31:
1246:
1064:
960:
836:
1337:
1008:
654:
1302:
1218:
1260:
1036:
1274:
1204:
1190:
1078:
976:
1288:
1176:
1120:
1050:
1092:
1323:
1232:
1162:
1106:
1148:
1134:
1022:
940:
990:
825:
896:: An improved EE-9 Cascavel Mk II refitted with a diesel engine and an Engesa turret carrying the new Brazilian-manufactured 90mm EC-90 main gun. An anti-aircraft prototype carrying twin 25mm autocannon was also trialled but not adopted. Most Cascavel Mk Is were upgraded to this standard, including automatic transmissions, for the
930:: A modernized variant of the EE-9 Cascavel by AKAER Engenharia ordered by the Brazilian Army in July 2022 with a new engine, tower with automated control, air conditioning, replacement of the optronics, anti-tank missile launcher in its main turret, a new shooting computer as well new sensors. 98 units ordered as a first batch.
769:
The EE-9 Cascavel has found favour with many armies due to its simplified design and use of components already ubiquitous to civilian industry. Its low cost next to comparable
Western armoured cars makes it an attractive purchase to developing nations in particular. At the height of the Cold War, the
524:
Engesa, then an obscure civilian engineering firm, took over the project and by
November 1970 a prototype of an entirely new vehicle using the Greyhound's basic layout was completed. The new EE-9 Cascavel entered the pre-production phase between 1972 and 1973. Assembly lines for the Cascavel and its
815:
A boxy, boat-shaped vehicle, the EE-9 Cascavel has a steep frontal glacis which slopes upwards and back towards the horizontal hull roof, with recesses for the headlamps and a thick glacis plate over the driver's seat. The hull sides are nearly vertical, but also sloped inwards towards the roof.
786:
All EE-9 Cascavels have a similar layoutâthe driver is seated at the front of the vehicle and to the left, turrets are typically fitted above the centre, with motor and transmission situated at the rear. The
Cascavel Mk II has a manual turret, but all later variants have electrically powered
533:
and turret recycled from its elderly
Greyhounds. To compete with more formidable armament available on the international market, Engesa also marketed a heavily modified Cascavel with an automatic transmission and the same 90mm (3.54 in) low-pressure gun found on the
496:
placed restrictions on the amount of defence technology available for export. Brazil responded by creating an indigenous import substitution programme in 1968 aimed at reproducing US equipment already in service. Already in 1966 an article in the military periodical
549:, with the former negotiating a $ 400 million deal for the delivery of two hundred Cascavels and two hundred Urutus. Following the Libyan sale, Engesa unveiled a new production model carrying a Belgian designed, Cockerill main gun manufactured under licence as the
859:
and a manual transmission. Its prevailing feature were two sets of rear road wheels linked by an articulated, boomerang-shaped suspension which boosted rear wheel driveâa characteristic that became nearly synonymous with the
Cascavel and
799:(HESH) shells in cartridge form; a coaxial 7.62mm machine gun is also mounted to the left of the main armament. The EC-90 has an elevation of +15° and a depression of -8°. It is not stabilised and only mounts a rudimentary optical
755:. Some were abandoned by Zimbabwean troops in the Congo after being sabotaged beyond repair, while four others were captured by rebel factions. Few remain in present service due to lack of funds to source new parts from Brazil.
1898:
2592:
30:
2386:
631:
acquired 128 new EE-9 Cascavels in 1982, in order to modernize its equipment in case of an armed conflict with
Venezuela. The armoured cars saw their first and most meaningful action during the
484:
Throughout the early 1960s, Brazil's bilateral defence agreements with the United States ensured easy access to a post-war surplus of
American military equipment, including a number of
463:
counterpart; both entered production in 1974 and are now operated by over 20 nations in South
America, Africa, and the Middle East. Rights to the design were also sold to the
2420:
2155:
807:
in
Brazilian service. Late production Cascavels were fitted with run-flat tyres and a unique central tyre pressure regulator accessible from the driving compartment.
2104:
912:: An EE-9 Cascavel Mk IV fitted with a Mercedes-Benz OM52A diesel engine developing 190 hp (142 kW). This was the final variant offered for sale by Engesa.
2682:
1894:
688:, the surviving fleet was condemned for scrap; however, American technical personnel did restore thirty-five to working order in 2008 and present them to the
2603:
643:. The EE-9s made some direct hits against the structure's external walls, which started a fire that destroyed the building and killed several hostages. The
1873:
492:
armoured cars. The
Brazilian arms industry limited itself to restoring and maintaining this obsolete hardware until 1964 when American involvement in the
676:
tanks and tracked combat vehicles on the relatively flat, sandy terrain near the coastal region. Coalition air strikes later destroyed several north of
3461:
3359:
2134:
770:
strictly commercial nature of Engesa salesâdevoid of any political supplier restraintsâwas also perceived as an acceptable alternative to arms from
3471:
3354:
2360:
613:
906:: First production model to be equipped with run-flat tyres and the tyre pressure regulator. Also carried a more integrated fire control system.
2301:
3446:
2933:
545:
followed suit with an order for two hundred Cascavels in 1977. Both Iraq and Libya chose the Cascavel in preference to the Panhard AML-90 or
3364:
3041:
1591:
816:
There is a low, well-rounded turret on the forward section of the hull with a long, tapered gun barrel and a triple baffle muzzle brake.
2496:
562:
541:
The Qatari Cascavel sale proved to be a major success for Engesa, and Brazil's first successful inroad into the Arabian arms trade.
3456:
3420:
3415:
3405:
3400:
3395:
2328:
3441:
3410:
2977:
94:
998:: 600 (409 operational in 2010) 98 being modernized to the "Cascavel NG" standard, remaining in process of replacement by the
851:(skinny rattlesnake) for its small turret ring, this was Engesa's initial production model and only entered service with the
3466:
759:
606:
3076:
2369:
2403:
3253:
2923:
2904:
2885:
2866:
2847:
2828:
2805:
2767:
2744:
440:. The vehicle was first fitted with the Greyhound's 37mm main gun, and subsequently, a French turret adopted from the
2945:
2786:
2485:
538:. This model, intended for export, drew interest in the Middle East and twenty were immediately purchased by Qatar.
3326:
2131:"Urutu e Cascavel ganharão vida nova | Forças Terrestres - ForTe - Estratégia, Tecnologia Militar e Segurança"
1251:
1069:
792:
705:
3151:
3451:
1869:
736:
3476:
2436:
3161:
3273:
763:
2130:
870:(fat rattlesnake) for its wide turret ring, this was Engesa's first export model and entered service with
731:. The armoured cars provided armed escort for local convoys and patrolled the roads to preempt attacks by
3146:
2640:
883:
693:
617:
134:
2033:
2970:
796:
460:
126:
529:, were opened in 1974. The hulls were purchased by the Brazilian Army but mounted the same antiquated
644:
628:
513:
fuel production made it viable to locally produce an 8â10 ton, 6x6 armoured vehicle, and by 1970 the
2308:
839:
Brazilian Cascavel NG under tests near Rio de Janeiro, with new weapons and sensors, September 2024
632:
574:
142:
102:
2706:
National security and mobilization management: regional studies program: academic year 1984-1985
2987:
2302:"The quest for autonomy: the evolution of Brazil's role in the international system, 1964-1985"
2281:
2105:"Exército Brasileiro assina contrato com a Akaer para modernização dos blindados EE-9 Cascavel"
804:
788:
681:
658:
636:
602:
429:
130:
106:
48:
2704:
471:. About 2,767 Cascavels and Urutus were manufactured before Engesa ceased operations in 1993.
3121:
2963:
2572:
2527:
685:
598:
586:
138:
2156:"El EjĂ©rcito Brasileño elige al Centauro II como su futuro vehĂculo de combate blindado 8Ă8"
657:
A battle-damaged Iraqi EE-9 Cascavel somewhere along the frontier with Saudi Arabia, during
3319:
724:
183:
8:
3071:
2955:
800:
502:
417:
3268:
2820:
2519:
871:
748:
648:
589:
and French Marines. An unknown number of these armoured cars were later donated to the
98:
2034:"What is Happening in Myanmar - Documenting Equipment Losses in the Myanmar Civil War"
2941:
2919:
2900:
2881:
2862:
2843:
2824:
2801:
2782:
2763:
2740:
2523:
2481:
2354:
2335:
665:
110:
2623:
2511:
999:
740:
673:
445:
118:
918:: Derivative of the EE-9 Cascavel Mk V with a Mercedes-Benz OM352A diesel engine.
715:
Zimbabwe procured ninety EE-9 Cascavels in 1984 as a suitable replacement for the
517:
was developing an updated Greyhound known simply by its Portuguese initials, CRR (
3312:
3031:
3001:
2661:
2473:
879:
590:
468:
358:
3349:
2573:"Uma realidade brasileira - Desenvolvimento de blindados sobre roadas 1967â1975"
1370:
582:
565:
successfully deployed a number of EE-9 Cascavels against Egyptian tanks, likely
3096:
2297:
897:
852:
829:
747:
commandeered from local charter firms were used to airlift twelve Cascavels to
744:
689:
616:(GUNT) received five EE-9 Cascavels from Libya in 1986. Over the course of the
514:
337:
36:
2515:
1592:"Exército divulga as primeiras imagens do Cascavel NG equipado com MSS 1.2 AC"
3435:
3379:
3182:
3116:
3056:
2736:
1406:
1382:
1360:
959:
875:
787:
traverse. Cascavel Mk IIIs are equipped with an Engesa EC-90 90mm gun firing
728:
672:. The armoured cars were frequently able to outmanoeuvre the heavier Iranian
546:
464:
2684:
An introduction to the armed forces of China, Cuba, Syria, Libya, and Angola
2552:
2463:
Martins, Dean (1994). "Brazil - The Armed Forces of a Regional Superpower".
2334:. Washington: Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived from
3141:
3106:
3101:
3036:
3026:
2421:"Uma experiĂȘncia real: EE-9 Cascavel em combate LĂbia e Iraque 2015 â 2017"
1013:
856:
732:
669:
621:
530:
489:
485:
437:
3374:
3283:
3258:
3243:
3217:
3202:
3197:
3111:
3051:
3006:
2553:"Uma realidade brasileira - As exportaçÔes dos veĂculos militares Engesa"
1418:
1365:
887:
775:
677:
653:
535:
526:
493:
456:
441:
1895:"Ejército fue responsable del incendio en la toma a Palacio de Justicia"
835:
3212:
3156:
2187:
2185:
720:
620:, seventy-nine ex-Libyan Cascavels were captured or recovered from the
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2084:
2082:
3187:
3136:
3091:
3086:
3061:
2897:
Building an Arsenal: The Evolution of Regional Power Force Structures
2759:
1394:
716:
709:
542:
510:
235:
2221:
2197:
1376:
640:
3131:
2162:
2079:
1870:"El blindado Engesa EE-9 Mk.III "Cascavél" del Ejército Colombiano"
1307:
1265:
1223:
1041:
752:
751:. From there they subsequently engaged Rwandan troops advancing on
506:
239:
122:
114:
692:. Locally modified EE-9 were refurbished by Iraqi militias of the
624:
by the Chadian military, which continues to hold them in storage.
3288:
3278:
3207:
3126:
3046:
1293:
1279:
1209:
1195:
1181:
1083:
981:
939:
566:
305:
2709:. Washington D.C.: Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)
2690:. Fort Huachuka, Arizona: United States Army Intelligence Center
3335:
3293:
3263:
3227:
3222:
3081:
3066:
3021:
3016:
3011:
1987:
1975:
1963:
1430:
1125:
1055:
995:
444:. Later models carry unique Engesa turrets with a Belgian 90mm
433:
426:
326:
157:
58:
2307:. Rio de Janeiro: Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão. Archived from
1737:
647:
still uses them and have used them in the jungle so on in the
340:
6V-53N 5.2 L (320 in) 6-cylinder water-cooled diesel
3248:
2327:
Cordesman, Anthony, Vira, Varun, and Arleigh (20 June 2011).
1328:
1237:
1167:
1111:
1097:
432:
developed primarily for reconnaissance. It was engineered by
2538:
Godoy, Robert (1986). "Brazilian hybrid Cascavel for Iraq".
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
824:
1342:
1153:
1139:
1027:
771:
739:(RENAMO) insurgents. During Zimbabwe's intervention in the
697:
668:, EE-9 Cascavels were operated by Iraqi garrisons near the
594:
578:
570:
394:
308:
2985:
1924:
1781:
1779:
924:: EE-9 Cascavel Mk V with the MT-643 gearbox of the Mk IV.
719:. At least one Zimbabwean Cascavel squadron deployed into
696:, with some having their 90mm replaced or supplemented by
3304:
3166:
2284:. Solna: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
1941:
1939:
1715:
1713:
1617:
701:
2817:
Conflict in Northwest Africa: The Western Sahara Dispute
2662:"Zimbabwe: Controversy Over $ 600m Spare Parts For ZNA"
2045:
2043:
1852:
1850:
1776:
1766:
1764:
886:. It was equipped with an H-90 turret adopted from the
2878:
Great Lakes Conflagration: Second Congo War, 1998 2003
2434:
2419:
Bastos, Expedito Carlos Stephani (14 September 2017).
2191:
2088:
1951:
1936:
1710:
1662:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1525:
1523:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
2932:
2245:
2227:
2203:
1912:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1796:
1794:
1725:
1607:
1605:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1508:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
436:
in 1970 as a replacement for Brazil's aging fleet of
2497:"How Brazil Competes In The Global Defense Industry"
2404:"Burma: Security Council should impose arms embargo"
2067:
2055:
2040:
2004:
2002:
1847:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1761:
1698:
1686:
2233:
1749:
1520:
1435:
1423:
1411:
1399:
1387:
639:guerrilla group took over the Palace of Justice in
2733:Jane's Tanks and Combat Vehicles Recognition Guide
2571:Bastos, Expedito Carlos Stephani (December 2004).
2209:
2014:
1791:
1650:
1602:
1535:
1454:
712:gun. They were used against Islamic State forces.
597:, while others remained in service as late as the
2875:
2435:Forecast International, (various) (August 1995).
1999:
1993:
1981:
1969:
1806:
1674:
1638:
1498:
1496:
1377:Vehicles of comparable role, performance, and era
855:. It was equipped with a turret adopted from the
758:The EE-9 Cascavel was also saw combat during the
3433:
2795:
1743:
727:to protect Harare's primary commercial links in
2756:A Compendium of Armaments and Military Hardware
2257:
2099:
2097:
1310:: 90; 10 operational and 77 reserve as of 2011.
2840:The Gulf War: Operation Desert Storm 1990-1991
2641:"Zimbabwe army crippled: Report exposes decay"
2551:Bastos, Expedito Carlos Stephani (June 2006).
2329:"The Libyan Uprising: An Uncertain Trajectory"
1493:
3320:
2971:
2934:International Institute for Strategic Studies
2158:(in Spanish). Zona Militar. 25 November 2022.
577:in 1977. Libyan Cascavels also saw action in
455:The Cascavel shares many components with the
2837:
2370:"U.S. hands over 35 Cascavels to Iraqi Army"
2359:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2123:
2094:
1930:
525:armoured personnel carrier counterpart, the
2776:
1632:
3327:
3313:
2978:
2964:
2367:
1945:
563:Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
448:Mk.3 cannon produced under licence as the
3462:Military vehicles introduced in the 1970s
2913:
2326:
2251:
1785:
614:Transitional Government of National Unity
601:. Cascavels were still in use during the
2914:Cordesman, Anthony (30 September 2004).
2842:. Stanford: Pen & Sword Books, Ltd.
2796:Grandolini, Albert; Cooper, Tom (2015).
1170:: 380 to 500; 70 operational as of 2011.
1156:: 232 to 364; 35 operational as of 2008.
1142:: 130 to 150; 35 operational as of 2004.
963:EE-9 Cascavels of the Iraqi Army in 2008
958:
938:
834:
823:
652:
3472:Reconnaissance vehicles of the Cold War
2916:The Military Balance in the Middle East
2856:
2702:
2462:
2296:
1957:
1918:
1719:
1668:
1514:
803:, which has been upgraded with a laser
304:1 Ă 90mm Engesa EC-90 (44 rounds), 2 Ă
3434:
2659:
2622:Rocha, Cezar Marques da (April 1966).
2570:
2550:
2471:
2418:
2384:
2368:Rosencrans, Aaron (21 February 2008).
2215:
2061:
2020:
1856:
1800:
1770:
1731:
1704:
1692:
1529:
1443:
501:had argued that the state of national
342:158 kW (212 hp) at 2,800 rpm
3308:
2959:
2894:
2814:
2753:
2638:
2621:
2593:"Arms trade expands in South America"
2537:
2279:
2073:
2049:
2008:
1841:
1755:
1680:
1578:
416:
3447:Armoured fighting vehicles of Brazil
2730:
2680:
2602:. Hopewell, Virginia. Archived from
2494:
2465:Jane's Intelligence Review: Yearbook
2239:
2133:(in Portuguese). ForTe. 2010-03-02.
1656:
1644:
1611:
1487:
967:
369:0.375 m (1 ft 2.8 in)
2590:
2401:
2263:
1502:
1314:
519:Carro de Reconhecimento sobre Rodas
258:5.25 m (17 ft 3 in)
13:
2876:Cooper, Thomas (19 October 2013).
2800:. Solihull: Helion & Co. Ltd.
2798:Libyan Air Wars: Part 1: 1973-1985
2402:HRW, (various) (10 October 2007).
250:6.29 m (20 ft 8 in)
14:
3488:
2880:. Solihull: Helio & Co. Ltd.
2861:. Solihull: Helio & Co. Ltd.
279:2.60 m (8 ft 6 in)
271:2.59 m (8 ft 6 in)
1354:
1335:
1321:
1300:
1286:
1272:
1258:
1252:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1244:
1230:
1216:
1202:
1188:
1174:
1160:
1146:
1132:
1118:
1104:
1090:
1076:
1070:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1062:
1048:
1034:
1020:
1006:
988:
974:
880:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
377:360 L (95 US gal)
29:
3457:Wheeled reconnaissance vehicles
2660:Kahiya, Vincent (19 May 2000).
2639:Staff Reporter (20 July 2011).
2148:
2137:from the original on 2013-12-21
2026:
1901:from the original on 2019-04-20
1887:
1876:from the original on 2019-04-20
1862:
2838:Tucker-Jones, Anthony (2014).
2504:Latin American Research Review
2456:Newspaper and journal articles
2406:. New York: Human Rights Watch
2387:"Democratic Republic of Congo"
1584:
890:and an automatic transmission.
781:
737:Mozambican National Resistance
479:
202:
83:
1:
3442:Armoured cars of the Cold War
2781:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
2779:Tanks: 100 Years of Evolution
2777:Ogorkiewicz, Richard (2015).
2624:"O carro de combate nacional"
2495:Neto, Raul de Gouvea (1991).
2385:Martin, Guy (23 April 2013).
2372:. Washington: Defense Imagery
828:Cascavel Mk I at a museum in
635:in 1985, when members of the
287:3 (commander, driver, gunner)
218:
2940:. Vol. 121. Routledge.
2754:Chant, Christopher (2013) .
2441:. Military Vehicles Forecast
1994:Cooper & 19 October 2013
1982:Cooper & 19 October 2013
1970:Cooper & 19 October 2013
1744:Grandolini & Cooper 2015
934:
764:State Administration Council
7:
3467:Vehicles introduced in 1970
2474:"Who supplies the matches?"
2389:. Johannesburg: Defence Web
2192:Forecast International 1995
2089:Forecast International 1995
1349:
819:
810:
694:Popular Mobilization Forces
399:100 km/h (62 mph)
361:double axle boomerang drive
39:at a public exhibit in 2022
10:
3493:
3334:
2815:Damis, John James (1983).
2731:Foss, Christopher (2000).
1897:(in Spanish). 2009-09-19.
1872:(in Spanish). 2016-07-04.
797:high explosive squash head
556:
474:
461:armoured personnel carrier
127:Internal conflict in Burma
3389:Trucks and light vehicles
3388:
3342:
3236:
3175:
2994:
2938:The Military Balance 2021
2859:The Battle for Mozambique
2857:Emerson, Stephen (2014).
2516:10.1017/S0023879100023943
2280:SIPRI, (various) (2009).
2228:The Military Balance 2021
2204:The Military Balance 2021
629:National Army of Colombia
414:Portuguese pronunciation:
393:
389:750 km (470 mi)
381:
373:
365:
354:
346:
333:
317:
296:
291:
283:
275:
267:
254:
246:
230:
225:
212:
201:
193:
179:
171:
163:
153:
148:
90:
77:
69:
64:
55:Place of origin
54:
44:
28:
21:
2666:The Zimbabwe Independent
2478:Third World Annual 88/89
2472:Elliot, Jeffrey (1987).
793:high explosive anti-tank
2988:reconnaissance vehicles
2647:. Johannesburg, Gauteng
2591:UPI (9 December 1980).
633:Palace of Justice siege
618:ChadianâLibyan conflict
143:Second Libyan Civil War
135:War in Iraq (2013â2017)
964:
956:
866:: Popularly nicknamed
847:: Popularly nicknamed
840:
832:
766:, taking some losses.
682:Operation Desert Storm
661:
659:Operation Desert Storm
312:(for Cascavel NG only)
131:First Libyan Civil War
16:Brazilian armoured car
3452:Fire support vehicles
2918:. Westport: Praeger.
2899:. Westport: Praeger.
962:
942:
838:
827:
686:2003 invasion of Iraq
656:
599:2011 Libyan Civil War
587:French Foreign Legion
581:, where they engaged
366:Ground clearance
139:Boko Haram insurgency
3477:Six-wheeled vehicles
2895:Gupta, Amit (1997).
2533:on December 8, 2014.
1598:. 27 September 2024.
725:Mozambican Civil War
704:machine guns, 107mm
603:2016 battle of Sirte
329:(2,200â2,400 rounds)
1444:Notes and citations
801:fire-control system
762:on the side of the
649:Colombian Conflict.
575:LibyanâEgyptian War
503:automotive industry
425:) is a six-wheeled
418:[kÉskÉËvÉl]
103:EgyptianâLibyan War
95:Colombian Civil War
35:Engesa EE-9 of the
2821:Hoover Institution
2668:. Harare, Zimbabwe
2609:on 28 October 2017
965:
957:
841:
833:
662:
374:Fuel capacity
309:anti-tank missiles
149:Production history
107:ChadianâLibyan War
99:Western Sahara War
3429:
3428:
3302:
3301:
2936:(February 2021).
2628:A Defesa Nacional
2600:The Hopewell News
2580:Revista DaCultura
2560:Revista DaCultura
2282:"Trade Registers"
1931:Tucker-Jones 2014
968:Current operators
760:Myanmar civil war
499:A Defesa Nacional
403:
402:
263:
189:
3484:
3343:Armored vehicles
3329:
3322:
3315:
3306:
3305:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2929:
2910:
2891:
2872:
2853:
2834:
2811:
2792:
2773:
2750:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2703:College (1985).
2699:
2697:
2695:
2689:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2635:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2608:
2597:
2587:
2577:
2567:
2557:
2547:
2540:Strategic Digest
2534:
2532:
2526:. Archived from
2501:
2491:
2468:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2364:
2358:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2340:
2333:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2313:
2306:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2160:
2159:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2101:
2092:
2086:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2038:
2037:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1845:
1839:
1804:
1798:
1789:
1783:
1774:
1768:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1633:Ogorkiewicz 2015
1630:
1615:
1609:
1600:
1599:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1533:
1527:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1491:
1485:
1439:
1437:
1427:
1425:
1415:
1413:
1403:
1401:
1391:
1389:
1345:: 36, from Libya
1341:
1339:
1338:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1315:Former operators
1306:
1304:
1303:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1012:
1010:
1009:
994:
992:
991:
980:
978:
977:
953:
947:
741:Second Congo War
684:. Following the
421:, translated to
420:
415:
396:
259:
204:
187:
119:Second Congo War
33:
24:
19:
18:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3384:
3360:EE-18 Sucuri II
3338:
3333:
3303:
3298:
3232:
3171:
2990:
2986:Modern wheeled
2984:
2954:
2948:
2926:
2907:
2888:
2869:
2850:
2831:
2808:
2789:
2770:
2747:
2721:
2712:
2710:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2671:
2669:
2650:
2648:
2634:(606): 119â122.
2612:
2610:
2606:
2595:
2575:
2555:
2530:
2499:
2488:
2453:
2444:
2442:
2425:
2423:
2409:
2407:
2392:
2390:
2375:
2373:
2352:
2351:
2344:
2342:
2341:on 5 March 2016
2338:
2331:
2317:
2315:
2314:on June 2, 2015
2311:
2304:
2298:Hurrell, Andrew
2287:
2285:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2190:
2163:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2140:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2111:(in Portuguese)
2103:
2102:
2095:
2087:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2041:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2007:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1946:Rosencrans 2008
1944:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1904:
1902:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1879:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1848:
1840:
1807:
1799:
1792:
1784:
1777:
1769:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1618:
1610:
1603:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1536:
1528:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1494:
1486:
1455:
1446:
1433:
1421:
1409:
1397:
1385:
1379:
1357:
1352:
1336:
1334:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1301:
1299:
1287:
1285:
1273:
1271:
1259:
1257:
1245:
1243:
1231:
1229:
1217:
1215:
1203:
1201:
1189:
1187:
1175:
1173:
1161:
1159:
1147:
1145:
1133:
1131:
1119:
1117:
1105:
1103:
1091:
1089:
1077:
1075:
1063:
1061:
1049:
1047:
1035:
1033:
1021:
1019:
1007:
1005:
989:
987:
975:
973:
970:
955:
951:
949:
945:
937:
922:Cascavel Mk VII
894:Cascavel Mk III
822:
813:
784:
749:N'djili Airport
745:Ilyushin Il-76s
706:Type 63 rockets
591:Polisario Front
559:
482:
477:
469:FMC Corporation
413:
386:
384:
341:
322:
320:
301:
299:
292:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
70:In service
65:Service history
40:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3490:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3355:EE-17 Sucuri I
3352:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3332:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3309:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3097:Mildef Rentaka
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2983:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2960:
2953:
2952:
2946:
2930:
2925:978-0275983994
2924:
2911:
2906:978-0275957872
2905:
2892:
2887:978-1909384668
2886:
2873:
2868:978-1909384927
2867:
2854:
2849:978-1781593912
2848:
2835:
2830:978-0817977818
2829:
2812:
2807:978-1909982390
2806:
2793:
2787:
2774:
2769:978-1315884851
2768:
2751:
2746:978-0007183265
2745:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2700:
2678:
2657:
2645:The Zimbabwean
2636:
2619:
2588:
2568:
2548:
2535:
2492:
2486:
2469:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2432:
2416:
2399:
2382:
2365:
2324:
2294:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2273:Online sources
2269:
2268:
2256:
2252:Cordesman 2004
2244:
2242:, p. 349.
2232:
2230:, p. 466.
2220:
2208:
2206:, p. 457.
2196:
2161:
2147:
2122:
2093:
2078:
2076:, p. 309.
2066:
2054:
2052:, p. 143.
2039:
2025:
2013:
1998:
1986:
1974:
1962:
1960:, p. 342.
1950:
1935:
1923:
1911:
1886:
1861:
1846:
1805:
1790:
1786:Cordesman 2011
1775:
1760:
1748:
1736:
1734:, p. 229.
1724:
1722:, p. 303.
1709:
1697:
1685:
1673:
1671:, p. 159.
1661:
1649:
1637:
1635:, p. 218.
1616:
1614:, p. 213.
1601:
1583:
1534:
1519:
1517:, p. 142.
1507:
1492:
1490:, p. 348.
1452:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1428:
1416:
1404:
1392:
1388:United Kingdom
1378:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1332:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1297:
1283:
1269:
1255:
1241:
1227:
1213:
1199:
1185:
1171:
1157:
1143:
1129:
1115:
1101:
1087:
1073:
1059:
1045:
1031:
1017:
1003:
985:
969:
966:
950:
944:
936:
933:
932:
931:
925:
919:
916:Cascavel Mk VI
913:
907:
904:Cascavel Mk IV
901:
898:Brazilian Army
891:
888:Panhard AML-90
868:Cascavel Gordo
864:Cascavel Mk II
861:
853:Brazilian Army
849:Cascavel Magro
830:Rio de Janeiro
821:
818:
812:
809:
789:high explosive
783:
780:
690:New Iraqi Army
645:Colombian Army
558:
555:
515:Brazilian Army
481:
478:
476:
473:
442:Panhard AML-90
401:
400:
397:
395:Maximum speed
391:
390:
387:
382:
379:
378:
375:
371:
370:
367:
363:
362:
356:
352:
351:
348:
344:
343:
338:Detroit Diesel
335:
331:
330:
323:
318:
315:
314:
302:
297:
294:
293:
289:
288:
285:
281:
280:
277:
273:
272:
269:
265:
264:
256:
252:
251:
248:
244:
243:
234:12 tonnes (13
232:
228:
227:
226:Specifications
223:
222:
214:
210:
209:
206:
199:
198:
195:
191:
190:
181:
180:Unit cost
177:
176:
173:
169:
168:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
146:
145:
92:
88:
87:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
37:Brazilian Army
34:
26:
25:
23:EE-9 Cascavel
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3489:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3380:EE-3 Jararaca
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3370:EE-9 Cascavel
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3330:
3325:
3323:
3318:
3316:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3193:EE-9 Cascavel
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3183:Alvis Saladin
3181:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3057:EE-3 Jararaca
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2981:
2976:
2974:
2969:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2949:
2947:9781032012278
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2788:9781472806703
2784:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2738:
2737:HarperCollins
2734:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2722:
2708:
2707:
2701:
2686:
2685:
2681:AIPD (1999).
2679:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2510:(3): 83â108.
2509:
2505:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2487:9780879677077
2483:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2454:
2440:
2439:
2438:EE-9 Cascavel
2433:
2422:
2417:
2405:
2400:
2388:
2383:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2337:
2330:
2325:
2310:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2271:
2265:
2260:
2253:
2248:
2241:
2236:
2229:
2224:
2217:
2212:
2205:
2200:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2157:
2151:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2098:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2075:
2070:
2064:, p. 41.
2063:
2058:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2035:
2029:
2022:
2017:
2010:
2005:
2003:
1996:, p. 57.
1995:
1990:
1984:, p. 32.
1983:
1978:
1972:, p. 25.
1971:
1966:
1959:
1954:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1933:, p. 30.
1932:
1927:
1921:, p. 11.
1920:
1915:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1859:, p. 39.
1858:
1853:
1851:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1788:, p. 34.
1787:
1782:
1780:
1773:, p. 38.
1772:
1767:
1765:
1758:, p. 99.
1757:
1752:
1746:, p. 37.
1745:
1740:
1733:
1728:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1707:, p. 42.
1706:
1701:
1695:, p. 43.
1694:
1689:
1682:
1677:
1670:
1665:
1659:, p. 85.
1658:
1653:
1647:, p. 87.
1646:
1641:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1581:, p. 29.
1580:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1532:, p. 37.
1531:
1526:
1524:
1516:
1511:
1504:
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1405:
1396:
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1383:Alvis Saladin
1381:
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1361:EE-3 Jararaca
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910:Cascavel Mk V
908:
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845:Cascavel Mk I
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666:IranâIraq War
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634:
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623:
619:
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610:
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607:Islamic State
604:
600:
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588:
584:
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576:
573:, during the
572:
568:
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554:
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547:ERC-90 Sagaie
544:
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465:United States
462:
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438:M8 Greyhounds
435:
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350:15.82hp/tonne
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111:IranâIraq War
108:
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72:
68:
63:
60:
57:
53:
50:
47:
43:
38:
32:
27:
20:
3369:
3350:EE-T1 OsĂłrio
3192:
3142:TAD Turangga
3107:K151 Raycolt
2937:
2915:
2896:
2877:
2858:
2839:
2819:. Stanford:
2816:
2797:
2778:
2755:
2732:
2724:Bibliography
2711:. Retrieved
2705:
2692:. Retrieved
2683:
2670:. Retrieved
2665:
2649:. Retrieved
2644:
2631:
2627:
2611:. Retrieved
2604:the original
2599:
2583:
2579:
2566:(10): 36â41.
2563:
2559:
2543:
2539:
2528:the original
2507:
2503:
2477:
2464:
2443:. Retrieved
2437:
2424:. Retrieved
2408:. Retrieved
2391:. Retrieved
2374:. Retrieved
2343:. Retrieved
2336:the original
2316:. Retrieved
2309:the original
2286:. Retrieved
2259:
2247:
2235:
2223:
2211:
2199:
2194:, p. 5.
2150:
2139:. Retrieved
2125:
2113:. Retrieved
2108:
2091:, p. 4.
2069:
2057:
2028:
2016:
1989:
1977:
1965:
1958:Emerson 2014
1953:
1926:
1919:College 1985
1914:
1903:. Retrieved
1889:
1878:. Retrieved
1864:
1751:
1739:
1727:
1720:Hurrell 2014
1700:
1688:
1676:
1669:Hurrell 2014
1664:
1652:
1640:
1595:
1586:
1515:Martins 1994
1510:
1400:South Africa
1371:EE-T1 OsĂłrio
1014:Burkina Faso
954: Former
927:
921:
915:
909:
903:
893:
867:
863:
857:M8 Greyhound
848:
844:
814:
785:
768:
757:
714:
670:Persian Gulf
663:
626:
622:Aouzou Strip
611:
605:against the
560:
550:
540:
523:
518:
498:
490:M8 Greyhound
486:World War II
483:
454:
449:
430:armoured car
422:
408:
406:
404:
347:Power/weight
311:
260:
255: length
217:
172:Manufacturer
82:
78:Used by
73:1974âpresent
49:Armoured car
3375:EE-11 Urutu
3284:KTO Rosomak
3244:B1 Centauro
3218:Type 87 RCV
3198:EBRC Jaguar
2672:29 November
2651:29 November
2586:(7): 36â45.
2445:25 February
2410:20 December
2376:20 December
2345:20 December
2318:20 December
2288:17 February
2216:Martin 2013
2062:Bastos 2006
2021:Kahiya 2000
1857:Bastos 2006
1801:Bastos 2017
1771:Bastos 2006
1732:Elliot 1987
1705:Bastos 2004
1693:Bastos 2004
1596:Tecnodefesa
1530:Bastos 2006
1419:Panhard AML
1366:EE-11 Urutu
1000:Centauro II
928:Cascavel NG
805:rangefinder
782:Description
776:Warsaw Pact
723:during the
678:Kuwait City
664:During the
553:in Brazil.
536:Panhard AML
531:37mm cannon
527:EE-11 Urutu
494:Vietnam War
480:Development
457:EE-11 Urutu
423:Rattlesnake
383:Operational
205: built
3436:Categories
3365:EE-T4 Ogum
3157:URO VAMTAC
3042:DAF YP-104
2758:. London:
2735:. London:
2467:: 142â143.
2141:2014-01-22
2074:Godoy 1986
2050:Gupta 1997
2009:Staff 2011
1905:2019-04-20
1880:2019-04-20
1842:SIPRI 2009
1756:Damis 1983
1681:Rocha 1966
1579:Chant 2013
1226:: 28 to 30
1086:: 22 to 28
943:Operators
795:(HEAT) or
721:Mozambique
355:Suspension
236:short tons
186:$ 500,000
3188:AMX-10 RC
3087:Iveco LMV
2760:Routledge
2713:4 January
2694:4 January
2613:4 January
2524:252930890
2426:5 January
2393:6 January
2300:(2014) .
2240:Foss 2000
1657:Neto 1991
1645:Neto 1991
1612:AIPD 1999
1488:Foss 2000
1449:Citations
1434:– (
1422:– (
1410:– (
1398:– (
1395:Eland Mk7
1386:– (
935:Operators
717:Eland Mk7
710:2A28 Grom
674:Chieftain
543:Abu Dhabi
511:Petrobras
488:-vintage
446:Cockerill
427:Brazilian
319:Secondary
240:long tons
197:1974â1993
84:Operators
3032:Cobra II
3002:Akrep II
2355:cite web
2264:HRW 2007
2135:Archived
1899:Archived
1874:Archived
1503:UPI 1980
1350:See also
1308:Zimbabwe
1268:: 6 to 7
1266:Suriname
1224:Paraguay
1042:Colombia
820:Variants
811:External
774:and the
753:Kinshasa
735:-backed
567:T-54/55s
507:highways
467:via the
409:Cascavel
321:armament
300:armament
219:Variants
213:Variants
194:Produced
164:Designed
154:Designer
123:Iraq War
115:Gulf War
3289:Type 08
3279:Rooikat
3208:LAV-600
3127:RAM MK3
3112:Komatsu
3102:Gagamba
3047:Dozor-B
2823:Press.
2546:: 1309.
2480:: 229.
1294:Uruguay
1280:Tunisia
1210:Nigeria
1196:Myanmar
1182:Morocco
1084:Ecuador
982:Bolivia
876:Bolivia
612:Chad's
585:of the
583:AML-90s
557:Service
475:History
306:MSS-1.2
3336:Engesa
3294:Vextra
3264:LAV-25
3254:Coyote
3228:VEC-M1
3223:VBC-90
3117:Komodo
3082:Hawkei
3072:Ferret
3067:Fennek
3022:BPM-97
3017:BRDM-2
3012:BRDM-1
2944:
2922:
2903:
2884:
2865:
2846:
2827:
2804:
2785:
2766:
2743:
2522:
2484:
2115:7 July
1436:France
1431:VBC-90
1424:France
1412:France
1340:
1326:
1305:
1291:
1277:
1263:
1249:
1235:
1221:
1207:
1193:
1179:
1165:
1151:
1137:
1126:Guyana
1123:
1109:
1095:
1081:
1067:
1056:Cyprus
1053:
1039:
1025:
1011:
996:Brazil
993:
979:
952:
946:
882:, and
878:, the
860:Urutu.
791:(HE),
641:BogotĂĄ
459:, its
434:Engesa
334:Engine
327:FN MAG
276:Height
261:(hull)
247:Length
175:Engesa
158:Engesa
59:Brazil
3421:EE-34
3416:EE-12
3406:EE-50
3401:EE-25
3396:EE-15
3274:M1127
3269:Luchs
3249:ASLAV
3237:8 x 8
3176:6 x 6
3147:Tiger
3062:Eland
3052:Eagle
3027:Cobra
2995:4 x 4
2688:(PDF)
2607:(PDF)
2596:(PDF)
2576:(PDF)
2556:(PDF)
2531:(PDF)
2520:S2CID
2500:(PDF)
2339:(PDF)
2332:(PDF)
2312:(PDF)
2305:(PDF)
2109:Forte
1329:Chile
1238:Qatar
1198:: 150
1168:Libya
1112:Ghana
1098:Gabon
1058:: 126
1044:: 121
884:Libya
872:Qatar
708:or a
571:T-62s
551:EC-90
450:EC-90
407:EE-9
385:range
268:Width
238:; 12
208:1,738
188:(new)
3411:EE-4
3213:Puma
3152:Tigr
3037:CRAB
2942:ISBN
2920:ISBN
2901:ISBN
2882:ISBN
2863:ISBN
2844:ISBN
2825:ISBN
2802:ISBN
2783:ISBN
2764:ISBN
2741:ISBN
2715:2015
2696:2015
2674:2015
2653:2015
2615:2016
2482:ISBN
2447:2019
2428:2019
2412:2015
2395:2016
2378:2015
2361:link
2347:2015
2320:2015
2290:2015
2117:2022
1343:Togo
1331:: 83
1296:: 15
1282:: 24
1254:: 29
1240:: 20
1212:: 75
1154:Iraq
1140:Iran
1128:: 18
1100:: 14
1072:: 19
1030:: 20
1028:Chad
1016:: 24
1002:8Ă8.
984:: 24
772:NATO
698:DShK
637:M-19
627:The
595:Togo
593:and
579:Chad
561:The
509:and
405:The
298:Main
284:Crew
231:Mass
216:See
167:1970
91:Wars
81:See
45:Type
3259:EBR
3203:ERC
3167:XAV
3162:VBL
3137:Spy
3132:RBY
3092:FUG
3077:Fox
3007:AML
2512:doi
1184:: 7
1114:: 3
702:ZPU
700:or
680:in
569:or
521:).
359:6X6
325:2Ă
203:No.
184:USD
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