplogroup E provide new insights into the dispersal of early pastoralists in the African continent",
13253:
Ramos-Luisa, E.; Blanco-Verea, A.; Brión, M.; Van Huffel, V.; Carracedo, A.; Sánchez-Diz, P. (2009), "Phylogeography of French male lineages (unpublished data 23rd International ISFG Congress)",
275:
proposed that the earlier E-V68 carrying population may have migrated by sea directly from Africa to southwestern Europe, because they observed cases of E-V68* (without the M78 mutation) only in
10237:. suggest that there might be levels of E-M78 in the Peloponnese above 40%. They found 17 out of 36 there (47%), but justified drawing conclusions from this small sample by referring also to
5169:
language. The authors observed in their study that "the Masalit possesses by far the highest frequency of the E-M78 and of the E-V32 haplogroup", which they believe suggests "either a recent
341:(SNP) mutations which could define most of the main branches with better clarity, which was then discussed further in 2007. These articles were the basis of the updated phylogenies found in
5157:
interpret this as reinforcing the "strong correlation between linguistic and genetic diversity" and signs of relatedness between the Beja and the peoples of the Horn of Africa such as the
9929:
Shen, Peidong; Lavi, Tal; Kivisild, Toomas; Chou, Vivian; Sengun, Deniz; Gefel, Dov; Shpirer, Issac; Woolf, Eilon; Hillel, Jossi; Feldman, Marcus W.; Oefner, Peter J. (September 2004).
11727:
256:
also note this as evidence for "a corridor for bidirectional migrations" between Northeast Africa (Egypt and Libya in their data) on the one hand and East Africa on the other. Because
13399:
Rosa, Alexandra; Ornelas, Carolina; Jobling, Mark A; Brehm, AntĂłnio; Villems, Richard (2007), "Y-chromosomal diversity in the population of Guinea-Bissau: a multiethnic perspective",
6306:
mtDNA clade, an early European maternal haplogroup. His autosomal STR markers were likewise most typical of Europe. Additionally, the specimen was homozygous C/C for the LP-13910-C/T
11770:
Di Gaetano; Cerutti, Francesca; Crobu, Carlo; Robino (2009), "Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome",
9511:
However, in the E3b distribution maps published in Bird's own paper – the Norfolk area is shown as having a high percentage of E3b. Norfolk is part of the epicentre of the supposed
182:
nomenclature such as "E3b1a" which are designed to show their place on the family tree of all males. These various names change as new discoveries are made and are discussed below.
6279:. They consider that "the dispersion of the E-V13 and J-M12 haplogroups seems to have mainly followed the river waterways connecting the southern Balkans to north-central Europe".
6248:
suggest that the E-V13 subclade of E-M78 originated in situ in Europe, and propose that the first major dispersal of E-V13 from the Balkans may have been in the direction of the
14360:
The use of Y-chromosomal DNA variation to investigate population history; in Papiha SS, Deka R, Chakraborty R (eds): Genomic diversity: applications in human population genetics
10104:"Phylogeographic refinement and large scale genotyping of human Y chromosome haplogroup E provide new insights into the dispersal of early pastoralists in the African continent"
14367:
Zhao; Khan, Faisal; Borkar, Minal; Herrera, Rene; Agrawal, Suraksha (2009), "Presence of three different paternal lineages among North Indians: A study of 560 Y chromosomes",
10206:
10204:
10202:
10200:
10198:
10196:
376:
groups, in contrast Semitic speakers showed a decline in frequency going west to east in the Levantine-Syria region. Keita identified high frequencies of M35 (>50%) among
13110:
Paracchini; Pearce, CL; Kolonel, LN; Altshuler, D; Henderson, BE; Tyler-Smith, C (2003), "A Y chromosomal influence on prostate cancer risk: the multi-ethnic cohort study",
10752:
Semino, O.; Passarino, G; Oefner, PJ; Lin, AA; et al. (2000), "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective",
7517:
6643:
remarked that at the time of that article, "the positions of these mutations have not been resolved because of a lack of a DNA sample containing the derived state at V19".
10193:
9172:
6198:, for example, propose that the E-M78* lineage ancestral to all modern E-V13 men moved rapidly out of a Southern Egyptian homeland, in the wetter conditions of the early
8618:
8608:
8535:
8530:
8310:
8127:
8066:
7944:
7700:
7639:
7578:
5863:
of European V13 is 4700–4000 years ago. Phylogenetic analysis suggest that the European v13 spread through Europe from the Balkans in a "rapid demographic expansion".
5846:
in south France, and is also found in scattered and small amounts in Libyan Jews and Egypt, but this is most likely a result of migration from Europe or the Near East.
418:
In June 2015, the M78 mutation and the consequent beginning of the E-M78 and E-V68 family trees was dated by Trombetta et al. to approximately 20,300-14,800 years ago.
8580:
8249:
8005:
7761:
7456:
7273:
7151:
5095:
referred to the same lineages as the "gamma cluster", which was estimated to have arisen about 8,500 years ago. They stated that "the highest frequencies in the three
6244:
After its initial entry in Europe, there was then a dispersal from the Balkans into the rest of Europe. Also for this movement, a wide range of possibilities exists.
8780:
8770:
6221:, entering Europe and presumably associated with bringing new technologies. As such, it is also sometimes remarked that it is a relatively recent genetic movement
279:, and not in the Middle Eastern samples. Concerning E-M78, like other forms of E-V68 there is evidence of multiple routes of expansion out of an African homeland.
13035:
Nebel; Filon, D; Brinkmann, B; Majumder, P; Faerman, M; Oppenheim, A (2001), "The Y Chromosome Pool of Jews as Part of the Genetic Landscape of the Middle East",
9199:
Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome".
10831:
Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Peidong; Lin, Alice A.; Jin, Li; et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations".
8867:
8850:
13170:
8516:
5181:
for 12 Y-STR loci, and observed that 77% (113/147) had typical E-V32 haplotypes. This is the highest frequency of E-V32 found in any single sample population.
8858:
13892:
11378:
Capelli, Cristian; Redhead, Nicola; Abernethy, Julia K.; Gratrix, Fiona; Wilson, James F.; Moen, Torolf; Hervig, Tor; Richards, Martin; et al. (2003),
11168:
Beleza, Sandra; Gusmao, Leonor; Lopes, Alexandra; Alves, Cintia; Gomes, Iva; Giouzeli, Maria; Calafell, Francesc; Carracedo, Angel; Amorim, Antonio (2006),
5775:
Within Europe, E-V13 is especially common in the Balkans and some parts of Italy. In different studies, particularly high frequencies have been observed in
13778:
11304:
8506:
6922:
found high frequencies of E-V65 among Basque autochthonous inhabitants of Alava province (17.3%), Vizcaya province (10.9%), and Guipuzcoa province (3.3%).
13726:"Reconstruction of Patrilineages and Matrilineages of Samaritans and Other Israeli Populations From Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation"
11348:
Cadenas; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L; Underhill, Peter A; Herrera, Rene J (2007), "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman",
9931:"Reconstruction of patrilineages and matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli populations from Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA sequence variation"
5859:
coalescence occurred later in the Near East/Anatolia. Data suggests that Western Asian carriers of V13 expanded in Europe at earliest 5300 years ago. The
13169:
Pereira, LuĂsa; ÄŚernĂ˝, Viktor; Cerezo, MarĂa; Silva, Nuno M; Hájek, Martin; VašĂková, AlĹľbÄ›ta; Kujanová, Martina; BrdiÄŤka, Radim; Salas, Antonio (2010),
9017:
9010:
9003:
9512:
317:, until the onset of a humid phase around 8500 BC. The northward-moving rainfall belts during this period could have also spurred a rapid migration of
11424:
Caratti; Gino, S.; Torre, C.; Robino, C. (2009), "Subtyping of Y-chromosomal haplogroup E-M78 (E1b1b1a) by SNP assay and its forensic application",
12497:
9126:
9121:
250:
derived subhaplogroups with respect to northeastern Africa, as well as the results of quantitative analysis of UEP and microsatellite diversity".
9623:
13283:
Regueiro, M.; Cadenas, A.M.; Gayden, T.; Underhill, P.A.; Herrera, R.J. (2006), "Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration",
11726:
Cruciani, F.; La Fratta, R.; Trombetta, B.; Santolamazza, P.; Sellitto, D.; Colomb, E. B.; Dugoujon, J.-M.; Crivellaro, F.; et al. (2007),
9477:
show that the area with the highest frequency does not have the highest diversity, implying that V13 arrived there more recently than in Greece.
5880:. This means that Druze E-V13 clustered together with most E-V12 and E-V22, and not with European E-V13, which was mostly in the alpha cluster.
5739:
13587:
12840:
13639:
11235:
Bortolini; Thomas, Mark G.; Chikhi, Lourdes; Aguilar, Juan A.; Castro-De-Guerra, Dinorah; Salzano, Francisco M.; Ruiz-Linares, Andres (2004),
951:
The distribution of E-V68 in Europe is dominated by its E-V13 subclade, except in Iberia. E-V13 has a frequency peak centered in parts of the
14120:
Underhill (2002), "Inference of Neolithic Population Histories using Y-chromosome Haplotypes", in Bellwood, Peter; Renfrew, A. Colin (eds.),
12633:
Kujanova; Pereira; Fernandes; Pereira; CernĂ˝ (2009), "Near Eastern Neolithic Genetic Input in a Small Oasis of the Egyptian Western Desert",
12305:
6948:
6414:
on the northern coast of Wales in particular showed 7 out of 18 local people tested were in this lineage (approximately 40%), as reported in
5787:(32.29%), and in some parts of Greece (ca. 35%). More generally, high frequencies have also been found in other areas of Greece, and amongst
14138:
Underhill, Peter A.; Kivisild, Toomas (2007), "Use of Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Population Structure in Tracing Human Migrations",
13725:
12892:
11728:"Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12"
6507:
with its lack of E3b haplotypes, is the area having the most "striking similarity in the distribution of Y-chromosomes" with Friesland."
12555:
13724:
Shen, Peidong; Lavi, Tal; Kivisild, Toomas; Chou, Vivian; Sengun, Deniz; Gefel, Dov; Shpirer, Issac; Woolf, Eilon; et al. (2004),
5758:. All known positive tests for V13 are also positive for V36. So E-V13 is currently considered "phylogenetically equivalent" to E-V36.
12751:"Y Haplogroups, Archaeological Cultures and Language Families: a Review of the Multidisciplinary Comparisons using the case of E-M243"
12398:
11305:"Paternal and maternal lineages in the Balkans show a homogeneous landscape over linguistic barriers, except for the isolated Aromuns"
11303:
Bosch, E.; Calafell, F.; Gonzalez-Neira, A.; Flaiz, C.; Mateu, E.; Scheil, H.-G.; Huckenbeck, W.; Efremovska, L.; et al. (2006),
9407:
the same authors show that a branch of E-V13 found amongst the Druze Arabs is also in the delta cluster. (Contrast the data tables of
415:
found that human remains excavated in a Spanish funeral cave dated to approximately 7000 years ago were in the E-V13 branch of E-M78.
14167:
13448:
12554:
King, R. J.; Ă–zcan, S. S.; Carter, T.; KalfoÄźlu, E.; Atasoy, S.; Triantaphyllidis, C.; Kouvatsi, A.; Lin, A. A.; et al. (2008),
10368:
13528:
11116:
6605:
later noted that "E-V22 and E-V12* chromosomes are intermingled and not clearly differentiated by their microsatellite haplotypes".
13224:"High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations"
13171:"Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel"
10668:"Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages"
10318:"The coming of the Greeks to Provence and Corsica: Y-chromosome models of archaic Greek colonization of the western Mediterranean"
198:
River and its main tributaries: a probable corridor of ancient migrations, including those involving the Y DNA lineages E-M243,
12605:
King; Underhill (2002), "Congruent distribution of Neolithic painted pottery and ceramic figurines with Y-chromosome lineages",
9498:. Neither Capelli nor Weale have data from the area in the English Midlands where Bird suggests that there is a lack of E1b1b .
6138:
The distribution and diversity of V13 are often thought to represent the introduction of early farming technologies, during the
13586:
Semino, O.; Passarino, G; Oefner, PJ; Lin, AA; Arbuzova, S; Beckman, LE; De Benedictis, G; Francalacci, P; et al. (2000),
11809:"Clinal patterns of human Y chromosomal diversity in continental Italy and Greece are dominated by drift and founder effects".
9709:
Geography, selected Afro-Asiatic families, and Y chromosome lineage variation: An exploration in linguistics and phylogeography
9177:
6222:
11628:"Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa"
4962:
This subclade of E-M78 is the one which appears to have split from the others first (it arose c. 13.7-15.2 kya). According to
14208:
Weale; Shah, T; Jones, AL; Greenhalgh, J; Wilson, JF; Nymadawa, P; Zeitlin, D; Connell, BA; et al. (September 1, 2003),
14129:
13882:
12513:
11379:
9717:
13527:
Scozzari, Rosaria; Cruciani, F; Pangrazio, A; Santolamazza, P; Vona, G; Moral, P; Latini, V; Varesi, L; et al. (2001),
13075:
Onofri, Valerio; Alessandrini, Federica; Turchi, Chiara; Pesaresi, Mauro; Buscemi, Loredana; Tagliabracci, Adriano (2006),
12506:
In Hot Pursuit of Language in Prehistory: Essays in the Four Fields of Anthropology : In Honor of Harold Crane Fleming
12165:
Gonçalves, R; Freitas, A; Branco, M; Rosa, A; Fernandes, AT; Zhivotovsky, LA; Underhill, PA; Kivisild, T; Brehm, A (2005),
10562:"A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania"
13211:
12839:
Luis, J; Rowold, D; Regueiro, M; Caeiro, B; Cinnioglu, C; Roseman, C; Underhill, P; Cavallisforza, L; Herrera, R (2004),
12750:
11627:
11109:
222:
suggests that this subclade originated in "Northeastern Africa", which in the study refers specifically to the region of
9403:: "E-V22 and E-V12* chromosomes are intermingled and not clearly differentiated by their microsatellite haplotypes". In
13690:
13638:
Semino; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A. Silvana; Falaschi, Francesco; Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca; Underhill, Peter A. (2002),
13453:
13037:
12848:
11635:
11588:
10995:
9690:
5119:(52.2%). Outside of eastern Africa, it was found only in two subjects from Egypt (3.6%) and in one Arab from Morocco".
14246:
Y Chromosome Consortium "YCC" (2002), "A Nomenclature System for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal Binary Haplogroups",
13944:
Tillmar, Andreas O.; Montelius, Kerstin (December 2009). "Population data of 12 Y-STR loci from a Somali population".
13814:
11340:
10499:
Cadenas, Alicia M.; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L.; Underhill, Peter A.; Herrera, Rene J. (March 2008).
6382:"Afghanistan's lineages are correlated with Middle Easterners and Iranians but not with populations from the Balkans"
13076:
8661:
8511:
8486:
4978:
Undifferentiated E-V12* lineages (not E-V32 or E-M224, so therefore named "E-V12*") peak in frequency among Southern
426:
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the ISOGG 2019 tree, as well as the FamilyTreeDNA™ tree.
411:
estimated that E-M78 (called E1b1b1a1 in that paper) has been in Europe longer than 10,000 years. And more recently,
116:
12423:
Jobling, M.A.; Tyler-Smith, C. (2000), "New uses for new haplotypes the human Y chromosome, disease and selection",
14437:
6482:. The so-called "E3b hole" in Central England, according to Steven Bird, may reflect a population replacement – of
13447:
Rosser, Z; Zerjal, T; Hurles, M; Adojaan, M; Alavantic, D; Amorim, A; Amos, W; Armenteros, M; et al. (2000),
9499:
9318:
Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.
6589:
4954:
4818:
13933:
13222:
Peričic, M.; Lauc, LB; Klarić, IM; Rootsi, S; Janićijevic, B; Rudan, I; Terzić, R; Colak, I; et al. (2005),
8651:
13872:
12306:"Y-Chromosome Variation Among Sudanese: Restricted Gene Flow, Concordance With Language, Geography, and History"
12216:
Pierre A. (2012), "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events",
10081:
352:
Keita (2008) examined a published Y-chromosome dataset on Afro-Asiatic populations and found that a key lineage
12394:
12127:"North African Berber and Arab influences in the western Mediterranean revealed by Y-chromosome DNA haplotypes"
6206:
technologies and then only subsequently integrated with Neolithic cultures which arrived later in the Balkans.
338:
144:
11209:
6474:
notes that the collective genetic profile of the English Midlands is similar to that of the Dutch province of
6345:
Both E-M78 and J-M12 have also been used in studies seeking to find evidence of a remaining Greek presence in
13529:"Human Y-Chromosome Variation in the Western Mediterranean Area: Implications for the Peopling of the Region"
11117:"Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome variation in Ashkenazi Jewish and host non-Jewish European populations"
9991:"The peopling of the last Green Sahara revealed by high-coverage resequencing of trans-Saharan patrilineages"
948:, where its presence has been tentatively attributed to trans-Saharan movements of people from North Africa.
306:
245:. This was because of the high frequency and diversity of E-M78 lineages in the region of Ethiopia. However,
13449:"Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe Is Clinal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by Language"
12451:
Karafet, T. M.; Mendez, F. L.; Meilerman, M. B.; Underhill, P. A.; Zegura, S. L.; Hammer, M. F. (May 2008),
10790:"Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age"
9364:
Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)
6153:
says there were at least four major demographic events which have been envisioned for this geographic area:
10163:
9373:
Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)
12167:"Y-chromosome Lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Açores Record Elements of Sephardim and Berber Ancestry"
10560:
Capelli, Cristian; Wilson, James F.; Richards, Martin; Stumpf, Michael P.H.; et al. (February 2001).
8629:
12264:
Hammer (2003), "Human population structure and its effects on sampling Y chromosome sequence variation",
12166:
11169:
9466:
8456:
6608:
The highest frequency of E-V22 has thus far been observed among the Samaritan Levites at 100% frequency,
6303:
13077:"Development of multiplex PCRs for evolutionary and forensic applications of 37 human Y chromosome SNPs"
11915:"Preliminary results of a prehistoric human ancient DNA time series from coastal and hinterland Croatia"
6283:
propose the Vardar-Morava-Danube rivers as a possible route of Neolithic dispersal into central Europe.
11210:"Haplogroup E3b1a2 as a Possible Indicator of Settlement in Roman Britain by Soldiers of Balkan Origin"
10666:
Kaladjieva, Luba; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A; Angelicheva, Dora; et al. (February 2001).
5796:
357:
353:
8377:
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.
6693:
This subclade, equivalent to the previously classified "beta cluster", is found in high levels in the
12523:
12453:"New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree"
10603:
Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Redd, Alan J.; Jarjanazi, Hamdi; et al. (1 July 2001).
8613:
8595:
8590:
8555:
8550:
8188:
6214:
920:-speaking populations in the large area stretching from the haplogroup's putative place of origin in
364:, and its clades were dominant in a core portion of Afro-Asiatic speaking populations which included
215:
140:
13626:
13548:
12914:
12883:
12402:
14122:
Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research
13777:
Silva; Carvalho, Elizeu; Costa, Guilherme; Tavares, LĂgia; Amorim, AntĂłnio; GusmĂŁo, Leonor (2006),
13676:
10042:"Chad Genetic Diversity Reveals an African History Marked by Multiple Holocene Eurasian Migrations"
8840:
8600:
8585:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8545:
8540:
7883:
7822:
7212:
7090:
7029:
329:
and Europe, where they each eventually differentiated into their regionally distinctive branches".
199:
175:
12336:
6479:
9043:
8560:
8491:
7395:
7334:
6706:
6616:
5038:
E-M224 has been found in Israel among Yemeni population (5%) and appears to be a minor subclade.
178:. In various publications, both E-V68 and E-M78 have been referred to by other names, especially
12841:"The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations"
11237:"Ribeiro's typology, genomes, and Spanish colonialism, as viewed from Gran Canaria and Colombia"
6287:
proposes a still more recent dispersal out of the Balkans, around the time of the Roman empire.
4990:
reported that V12* was found in its highest concentrations in Egypt, especially Southern Egypt.
14442:
13543:
12909:
9738:"Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations"
9032:
9024:
8764:
6463:
168:
12304:
Hassan, Hisham Y.; Underhill, Peter A.; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L.; Ibrahim, Muntaser E. (2008),
10711:"Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes"
9274:
F-Y27277, sometimes known as F2'4, is both the parent clade of F2 and F4 and a child of F-M89.
12594:
9989:
D'Atanasio E, Trombetta B, Bonito M, Finocchio A, Di Vito G, Seghizzi M, et al. (2018).
9094:
8940:
8471:
6462:
It is also notable that E-V13 appears to be absent in modern central England, especially the
5170:
917:
769:
E-V22* (E1b1b1a1b2*) Found in Egypt, Arabia, the Levant, and in Iraq in smaller frequencies.
17:
13223:
12524:"Genetics, Egypt, and History: Interpreting Geographical Patterns of Y Chromosome Variation"
12501:
12126:
9789:
863:
So far, three individuals who are in E-V68 but not E-M78 have been reported in Sardinia, by
14151:
13975:
13832:
13602:
13408:
13362:
12996:
12801:
12784:"Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers"
12671:
12357:
12225:
12086:
11546:
10761:
10329:
9749:
9473:
indicates that there were also high concentrations of E-V13 in Greece and (b.) the data in
9133:
9052:
8987:
8931:
8916:
8902:
8823:
8795:
8466:
6299:
6158:
6143:
5780:
5173:
in the population or a proximity to the origin of the haplogroup." However, More recently,
1188:
1068:
1031:
214:
E-M78, like its parent clade E-V68, is thought to have an African origin. Based on genetic
143:(also roughly equivalent to E-M35). The E1b1b1a lineage is identified by the presence of a
14196:
14183:
13760:
13488:
12452:
10621:
10604:
8:
13569:
11151:
8644:
6659:
6357:
An extensive analysis of Y diversity within Greeks and three Pakistani populations – the
6307:
6210:
937:
13979:
13836:
13606:
13412:
13366:
13000:
12805:
12675:
12361:
12229:
12090:
11550:
10765:
10333:
9753:
8690:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
6294:, Neolithic skeletons (~7,000 years old) that were excavated from the Avellaner cave in
14389:
14342:
14303:
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14109:
14096:
14074:
14036:
13998:
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12109:
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11657:
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11525:
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11449:
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11332:
11287:
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11143:
11091:
11056:
11017:
10981:
10937:
10903:
10856:
10814:
10789:
10735:
10710:
10697:
10586:
10561:
10538:
10352:
10317:
10128:
10103:
10066:
10041:
10017:
9990:
9966:
9814:
9224:
9062:
8736:
8719:
6311:
5133:
in their study observed this to be the most common of the sub-clades of E-M78 found in
944:
owing to early Afro-Asiatic-speaking settlers from the Horn region, and as far west as
916:
The highest frequencies of all the defined E-M78 sub-clades is primarily found amongst
271:
Northwards from Egypt and Libya, E-M78 migrated into the Middle East, but additionally
14264:
13663:
13557:
12436:
11822:
11757:
11610:
11419:
11398:
11110:
https://web.archive.org/web/20090304100321/http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/400971.pdf
11105:
10709:
Karafet, Tatiana; Xu, Liping; Du, Ruofu; Wang, William; et al. (September 2001).
10651:
9788:
Martiniano, Rui; De Sanctis, Bianca; Hallast, Pille; Durbin, Richard (February 2022).
9241:
893:
The most basal and rare E-M78* paragroup has been found at its highest frequencies in
282:
On the other hand, while there were apparently direct migrations from North Africa to
14394:
14347:
14308:
14269:
14235:
14188:
14155:
14125:
14101:
14066:
14041:
14003:
13925:
13878:
13860:
13798:
13744:
13713:
13668:
13640:"Ethiopians and Khoisan share the deepest clades of the human Y-chromosome phylogeny"
13618:
13561:
13515:
13480:
13436:
13388:
13337:
13300:
13241:
13203:
13137:
13099:
13064:
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12967:
12927:
12923:
12875:
12827:
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12699:
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12626:
12578:
12574:
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12509:
12482:
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12385:
12328:
12293:
12253:
12196:
12182:
12146:
12114:
12065:
12036:
11997:
11966:
11914:
11902:
11888:
11855:
11826:
11797:
11749:
11707:
11662:
11615:
11574:
11517:
11488:
11441:
11402:
11367:
11324:
11320:
11292:
11189:
11185:
11135:
11096:
11061:
11022:
10973:
10942:
10895:
10848:
10819:
10788:
Su, Bing; Xiao, Junhua; Underhill, Peter; Deka, Ranjan; et al. (December 1999).
10777:
10740:
10689:
10655:
10626:
10591:
10530:
10522:
10357:
10133:
10071:
10022:
9958:
9950:
9819:
9767:
9713:
9686:
9617:
9293:
9216:
9154:
9149:
9140:
9083:
9074:
8994:
8965:
8925:
8883:
8835:
8753:
8461:
5814:, with particularly high results sometimes seen in particular areas; for example, in
1183:
1114:
369:
283:
160:
14078:
13810:
13349:
13276:
13095:
12939:
12590:
12158:
12009:
11719:
11529:
11336:
11256:
11147:
10860:
10701:
10542:
9228:
696:(E1b1b1a1a1b1a3) In this small branch, the M35 mutation has been reversed and lost.
626:
E-V13* (E1b1b1a1b1a*) The majority of E-V13, and more generally of E-M78 in Europe.
14384:
14376:
14337:
14329:
14298:
14290:
14259:
14251:
14225:
14217:
14178:
14147:
14113:
14091:
14058:
14031:
14023:
13993:
13983:
13953:
13915:
13907:
13850:
13840:
13790:
13756:
13736:
13703:
13695:
13658:
13650:
13637:
13610:
13553:
13505:
13470:
13462:
13426:
13416:
13378:
13370:
13329:
13312:
13292:
13262:
13231:
13193:
13185:
13158:
13127:
13119:
13091:
13054:
13046:
13014:
13004:
12957:
12919:
12865:
12857:
12817:
12809:
12788:
12728:
12720:
12689:
12679:
12642:
12614:
12570:
12535:
12472:
12464:
12432:
12375:
12365:
12320:
12283:
12275:
12243:
12233:
12208:
12186:
12178:
12138:
12104:
12094:
12057:
12026:
11987:
11956:
11948:
11926:
11892:
11884:
11867:
11851:
11847:
11818:
11787:
11779:
11739:
11697:
11652:
11644:
11605:
11597:
11564:
11554:
11509:
11478:
11470:
11453:
11433:
11394:
11357:
11316:
11282:
11274:
11251:
11201:
11181:
11127:
11086:
11078:
11051:
11043:
11012:
11004:
10985:
10963:
10932:
10924:
10907:
10887:
10840:
10809:
10801:
10769:
10730:
10722:
10679:
10647:
10616:
10581:
10573:
10512:
10347:
10337:
10213:, "The Haplogroup E-V13: Migrations and Demographic Expansions in Western Eurasia".
10123:
10115:
10061:
10053:
10012:
10002:
9970:
9942:
9809:
9801:
9757:
9599:
9208:
9116:
8874:
8828:
5868:
5776:
4949:
373:
91:
81:
13614:
12556:"Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian Influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic"
12491:
12279:
11414:
11236:
10773:
9909:
9907:
9905:
9903:
9901:
5826:. High frequencies appear to exist also in some northern areas for example around
346:
14221:
13988:
13957:
13845:
13267:
13162:
12797:
12238:
11559:
8888:
6499:
6451:
6334:
6264:
6234:
5819:
941:
14209:
12413:
14333:
14294:
14210:"Rare Deep-Rooting Y Chromosome Lineages in Humans: Lessons for Phylogeography"
13374:
12502:"Geography, selected Afro-Asiatic families, and Y chromosome lineage variation"
10928:
10057:
9898:
9104:
8897:
8730:
8637:
6483:
6467:
6366:
6358:
6267:. The above-mentioned find of archaic E-V13 in Spain supports this suggestion.
6256:
5811:
5142:
5088:
5018:
4850:(E1b1b1a1) North Africa, Horn of Africa, West Asia, Europe (formerly E1b1b1a).
929:
875:
385:
334:
287:
124:
14380:
13893:"Evidence for an apartheid-like social structure in early Anglo-Saxon England"
13355:
13333:
12765:
12618:
12031:
11930:
11670:
11513:
11437:
11131:
10891:
10007:
6919:
14431:
14166:
Weale, M. E.; Weiss, D. A.; Jager, R. F.; Bradman, N.; Thomas, M. G. (2002),
12971:
10526:
9954:
9805:
9349:
9297:
8979:
8973:
8959:
8948:
8911:
8814:
8809:
8800:
8786:
8747:
6710:
6639:
There are two recognized sub-clades, which are apparently separate, although
6430:
6426:
6362:
6165:
5158:
5116:
5100:
5068:
4994:
report a significant presence of E-V12* in neighboring Sudan, including 5/33
4836:
945:
820:(E1b1b1a1a2) Associated with the Maghreb, but also found in Italy and Spain.
479:
E-V12* (E1b1b1a1a*) Found in Egypt, French Basques, Sudan, and other places.
13510:
13421:
13236:
13009:
12962:
12684:
12370:
12099:
11992:
11952:
11744:
11362:
10684:
10667:
10638:
Jobling, Mark A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2000), "New uses for new haplotypes",
10517:
10500:
10342:
9930:
9762:
9737:
9707:
6317:
Loosdrecht et al. (2018) found one skeleton, at the Grotte des Pigeons near
14422:
14398:
14351:
14312:
14273:
14239:
14192:
14159:
14105:
14070:
14045:
14007:
13929:
13911:
13864:
13802:
13748:
13717:
13672:
13622:
13565:
13519:
13484:
13440:
13392:
13341:
13304:
13245:
13207:
13141:
13103:
13068:
13028:
12979:
12931:
12879:
12831:
12742:
12703:
12654:
12582:
12486:
12444:
12389:
12332:
12297:
12257:
12200:
12150:
12118:
12069:
12040:
12001:
11970:
11906:
11859:
11830:
11801:
11753:
11711:
11666:
11619:
11578:
11521:
11492:
11445:
11406:
11371:
11328:
11296:
11193:
11170:"Micro-Phylogeographic and Demographic History of Portuguese Male Lineages"
11139:
11100:
11065:
11026:
10977:
10946:
10899:
10852:
10823:
10781:
10744:
10693:
10659:
10630:
10595:
10534:
10361:
10137:
10075:
10026:
9962:
9823:
9771:
9220:
8659:
6620:
6399:
6249:
5166:
5150:
5108:
5084:
4967:
871:
179:
152:
128:
120:
13123:
12539:
12142:
11783:
11474:
11047:
6702:
5746:
The E-V13 clade is equivalent to the "alpha cluster" of E-M78 reported in
14027:
13189:
12724:
12191:
10498:
10119:
6487:
6346:
6230:
6218:
6176:
5815:
5153:
language and live along the "corridor" from the Horn of Africa to Egypt.
5138:
5060:
called M224 "rare and rather uninformative" and they found no exemplars.
921:
361:
242:
164:
12813:
9256:
Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).
6597:
This clade comprises most of those classified in the "delta cluster" of
14417:
14245:
13794:
13740:
12646:
12468:
12324:
12061:
10968:
9946:
9502:
Bird mentioned that there were 193 Central English haplotypes in Sykes.
9212:
8476:
6434:
6276:
6203:
5788:
5146:
883:
326:
318:
314:
14255:
13296:
13252:
12985:
12898:
11838:
Ehret, C.; Keita, SO; Newman, P (2004), "The Origins of Afroasiatic",
11725:
11702:
10374:
10210:
9988:
9636:
9565:
9453:
9424:
9408:
9404:
9342:
9296:
was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to
6698:
6673:
6612:
6533:
6271:
6150:
5768:
5755:
5185:
5080:
4987:
4963:
4805:
4773:
4743:
4711:
4679:
4649:
4617:
4585:
4553:
4520:
4461:
4428:
4395:
4363:
4331:
4301:
4269:
4236:
4206:
4174:
4142:
4110:
3949:
3916:
3884:
3851:
3819:
3291:
3224:
3190:
3155:
3122:
3087:
3055:
3022:
2992:
2958:
2925:
2893:
2861:
2829:
2795:
2762:
2730:
2698:
2666:
2634:
2602:
2572:
2540:
2508:
2476:
2444:
2412:
2380:
2348:
2318:
2285:
2253:
2223:
2191:
2158:
2128:
2096:
2064:
2028:
1994:
1959:
1926:
1891:
1858:
1754:
1682:
1624:
1591:
1558:
1239:
1173:
458:
E-M78* (E1b1b1a1*) (Gurna Oasis) in Egypt, Morocco and Mediterranean.
384:
Loosdrecht et al. (2018) analysed genome-wide data from seven ancient
257:
253:
246:
234:
219:
13874:
Blood of the Isles: Exploring the Genetic Roots of Our Tribal History
12125:
Gérard; Berriche, S; Aouizérate, A; Diéterlen, F; Lucotte, G (2006),
9533:
9353:, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree"
8496:
8481:
6495:
6475:
6442:
6390:
Significant frequencies of E-V13 have also been observed in towns in
6295:
6253:
6139:
5792:
5784:
5003:
4979:
4831:
1193:
1149:
1063:
999:
894:
879:
291:
12303:
10150:
5154:
5130:
4991:
3787:
3753:
3720:
3686:
3653:
3621:
3589:
3556:
3523:
3490:
3456:
3421:
3388:
3356:
3324:
337:
studies in 2004, and then in 2006 they announced the discoveries of
265:
155:, which is known as V68. It is a subject of discussion and study in
13699:
13654:
13466:
13050:
12861:
12709:
11648:
11601:
11278:
11221:
11082:
11032:
11008:
10805:
10726:
10577:
10476:
9913:
9581:
9309:
Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
8501:
6931:
6677:
6438:
6411:
6407:
6350:
6318:
6245:
6199:
6195:
6169:
5843:
5112:
5096:
5053:
5011:
4827:
906:
835:
408:
393:
365:
302:
276:
156:
148:
136:
14062:
12946:
10844:
9198:
301:
Coming to similar conclusions as the Cruciani and Trombetta team,
13964:
12214:
12124:
11937:
11686:
10487:
9787:
9669:
6694:
6663:
6602:
6446:
6403:
6395:
6374:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6226:
6133:
5839:
5751:
5178:
5057:
5015:
5007:
4999:
952:
910:
902:
864:
397:
295:
272:
13109:
13074:
11584:
11302:
11115:
Behar; Garrigan; Kaplan; Mobasher; Rosengarten (November 2004),
264:
Another probable migration to the south from Egypt was noted by
12632:
6537:
6459:
as harboring the highest frequency worldwide of this subclade.
6183:
5835:
5827:
5823:
5162:
4927:
Found in Chadic (Afro-Asiatic) speakers from Northern Cameroon.
887:
377:
322:
132:
13282:
12015:
11976:
10605:"Hierarchical Patterns of Global Human Y-Chromosome Diversity"
14124:, Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research,
13779:"Y-chromosome genetic variation in Rio De Janeiro population"
12409:
11922:
11498:
10913:
6391:
6238:
6217:
which shows a relatively recent link of populations from the
5872:
5860:
5831:
5807:
5800:
5734:
5728:
5134:
5104:
5050:
4995:
4983:
925:
898:
310:
227:
223:
71:
67:
63:
14412:
11234:
10991:
577:
E-CTS4004 Large clade, found all over Europe and West Asia.
14318:
13034:
11114:
10164:"Complex Genetic History of East African Human Populations"
6175:
The "population growth associated with the introduction of
5091:, where it is now prevalent. Before the discovery of V32,
4840:
349:, which is in turn the basis of the phylogeny given below.
195:
13946:
Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series
13151:
Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series
12164:
10952:
10181:
9790:"Placing Ancient DNA Sequences into Reference Phylogenies"
9242:
International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015),
6478:, which was not colonised by Rome, but was, like England,
6229:, and has been described as "a signal for a separate late-
5161:
and Oromo. On the other hand, the Masalit and Fur live in
241:
had proposed a place of origin for E-M78 further south in
13776:
12075:
11535:
11071:
9837:
9835:
9833:
9283:
Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.
6628:
14279:
14207:
13585:
13318:
12838:
12660:
11626:
Cruciani; La Fratta; Santolamazza; Sellitto (May 2004),
11263:
10397:
6593:
Interpolated frequency distribution of haplogroup E-V22.
6291:
5754:. Another SNP is known for this clade, V36, reported in
5087:, and then subsequently expanded further south into the
4958:
Interpolated frequency distribution of haplogroup E-V12.
4822:
Interpolated frequency distribution of haplogroup E-M78.
412:
13168:
12418:, International Society of Genetic Genealogists "ISOGG"
10637:
10501:"Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman"
10216:
8385:
190:
14168:"Y Chromosome Evidence for Anglo-Saxon Mass Migration"
11423:
11167:
9830:
9448:. See clade 25.1. The same data set was later used in
8517:
Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa
14366:
13686:
11873:
10458:
10234:
9879:
6934:
They found 2 out of 92 Greeks to have this mutation.
6194:
However, earlier entry into Europe is also possible.
238:
14362:, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, pp. 91–101
12346:
9928:
8507:
Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world
12522:Keita, S. O. Y.; Boyce, A. J. (Anthony J.) (2005),
11106:
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/Behar-AJHG-03.pdf
10101:
4973:
13601:, vol. 290, no. 5494, pp. 1155–59,
12422:
12046:
10446:
10304:
6142:expansion, into Europe by way of the Balkans. The
5083:suggest that this subclade of E-V12 originated in
4986:profiles. With the discovery of the defining SNP,
834:(E1b1b1a1c) Found in two individuals in Greece by
14137:
11807:
11769:
10441:
10309:
10282:
10271:
10238:
9436:Genetic surveys do not all test the same markers.
6353:, going back to the time of Alexander the Great.
4878:Found only in Eritrea (1.1%) and Sardinia (0.3%).
1790:
901:(5.88%), with lower frequencies also observed in
534:E-V32 Found in Somalia and the Arabian Peninsula
14429:
14177:, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 1008–1021,
14084:
14051:
13694:, vol. 74, no. 5, pp. 1023–1034,
13592:in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective"
11837:
10552:
10086:
9685:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. pp. 3–17.
6655:
5042:
5006:is also observed in Europe (e.g. amongst French
174:E-V68 is dominated by its longer-known subclade
14216:, vol. 165, no. 1, pp. 229–234,
14090:, vol. 65, no. Pt 1, pp. 43–62,
13526:
13322:Journal International Journal of Legal Medicine
13230:, vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 1964–75,
11625:
11126:, vol. 114, no. 4, pp. 354–365,
10876:
9984:
9982:
9980:
9852:
9655:
9577:
9575:
9573:
9449:
9445:
9412:
9400:
6598:
5877:
5849:
5747:
5188:concerning E-V12 can be summarized as follows.
5092:
1825:
14250:, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 339–348,
14057:, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 358–361,
13943:
13649:, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 265–268,
13495:
13221:
13147:
12450:
11459:
11377:
11347:
11077:, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 768–779,
10293:
10187:
9893:
9889:
9887:
9665:
9663:
9651:
9649:
9647:
9645:
9561:
9559:
9557:
9555:
9553:
9551:
9549:
9547:
9545:
9543:
9491:
9474:
9355:(Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)
6914:
6640:
6624:
6517:
6456:
6280:
6134:Early migration from the Middle East to Europe
5174:
5149:. The Beja, like Somalis and Oromos, speak an
5125:
5120:
1337:
1305:
1272:
1235:
1139:
342:
13890:
13821:
13735:, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 248–60,
13688:Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area",
13446:
12604:
10419:
10386:
10249:
9875:
9873:
9871:
9783:
9781:
8645:
6949:Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups
6491:
6433:during the 1st through 4th centuries CE. The
6340:
139:of the larger and older haplogroup, known as
14165:
11380:"A Y Chromosome Census of the British Isles"
10377:, "Locating the Origin of Haplogroup E-M78".
9977:
9846:
9570:
9487:
6437:including men of Balkan ancestry, including
6429:, especially in areas of high frequency, to
6415:
4966:, the E-V12 sublineage likely originated in
309:which "existed on the border of present-day
13723:
13398:
12553:
12490:. Published online April 2, 2008. See also
12415:Y-DNA Haplogroup E and its Subclades - 2013
10878:movements within the Mediterranean space",
10260:
10222:
10039:
9884:
9863:
9731:
9729:
9660:
9642:
9622:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
9540:
9470:
9327:Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.
9192:
6930:This subclade's discovery was announced in
6666:calls M148 "rare and rather uninformative".
5046:
1750:
1523:
1467:
1435:
1402:
1369:
13891:Thomas; Stumpf, M. P.H; Harke, H. (2006),
12521:
10665:
10243:
10144:
10080:- Y-chromosomal haplogroup frequencies on
9868:
9778:
9735:
8652:
8638:
8389:
6502:social structures in Anglo-Saxon England.
5750:, and was first defined by the SNP V13 in
294:, where it apparently originated, via the
14388:
14341:
14302:
14263:
14229:
14182:
14119:
14095:
14035:
14013:
13997:
13987:
13919:
13854:
13844:
13707:
13662:
13547:
13509:
13474:
13430:
13420:
13382:
13266:
13235:
13197:
13131:
13058:
13018:
13008:
12961:
12913:
12869:
12821:
12748:
12732:
12693:
12683:
12635:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
12476:
12379:
12369:
12313:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
12287:
12247:
12237:
12190:
12108:
12098:
12050:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
12030:
11991:
11960:
11912:
11896:
11791:
11743:
11701:
11656:
11609:
11568:
11558:
11482:
11361:
11286:
11255:
11090:
11055:
11016:
10967:
10936:
10830:
10813:
10734:
10683:
10620:
10585:
10516:
10464:
10430:
10351:
10341:
10127:
10065:
10016:
10006:
9841:
9813:
9761:
9235:
8397:
6425:have attributed the presence of E-V13 in
6233:migration from Africa to Europe over the
4078:
4046:
4014:
3981:
3256:
9726:
9268:
9265:Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.
8372:
7002:
6997:
6588:
6209:E-V13 is in any case often described in
5727:
5067:
4953:
4817:
867:, when announcing the discovery of V68.
521:E-BY8350 Found in the Arabian Peninsula
189:
14418:E-M35 Phylogeny Project (all labs site)
11426:International Journal of Legal Medicine
10708:
10559:
9593:
9591:
9589:
9528:
9526:
9330:
8437:
8413:
6942:
6709:. It appears to be less common amongst
14:
14430:
14357:
14322:The American Journal of Human Genetics
14152:10.1146/annurev.genet.41.110306.130407
12781:
12263:
10917:The American Journal of Human Genetics
10794:The American Journal of Human Genetics
10751:
10715:The American Journal of Human Genetics
10602:
10566:The American Journal of Human Genetics
10452:
10408:
10169:. University of Maryland, College Park
8625:
8421:
8405:
6634:
6510:
5028:
4872:Found among Toubou in Lake Chad area.
14184:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004160
13870:
12496:
12408:
11811:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
10622:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906
10391:
9924:
9922:
9712:. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
9705:
9680:
9495:
8633:
564:E-CTS10132 Found primarily in Gambia
14423:E-M35 Phylogeny Project Public Forum
11207:
10315:
9857:
9586:
9523:
9469:because: (a.) new data appearing in
9465:Doubts about this line of reasoning
9312:
9250:
9178:Y-DNA haplogroups of historic people
9153:
9148:
9139:
9137:
9132:
9130:
9125:
9120:
9115:
9109:
9102:
9092:
9090:
9080:
9072:
9060:
9058:
9049:
9041:
8999:
8992:
8986:
8984:
8978:
8972:
8970:
8964:
8958:
8946:
8936:
8930:
8924:
8915:
8910:
8901:
8896:
8887:
8882:
8846:
8832:
8715:
8670:
8523:
6503:
6471:
6422:
6284:
492:E-BY8673 Found in Arabian Peninsula
13588:"The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic
9706:Keita, Shomarka Omar (2008-12-03).
9303:
8820:
8760:
8743:
6701:report levels of about 20% amongst
6302:. The ancient farmer also bore the
6202:; arrived in the Balkans with only
5810:, frequencies tend to be higher in
4813:
321:foragers northwards in Africa, the
24:
14283:American Journal of Human Genetics
14097:10.1046/j.1469-1809.2001.6510043.x
13900:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
13691:American Journal of Human Genetics
13498:European Journal of Human Genetics
13454:American Journal of Human Genetics
13178:European Journal of Human Genetics
13038:American Journal of Human Genetics
12950:European Journal of Human Genetics
12849:American Journal of Human Genetics
12782:Lipson, Mark (November 16, 2017).
12713:European Journal of Human Genetics
11980:European Journal of Human Genetics
11941:European Journal of Human Genetics
11772:European Journal of Human Genetics
11636:American Journal of Human Genetics
11589:American Journal of Human Genetics
11463:European Journal of Human Genetics
11350:European Journal of Human Genetics
11036:European Journal of Human Genetics
10996:American Journal of Human Genetics
10787:
10672:European Journal of Human Genetics
10505:European Journal of Human Genetics
10316:King, Roy J.; et al. (2011).
10046:American Journal of Human Genetics
9919:
9286:
9277:
9259:
8429:
6385:
25:
14454:
14406:
13783:American Journal of Human Biology
10956:American Journal of Human Biology
10161:
10040:Haber, Marc; et al. (2016).
9597:
9367:
9358:
9321:
9247:. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)
8512:Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group
8487:Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
6480:subject to Anglo-Saxon settlement
4835:at highest frequencies among the
117:human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
27:Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
12924:10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003.00045.x
12575:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00414.x
12183:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00161.x
11889:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00538.x
11321:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2005.00251.x
11186:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00221.x
9736:Loosdrecht; et al. (2018).
8675:
6937:
6705:lineages, and about 30% amongst
6697:regions of far northern Africa.
6576:Defined by L250, L251, and L252.
6213:as one of the components of the
4974:Undifferentiated E-V12* lineages
13523:. Published online 9 March 2005
13096:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.03.014
11732:Molecular Biology and Evolution
11257:10.1590/S1415-47572004000100001
10609:Molecular Biology and Evolution
10492:
10481:
10470:
10442:Underhill & Kivisild (2007)
10435:
10424:
10413:
10402:
10380:
10298:
10287:
10276:
10265:
10254:
10228:
10155:
10095:
10033:
9794:Molecular Biology and Evolution
9600:"ISOGG 2017 Y-DNA Haplogroup E"
9505:
9480:
9459:
9439:
9430:
9418:
9394:
9300:, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.
6237:... which is not manifested in
5041:Its discovery was announced in
4689:Arabs from United Arab Emirates
870:E-M78 is widely distributed in
858:
13255:Forensic Science International
13084:Forensic Science International
11852:10.1126/science.306.5702.1680c
11244:Genetics and Molecular Biology
9699:
9674:
9630:
6611:Other frequencies reported by
6300:Neolithic agricultural package
5838:, as well as on the island of
421:
339:single nucleotide polymorphism
145:single nucleotide polymorphism
13:
1:
13615:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155
13558:10.1016/S0198-8859(01)00286-5
12437:10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02057-6
11823:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00016-2
11399:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00373-7
10869:
10774:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155
10652:10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02057-6
10553:Sources for conversion tables
6259:culture often referred to as
3894:Borana/Oromo (Kenya/Ethiopia)
52:
41:
14413:E-M35 Phylogeny Project Wiki
14016:Genome Biology and Evolution
13989:10.1371/journal.pone.0016073
13958:10.1016/j.fsigss.2009.08.078
13846:10.1371/journal.pone.0002105
13268:10.1016/j.fsigss.2009.09.026
13163:10.1016/j.fsigss.2007.10.025
12758:Journal of Genetic Genealogy
12239:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288
11560:10.1371/journal.pone.0001430
11214:Journal of Genetic Genealogy
10108:Genome Biology and Evolution
10102:Beniamino Trombetta (2015).
8662:Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups
8386:Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000
6310:SNP, indicating that he was
6215:European genetic composition
5850:E-V13 and ancient migrations
5738:according to the dataset of
7:
12399:comment on the Spitoon blog
12280:10.1093/genetics/164.4.1495
10420:King & Underhill (2002)
8712:
8660:Phylogenetic tree of human
8457:African admixture in Europe
8449:
8444:
6627:found a 7% presence in the
6494:raises the possibility of "
6241:haplogroup distributions".
6172:reexpansion (about 12 kya)"
5124:years ago". More recently,
1445:Greeks from Lerna/Franchthi
720:L250, L251, L252
70:or southern Egypt/northern
10:
14459:
14334:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.10.012
14295:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.020
14222:10.1093/genetics/165.1.229
13375:10.1038/s41598-021-84915-1
12749:Lancaster, Andrew (2009),
11913:Fernandes, Daniel (2016).
10929:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007
10058:10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.10.012
9598:ISOGG, Copyright 2016 by.
9244:Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015
9146:
9113:
9070:
9039:
9030:
9022:
9015:
9008:
9001:
8956:
8922:
8908:
8894:
8880:
8864:
8848:
8717:
6946:
6455:, which was identified by
6410:. The old trading town of
6341:Greek soldiers in Pakistan
4947:
3200:Egyptians from Gurna Oasis
3097:Northern Egyptians (Delta)
1705:Greeks from Aegean Islands
1695:Greeks from Nea Nikomedeia
1638:Greeks from Aegean Islands
1601:Greeks from Aegean Islands
1479:Greeks from Nea Nikomedeia
1379:Greeks from Nea Nikomedeia
325:and ultimately onwards to
207:
203:
185:
14381:10.1080/03014460802558522
13334:10.1007/s00414-007-0203-5
12619:10.1017/S0003598X00091158
12032:10.1007/s10038-005-0274-4
11931:10.13140/RG.2.1.2555.9920
11514:10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4
11438:10.1007/s00414-009-0350-y
11132:10.1007/s00439-003-1073-7
10892:10.3109/03014460903229155
10008:10.1186/s13059-018-1393-5
9486:Bird uses three sources:
9167:
8945:
8938:
8872:
8855:
8839:
8834:
8827:
8822:
8813:
8808:
8806:
8799:
8794:
8792:
8785:
8778:
8776:
8769:
8762:
8752:
8745:
8735:
8728:
8726:
8710:
8684:This article needs to be
8668:
8619:Haplogroup E-M521 (Y-DNA)
8614:Haplogroup E-Z827 (Y-DNA)
8609:Haplogroup E-Z820 (Y-DNA)
8596:Haplogroup E-M123 (Y-DNA)
8591:Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)
8556:Haplogroup E-P177 (Y-DNA)
8551:Haplogroup E-P147 (Y-DNA)
8536:Haplogroup E-M180 (Y-DNA)
8531:Haplogroup E-L485 (Y-DNA)
6982:
6979:
6976:
6973:
6970:
6967:
6964:
6959:
6925:
6623:(6.9% out of 29 people).
6161:expansion (about 20 kya)"
5033:
4826:Listed here are the main
3631:Egyptian Copts from Sudan
1697:Greeks from Sesklo/Dimini
1481:Greeks from Sesklo/Dimini
1412:Greeks from Sesklo/Dimini
832:
818:
795:
781:
767:
759:
736:
722:
708:
694:
680:
666:
652:
638:
624:
616:
575:
562:
555:
532:
519:
512:
504:
490:
477:
470:
456:
449:
435:
98:
87:
77:
59:
48:
37:
32:
13401:BMC Evolutionary Biology
12902:Annals of Human Genetics
12563:Annals of Human Genetics
12395:comment on Dienekes blog
12171:Annals of Human Genetics
12079:BMC Evolutionary Biology
11877:Annals of Human Genetics
11309:Annals of Human Genetics
11174:Annals of Human Genetics
10322:BMC Evolutionary Biology
10283:Di Giacomo et al. (2003)
10272:Di Gaetano et al. (2009)
10239:Di Giacomo et al. (2003)
9387:
8605:Haplogroup E-V68 (Y-DNA)
8601:Haplogroup E-M75 (Y-DNA)
8586:Haplogroup E-V38 (Y-DNA)
8581:Haplogroup E-V65 (Y-DNA)
8576:Haplogroup E-V22 (Y-DNA)
8571:Haplogroup E-V13 (Y-DNA)
8566:Haplogroup E-V12 (Y-DNA)
8546:Haplogroup E-M96 (Y-DNA)
8541:Haplogroup E-M33 (Y-DNA)
6688:
6584:
6186:technology (about 5kya)"
6179:practices (about 8 kya)"
5723:
5063:
5049:found 1 out of their 20
4943:
1791:Di Gaetano et al. (2009)
60:Possible place of origin
14438:Human Y-DNA haplogroups
14369:Annals of Human Biology
13511:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201390
13422:10.1186/1471-2148-7-124
13010:10.1186/1471-2148-8-213
12963:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201769
12685:10.1073/pnas.1113061108
12492:Supplementary Material.
12371:10.1073/pnas.0801184105
12100:10.1186/1471-2148-9-181
11993:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201225
11953:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726
11363:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934
10880:Annals of Human Biology
10685:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597
10518:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934
10343:10.1186/1471-2148-11-69
10305:Francalacci et al. 2003
9763:10.1126/science.aar8380
9582:Battaglia et al. (2008)
9292:Between 2002 and 2008,
8561:Haplogroup E-P2 (Y-DNA)
8492:Molecular phylogenetics
6932:Battaglia et al. (2008)
6920:Rodriguez et al. (2021)
6658:found 1 example in the
6656:Underhill et al. (2000)
6246:Battaglia et al. (2008)
6196:Battaglia et al. (2008)
5137:, especially among the
5043:Underhill et al. (2001)
4861:Found in Tunisian Jews.
2138:Pasiegos from Cantabria
865:Trombetta et al. (2011)
409:Battaglia et al. (2008)
303:Battaglia et al. (2008)
273:Trombetta et al. (2011)
38:Possible time of origin
13912:10.1098/rspb.2006.3627
9853:Ambrosio et al. (2010)
9806:10.1093/molbev/msac017
9670:Cruciani et al. (2006)
9656:Cruciani et al. (2004)
9637:Cruciani et al. (2007)
9566:Cruciani et al. (2007)
9454:Cruciani et al. (2007)
9450:Cruciani et al. (2004)
9425:Cruciani et al. (2007)
9413:Cruciani et al. (2004)
9409:Cruciani et al. (2007)
9405:Cruciani et al. (2007)
9401:Cruciani et al. (2004)
6699:Cruciani et al. (2007)
6674:Cruciani et al. (2007)
6664:Cruciani et al. (2006)
6613:Cruciani et al. (2007)
6603:Cruciani et al. (2006)
6599:Cruciani et al. (2004)
6594:
6534:Cruciani et al. (2007)
6379:
6272:Cruciani et al. (2007)
6151:Cruciani et al. (2007)
6144:haplogroup J2b (J-M12)
5878:Cruciani et al. (2004)
5773:
5769:Cruciani et al. (2007)
5756:Cruciani et al. (2007)
5752:Cruciani et al. (2006)
5748:Cruciani et al. (2004)
5743:
5740:Cruciani (2007) et al.
5186:Cruciani et al. (2007)
5099:-speaking groups: the
5093:Cruciani et al. (2004)
5081:Cruciani et al. (2007)
5077:
5058:Cruciani et al. (2006)
4988:Cruciani et al. (2007)
4964:Cruciani et al. (2007)
4959:
4839:population inhabiting
4823:
4806:Cruciani et al. (2007)
4774:Cruciani et al. (2007)
4744:Cruciani et al. (2007)
4712:Cruciani et al. (2007)
4680:Cruciani et al. (2007)
4650:Cruciani et al. (2007)
4618:Cruciani et al. (2007)
4586:Cruciani et al. (2007)
4554:Cruciani et al. (2007)
4521:Cruciani et al. (2007)
4462:Cruciani et al. (2007)
4429:Cruciani et al. (2007)
4396:Cruciani et al. (2007)
4364:Cruciani et al. (2007)
4332:Cruciani et al. (2007)
4302:Cruciani et al. (2007)
4270:Cruciani et al. (2007)
4237:Cruciani et al. (2007)
4207:Cruciani et al. (2007)
4175:Cruciani et al. (2007)
4143:Cruciani et al. (2007)
4111:Cruciani et al. (2007)
3950:Cruciani et al. (2007)
3917:Cruciani et al. (2007)
3885:Cruciani et al. (2007)
3852:Cruciani et al. (2007)
3820:Cruciani et al. (2007)
3292:Cruciani et al. (2007)
3225:Cruciani et al. (2007)
3191:Cruciani et al. (2007)
3156:Cruciani et al. (2007)
3123:Cruciani et al. (2007)
3088:Cruciani et al. (2007)
3056:Cruciani et al. (2007)
3023:Cruciani et al. (2007)
2993:Cruciani et al. (2007)
2959:Cruciani et al. (2007)
2926:Cruciani et al. (2007)
2894:Cruciani et al. (2007)
2862:Cruciani et al. (2007)
2830:Cruciani et al. (2007)
2796:Cruciani et al. (2007)
2763:Cruciani et al. (2007)
2731:Cruciani et al. (2007)
2699:Cruciani et al. (2007)
2667:Cruciani et al. (2007)
2635:Cruciani et al. (2007)
2603:Cruciani et al. (2007)
2573:Cruciani et al. (2007)
2541:Cruciani et al. (2007)
2509:Cruciani et al. (2007)
2477:Cruciani et al. (2007)
2445:Cruciani et al. (2007)
2413:Cruciani et al. (2007)
2381:Cruciani et al. (2007)
2349:Cruciani et al. (2007)
2319:Cruciani et al. (2007)
2286:Cruciani et al. (2007)
2254:Cruciani et al. (2007)
2224:Cruciani et al. (2007)
2192:Cruciani et al. (2007)
2159:Cruciani et al. (2007)
2129:Cruciani et al. (2007)
2097:Cruciani et al. (2007)
2065:Cruciani et al. (2007)
2029:Cruciani et al. (2007)
1995:Cruciani et al. (2007)
1960:Cruciani et al. (2007)
1927:Cruciani et al. (2007)
1892:Cruciani et al. (2007)
1859:Cruciani et al. (2007)
1826:Ambrosio et al. (2010)
1755:Cruciani et al. (2007)
1683:Cruciani et al. (2007)
1625:Cruciani et al. (2007)
1592:Cruciani et al. (2007)
1559:Cruciani et al. (2007)
1240:Cruciani et al. (2007)
1174:Cruciani et al. (2007)
882:(stretching as far as
403:
258:Cruciani et al. (2007)
254:Cruciani et al. (2007)
247:Cruciani et al. (2007)
235:Cruciani et al. (2007)
220:Cruciani et al. (2007)
211:
169:historical linguistics
13871:Sykes, Bryan (2006),
13361:, 11:5607 (1): 5607,
13237:10.1093/molbev/msi185
13124:10.1136/jmg.40.11.815
12540:10.1353/hia.2005.0013
12143:10.1353/hub.2006.0045
11784:10.1038/ejhg.2008.120
11745:10.1093/molbev/msm049
11475:10.1038/ejhg.2008.258
11208:Bird, Steven (2007),
11048:10.1038/ejhg.2008.249
9914:Battaglia et al. 2008
9894:PeriÄŤic et al. (2005)
9492:Capelli et al. (2003)
9475:PeriÄŤic et al. (2005)
8472:Haplogroup DE (Y-DNA)
8373:Research publications
6915:Capelli et al. (2009)
6676:found 2 exemplars in
6641:Karafet et al. (2008)
6625:Cadenas et al. (2007)
6592:
6518:Karafet et al. (2008)
6457:PeriÄŤic et al. (2005)
6375:Firasat et al. (2006)
6355:
6281:PeriÄŤic et al. (2005)
5760:
5731:
5177:typed 147 males from
5175:Tillmar et al. (2009)
5126:Tillmar et al. (2009)
5121:Sanchez et al. (2005)
5071:
4957:
4821:
3165:Egyptians from Bahari
1693:Greeks from Crete and
1477:Greeks from Crete and
1338:PeriÄŤic et al. (2005)
1306:PeriÄŤic et al. (2005)
1273:PeriÄŤic et al. (2005)
1250:Macedonian Aromanians
1236:PeriÄŤic et al. (2005)
1140:PeriÄŤic et al. (2005)
836:Battaglia et al. 2008
388:individuals from the
343:Karafet et al. (2008)
193:
13590:Homo sapiens sapiens
13190:10.1038/ejhg.2010.21
12725:10.1038/ejhg.2012.59
10387:Shlush et al. (2008)
10375:Cruciani et al. 2007
10235:Semino et al. (2004)
10211:Cruciani et al. 2007
10162:Hirbo, Jibril Boru.
10151:Hassan et al. (2008)
9880:Semino et al. (2004)
9446:Scozzari et al. 2001
8467:Haplogroup D (Y-DNA)
6943:Phylogenetic history
6619:(7.27%, 55 people),
6492:Thomas et al. (2006)
6421:Some scholars (e.g.
6182:The "development of
6159:Last Glacial Maximum
5781:Macedonian Albanians
5732:The distribution of
5155:Hassan et al. (2008)
5131:Hassan et al. (2008)
5072:The distribution of
4992:Hassan et al. (2008)
4341:Southeastern Turkish
4311:Northeastern Turkish
4279:Southwestern Turkish
3991:Somali from Ethiopia
3788:Hassan et al. (2008)
3754:Hassan et al. (2008)
3721:Hassan et al. (2008)
3687:Hassan et al. (2008)
3654:Hassan et al. (2008)
3622:Hassan et al. (2008)
3590:Hassan et al. (2008)
3557:Hassan et al. (2008)
3524:Hassan et al. (2008)
3491:Hassan et al. (2008)
3457:Hassan et al. (2008)
3422:Hassan et al. (2008)
3389:Hassan et al. (2008)
3357:Hassan et al. (2008)
3325:Hassan et al. (2008)
1699:from Lerna/Franchthi
1483:from Lerna/Franchthi
1189:Macedonian Albanians
1069:Macedonian Albanians
1032:Macedonian Albanians
266:Hassan et al. (2008)
239:Semino et al. (2004)
13980:2011PLoSO...616073T
13906:(1601): 2651–2657,
13837:2008PLoSO...3.2105S
13607:2000Sci...290.1155S
13413:2007BMCEE...7..124R
13367:2021NatSR..11.5607L
13001:2008BMCEE...8..213M
12814:10.1038/nature24476
12806:2017Natur.551..368L
12764:(1), archived from
12676:2011PNAS..10818255L
12362:2008PNAS..10510693H
12230:2012PLoSO...734288H
12091:2009BMCEE...9..181F
11551:2008PLoSO...3.1430C
11220:(2), archived from
10766:2000Sci...290.1155S
10488:Haber et al. (2012)
10477:Lacau et al. (2012)
10398:Lacan et al. (2011)
10334:2011BMCEE..11...69K
10294:Pelotti et al. 2007
10188:PeriÄŤic et al. 2005
9754:2018Sci...360..548V
9681:Keita, SOY (2008).
9488:Weale et al. (2002)
9467:have been expressed
9173:Y-DNA by population
9088:
8626:Y-DNA backbone tree
6660:Indian subcontinent
6635:Sub-clades of E-V22
6511:Sub-clades of E-V13
6416:Weale et al. (2002)
6308:lactase persistence
6292:Lacan et al. (2011)
6211:population genetics
5029:Sub-clades of E-V12
4024:Somali from Somalia
3263:Northeastern Africa
3231:Northeastern Africa
3197:Northeastern Africa
3162:Northeastern Africa
3129:Northeastern Africa
3094:Northeastern Africa
3062:Northeastern Africa
3029:Northeastern Africa
2999:Northwestern Africa
2965:Northwestern Africa
2932:Northwestern Africa
2903:Moyen Atlas Berbers
2900:Northwestern Africa
2868:Northwestern Africa
2836:Northwestern Africa
2802:Northwestern Africa
2106:Southern Portuguese
2074:Northern Portuguese
938:African Great Lakes
413:Lacan et al. (2011)
14028:10.1093/gbe/evv118
13795:10.1002/ajhb.20567
13741:10.1002/humu.20077
13359:Scientific Reports
12647:10.1002/ajpa.21078
12508:, John Benjamins,
12469:10.1101/gr.7172008
12325:10.1002/ajpa.20876
12062:10.1002/ajpa.10265
11764:Supplementary Data
11075:Am. J. Hum. Genet.
10969:10.1002/ajhb.20888
10640:Trends in Genetics
10261:King et al. (2008)
10250:Rosser et al. 2000
10120:10.1093/gbe/evv118
9947:10.1002/humu.20077
9864:Rosa et al. (2007)
9471:King et al. (2008)
9213:10.1002/humu.22468
8939:
8720:Y-chromosomal Adam
6595:
6536:found one case in
6312:lactose intolerant
5842:and the region of
5744:
5184:The STR data from
5078:
5047:Shen et al. (2004)
4960:
4824:
4471:Samaritan Levites
4088:Nilotic from Kenya
3266:Southern Egyptians
2201:Southern Spaniards
1800:Huelva Andalusians
1751:King et al. (2008)
1701:Continental Greeks
1634:Continental Greeks
1534:Continental Greeks
1524:King et al. (2008)
1468:King et al. (2008)
1436:King et al. (2008)
1403:King et al. (2008)
1370:King et al. (2008)
1222:35.26% = (116/329)
1210:36.47% = (120/329)
437:E-V68* (E1b1b1a*)
390:Grotte des Pigeons
261:18.0–5.9 ky ago".
212:
99:Defining mutations
14256:10.1101/gr.217602
14140:Annu. Rev. Genet.
14131:978-1-902937-20-5
13884:978-0-593-05652-3
13297:10.1159/000093774
12908:(Pt 4): 329–339,
12528:History in Africa
12515:978-90-272-3252-6
12177:(Pt 4): 443–454,
11703:10.1002/humu.9445
9748:(6388): 548–552.
9719:978-90-272-3252-6
9384:
9383:
9346:, 2017, "K-M2335"
9344:YFull YTree v5.08
9294:Haplogroup T-M184
9162:
9161:
9107:
9097:
9087:
9078:
9066:
9055:
9047:
9035:
9027:
9020:
9013:
9006:
8951:
8870:
8862:
8853:
8783:
8767:
8750:
8733:
8705:
8704:
8524:Y-DNA E subclades
8462:Genetic genealogy
8370:
8369:
6912:
6911:
6654:Defined by M148.
6564:Defined by M35.2.
6131:
6130:
5721:
5720:
5115:(32.0%), and the
4811:
4810:
4405:Central Anatolian
4056:Somali from Kenya
3959:Saho from Eritrea
3566:Fulani from Sudan
2935:Marrakech Berbers
2644:Southern Russians
2612:Northern Russians
2004:Southern Italians
1936:Northern Italians
1703:Greeks from Crete
1636:Greeks from Crete
1568:Greeks from Crete
1184:Kosovar Albanians
1130:43.86% = (50/114)
1122:45.61% = (52/114)
1115:Kosovar Albanians
1095:29.41% = (35/119)
1083:31.09% = (37/119)
855:
854:
846:
845:
806:
805:
747:
746:
738:(E1b1b1a1b1a5a1)
604:
603:
595:
594:
586:
585:
543:
542:
161:genetic genealogy
106:
105:
102:V68, L539, PF2203
16:(Redirected from
14450:
14401:
14392:
14363:
14354:
14345:
14315:
14306:
14276:
14267:
14242:
14233:
14203:
14201:
14195:, archived from
14186:
14175:Mol. Biol. Evol.
14172:
14162:
14134:
14116:
14099:
14081:
14048:
14039:
14022:(7): 1940–1950,
14010:
14001:
13991:
13961:
13940:
13938:
13932:, archived from
13923:
13897:
13887:
13867:
13858:
13848:
13818:
13813:, archived from
13773:
13772:
13771:
13765:
13759:, archived from
13730:
13720:
13711:
13683:
13681:
13675:, archived from
13666:
13644:
13633:
13631:
13625:, archived from
13596:
13582:
13581:
13580:
13574:
13568:, archived from
13551:
13536:Human Immunology
13533:
13522:
13513:
13492:
13487:, archived from
13478:
13461:(6): 1526–1543,
13443:
13434:
13424:
13395:
13386:
13352:
13315:
13279:
13270:
13248:
13239:
13228:Mol. Biol. Evol.
13218:
13216:
13210:, archived from
13201:
13175:
13165:
13144:
13135:
13106:
13081:
13071:
13062:
13045:(5): 1095–1112,
13031:
13022:
13012:
12982:
12965:
12943:
12917:
12890:
12888:
12882:, archived from
12873:
12845:
12835:
12825:
12778:
12777:
12776:
12770:
12755:
12745:
12736:
12706:
12697:
12687:
12657:
12629:
12601:
12599:
12593:, archived from
12560:
12550:
12518:
12489:
12480:
12447:
12419:
12392:
12383:
12373:
12343:
12341:
12335:, archived from
12310:
12300:
12291:
12274:(4): 1495–1509,
12260:
12251:
12241:
12211:
12194:
12161:
12121:
12112:
12102:
12072:
12043:
12034:
12012:
11995:
11973:
11964:
11934:
11909:
11900:
11870:
11834:
11804:
11795:
11761:
11756:, archived from
11747:
11738:(6): 1300–1311,
11722:
11705:
11683:
11682:
11681:
11675:
11669:, archived from
11660:
11643:(5): 1014–1022,
11632:
11622:
11613:
11596:(5): 1197–1214,
11581:
11572:
11562:
11532:
11495:
11486:
11456:
11417:
11384:
11374:
11365:
11344:
11339:, archived from
11299:
11290:
11273:(4): 1019–1029,
11260:
11259:
11241:
11231:
11230:
11229:
11204:
11164:
11163:
11162:
11156:
11150:, archived from
11121:
11103:
11094:
11068:
11059:
11029:
11020:
10988:
10971:
10949:
10940:
10910:
10864:
10827:
10817:
10800:(6): 1718–1724.
10784:
10760:(5494): 1155–9,
10748:
10738:
10705:
10687:
10662:
10634:
10624:
10615:(7): 1189–1203.
10599:
10589:
10547:
10546:
10520:
10496:
10490:
10485:
10479:
10474:
10468:
10462:
10456:
10450:
10444:
10439:
10433:
10431:Underhill (2002)
10428:
10422:
10417:
10411:
10406:
10400:
10395:
10389:
10384:
10378:
10372:
10366:
10365:
10355:
10345:
10313:
10307:
10302:
10296:
10291:
10285:
10280:
10274:
10269:
10263:
10258:
10252:
10247:
10241:
10232:
10226:
10223:King et al. 2008
10220:
10214:
10208:
10191:
10185:
10179:
10178:
10176:
10174:
10168:
10159:
10153:
10148:
10142:
10141:
10131:
10114:(7): 1940–1950.
10099:
10093:
10090:
10084:
10079:
10069:
10052:(6): 1316–1324.
10037:
10031:
10030:
10020:
10010:
9986:
9975:
9974:
9926:
9917:
9911:
9896:
9891:
9882:
9877:
9866:
9861:
9855:
9850:
9844:
9842:Trombetta (2015)
9839:
9828:
9827:
9817:
9785:
9776:
9775:
9765:
9733:
9724:
9723:
9703:
9697:
9696:
9678:
9672:
9667:
9658:
9653:
9640:
9634:
9628:
9627:
9621:
9613:
9611:
9610:
9595:
9584:
9579:
9568:
9563:
9538:
9537:
9530:
9516:
9509:
9503:
9484:
9478:
9463:
9457:
9443:
9437:
9434:
9428:
9422:
9416:
9398:
9374:
9371:
9365:
9362:
9356:
9334:
9328:
9325:
9319:
9316:
9310:
9307:
9301:
9290:
9284:
9281:
9275:
9272:
9266:
9263:
9257:
9254:
9248:
9239:
9233:
9232:
9196:
9103:
9093:
9081:
9073:
9061:
9051:
9042:
9031:
9023:
9016:
9009:
9002:
8947:
8866:
8857:
8849:
8779:
8763:
8746:
8729:
8713:
8700:
8697:
8691:
8679:
8678:
8671:
8654:
8647:
8640:
8631:
8630:
6957:
6956:
6716:
6715:
6672:Defined by V19.
6570:Defined by L241.
6558:Defined by L143.
6532:Defined by V27.
6431:Roman settlement
6377:
6333:ascribed to the
5883:
5882:
5777:Kosovo Albanians
5771:
5191:
5190:
4950:Haplogroup E-V12
4814:Subclades of M78
4500:Sephardi Turkish
4438:Turkish Cypriots
4246:Istanbul Turkish
4120:Bantu from Kenya
4079:Trombetta (2015)
4047:Trombetta (2015)
4015:Trombetta (2015)
3982:Trombetta (2015)
3861:Mixed Ethiopians
3599:Hausa from Sudan
3257:Trombetta (2015)
3132:Egyptian Berbers
3002:Mozabite Berbers
1969:Central Italians
1718:14.81% = 118/797
1164:32.29% = (31/96)
1157:32.29% = (31/96)
1047:34.38% = (22/64)
1039:35.94% = (23/64)
1015:23.64% = (13/55)
1007:25.46% = (14/55)
958:
957:
762:
761:
682:(E1b1b1a1b1a2a)
619:
618:
558:
557:
515:
514:
507:
506:
473:
472:
452:
451:
430:
429:
313:and Egypt, near
111:, also known as
109:Haplogroup E-V68
54:
43:
33:Haplogroup E-V68
30:
29:
21:
14458:
14457:
14453:
14452:
14451:
14449:
14448:
14447:
14428:
14427:
14409:
14404:
14358:Zerjal (1999),
14248:Genome Research
14199:
14170:
14132:
13936:
13895:
13885:
13769:
13767:
13763:
13728:
13679:
13642:
13629:
13594:
13578:
13576:
13572:
13549:10.1.1.408.4857
13531:
13214:
13173:
13118:(11): 815–819,
13079:
12989:BMC Evol. Biol.
12915:10.1.1.584.4253
12886:
12843:
12798:Nature Research
12774:
12772:
12768:
12753:
12719:(10): 1063–70,
12670:(45): 18255–9,
12613:(293): 707–14,
12597:
12558:
12516:
12498:Keita, Shomarka
12457:Genome Research
12356:(31): 10693–8,
12339:
12308:
11986:(10): 855–863,
11679:
11677:
11673:
11630:
11387:Current Biology
11382:
11239:
11227:
11225:
11160:
11158:
11154:
11119:
10872:
10867:
10833:Nature Genetics
10555:
10550:
10497:
10493:
10486:
10482:
10475:
10471:
10463:
10459:
10451:
10447:
10440:
10436:
10429:
10425:
10418:
10414:
10407:
10403:
10396:
10392:
10385:
10381:
10373:
10369:
10314:
10310:
10303:
10299:
10292:
10288:
10281:
10277:
10270:
10266:
10259:
10255:
10248:
10244:
10233:
10229:
10221:
10217:
10209:
10194:
10186:
10182:
10172:
10170:
10166:
10160:
10156:
10149:
10145:
10100:
10096:
10091:
10087:
10038:
10034:
9987:
9978:
9927:
9920:
9912:
9899:
9892:
9885:
9878:
9869:
9862:
9858:
9851:
9847:
9840:
9831:
9786:
9779:
9734:
9727:
9720:
9704:
9700:
9693:
9679:
9675:
9668:
9661:
9654:
9643:
9635:
9631:
9615:
9614:
9608:
9606:
9596:
9587:
9580:
9571:
9564:
9541:
9532:
9531:
9524:
9520:
9519:
9510:
9506:
9485:
9481:
9464:
9460:
9444:
9440:
9435:
9431:
9423:
9419:
9399:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9380:
9379:
9378:
9377:
9372:
9368:
9363:
9359:
9335:
9331:
9326:
9322:
9317:
9313:
9308:
9304:
9291:
9287:
9282:
9278:
9273:
9269:
9264:
9260:
9255:
9251:
9240:
9236:
9197:
9193:
9188:
9182:
9163:
8706:
8701:
8695:
8692:
8689:
8680:
8676:
8664:
8658:
8628:
8623:
8526:
8521:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8390:Kaladjieva 2001
8375:
6961:
6951:
6945:
6940:
6928:
6691:
6637:
6587:
6552:Defined by L17.
6546:Defined by P65.
6513:
6500:elite dominance
6452:Moesia Superior
6388:
6386:Ancient Britain
6378:
6373:
6343:
6335:Lengyel culture
6136:
5869:Turkish Cypriot
5852:
5820:Piazza Armerina
5772:
5767:
5726:
5066:
5036:
5031:
4976:
4952:
4946:
4816:
4659:Kurds from Iraq
4373:Erzurum Turkish
2871:Bouhria Berbers
2233:Spanish Basques
1753:
1733:13.8% = 110/797
1712:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1665:11.32% = 49/433
1653:12.47% = 54/433
1647:
1645:
1643:
1637:
1635:
1547:17.69% = 26/147
1540:19.05% = 28/147
1512:16.76% = 61/364
1500:17.58% = 64/364
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1215:1.22% = (4/329)
1204:
1202:
1200:
1192:
1187:
1125:1.75% = (2/114)
1088:1.68% = (2/119)
1077:
1075:
1067:
942:Southern Africa
861:
856:
847:
807:
783:(E1b1b1a1b2a1)
748:
724:(E1b1b1a1b1a4)
668:(E1b1b1a1b1a1)
605:
596:
587:
544:
424:
406:
218:variance data,
188:
141:E1b1b or E-M215
49:Coalescence age
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
14456:
14446:
14445:
14440:
14426:
14425:
14420:
14415:
14408:
14407:External links
14405:
14403:
14402:
14364:
14355:
14328:(5): 633–642,
14316:
14289:(4): 873–882,
14277:
14243:
14205:
14163:
14135:
14130:
14117:
14082:
14049:
14011:
13962:
13952:(1): 413–415.
13941:
13888:
13883:
13868:
13819:
13789:(6): 829–837,
13774:
13733:Human Mutation
13721:
13700:10.1086/386295
13684:
13655:10.1086/338306
13647:Am J Hum Genet
13635:
13583:
13542:(9): 871–884,
13524:
13504:(7): 856–866,
13493:
13467:10.1086/316890
13444:
13396:
13353:
13316:
13291:(3): 132–143,
13280:
13250:
13219:
13184:(8): 915–923,
13166:
13157:(1): 242–243,
13145:
13107:
13072:
13051:10.1086/324070
13032:
12983:
12956:(4): 485–493,
12944:
12896:
12862:10.1086/382286
12856:(3): 532–544,
12836:
12779:
12746:
12707:
12658:
12641:(2): 336–346,
12630:
12602:
12569:(2): 205–214,
12551:
12519:
12514:
12494:
12448:
12431:(8): 356–362,
12420:
12406:
12403:public release
12344:
12301:
12261:
12212:
12162:
12137:(3): 307–316,
12122:
12073:
12056:(3): 270–279,
12044:
12025:(9): 435–441,
12013:
11974:
11947:(1): 121–126,
11935:
11910:
11883:(6): 568–581,
11871:
11846:(5702): 1680,
11835:
11817:(3): 387–395.
11805:
11767:
11723:
11690:Human Mutation
11684:
11649:10.1086/386294
11623:
11602:10.1086/340257
11582:
11533:
11496:
11469:(6): 848–852,
11457:
11432:(4): 357–360,
11421:
11393:(11): 979–84,
11375:
11345:
11315:(4): 459–487,
11300:
11279:10.1086/319521
11267:Am J Hum Genet
11261:
11232:
11205:
11180:(2): 181–194,
11165:
11112:
11083:10.1086/378506
11069:
11042:(6): 820–830,
11030:
11009:10.1086/423147
11003:(2): 338–345,
10989:
10962:(3): 407–409,
10950:
10911:
10873:
10871:
10868:
10866:
10865:
10839:(3): 358–361.
10828:
10806:10.1086/302680
10785:
10749:
10727:10.1086/323299
10721:(3): 615–628.
10706:
10663:
10635:
10600:
10578:10.1086/318205
10572:(2): 432–443.
10556:
10554:
10551:
10549:
10548:
10511:(3): 374–386.
10491:
10480:
10469:
10465:Fernandes 2016
10457:
10445:
10434:
10423:
10412:
10401:
10390:
10379:
10367:
10308:
10297:
10286:
10275:
10264:
10253:
10242:
10227:
10215:
10192:
10180:
10154:
10143:
10094:
10085:
10032:
9976:
9941:(3): 248–260.
9935:Human Mutation
9918:
9897:
9883:
9867:
9856:
9845:
9829:
9777:
9725:
9718:
9698:
9692:978-9027232526
9691:
9673:
9659:
9641:
9629:
9585:
9569:
9539:
9534:"E-L539 YTree"
9521:
9518:
9517:
9504:
9479:
9458:
9438:
9429:
9417:
9392:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9382:
9381:
9376:
9375:
9366:
9357:
9329:
9320:
9311:
9302:
9285:
9276:
9267:
9258:
9249:
9234:
9201:Human Mutation
9190:
9189:
9184:
9183:
9181:
9180:
9175:
9169:
9168:
9165:
9164:
9160:
9159:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9144:
9143:
9138:
9136:
9131:
9129:
9124:
9119:
9114:
9111:
9110:
9108:
9101:
9099:
9091:
9089:
9079:
9071:
9068:
9067:
9059:
9057:
9048:
9040:
9037:
9036:
9029:
9021:
9014:
9007:
9000:
8998:
8991:
8985:
8983:
8977:
8971:
8969:
8963:
8957:
8954:
8953:
8944:
8937:
8935:
8929:
8923:
8920:
8919:
8914:
8909:
8906:
8905:
8900:
8895:
8892:
8891:
8886:
8881:
8878:
8877:
8871:
8863:
8854:
8847:
8844:
8843:
8838:
8833:
8831:
8826:
8821:
8818:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8804:
8803:
8798:
8793:
8790:
8789:
8784:
8777:
8774:
8773:
8768:
8761:
8758:
8757:
8751:
8744:
8741:
8740:
8734:
8727:
8724:
8723:
8716:
8711:
8708:
8707:
8703:
8702:
8683:
8681:
8674:
8669:
8666:
8665:
8657:
8656:
8649:
8642:
8634:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8621:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8548:
8543:
8538:
8533:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8474:
8469:
8464:
8459:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8440:
8432:
8424:
8416:
8408:
8400:
8398:Underhill 2000
8392:
8379:
8374:
8371:
8368:
8367:
8364:
8361:
8358:
8355:
8352:
8349:
8346:
8343:
8340:
8337:
8334:
8331:
8328:
8325:
8322:
8319:
8316:
8313:
8307:
8306:
8303:
8300:
8297:
8294:
8291:
8288:
8285:
8282:
8279:
8276:
8273:
8270:
8267:
8264:
8261:
8258:
8255:
8252:
8246:
8245:
8242:
8239:
8236:
8233:
8230:
8227:
8224:
8221:
8218:
8215:
8212:
8209:
8206:
8203:
8200:
8197:
8194:
8191:
8185:
8184:
8181:
8178:
8175:
8172:
8169:
8166:
8163:
8160:
8157:
8154:
8151:
8148:
8145:
8142:
8139:
8136:
8133:
8130:
8124:
8123:
8120:
8117:
8114:
8111:
8108:
8105:
8102:
8099:
8096:
8093:
8090:
8087:
8084:
8081:
8078:
8075:
8072:
8069:
8063:
8062:
8059:
8056:
8053:
8050:
8047:
8044:
8041:
8038:
8035:
8032:
8029:
8026:
8023:
8020:
8017:
8014:
8011:
8008:
8002:
8001:
7998:
7995:
7992:
7989:
7986:
7983:
7980:
7977:
7974:
7971:
7968:
7965:
7962:
7959:
7956:
7953:
7950:
7947:
7941:
7940:
7937:
7934:
7931:
7928:
7925:
7922:
7919:
7916:
7913:
7910:
7907:
7904:
7901:
7898:
7895:
7892:
7889:
7886:
7880:
7879:
7876:
7873:
7870:
7867:
7864:
7861:
7858:
7855:
7852:
7849:
7846:
7843:
7840:
7837:
7834:
7831:
7828:
7825:
7819:
7818:
7815:
7812:
7809:
7806:
7803:
7800:
7797:
7794:
7791:
7788:
7785:
7782:
7779:
7776:
7773:
7770:
7767:
7764:
7758:
7757:
7754:
7751:
7748:
7745:
7742:
7739:
7736:
7733:
7730:
7727:
7724:
7721:
7718:
7715:
7712:
7709:
7706:
7703:
7697:
7696:
7693:
7690:
7687:
7684:
7681:
7678:
7675:
7672:
7669:
7666:
7663:
7660:
7657:
7654:
7651:
7648:
7645:
7642:
7636:
7635:
7632:
7629:
7626:
7623:
7620:
7617:
7614:
7611:
7608:
7605:
7602:
7599:
7596:
7593:
7590:
7587:
7584:
7581:
7575:
7574:
7571:
7568:
7565:
7562:
7559:
7556:
7553:
7550:
7547:
7544:
7541:
7538:
7535:
7532:
7529:
7526:
7523:
7520:
7514:
7513:
7510:
7507:
7504:
7501:
7498:
7495:
7492:
7489:
7486:
7483:
7480:
7477:
7474:
7471:
7468:
7465:
7462:
7459:
7453:
7452:
7449:
7446:
7443:
7440:
7437:
7434:
7431:
7428:
7425:
7422:
7419:
7416:
7413:
7410:
7407:
7404:
7401:
7398:
7392:
7391:
7388:
7385:
7382:
7379:
7376:
7373:
7370:
7367:
7364:
7361:
7358:
7355:
7352:
7349:
7346:
7343:
7340:
7337:
7331:
7330:
7327:
7324:
7321:
7318:
7315:
7312:
7309:
7306:
7303:
7300:
7297:
7294:
7291:
7288:
7285:
7282:
7279:
7276:
7270:
7269:
7266:
7263:
7260:
7257:
7254:
7251:
7248:
7245:
7242:
7239:
7236:
7233:
7230:
7227:
7224:
7221:
7218:
7215:
7209:
7208:
7205:
7202:
7199:
7196:
7193:
7190:
7187:
7184:
7181:
7178:
7175:
7172:
7169:
7166:
7163:
7160:
7157:
7154:
7148:
7147:
7144:
7141:
7138:
7135:
7132:
7129:
7126:
7123:
7120:
7117:
7114:
7111:
7108:
7105:
7102:
7099:
7096:
7093:
7087:
7086:
7083:
7080:
7077:
7074:
7071:
7068:
7065:
7062:
7059:
7056:
7053:
7050:
7047:
7044:
7041:
7038:
7035:
7032:
7026:
7025:
7022:
7019:
7016:
7013:
7010:
7007:
7004:
7000:
6999:
6996:
6993:
6990:
6987:
6984:
6981:
6978:
6975:
6972:
6969:
6966:
6963:
6947:Main article:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6927:
6924:
6910:
6909:
6906:
6905:
6902:
6899:
6896:
6893:
6890:
6887:
6884:
6881:
6878:
6875:
6872:
6868:
6867:
6864:
6861:
6858:
6855:
6852:
6849:
6846:
6843:
6840:
6837:
6834:
6830:
6829:
6826:
6823:
6820:
6817:
6814:
6811:
6808:
6805:
6802:
6799:
6796:
6792:
6791:
6788:
6785:
6782:
6779:
6776:
6773:
6770:
6767:
6764:
6761:
6758:
6754:
6753:
6750:
6747:
6744:
6741:
6738:
6735:
6732:
6729:
6726:
6723:
6720:
6707:Moroccan Arabs
6690:
6687:
6686:
6685:
6684:
6683:
6682:
6681:
6667:
6636:
6633:
6617:Moroccan Arabs
6586:
6583:
6582:
6581:
6580:
6579:
6578:
6577:
6571:
6565:
6559:
6553:
6547:
6541:
6512:
6509:
6484:Romano-British
6468:South Midlands
6387:
6384:
6371:
6342:
6339:
6257:Impressed Ware
6188:
6187:
6180:
6173:
6162:
6135:
6132:
6129:
6128:
6125:
6122:
6119:
6116:
6113:
6110:
6107:
6104:
6101:
6098:
6095:
6092:
6088:
6087:
6084:
6081:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6069:
6066:
6063:
6060:
6057:
6054:
6051:
6047:
6046:
6043:
6040:
6037:
6034:
6031:
6028:
6025:
6022:
6019:
6016:
6013:
6010:
6006:
6005:
6002:
5999:
5996:
5993:
5990:
5987:
5984:
5981:
5978:
5975:
5972:
5969:
5965:
5964:
5961:
5958:
5955:
5952:
5949:
5946:
5943:
5940:
5937:
5934:
5931:
5928:
5924:
5923:
5920:
5917:
5914:
5911:
5908:
5905:
5902:
5899:
5896:
5893:
5890:
5887:
5851:
5848:
5812:Southern Italy
5765:
5725:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5711:
5708:
5705:
5702:
5699:
5696:
5693:
5690:
5687:
5684:
5681:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5671:
5668:
5665:
5662:
5659:
5656:
5653:
5650:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5631:
5628:
5625:
5622:
5619:
5616:
5613:
5610:
5607:
5604:
5601:
5598:
5595:
5594:
5591:
5588:
5585:
5582:
5579:
5576:
5573:
5570:
5567:
5564:
5561:
5558:
5554:
5553:
5550:
5547:
5544:
5541:
5538:
5535:
5532:
5529:
5526:
5523:
5520:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5510:
5507:
5504:
5501:
5498:
5495:
5492:
5489:
5486:
5483:
5480:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5470:
5467:
5464:
5461:
5458:
5455:
5452:
5449:
5446:
5443:
5440:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5430:
5427:
5424:
5421:
5418:
5415:
5412:
5409:
5406:
5403:
5400:
5397:
5393:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5371:
5368:
5365:
5362:
5359:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5349:
5346:
5343:
5340:
5337:
5334:
5331:
5328:
5325:
5322:
5319:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5309:
5306:
5303:
5300:
5297:
5294:
5291:
5288:
5285:
5282:
5279:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5269:
5266:
5263:
5260:
5257:
5254:
5251:
5248:
5245:
5242:
5239:
5236:
5232:
5231:
5228:
5225:
5222:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5210:
5207:
5204:
5201:
5198:
5195:
5089:Horn of Africa
5065:
5062:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5010:) and Eastern
4975:
4972:
4948:Main article:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4928:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4909:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4885:
4879:
4867:
4862:
4856:
4815:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4722:
4719:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4687:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4628:
4625:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4561:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4439:
4436:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4244:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:Southern Afric
4214:
4213:Eastern Africa
4210:
4209:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4184:Central Africa
4182:
4181:Eastern Africa
4178:
4177:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4152:Western Africa
4150:
4149:Eastern Africa
4146:
4145:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4118:
4117:Eastern Africa
4114:
4113:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4085:Eastern Africa
4082:
4081:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4053:Eastern Africa
4050:
4049:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4021:Eastern Africa
4018:
4017:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3988:Eastern Africa
3985:
3984:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3956:Eastern Africa
3953:
3952:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3923:Eastern Africa
3920:
3919:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3891:Eastern Africa
3888:
3887:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3858:Eastern Africa
3855:
3854:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3829:Ethiopian Jews
3827:
3826:Eastern Africa
3823:
3822:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3794:Eastern Africa
3791:
3790:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3760:Eastern Africa
3757:
3756:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3727:Eastern Africa
3724:
3723:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3693:Eastern Africa
3690:
3689:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3660:Eastern Africa
3657:
3656:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3628:Eastern Africa
3625:
3624:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3596:Eastern Africa
3593:
3592:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3563:Eastern Africa
3560:
3559:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3530:Eastern Africa
3527:
3526:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3497:Eastern Africa
3494:
3493:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3463:Eastern Africa
3460:
3459:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3428:Eastern Africa
3425:
3424:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3395:Eastern Africa
3392:
3391:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3363:Eastern Africa
3360:
3359:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3331:Eastern Africa
3328:
3327:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3298:Eastern Africa
3295:
3294:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2805:Moroccan Arabs
2803:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2263:French Basques
2261:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1706:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1674:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1650:
1639:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:15.49% = 11/71
1612:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1582:5.58% = 12/215
1580:
1577:
1575:
1574:6.51% = 14/215
1572:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1484:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1196:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1071:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1042:1.56% = (1/64)
1040:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1010:1.82% = (1/55)
1008:
1005:
1002:
997:
993:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
930:Horn of Africa
903:Moroccan Arabs
876:Horn of Africa
860:
857:
853:
852:
849:
848:
844:
843:
840:
839:
831:
827:
826:
823:
822:
817:
813:
812:
809:
808:
804:
803:
800:
799:
794:
790:
789:
786:
785:
780:
776:
775:
772:
771:
766:
760:
758:
754:
753:
750:
749:
745:
744:
741:
740:
735:
731:
730:
727:
726:
721:
717:
716:
713:
712:
707:
703:
702:
699:
698:
693:
689:
688:
685:
684:
679:
675:
674:
671:
670:
665:
661:
660:
657:
656:
651:
647:
646:
643:
642:
637:
633:
632:
629:
628:
623:
617:
615:
611:
610:
607:
606:
602:
601:
598:
597:
593:
592:
589:
588:
584:
583:
580:
579:
574:
571:
570:
567:
566:
561:
556:
554:
550:
549:
546:
545:
541:
540:
537:
536:
531:
528:
527:
524:
523:
518:
513:
511:
505:
503:
499:
498:
495:
494:
489:
486:
485:
482:
481:
476:
471:
469:
465:
464:
461:
460:
455:
450:
448:
444:
443:
440:
439:
434:
428:
423:
420:
405:
402:
386:Iberomaurusian
288:Southern Italy
187:
184:
125:Horn of Africa
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
61:
57:
56:
50:
46:
45:
39:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14455:
14444:
14443:Mediterranean
14441:
14439:
14436:
14435:
14433:
14424:
14421:
14419:
14416:
14414:
14411:
14410:
14400:
14396:
14391:
14386:
14382:
14378:
14374:
14370:
14365:
14361:
14356:
14353:
14349:
14344:
14339:
14335:
14331:
14327:
14323:
14317:
14314:
14310:
14305:
14300:
14296:
14292:
14288:
14284:
14278:
14275:
14271:
14266:
14261:
14257:
14253:
14249:
14244:
14241:
14237:
14232:
14227:
14223:
14219:
14215:
14211:
14206:
14202:on 2005-10-29
14198:
14194:
14190:
14185:
14180:
14176:
14169:
14164:
14161:
14157:
14153:
14149:
14145:
14141:
14136:
14133:
14127:
14123:
14118:
14115:
14111:
14107:
14103:
14098:
14093:
14089:
14088:Ann Hum Genet
14083:
14080:
14076:
14072:
14068:
14064:
14063:10.1038/81685
14060:
14056:
14050:
14047:
14043:
14038:
14033:
14029:
14025:
14021:
14017:
14012:
14009:
14005:
14000:
13995:
13990:
13985:
13981:
13977:
13974:(1): e16073,
13973:
13969:
13963:
13959:
13955:
13951:
13947:
13942:
13939:on 2009-03-05
13935:
13931:
13927:
13922:
13917:
13913:
13909:
13905:
13901:
13894:
13889:
13886:
13880:
13876:
13875:
13869:
13866:
13862:
13857:
13852:
13847:
13842:
13838:
13834:
13830:
13826:
13820:
13817:on 2012-10-18
13816:
13812:
13808:
13804:
13800:
13796:
13792:
13788:
13784:
13780:
13775:
13766:on 2009-03-05
13762:
13758:
13754:
13750:
13746:
13742:
13738:
13734:
13727:
13722:
13719:
13715:
13710:
13705:
13701:
13697:
13693:
13692:
13685:
13682:on 2006-03-15
13678:
13674:
13670:
13665:
13660:
13656:
13652:
13648:
13641:
13636:
13632:on 2003-11-25
13628:
13624:
13620:
13616:
13612:
13608:
13604:
13600:
13593:
13591:
13584:
13575:on 2012-12-17
13571:
13567:
13563:
13559:
13555:
13550:
13545:
13541:
13537:
13530:
13525:
13521:
13517:
13512:
13507:
13503:
13499:
13494:
13491:on 2008-05-06
13490:
13486:
13482:
13477:
13472:
13468:
13464:
13460:
13456:
13455:
13450:
13445:
13442:
13438:
13433:
13428:
13423:
13418:
13414:
13410:
13406:
13402:
13397:
13394:
13390:
13385:
13380:
13376:
13372:
13368:
13364:
13360:
13354:
13351:
13347:
13343:
13339:
13335:
13331:
13327:
13323:
13317:
13314:
13310:
13306:
13302:
13298:
13294:
13290:
13286:
13281:
13278:
13274:
13269:
13264:
13260:
13256:
13251:
13247:
13243:
13238:
13233:
13229:
13225:
13220:
13217:on 2013-05-28
13213:
13209:
13205:
13200:
13195:
13191:
13187:
13183:
13179:
13172:
13167:
13164:
13160:
13156:
13152:
13146:
13143:
13139:
13134:
13129:
13125:
13121:
13117:
13113:
13108:
13105:
13101:
13097:
13093:
13089:
13085:
13078:
13073:
13070:
13066:
13061:
13056:
13052:
13048:
13044:
13040:
13039:
13033:
13030:
13026:
13021:
13016:
13011:
13006:
13002:
12998:
12994:
12990:
12984:
12981:
12977:
12973:
12969:
12964:
12959:
12955:
12951:
12945:
12941:
12937:
12933:
12929:
12925:
12921:
12916:
12911:
12907:
12903:
12897:
12894:
12889:on 2012-02-16
12885:
12881:
12877:
12872:
12867:
12863:
12859:
12855:
12851:
12850:
12842:
12837:
12833:
12829:
12824:
12819:
12815:
12811:
12807:
12803:
12799:
12795:
12791:
12790:
12785:
12780:
12771:on 2016-05-06
12767:
12763:
12759:
12752:
12747:
12744:
12740:
12735:
12730:
12726:
12722:
12718:
12714:
12708:
12705:
12701:
12696:
12691:
12686:
12681:
12677:
12673:
12669:
12665:
12659:
12656:
12652:
12648:
12644:
12640:
12636:
12631:
12628:
12624:
12620:
12616:
12612:
12608:
12603:
12600:on 2009-03-05
12596:
12592:
12588:
12584:
12580:
12576:
12572:
12568:
12564:
12557:
12552:
12549:
12545:
12541:
12537:
12533:
12529:
12525:
12520:
12517:
12511:
12507:
12503:
12499:
12495:
12493:
12488:
12484:
12479:
12474:
12470:
12466:
12462:
12458:
12454:
12449:
12446:
12442:
12438:
12434:
12430:
12426:
12425:Trends Genet.
12421:
12417:
12416:
12411:
12407:
12404:
12400:
12396:
12391:
12387:
12382:
12377:
12372:
12367:
12363:
12359:
12355:
12351:
12345:
12342:on 2009-03-04
12338:
12334:
12330:
12326:
12322:
12319:(3): 316–23,
12318:
12314:
12307:
12302:
12299:
12295:
12290:
12285:
12281:
12277:
12273:
12269:
12268:
12262:
12259:
12255:
12250:
12245:
12240:
12235:
12231:
12227:
12224:(3): e34288,
12223:
12219:
12213:
12210:
12206:
12202:
12198:
12193:
12192:10400.13/3018
12188:
12184:
12180:
12176:
12172:
12168:
12163:
12160:
12156:
12152:
12148:
12144:
12140:
12136:
12132:
12131:Human Biology
12128:
12123:
12120:
12116:
12111:
12106:
12101:
12096:
12092:
12088:
12084:
12080:
12074:
12071:
12067:
12063:
12059:
12055:
12051:
12045:
12042:
12038:
12033:
12028:
12024:
12020:
12014:
12011:
12007:
12003:
11999:
11994:
11989:
11985:
11981:
11975:
11972:
11968:
11963:
11958:
11954:
11950:
11946:
11942:
11936:
11932:
11928:
11924:
11920:
11916:
11911:
11908:
11904:
11899:
11894:
11890:
11886:
11882:
11878:
11872:
11869:
11865:
11861:
11857:
11853:
11849:
11845:
11841:
11836:
11832:
11828:
11824:
11820:
11816:
11812:
11806:
11803:
11799:
11794:
11789:
11785:
11781:
11777:
11773:
11768:
11765:
11760:on 2017-10-10
11759:
11755:
11751:
11746:
11741:
11737:
11733:
11729:
11724:
11721:
11717:
11713:
11709:
11704:
11699:
11695:
11691:
11685:
11676:on 2008-06-26
11672:
11668:
11664:
11659:
11654:
11650:
11646:
11642:
11638:
11637:
11629:
11624:
11621:
11617:
11612:
11607:
11603:
11599:
11595:
11591:
11590:
11583:
11580:
11576:
11571:
11566:
11561:
11556:
11552:
11548:
11544:
11540:
11534:
11531:
11527:
11523:
11519:
11515:
11511:
11508:(2): 127–48,
11507:
11503:
11497:
11494:
11490:
11485:
11480:
11476:
11472:
11468:
11464:
11458:
11455:
11451:
11447:
11443:
11439:
11435:
11431:
11427:
11422:
11420:
11416:
11412:
11408:
11404:
11400:
11396:
11392:
11388:
11381:
11376:
11373:
11369:
11364:
11359:
11355:
11351:
11346:
11343:on 2012-12-10
11342:
11338:
11334:
11330:
11326:
11322:
11318:
11314:
11310:
11306:
11301:
11298:
11294:
11289:
11284:
11280:
11276:
11272:
11268:
11262:
11258:
11253:
11249:
11245:
11238:
11233:
11224:on 2016-04-22
11223:
11219:
11215:
11211:
11206:
11203:
11199:
11195:
11191:
11187:
11183:
11179:
11175:
11171:
11166:
11157:on 2011-11-10
11153:
11149:
11145:
11141:
11137:
11133:
11129:
11125:
11118:
11113:
11111:
11107:
11102:
11098:
11093:
11088:
11084:
11080:
11076:
11070:
11067:
11063:
11058:
11053:
11049:
11045:
11041:
11037:
11031:
11028:
11024:
11019:
11014:
11010:
11006:
11002:
10998:
10997:
10990:
10987:
10983:
10979:
10975:
10970:
10965:
10961:
10957:
10951:
10948:
10944:
10939:
10934:
10930:
10926:
10923:(6): 725–36,
10922:
10918:
10912:
10909:
10905:
10901:
10897:
10893:
10889:
10886:(1): 86–107,
10885:
10881:
10875:
10874:
10862:
10858:
10854:
10850:
10846:
10845:10.1038/81685
10842:
10838:
10834:
10829:
10825:
10821:
10816:
10811:
10807:
10803:
10799:
10795:
10791:
10786:
10783:
10779:
10775:
10771:
10767:
10763:
10759:
10755:
10750:
10746:
10742:
10737:
10732:
10728:
10724:
10720:
10716:
10712:
10707:
10703:
10699:
10695:
10691:
10686:
10681:
10678:(2): 97–104.
10677:
10673:
10669:
10664:
10661:
10657:
10653:
10649:
10646:(8): 356–62,
10645:
10641:
10636:
10632:
10628:
10623:
10618:
10614:
10610:
10606:
10601:
10597:
10593:
10588:
10583:
10579:
10575:
10571:
10567:
10563:
10558:
10557:
10544:
10540:
10536:
10532:
10528:
10524:
10519:
10514:
10510:
10506:
10502:
10495:
10489:
10484:
10478:
10473:
10466:
10461:
10454:
10449:
10443:
10438:
10432:
10427:
10421:
10416:
10410:
10409:Semino (2000)
10405:
10399:
10394:
10388:
10383:
10376:
10371:
10363:
10359:
10354:
10349:
10344:
10339:
10335:
10331:
10327:
10323:
10319:
10312:
10306:
10301:
10295:
10290:
10284:
10279:
10273:
10268:
10262:
10257:
10251:
10246:
10240:
10236:
10231:
10224:
10219:
10212:
10207:
10205:
10203:
10201:
10199:
10197:
10189:
10184:
10165:
10158:
10152:
10147:
10139:
10135:
10130:
10125:
10121:
10117:
10113:
10109:
10105:
10098:
10092:See Figure 1.
10089:
10083:
10077:
10073:
10068:
10063:
10059:
10055:
10051:
10047:
10043:
10036:
10028:
10024:
10019:
10014:
10009:
10004:
10000:
9996:
9992:
9985:
9983:
9981:
9972:
9968:
9964:
9960:
9956:
9952:
9948:
9944:
9940:
9936:
9932:
9925:
9923:
9915:
9910:
9908:
9906:
9904:
9902:
9895:
9890:
9888:
9881:
9876:
9874:
9872:
9865:
9860:
9854:
9849:
9843:
9838:
9836:
9834:
9825:
9821:
9816:
9811:
9807:
9803:
9799:
9795:
9791:
9784:
9782:
9773:
9769:
9764:
9759:
9755:
9751:
9747:
9743:
9739:
9732:
9730:
9721:
9715:
9711:
9710:
9702:
9694:
9688:
9684:
9677:
9671:
9666:
9664:
9657:
9652:
9650:
9648:
9646:
9638:
9633:
9625:
9619:
9605:
9601:
9594:
9592:
9590:
9583:
9578:
9576:
9574:
9567:
9562:
9560:
9558:
9556:
9554:
9552:
9550:
9548:
9546:
9544:
9535:
9529:
9527:
9522:
9514:
9508:
9501:
9497:
9493:
9489:
9483:
9476:
9472:
9468:
9462:
9455:
9451:
9447:
9442:
9433:
9426:
9421:
9414:
9410:
9406:
9402:
9397:
9393:
9370:
9361:
9354:
9352:
9347:
9345:
9340:
9333:
9324:
9315:
9306:
9299:
9295:
9289:
9280:
9271:
9262:
9253:
9246:
9245:
9238:
9230:
9226:
9222:
9218:
9214:
9210:
9207:(2): 187–91.
9206:
9202:
9195:
9191:
9187:
9179:
9176:
9174:
9171:
9170:
9166:
9158:
9156:
9151:
9145:
9142:
9135:
9128:
9123:
9118:
9112:
9106:
9100:
9098:
9096:
9085:
9076:
9069:
9064:
9054:
9045:
9038:
9034:
9028:
9026:
9019:
9012:
9005:
8996:
8990:
8989:
8981:
8976:
8975:
8967:
8962:
8961:
8955:
8950:
8942:
8933:
8928:
8927:
8921:
8918:
8913:
8907:
8904:
8899:
8893:
8890:
8885:
8879:
8876:
8869:
8860:
8852:
8845:
8842:
8837:
8830:
8825:
8819:
8816:
8811:
8805:
8802:
8797:
8791:
8788:
8782:
8775:
8772:
8766:
8759:
8755:
8749:
8742:
8738:
8732:
8725:
8721:
8714:
8709:
8699:
8696:February 2021
8687:
8682:
8673:
8672:
8667:
8663:
8655:
8650:
8648:
8643:
8641:
8636:
8635:
8632:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8528:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8454:
8439:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8387:
8384:
8381:
8380:
8378:
8366:E1b1b1b2a1a1
8365:
8362:
8359:
8356:
8353:
8350:
8347:
8344:
8341:
8338:
8335:
8332:
8329:
8326:
8323:
8320:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8308:
8304:
8301:
8298:
8295:
8292:
8289:
8286:
8283:
8280:
8277:
8274:
8271:
8268:
8265:
8262:
8259:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8247:
8243:
8240:
8237:
8234:
8231:
8228:
8225:
8222:
8219:
8216:
8213:
8210:
8207:
8204:
8201:
8198:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8186:
8182:
8179:
8176:
8173:
8170:
8167:
8164:
8161:
8158:
8155:
8152:
8149:
8146:
8143:
8140:
8137:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8125:
8121:
8118:
8115:
8112:
8109:
8106:
8103:
8100:
8097:
8094:
8091:
8088:
8085:
8082:
8079:
8076:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8064:
8060:
8057:
8054:
8051:
8048:
8045:
8042:
8039:
8036:
8033:
8030:
8027:
8024:
8021:
8018:
8015:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8003:
7999:
7996:
7993:
7990:
7987:
7984:
7981:
7978:
7975:
7972:
7969:
7966:
7963:
7960:
7957:
7954:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7942:
7938:
7935:
7932:
7929:
7926:
7923:
7920:
7917:
7914:
7911:
7908:
7905:
7902:
7899:
7896:
7893:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7881:
7877:
7874:
7871:
7868:
7865:
7862:
7859:
7856:
7853:
7850:
7847:
7844:
7841:
7838:
7835:
7832:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7820:
7816:
7813:
7810:
7807:
7804:
7801:
7798:
7795:
7792:
7789:
7786:
7783:
7780:
7777:
7774:
7771:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7759:
7755:
7752:
7749:
7746:
7743:
7740:
7737:
7734:
7731:
7728:
7725:
7722:
7719:
7716:
7713:
7710:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7698:
7694:
7691:
7688:
7685:
7682:
7679:
7676:
7673:
7670:
7667:
7664:
7661:
7658:
7655:
7652:
7649:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7637:
7633:
7630:
7627:
7624:
7621:
7618:
7615:
7612:
7609:
7606:
7603:
7600:
7597:
7594:
7591:
7588:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7576:
7572:
7569:
7566:
7563:
7560:
7557:
7554:
7551:
7548:
7545:
7542:
7539:
7536:
7533:
7530:
7527:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7515:
7511:
7508:
7505:
7502:
7499:
7496:
7493:
7490:
7487:
7484:
7481:
7478:
7475:
7472:
7469:
7466:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7454:
7450:
7447:
7444:
7441:
7438:
7435:
7432:
7429:
7426:
7423:
7420:
7417:
7414:
7411:
7408:
7405:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7393:
7389:
7386:
7383:
7380:
7377:
7374:
7371:
7368:
7365:
7362:
7359:
7356:
7353:
7350:
7347:
7344:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7332:
7328:
7325:
7322:
7319:
7316:
7313:
7310:
7307:
7304:
7301:
7298:
7295:
7292:
7289:
7286:
7283:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7271:
7267:
7264:
7261:
7258:
7255:
7252:
7249:
7246:
7243:
7240:
7237:
7234:
7231:
7228:
7225:
7222:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7210:
7206:
7203:
7200:
7197:
7194:
7191:
7188:
7185:
7182:
7179:
7176:
7173:
7170:
7167:
7164:
7161:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7149:
7145:
7142:
7139:
7136:
7133:
7130:
7127:
7124:
7121:
7118:
7115:
7112:
7109:
7106:
7103:
7100:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7088:
7084:
7081:
7078:
7075:
7072:
7069:
7066:
7063:
7060:
7057:
7054:
7051:
7048:
7045:
7042:
7039:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7027:
7023:
7020:
7017:
7014:
7011:
7008:
7005:
7001:
6994:
6991:
6988:
6985:
6960:YCC 2002/2008
6958:
6955:
6950:
6938:Phylogenetics
6935:
6933:
6923:
6921:
6916:
6908:
6907:
6903:
6900:
6897:
6894:
6891:
6888:
6885:
6882:
6879:
6876:
6873:
6870:
6869:
6865:
6862:
6859:
6856:
6853:
6850:
6847:
6844:
6841:
6838:
6835:
6832:
6831:
6827:
6824:
6821:
6818:
6815:
6812:
6809:
6806:
6803:
6800:
6797:
6794:
6793:
6789:
6786:
6783:
6780:
6777:
6774:
6771:
6768:
6765:
6762:
6759:
6756:
6755:
6751:
6748:
6745:
6742:
6739:
6736:
6733:
6730:
6727:
6724:
6721:
6718:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6696:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6668:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6650:
6649:
6648:
6647:
6646:
6645:
6644:
6642:
6632:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6600:
6591:
6575:
6572:
6569:
6566:
6563:
6560:
6557:
6554:
6551:
6548:
6545:
6542:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6528:
6527:
6526:
6525:
6524:
6523:
6522:
6519:
6508:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6464:West Midlands
6460:
6458:
6454:
6453:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6427:Great Britain
6424:
6419:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6383:
6376:
6370:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6354:
6352:
6348:
6338:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6315:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6290:According to
6288:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6273:
6270:In contrast,
6268:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6255:
6251:
6247:
6242:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6223:out of Africa
6220:
6216:
6212:
6207:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6192:
6185:
6181:
6178:
6174:
6171:
6167:
6166:Younger Dryas
6163:
6160:
6156:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6148:
6145:
6141:
6126:
6123:
6120:
6117:
6114:
6111:
6108:
6105:
6102:
6099:
6096:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6085:
6082:
6079:
6076:
6073:
6070:
6067:
6064:
6061:
6058:
6055:
6052:
6049:
6048:
6044:
6041:
6038:
6035:
6032:
6029:
6026:
6023:
6020:
6017:
6014:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6003:
6000:
5997:
5994:
5991:
5988:
5985:
5982:
5979:
5976:
5973:
5970:
5967:
5966:
5962:
5959:
5956:
5953:
5950:
5947:
5944:
5941:
5938:
5935:
5932:
5929:
5926:
5925:
5921:
5918:
5915:
5912:
5909:
5906:
5903:
5900:
5897:
5894:
5891:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5874:
5870:
5864:
5862:
5856:
5847:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5804:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5770:
5764:
5759:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5741:
5737:
5736:
5730:
5717:
5716:
5712:
5709:
5706:
5703:
5700:
5697:
5694:
5691:
5688:
5685:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5672:
5669:
5666:
5663:
5660:
5657:
5654:
5651:
5648:
5645:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5632:
5629:
5626:
5623:
5620:
5617:
5614:
5611:
5608:
5605:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5592:
5589:
5586:
5583:
5580:
5577:
5574:
5571:
5568:
5565:
5562:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5551:
5548:
5545:
5542:
5539:
5536:
5533:
5530:
5527:
5524:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5511:
5508:
5505:
5502:
5499:
5496:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5465:
5462:
5459:
5456:
5453:
5450:
5447:
5444:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5425:
5422:
5419:
5416:
5413:
5410:
5407:
5404:
5401:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5390:
5387:
5384:
5381:
5378:
5375:
5372:
5369:
5366:
5363:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5344:
5341:
5338:
5335:
5332:
5329:
5326:
5323:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5307:
5304:
5301:
5298:
5295:
5292:
5289:
5286:
5283:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5274:
5270:
5267:
5264:
5261:
5258:
5255:
5252:
5249:
5246:
5243:
5240:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5229:
5226:
5223:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5202:
5199:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5182:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5107:(71.4%), the
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5075:
5070:
5061:
5059:
5056:they tested.
5055:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5039:
5026:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4956:
4951:
4932:
4929:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4894:
4889:
4886:
4883:
4880:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4838:
4833:
4829:
4820:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4532:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4468:Western Asia
4467:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2968:Moroccan Jews
2967:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1745:0.13% = 1/797
1743:
1741:
1739:
1738:0.25% = 2/797
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1728:0.25% = 2/797
1726:
1724:
1723:0.38% = 3/797
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1707:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1677:0.23% = 1/433
1675:
1673:
1671:
1670:0.46% = 2/433
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1660:0.46% = 2/433
1658:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1640:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:16.9% = 12/71
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:0.93% = 2/215
1578:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1555:0.68% = 1/147
1554:
1552:
1550:0.68% = 1/147
1549:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1505:0.82% = 3/364
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1485:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:35.1% = 20/57
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:35.1% = 20/57
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:35.1% = 20/57
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:38.6% = 22/57
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:6.7% = 13/193
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:6.7% = 13/193
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1197:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1072:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
995:
994:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
959:
956:
954:
949:
947:
946:Guinea-Bissau
943:
939:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
891:
889:
885:
884:Southern Asia
881:
877:
873:
868:
866:
851:
850:
842:
841:
838:
837:
829:
828:
825:
824:
821:
815:
814:
811:
810:
802:
801:
798:
792:
791:
788:
787:
784:
778:
777:
774:
773:
770:
764:
763:
756:
755:
752:
751:
743:
742:
739:
733:
732:
729:
728:
725:
719:
718:
715:
714:
711:
705:
704:
701:
700:
697:
691:
690:
687:
686:
683:
677:
676:
673:
672:
669:
663:
662:
659:
658:
655:
649:
648:
645:
644:
641:
635:
634:
631:
630:
627:
621:
620:
613:
612:
609:
608:
600:
599:
591:
590:
582:
581:
578:
573:
572:
569:
568:
565:
560:
559:
552:
551:
548:
547:
539:
538:
535:
530:
529:
526:
525:
522:
517:
516:
509:
508:
501:
500:
497:
496:
493:
488:
487:
484:
483:
480:
475:
474:
467:
466:
463:
462:
459:
454:
453:
446:
445:
442:
441:
438:
432:
431:
427:
419:
416:
414:
410:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
382:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
269:
267:
262:
259:
255:
251:
248:
244:
240:
236:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
183:
181:
177:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
115:, is a major
114:
110:
101:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
65:
62:
58:
51:
47:
40:
36:
31:
19:
14372:
14368:
14359:
14325:
14321:
14286:
14282:
14247:
14213:
14197:the original
14174:
14143:
14139:
14121:
14087:
14054:
14019:
14015:
13971:
13967:
13949:
13945:
13934:the original
13903:
13899:
13873:
13831:(5): e2105,
13828:
13824:
13815:the original
13786:
13782:
13768:, retrieved
13761:the original
13732:
13689:
13677:the original
13646:
13627:the original
13598:
13589:
13577:, retrieved
13570:the original
13539:
13535:
13501:
13497:
13489:the original
13458:
13452:
13404:
13400:
13358:
13328:(3): 251–5,
13325:
13321:
13288:
13284:
13258:
13254:
13227:
13212:the original
13181:
13177:
13154:
13150:
13115:
13111:
13090:(1): 23–35,
13087:
13083:
13042:
13036:
12992:
12988:
12953:
12949:
12905:
12901:
12891:. (Also see
12884:the original
12853:
12847:
12793:
12787:
12773:, retrieved
12766:the original
12761:
12757:
12716:
12712:
12667:
12663:
12638:
12634:
12610:
12606:
12595:the original
12566:
12562:
12531:
12527:
12505:
12463:(5): 830–8,
12460:
12456:
12428:
12424:
12414:
12353:
12349:
12337:the original
12316:
12312:
12271:
12265:
12221:
12217:
12174:
12170:
12134:
12130:
12082:
12078:
12053:
12049:
12022:
12018:
11983:
11979:
11944:
11940:
11919:ResearchGate
11918:
11880:
11876:
11843:
11839:
11814:
11810:
11778:(1): 91–99,
11775:
11771:
11758:the original
11735:
11731:
11696:(8): 831–2,
11693:
11689:
11678:, retrieved
11671:the original
11640:
11634:
11593:
11587:
11545:(1): e1430,
11542:
11538:
11505:
11501:
11466:
11462:
11429:
11425:
11390:
11386:
11353:
11349:
11341:the original
11312:
11308:
11270:
11266:
11247:
11243:
11226:, retrieved
11222:the original
11217:
11213:
11177:
11173:
11159:, retrieved
11152:the original
11123:
11074:
11039:
11035:
11000:
10994:
10959:
10955:
10920:
10916:
10915:Peninsula",
10883:
10879:
10836:
10832:
10797:
10793:
10757:
10753:
10718:
10714:
10675:
10671:
10643:
10639:
10612:
10608:
10569:
10565:
10508:
10504:
10494:
10483:
10472:
10460:
10448:
10437:
10426:
10415:
10404:
10393:
10382:
10370:
10325:
10321:
10311:
10300:
10289:
10278:
10267:
10256:
10245:
10230:
10218:
10183:
10171:. Retrieved
10157:
10146:
10111:
10107:
10097:
10088:
10049:
10045:
10035:
9998:
9994:
9938:
9934:
9859:
9848:
9797:
9793:
9745:
9741:
9708:
9701:
9682:
9676:
9632:
9607:. Retrieved
9603:
9507:
9496:Sykes (2006)
9482:
9461:
9441:
9432:
9420:
9396:
9369:
9360:
9350:
9343:
9338:
9332:
9323:
9314:
9305:
9288:
9279:
9270:
9261:
9252:
9243:
9237:
9204:
9200:
9194:
9185:
9050:
8993:
8693:
8685:
8438:Capelli 2001
8434:
8426:
8418:
8414:Karafet 2001
8410:
8402:
8394:
8382:
8376:
8183:E1b1b1b1a2a
7695:E1b1a1a1g1c
6962:(Shorthand)
6952:
6929:
6913:
6692:
6669:
6651:
6638:
6621:Palestinians
6610:
6607:
6596:
6573:
6567:
6561:
6555:
6549:
6543:
6529:
6514:
6488:Anglo-Saxons
6461:
6450:
6420:
6400:Deva Victrix
6389:
6380:
6356:
6344:
6316:
6289:
6269:
6260:
6250:Adriatic Sea
6243:
6208:
6193:
6189:
6177:agricultural
6149:
6137:
5889:description
5865:
5857:
5853:
5805:
5774:
5761:
5745:
5742:listed above
5733:
5197:description
5183:
5167:Nilo-Saharan
5165:and speak a
5151:Afro-Asiatic
5085:North Africa
5079:
5073:
5040:
5037:
5023:
4977:
4968:North Africa
4961:
4930:
4924:
4919:
4914:(E1b1b1a1a2)
4911:
4906:
4903:(E1b1b1a1a)
4900:
4895:
4887:
4881:
4875:
4869:
4864:
4858:
4853:
4847:
4825:
4780:Western Asia
4750:Western Asia
4718:Western Asia
4686:Western Asia
4656:Western Asia
4624:Western Asia
4592:Western Asia
4560:Western Asia
4530:Palestinians
4527:Western Asia
4497:Western Asia
4435:Western Asia
4402:Western Asia
4370:Western Asia
4338:Western Asia
4308:Western Asia
4276:Western Asia
4243:Western Asia
3065:Libyan Arabs
2839:Asni Berbers
1749:
1744:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1708:
1681:
1676:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1652:
1641:
1617:1.41% = 1/71
1522:
1511:
1504:
1499:
1486:
1393:14.0% = 8/57
1385:15.8% = 9/57
1232:
1221:
1214:
1209:
1198:
1105:
1094:
1087:
1082:
1073:
950:
934:
915:
892:
872:North Africa
869:
862:
859:Distribution
833:
819:
796:
782:
768:
737:
723:
709:
695:
681:
667:
653:
639:
625:
576:
563:
533:
520:
491:
478:
457:
436:
425:
417:
407:
389:
383:
351:
331:
300:
281:
270:
263:
252:
232:
213:
180:phylogenetic
173:
153:Y chromosome
129:Western Asia
121:North Africa
112:
108:
107:
14375:(1): 1–14,
13261:: 439–441,
13112:J Med Genet
12800:: 368–372.
12534:: 221–246,
12019:J Hum Genet
11356:(3): 1–13,
11124:Hum. Genet.
10453:Lipson 2017
9995:Genome Biol
8422:Semino 2000
8406:Hammer 2001
8305:E1b1b1b2a1
8122:E1b1b1b1a1
8000:E1b1b1a1c1
7692:E1b1a1a1g1c
7003:(Longhand)
6703:Libyan Arab
6504:Bird (2007)
6472:Bird (2007)
6423:Bird (2007)
6347:Afghanistan
6321:in eastern
6285:Bird (2007)
6231:Pleistocene
6219:Middle East
5816:Santa Ninfa
5797:Macedonians
4933:(E1b1b1a1d)
4890:(E1b1b1a1s)
4884:(E1b1b1a1b)
4563:Druze Arabs
3032:Libyan Jews
2582:Belarusians
1835:Macedonians
1421:3.5% = 2/57
1388:1.8% = 1/57
922:Upper Egypt
918:Afroasiatic
899:Gurna Oasis
422:Family tree
396:in eastern
362:East Africa
243:East Africa
165:archaeology
159:as well as
88:Descendants
14432:Categories
14146:: 539–64,
13877:, Bantam,
13770:2009-07-15
13579:2009-07-15
13407:(1): 124,
12995:(1): 213,
12775:2009-07-15
12085:(1): 181,
11680:2009-07-15
11250:(1): 1–8,
11228:2009-07-15
11161:2012-01-14
11104:. Also at
10870:References
9609:2019-01-07
9427:: Fig. 2/C
8477:Haplogroup
8363:E1b1b1c1a1
8360:E1b1b1c1a1
8357:E1b1b1c1a1
8354:E1b1b1c1a1
8345:E1b1b1c1a1
8244:E1b1b1b2a
8162:E1b1b1b1b1
8061:E1b1b1b1a
7997:E1b1b1a1c1
7979:E1b1b1a1c1
7817:E1b1a1a1e
7756:E1b1a1a1d
7634:E1b1a1a1c
7512:E1b1a1a1a
6995:YCC 2010r
6486:people by
6435:Roman Army
6277:Bronze Age
6204:Mesolithic
6157:The "post-
6091:All E-V12*
5886:haplotype
5789:Bulgarians
5194:Haplotype
5171:bottleneck
2740:Hungarians
2708:Moldovians
2676:Ukrainians
2518:Slovenians
2038:Sardinians
1868:Bulgarians
964:Population
907:Sardinians
327:Asia Minor
319:Mesolithic
315:Lake Nubia
135:. It is a
14055:Nat Genet
13544:CiteSeerX
13285:Hum Hered
12972:1018-4813
12910:CiteSeerX
12627:160359661
12607:Antiquity
12548:163020672
11762:Also see
11502:Hum Genet
10527:1476-5438
10328:(1): 69.
10082:Table S.4
10001:(1): 20.
9955:1098-1004
9604:isogg.org
9515:invasion.
9351:PhyloTree
9186:Footnotes
8497:Paragroup
8482:Haplotype
8342:E1b1b1c1a
8180:E1b1b1b2a
8177:E1b1b1b2a
8174:E1b1b1b2a
8171:E1b1b1b2a
8119:E1b1b1b1a
8101:E1b1b1b1a
7994:E1b1b1a3a
7991:E1b1b1a3a
7988:E1b1b1a3a
7976:E1b1b1a3a
7939:E1b1b1a1
7814:E1b1a1a1e
7753:E1b1a1a1d
7631:E1b1a1a1c
7509:E1b1a1a1a
6992:YCC 2008
6989:YCC 2005
6986:YCC 2002
6496:apartheid
6476:Friesland
6443:Illyrians
6439:Thracians
6398:(ancient
6394:, around
6296:Catalonia
6254:Neolithic
6252:with the
6140:Neolithic
6050:All E-V22
6009:Druze V13
5968:Druze V13
5927:All E-V13
5793:Romanians
5785:Albanians
5783:(34.4%),
5779:(45.6%),
5557:All E-V12
5076:in Africa
5004:paragroup
4998:and 5/39
4980:Egyptians
4832:paragroup
4828:subclades
3234:Egyptians
2772:Romanians
2550:Estonians
2168:Asturians
1901:Sicilians
1765:Sicilians
1315:Croatians
1194:Albanians
1150:Albanians
1064:Albanians
1000:Albanians
897:from the
895:Egyptians
880:West Asia
510:FGC14378
292:Near East
233:Prior to
119:found in
94:, E-V1039
55:19,900 BP
44:24,000 BP
14399:19058044
14352:18976729
14313:18374297
14274:11827954
14240:14504230
14214:Genetics
14193:12082121
14160:18076332
14106:11415522
14079:12893406
14071:11062480
14046:26108492
14008:21253605
13968:PLOS ONE
13930:17002951
13865:18461126
13825:PLOS ONE
13811:23778828
13803:17039481
13749:15300852
13718:15069642
13673:11719903
13623:11073453
13566:11543889
13520:15756297
13485:11078479
13441:17662131
13393:33692401
13350:11556974
13342:17909833
13305:16770078
13277:85134429
13246:15944443
13208:20234393
13142:14627670
13104:15896936
13069:11573163
13029:18644108
12980:17264870
12940:40355653
12932:12914567
12880:14973781
12832:29144465
12796:(7680).
12743:22510847
12704:22042855
12655:19425100
12591:22406638
12583:18269686
12500:(2008),
12487:18385274
12445:10904265
12412:(2013),
12390:18678889
12333:18618658
12298:12930755
12267:Genetics
12258:22470552
12218:PLOS ONE
12201:15996172
12159:13347549
12151:17216803
12119:19650893
12070:12772214
12041:16142507
12010:16765118
12002:15280900
11971:17047675
11907:19686289
11860:15576591
11831:12927125
11802:18685561
11754:17351267
11720:26886757
11712:16835895
11667:15042509
11620:11910562
11579:18183308
11539:PLOS ONE
11530:10763736
11522:14586639
11493:19156170
11446:19430804
11418:also at
11407:12781138
11372:17928816
11337:23156886
11329:16759179
11297:11254456
11194:16626329
11148:10310338
11140:14740294
11101:13680527
11066:19107149
11027:15202071
10978:19213004
10947:19061982
10900:19939195
10861:12893406
10853:11062480
10824:10577926
10782:11073453
10745:11481588
10702:21432405
10694:11313742
10660:10904265
10631:11420360
10596:11170891
10543:32386262
10535:17928816
10362:21401952
10138:26108492
10076:27889059
10027:29433568
9963:15300852
9824:35084493
9772:29545507
9618:cite web
9348:, and;
9339:op. cit.
9229:23291764
9221:24166809
8859:F-Y27277
8502:Subclade
8450:Genetics
8445:See also
8302:E1b1b1c1
8299:E1b1b1c1
8296:E1b1b1c1
8293:E1b1b1c1
8284:E1b1b1c1
8281:E1b1b1c1
8159:E1b1b1b2
8116:E1b1b1b1
8113:E1b1b1b1
8110:E1b1b1b1
8098:E1b1b1b1
8058:E1b1b1b1
8040:E1b1b1b1
7936:E1b1b1a1
7918:E1b1b1a1
7878:removed
7573:removed
7518:E-M116.2
6731:DYS413b
6728:DYS413a
6678:Sardinia
6615:include
6562:E-M35.2.
6498:"-type,
6412:Abergele
6408:Scotland
6372:—
6351:Pakistan
6319:Taforalt
6261:Impressa
6200:Holocene
6170:Holocene
5901:DYS413b
5898:DYS413a
5844:Provence
5766:—
5209:DYS413b
5206:DYS413a
5113:Ethiopia
5097:Cushitic
5054:Israelis
5012:Anatolia
4876:E-V1083*
1282:Serbians
928:and the
909:and the
502:CTS9007
394:Taforalt
370:Egyptian
366:Cushitic
307:refugium
277:Sardinia
157:genetics
149:mutation
137:subclade
78:Ancestor
14390:2755252
14343:2668035
14304:2427286
14231:1462739
14114:9441236
14037:4524485
13999:3017091
13976:Bibcode
13921:1635457
13856:2324201
13833:Bibcode
13757:1571356
13709:1181965
13603:Bibcode
13599:Science
13476:1287948
13432:1976131
13409:Bibcode
13384:7970938
13363:Bibcode
13313:7017701
13199:2987384
13133:1735314
13060:1274378
13020:2492877
12997:Bibcode
12871:1182266
12823:5973800
12802:Bibcode
12734:3449065
12695:3215063
12672:Bibcode
12478:2336805
12381:2504844
12358:Bibcode
12289:1462677
12249:3314501
12226:Bibcode
12209:3229760
12110:2728732
12087:Bibcode
11962:2588664
11898:3312577
11868:8057990
11840:Science
11793:2985948
11658:1181964
11570:2174525
11547:Bibcode
11484:2947089
11454:5657112
11288:1275654
11202:4652154
11092:1180600
11057:2947100
11018:1216069
10986:7041905
10938:2668061
10908:1667431
10815:1288383
10762:Bibcode
10754:Science
10736:1235490
10587:1235276
10353:3068964
10330:Bibcode
10173:13 July
10129:4524485
10067:5142112
10018:5809971
9971:1571356
9815:8857924
9750:Bibcode
9742:Science
9639:Table 1
9513:Anglian
9500:In 2006
9063:K-M2313
9056:
8997:
8982:
8968:
8952:
8943:
8934:
8756:
8739:
8686:updated
8430:Su 1999
8351:E3b1c1a
8348:E3b1c1a
8241:E1b1b1c
8238:E1b1b1c
8235:E1b1b1c
8232:E1b1b1c
8223:E1b1b1c
8220:E1b1b1c
8055:E1b1b1b
8052:E1b1b1b
8049:E1b1b1b
8037:E1b1b1b
7985:E3b1a3a
7982:E3b1a3a
7933:E1b1b1a
7930:E1b1b1a
7927:E1b1b1a
7915:E1b1b1a
7875:removed
7570:removed
7451:E1b1a1
6749:DYS461
6746:DYS460
6743:DYS439
6740:DYS393
6737:DYS391
6725:YCAIIb
6722:YCAIIa
6711:Berbers
6695:Maghreb
6574:E-L250.
6568:E-L241.
6556:E-L143.
6447:Dacians
6404:England
6396:Chester
6359:Burusho
6331:Croatia
6327:Hungary
6323:Morocco
6265:Cardial
6227:Eurasia
5919:DYS461
5916:DYS460
5913:DYS439
5910:DYS393
5907:DYS391
5895:YCAIIb
5892:YCAIIa
5840:Corsica
5806:Within
5227:DYS461
5224:DYS460
5221:DYS439
5218:DYS393
5215:DYS391
5203:YCAIIb
5200:YCAIIa
5179:Somalia
5143:Masalit
5016:Erzurum
5008:Basques
5000:Nubians
4896:E-V1129
4865:E-V1083
4859:E-V1477
4843:(21%).
4721:Omanite
4627:Syrians
4595:Bedouin
3926:Wolayta
3763:Arakien
3730:Meseria
3696:Gaalien
3533:Nubians
3466:Masalit
3334:Shilluk
2486:Slovaks
2390:Germans
2328:English
953:Balkans
924:to the
911:Balkans
886:), and
553:CTS693
398:Morocco
296:Balkans
186:Origins
151:on the
113:E1b1b1a
14397:
14387:
14350:
14340:
14311:
14301:
14272:
14265:155271
14262:
14238:
14228:
14191:
14158:
14128:
14112:
14104:
14077:
14069:
14044:
14034:
14006:
13996:
13928:
13918:
13881:
13863:
13853:
13809:
13801:
13755:
13747:
13716:
13706:
13671:
13664:384897
13661:
13621:
13564:
13546:
13518:
13483:
13473:
13439:
13429:
13391:
13381:
13348:
13340:
13311:
13303:
13275:
13244:
13206:
13196:
13140:
13130:
13102:
13067:
13057:
13027:
13017:
12978:
12970:
12938:
12930:
12912:
12893:Errata
12878:
12868:
12830:
12820:
12789:Nature
12741:
12731:
12702:
12692:
12653:
12625:
12589:
12581:
12546:
12512:
12485:
12475:
12443:
12393:. See
12388:
12378:
12331:
12296:
12286:
12256:
12246:
12207:
12199:
12157:
12149:
12117:
12107:
12068:
12039:
12008:
12000:
11969:
11959:
11905:
11895:
11866:
11858:
11829:
11800:
11790:
11752:
11718:
11710:
11665:
11655:
11618:
11611:447595
11608:
11577:
11567:
11528:
11520:
11491:
11481:
11452:
11444:
11415:526263
11413:
11405:
11370:
11335:
11327:
11295:
11285:
11200:
11192:
11146:
11138:
11099:
11089:
11064:
11054:
11025:
11015:
10984:
10976:
10945:
10935:
10906:
10898:
10859:
10851:
10822:
10812:
10780:
10743:
10733:
10700:
10692:
10658:
10629:
10594:
10584:
10541:
10533:
10525:
10360:
10350:
10136:
10126:
10074:
10064:
10025:
10015:
9969:
9961:
9953:
9822:
9812:
9770:
9716:
9689:
9298:K-M526
9227:
9219:
9086:
9082:
9077:
9065:
9046:
8873:
8865:
8861:
8856:
8339:E3b3a1
8311:E-M136
8290:E3b1c1
8287:E3b1c1
8275:E3b3a*
8189:E-M123
8168:E3b1b2
8165:E3b1b2
8128:E-M165
8107:E3b1b1
8104:E3b1b1
8067:E-M107
7945:E-M148
7872:E1b1b1
7869:E1b1b1
7866:E1b1b1
7857:E1b1b1
7854:E1b1b1
7811:E1b1a6
7808:E1b1a6
7805:E1b1a6
7796:E1b1a6
7793:E1b1a6
7750:E1b1a5
7747:E1b1a5
7744:E1b1a5
7735:E1b1a5
7732:E1b1a5
7701:E-M155
7689:E1b1a4
7686:E1b1a4
7683:E1b1a4
7674:E1b1a4
7671:E1b1a4
7640:E-M154
7628:E1b1a3
7625:E1b1a3
7622:E1b1a3
7613:E1b1a3
7610:E1b1a3
7579:E-M149
7567:E1ba12
7564:E1b1a2
7561:E1b1a2
7552:E1b1a2
7549:E1b1a2
7506:E1b1a1
7503:E1b1a1
7500:E1b1a1
7491:E1b1a1
7488:E1b1a1
7448:E1b1a1
6998:ISOGG
6926:E-M521
6871:number
6734:DYS19
6719:E-V65
6652:E-M148
6550:E-L17.
6544:E-P65.
6538:Sicily
6530:E-V27.
6406:, and
6367:Pathan
6363:Kalash
6184:Bronze
5904:DYS19
5836:Rimini
5828:Venice
5824:Sicily
5680:number
5519:number
5358:number
5235:E-V12*
5212:DYS19
5163:Darfur
5159:Amhara
5117:Somali
5101:Borana
5051:Yemeni
5034:E-M224
5014:(e.g.
4925:E-V259
4920:E-V264
4907:E-V12*
4870:PF2186
4854:E-M78*
4837:Toubou
4753:Adygei
3797:Amhara
2769:Europe
2737:Europe
2705:Europe
2673:Europe
2641:Europe
2609:Europe
2579:Europe
2547:Europe
2515:Europe
2483:Europe
2454:Czechs
2451:Europe
2422:Polish
2419:Europe
2387:Europe
2358:Danish
2355:Europe
2325:Europe
2295:French
2292:Europe
2260:Europe
2230:Europe
2198:Europe
2165:Europe
2135:Europe
2103:Europe
2071:Europe
2035:Europe
2001:Europe
1966:Europe
1933:Europe
1898:Europe
1865:Europe
1832:Europe
1797:Europe
1762:Europe
1690:Europe
1631:Europe
1598:Europe
1565:Europe
1531:Europe
1474:Europe
1442:Europe
1409:Europe
1376:Europe
1344:Europe
1312:Europe
1279:Europe
1247:Europe
1180:Europe
1146:Europe
1111:Europe
1060:Europe
1028:Europe
996:Europe
991:Study
976:E-V12*
973:E-M78*
961:Region
888:Europe
692:M35.2
378:Omotic
374:Berber
345:, and
323:Levant
284:Iberia
206:, and
167:, and
147:(SNP)
133:Europe
123:, the
14200:(PDF)
14171:(PDF)
14110:S2CID
14075:S2CID
13937:(PDF)
13896:(PDF)
13807:S2CID
13764:(PDF)
13753:S2CID
13729:(PDF)
13680:(PDF)
13643:(PDF)
13630:(PDF)
13595:(PDF)
13573:(PDF)
13532:(PDF)
13346:S2CID
13309:S2CID
13273:S2CID
13215:(PDF)
13174:(PDF)
13080:(PDF)
12936:S2CID
12887:(PDF)
12844:(PDF)
12769:(PDF)
12754:(PDF)
12623:S2CID
12598:(PDF)
12587:S2CID
12559:(PDF)
12544:S2CID
12410:ISOGG
12340:(PDF)
12309:(PDF)
12205:S2CID
12155:S2CID
12006:S2CID
11923:IUAES
11864:S2CID
11716:S2CID
11674:(PDF)
11631:(PDF)
11526:S2CID
11450:S2CID
11411:S2CID
11383:(PDF)
11333:S2CID
11240:(PDF)
11198:S2CID
11155:(PDF)
11144:S2CID
11120:(PDF)
10982:S2CID
10904:S2CID
10857:S2CID
10698:S2CID
10539:S2CID
10167:(PDF)
9967:S2CID
9800:(2).
9388:Notes
9225:S2CID
8875:GHIJK
8336:E3ba1
8278:E3b3a
8250:E-M34
8229:E3b1c
8226:E3b1c
8214:E3b3*
8156:E3b2b
8153:E3b2b
8095:E3b2a
8092:E3b2a
8046:E3b1b
8043:E3b1b
8031:E3b2*
8006:E-M81
7973:E3b1a
7970:E3b1a
7924:E3b1a
7921:E3b1a
7909:E3b1*
7884:E-M78
7823:E-M35
7762:E-M10
7457:E-M58
7445:E1b1a
7442:E1b1a
7439:E1b1a
7430:E1b1a
7390:E1b1
7274:E-M54
7213:E-M75
7207:E1a1
7152:E-M44
7091:E-M33
7030:E-P29
7024:2012
7021:2011
7018:2010
7015:2009
7012:2008
7009:2007
7006:2006
6757:modal
6689:E-V65
6670:E-V19
6585:E-V22
6402:) in
6392:Wales
6239:mtDNA
6235:Sinai
6225:into
6164:The "
6094:modal
6053:modal
5930:modal
5873:Druze
5861:TMRCA
5832:Genoa
5808:Italy
5801:Serbs
5735:E-V13
5724:E-V13
5560:modal
5399:modal
5396:E-V32
5238:modal
5135:Sudan
5111:from
5109:Oromo
5105:Kenya
5103:from
5064:E-V32
5019:Turks
4996:Copts
4984:Y-STR
4944:E-V12
4931:E-V65
4912:E-V32
4901:E-V12
4888:E-V22
4882:E-V13
4848:E-M78
4783:Azeri
4576:10.71
4569:10.71
4536:10.34
4451:10.87
4444:13.04
4103:11.11
4094:11.11
3932:16.67
3911:40.63
3900:40.63
3867:33.33
3769:16.67
3748:10.71
3736:14.29
3702:18.00
3681:30.95
3669:35.71
3642:15.15
3637:15.15
3581:30.77
3572:34.62
3544:12.82
3539:15.38
3518:40.63
3515:18.75
3506:59.38
3485:53.13
3482:15.63
3472:71.88
3451:10.71
3416:11.54
3404:15.38
3398:Borgu
3377:16.67
3372:16.67
3349:13.33
3340:13.33
3317:11.54
3307:15.38
3301:Dinka
3272:50.63
3206:17.65
3182:21.95
3176:14.63
3171:41.46
3114:13.89
3103:23.61
2922:10.14
2909:10.14
2826:29.09
2010:10.64
1907:13.07
1882:16.18
1874:16.67
1848:17.17
1841:18.18
1771:11.43
1347:Crete
1296:18.58
1288:20.35
1263:29.82
1256:29.82
988:E-V65
985:E-V32
982:E-V22
979:E-V13
970:E-M78
926:Sudan
830:M521
779:M148
734:L540
706:L241
678:L143
392:near
358:E-M78
354:E-M35
347:ISOGG
311:Sudan
228:Libya
224:Egypt
208:E-V22
204:E-V12
200:E-M78
176:E-M78
92:E-M78
82:E-M35
72:Sudan
68:Libya
64:Egypt
18:E-V13
14395:PMID
14348:PMID
14309:PMID
14270:PMID
14236:PMID
14189:PMID
14156:PMID
14126:ISBN
14102:PMID
14067:PMID
14042:PMID
14004:PMID
13926:PMID
13879:ISBN
13861:PMID
13799:PMID
13745:PMID
13714:PMID
13669:PMID
13619:PMID
13562:PMID
13516:PMID
13481:PMID
13437:PMID
13389:PMID
13338:PMID
13301:PMID
13242:PMID
13204:PMID
13138:PMID
13100:PMID
13065:PMID
13025:PMID
12976:PMID
12968:ISSN
12928:PMID
12876:PMID
12828:PMID
12739:PMID
12700:PMID
12664:PNAS
12651:PMID
12579:PMID
12510:ISBN
12483:PMID
12441:PMID
12401:and
12386:PMID
12350:PNAS
12329:PMID
12294:PMID
12254:PMID
12197:PMID
12147:PMID
12115:PMID
12066:PMID
12037:PMID
11998:PMID
11967:PMID
11903:PMID
11856:PMID
11827:PMID
11798:PMID
11750:PMID
11708:PMID
11663:PMID
11616:PMID
11575:PMID
11518:PMID
11489:PMID
11442:PMID
11403:PMID
11368:PMID
11325:PMID
11293:PMID
11190:PMID
11136:PMID
11108:and
11097:PMID
11062:PMID
11023:PMID
10974:PMID
10943:PMID
10896:PMID
10849:PMID
10820:PMID
10778:PMID
10741:PMID
10690:PMID
10656:PMID
10627:PMID
10592:PMID
10531:PMID
10523:ISSN
10358:PMID
10175:2017
10134:PMID
10072:PMID
10023:PMID
9959:PMID
9951:ISSN
9820:PMID
9768:PMID
9714:ISBN
9687:ISBN
9624:link
9494:and
9452:and
9411:and
9217:PMID
9044:K2b1
8889:HIJK
8781:A1b1
8737:A0-T
8388:and
8217:E3b3
8034:E3b2
7912:E3b1
7863:E3b1
7860:E3b1
7848:E3b*
7802:E3a6
7799:E3a6
7790:E3a6
7787:E3a6
7741:E3a5
7738:E3a5
7729:E3a5
7726:E3a5
7680:E3a4
7677:E3a4
7668:E3a4
7665:E3a4
7619:E3a3
7616:E3a3
7607:E3a3
7604:E3a3
7558:E3a2
7555:E3a2
7546:E3a2
7543:E3a2
7497:E3a1
7494:E3a1
7485:E3a1
7482:E3a1
7427:E1b1
7421:E3a*
7396:E-M2
7387:E1b1
7384:E1b1
7381:E1b1
7378:E1b1
7369:E1b1
7335:E-P2
7308:E2b1
7204:E1a1
7201:E1a1
7198:E1a1
7195:E1a1
7186:E1a1
7183:E1a1
7146:E1a
6983:(η)
6980:(ζ)
6977:(ε)
6974:(δ)
6971:(Îł)
6968:(β)
6965:(α)
6752:A10
6466:and
6445:and
6365:and
6349:and
6329:and
5922:A10
5871:and
5834:and
5818:and
5799:and
5230:A10
5145:and
5139:Beja
5074:V-32
5045:and
4841:Chad
4796:2.06
4789:2.06
4736:0.94
4727:0.94
4610:3.57
4601:3.57
4543:3.45
4486:100
4477:100
4454:2.17
4419:4.92
4416:1.64
4411:6.56
4354:4.17
4347:4.17
4262:5.71
4259:2.86
4252:8.57
4195:0.67
4190:0.67
4163:0.81
4158:0.81
4137:3.57
4126:3.57
3997:33.3
3974:88.3
3965:88.3
3944:8.33
3941:8.33
3879:8.33
3846:9.09
3835:9.09
3814:8.82
3803:8.82
3782:4.17
3779:4.17
3774:8.33
3741:3.57
3715:6.00
3712:6.00
3707:6.00
3674:4.76
3663:Beja
3616:3.13
3605:3.13
3584:3.85
3551:2.56
3475:3.13
3448:7.14
3443:3.57
3440:3.57
3431:Nuba
3413:3.85
3366:Nuer
3312:3.85
3288:1.27
3280:1.27
3277:44.3
3219:2.94
3212:8.82
3209:5.88
3187:2.44
3179:2.44
3143:2.15
3138:6.45
3117:2.78
3111:1.39
3108:5.56
2951:3.45
2946:3.45
2884:1.49
2877:1.49
2821:7.27
2814:3.64
2788:0.38
2785:7.17
2778:7.55
2753:9.43
2746:9.43
2721:7.79
2714:7.79
2689:9.09
2682:9.09
2657:2.17
2650:2.17
2625:3.66
2618:3.66
2563:4.05
2556:4.05
2531:2.88
2524:2.88
2499:8.33
2492:8.33
2467:4.85
2460:4.85
2371:2.86
2364:2.86
2306:0.44
2301:4.44
2274:6.25
2269:6.25
2216:3.23
2207:3.23
2184:4.44
2181:5.56
2119:4.08
2112:4.08
2061:1.07
2053:1.07
2050:0.27
2047:0.27
2044:3.48
2021:1.42
2018:8.51
2015:0.71
1991:0.28
1986:1.97
1983:5.34
1980:0.28
1975:7.87
1952:2.13
1949:5.32
1942:7.45
1923:0.65
1918:4.58
1915:7.19
1912:0.65
1879:0.49
1851:1.01
1822:0.60
1819:0.60
1814:4.19
1811:1.20
1806:6.59
1787:0.42
1782:3.81
1779:5.93
1776:1.27
1711:433=
1709:364+
1644:215+
1642:147+
1487:193+
1328:5.60
1321:5.60
1291:1.77
1201:114+
1199:119+
1066:and
940:and
816:V65
793:V19
765:V22
757:V22
664:L17
650:P65
636:V27
622:V13
614:V13
468:V12
447:M78
433:V68
372:and
286:and
226:and
196:Nile
194:The
131:and
14385:PMC
14377:doi
14338:PMC
14330:doi
14299:PMC
14291:doi
14260:PMC
14252:doi
14226:PMC
14218:doi
14179:doi
14148:doi
14092:doi
14059:doi
14032:PMC
14024:doi
13994:PMC
13984:doi
13954:doi
13916:PMC
13908:doi
13904:273
13851:PMC
13841:doi
13791:doi
13737:doi
13704:PMC
13696:doi
13659:PMC
13651:doi
13611:doi
13554:doi
13506:doi
13471:PMC
13463:doi
13427:PMC
13417:doi
13379:PMC
13371:doi
13330:doi
13326:122
13293:doi
13263:doi
13232:doi
13194:PMC
13186:doi
13159:doi
13128:PMC
13120:doi
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7067:E
7064:E
7061:E
7058:E
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6825:9
6822:9
6680:.
6540:.
6168:-
6124:9
6042:9
6012:2
6001:9
5971:1
5957:9
5630:8
5627:8
5618:9
5466:9
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4642:2
4633:2
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4059:6
4027:5
3052:4
3045:4
3038:8
2985:8
2982:2
2979:2
2309:4
2087:4
2080:4
967:n
356:/
210:.
66:/
20:)
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