446:, "Charlemagne ... saw England as if it were ruled by two kings only: Æthelred ruling Northumbria and Offa ruling everything to the south". Frankish support for Northumbria thus appears to have been driven by a desire to counter Mercian influence in southern Britain, an area with long-standing ties to Francia. It has also been suggested that Charlemagne's interest in Northumbria was motivated by a desire for co-operation against Viking raiders, who had first appeared in Northumbria in the early 790s. Alternatively it may be that Charlemagne's conception of the sphere of his authority included Britain, which had once been part of the Roman Empire.
214:
604:. Wada was put to flight and may have gone into exile in Mercia. He may have hoped to restore Osbald to the throne. The evidence for Osbald's continued ambition is a letter that Alcuin wrote to him, probably in 798, in which Alcuin attempted to dissuade Osbald from further interventions in Northumbrian affairs. Alcuin's arguments appear to have succeeded, since Osbald is known to have become an abbot by 799 (when his death is recorded), implying that he had given up his ambitions.
549:
593:—Eanbald I had died in the year of Eardwulf's coronation. Alcuin, while condemning secular oppression of the church, affected surprise that while the Archbishop Eanbald was travelling he was accompanied by a large retinue, including soldiers, and that he received and protected the king's enemies. Eanbald was presumably in conflict with Eardwulf over property, but it is likely that he also supported rivals for Eardwulf's throne.
748:
426:. He was a staunch defender of the Papacy, and in the popes and the church hierarchy he had allies whose influence extended to Northumbria and beyond. Events in southern Britain to 796 have sometimes been portrayed as a struggle between Offa and Charlemagne, but the disparity in their power was enormous, and Offa and then Coenwulf were clearly minor figures by comparison.
682:
of tribute to Offa and
Coenwulf of Mercia. It is now known that the issue of new coins continued during Eardwulf's reign, as two of his coins were identified in the 1990s. Issues of new currency appear to have been limited under Eardwulf, and significant numbers of Northumbrian coins are not again attested until the reign of Eardwulf's son
681:
From the 740s until the end of the
Northumbrian kingdom, coins were issued by most kings, although in variable quantities. Until recently no coins from Eardwulf's reign were known, which suggested that it may have been a time of instability, or perhaps that the kingdom was impoverished by the payment
660:
As the case of Ælfwald shows, while the written sources for later
Northumbria are few and often written down centuries after the events they describe, archaeological evidence from coinage is independent of the surviving annals. Anglo-Saxon coins usually named the king on whose orders they were issued
723:
The
Frankish source is clear that Eardwulf was "returned to his kingdom", but surviving Anglo-Saxon sources have no record of a second reign. Historians disagree as to whether Ælfwald was replaced by Eardwulf, who would thus have reigned a second time from 808 to 811 or 812, or whether the reign of
523:
Eardwulf's whereabouts after his recovery are not known. In surviving King Æthelred's anger he was more fortunate than Ælfwald's sons, who were drowned on Æthelred's orders in 791. Osred returned from exile but was betrayed, and killed by Æthelred's command on 14 September 792. Æthelred himself was
677:
content can be compared with other reigns, providing a hint of the prevailing economic conditions, and the style and size may also throw light on cultural influences when the coins are compared with those of neighbouring kingdoms and with other forms of art. The evidence of
Northumbrian coinage is
639:
Eardwulf, king of the
Northumbrians, led an army against Coenwulf, king of Mercians, because he had given asylum to his enemies. He also, collecting an army, obtained very many auxiliaries from other provinces, having made a long expedition among them. At length, with the advice of the bishops and
731:
Recent studies, based on the discovery of a penny of Eanred for which a date no earlier than c. 850 is proposed, suggest a very different dating for ninth-century
Northumbrian kings. From this, it is argued that Eardwulf's second reign ended circa 830, rather than in the years soon after 810, and
263:
Some Anglo-Saxon kings are known to have been killed by their households or in open warfare against rivals, but overall the record is very sparse. The evidence as regards the deposition of kings is equally limited. Only two eighth-century depositions offer any context, those of Æthelwald Moll in
458:
to have married one of
Charlemagne's daughters, information not found in other sources. If this is correct she must have been illegitimate, as the marriages of all the legitimate daughters are known. Coenwulf, on the other hand, who became king of Mercia shortly after Eardwulf's accession, is
449:
Initially, both
Charlemagne and Offa appear to have shared a common interest in supporting King Æthelred, Offa's son-in-law. Shortly before Æthelred was murdered in 796, an embassy from Francia delivered gifts for the king and his bishops. When Charlemagne learned of Æthelred's killing he was
441:
for a short time after Offa's death, but was deposed by
Coenwulf. Egbert was more successful, taking and holding the throne of Wessex in 802. It is clear that Mercian and Frankish interests could not always be reconciled and Frankish policy then moved towards support for Offa's opponents. To
180:
Little is recorded of Eardwulf's family, though his father, also named Eardwulf, is known to have been a nobleman. Eardwulf was married by the time he became king, though his wife's name is not recorded. It is possible he later wed an illegitimate daughter of
168:
from 796 to 806, when he was deposed and went into exile. He may have had a second reign from 808 until perhaps 811 or 830. Northumbria in the last years of the eighth century was the scene of dynastic strife between several noble families: in 790, king
405:
and Coenwulf, the dominant kingdom in Anglo-Saxon England. Offa, the greatest of the three, ruled Mercia until 796, followed soon after by Coenwulf. Offa's dominance was secured in part by marriage alliances with the other major kingdoms:
185:. In 798, early in his reign, Eardwulf fought a battle at Billington Moor against a nobleman named Wada, who had been one of those who killed King Æthelred. Wada was defeated and driven into exile. In 801, Eardwulf led an army against
196:
Eardwulf was deposed in 806 and according to a Frankish record, returned to his kingdom in 808. No record has survived of his death or the end of his reign: dates from 811 to 830 have been suggested. He was possibly buried at the
298:
which shed light on the institutions of the southern Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, sufficient evidence survives for historians to reconstruct some aspects of Northumbrian political life. The evidence for Northumbria survives largely in
287:'s seizure of power in 802, the relationships between successive kings are far from clear and few kings are known to have been close kinsmen of their predecessors or successors. The same may be true of Mercia from the death of
707:, and after he had made known the reason for his coming, he set out for Rome; and on his return from Rome he was escorted by envoys of the Roman pontiff and of the lord emperor back into his kingdom. At that time
3993:
766:
is dedicated. The connection, though unproven, has been made by several historians and is uncontroversial. Supporting evidence comes from a twelfth-century list of the burial places of saints compiled at
173:
attempted to have Eardwulf assassinated. Eardwulf's survival may have been viewed as a sign of divine favour. A group of nobles conspired to assassinate Æthelred in April 796 and he was succeeded by
589:
Eardwulf was evidently married before he became king, as Alcuin reproached him for abandoning his wife for a concubine soon after his coronation. This strained relations with the new archbishop,
711:
ruled over the Roman church, and his messenger, the deacon Ealdwulf from that same Britain, a Saxon by race, was sent to Britain, and with him two abbots, Hruotfrid the notary and Nantharius of
607:
Two further challenges to Eardwulf are recorded within the next two years, both apparently from among the noble lines that had been fighting for the throne over the previous decades. In 799, a
429:
Early evidence of friendly relations between Charlemagne and Offa is tempered by signs of strain. Charlemagne sheltered two exiles from England at his court: Odberht of Kent (probably
454:
and were then returning home, were ordered back to Northumbria to recover the presents. Charlemagne in time became a supporter of Eardwulf. Eardwulf is said by the early 12th-century
467:
Eardwulf was not, so far as is known, connected to any of the factions that had been warring for the throne up to the mid-790s. Nothing is definitely known of his background, though
803:
The death of Eardwulf is not recorded. Although he had faced considerable opposition and had been driven into exile, he succeeded in founding a dynasty. His son Eanred and grandson
487:
has proposed that he was a descendant of one Eanwine who (according to Symeon of Durham) was killed in 740 on the orders of King Eadberht. This Eanwine may be identified with King
703:
Meanwhile the king of the Northumbrians from the island of Britain, Eardwulf by name, being expelled from his kingdom and native land, came to the emperor while he was still at
389:. The typically long term of office of senior clerics meant that kings often had to work with men appointed by their predecessors, with whom their relations might be difficult.
1184:, p. 159) draws attention to the second of these who, "taken by cunning treachery, was in a short space of time killed, buried, and forgotten" early in the first reign of
3361:
3784:
1422:, p. 89) notes: "it certainly does not sound as if Coenwulf had the walkover which some modern estimates of Northumbrian and Mercian power might have led one to expect".
450:
enraged, called the Northumbrians "that treacherous, perverse people...who murder their own lords", and threatened retribution. His ambassadors, who had travelled on to
2766:
3356:
3110:
3774:
3612:
3200:
3125:
3165:
698:, who appear to have chosen exile among the Picts, Eardwulf was linked to Ripon and chose a southerly exile. The next reports of Eardwulf are in Frankish sources:
414:, the pre-eminent ruler in the Christian West, appears to have taken an active interest in Northumbrian affairs. Charlemagne initially ruled Francia and parts of
3366:
3879:
3190:
759:
198:
3315:
339:
represented a high-ranking position, second only to the emperor. The meaning of the title in Northumbria is unclear, but it appears that there was only one
2932:
2861:
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2851:
237:. In the eight years before Eardwulf's accession, all three of these dynastic lines were involved in the struggle for kingship: on 23 September 788, King
3155:
3135:
3150:
2998:
1130:
778:
A panelled stone structure in the church, carved with processions of bearded and robed figures under arches, seems to reproduce details found in the
507:, and there ordered by the aforesaid king to be put to death without the gate of the monastery. The brethren carried his body into the church with
611:
named Moll was killed by Eardwulf's "urgent command". Moll's name has suggested that he was a kinsman of the late King Æthelred, whose father was
3491:
2195:
491:'s son of the same name. Eardwulf's father may have been one of the two Eardwulfs whose deaths are recorded by Symeon of Durham in 774 and 775.
225:
succession included a long series of murdered and deposed kings, as several royal lines contended for the throne. The main lines were those of
3069:
2632:
361:
The church in Northumbria was one of the major landowners, perhaps second only to the king. At the head of the Northumbrian church was the
3285:
2957:
3220:
3084:
2826:
2801:
3240:
3245:
792:
built to hold the remains of a high status person such as Saint Hardulph, are dated by their similarity to the illustrations in the
3779:
2962:
1480:
294:
Kings did not rule alone, but rather governed together with the leading churchmen and nobles. While Northumbria lacks the body of
3884:
3754:
3511:
645:
This settlement ended open warfare, but Eardwulf was deposed in 806, in unknown circumstances. Letters between Charlemagne and
3988:
3983:
2168:
898:
3376:
3998:
2188:
205:, which carries a dedication to Saint Mary and Saint Hardulph, with whom Eardwulf is identified by several historians.
1133:, see Lapidge, "Byrhtferth"; Rollason, David, "Northern annals"; & Rollason, "Symeon of Durham", in Lapidge &
2148:
2129:
2090:
2071:
2045:
2026:
1986:
1967:
1948:
1929:
1907:
1888:
1869:
1850:
1811:
1792:
1773:
1758:
1712:
720:
A surviving letter of Leo III to Charlemagne confirms that Eardwulf visited Rome and stayed at Charlemagne's court.
2625:
596:
Although Æthelred had been Eardwulf's enemy, Æthelred's killers proved to be equally hostile to Eardwulf. In 798 a
2426:
1613:
The identity of Eardwulf and Saint Hardulph, and the link to Breedon, is accepted by Rollason ("Eardwulf", in the
961:, especially pp. 139–143. For the contrary view, see Wormald, "The Age of Offa and Alcuin", pp. 101–106.
257:
230:
2204:
34:
2756:
3978:
3295:
3160:
2181:
657:, about whom nothing else is known from the written sources, although coins issued in his reign have survived.
3973:
758:
Eardwulf is identified by historians with the Saint Hardulph or Hardulf, to whom the Mercian royal church of
600:
named Wada, who was one of those who had killed King Æthelred, fought with Eardwulf on Billington Moor, near
332:
177:: Osbald's reign lasted only twenty-seven days before he was deposed and Eardwulf became king on 14 May 796.
2471:
804:
733:
3059:
3039:
260:, who had been deposed in 778 at a young age, was restored to the kingship, resuming the title Æthelred I.
2761:
2461:
2436:
1185:
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253:
170:
90:
72:
3968:
3963:
3586:
2618:
3351:
2441:
238:
3894:
3627:
2641:
1783:
Campbell, James (2000). "Elements in the Background to the Life of Saint Cuthbert and his early cult".
1320:, p. 102. Eanbald II was also accused by Alcuin of seizing others' lands; Rollason, "Eardwulf", in the
649:
suggest that Coenwulf had a hand in Eardwulf's removal. According to the thirteenth-century chronicler
3764:
2164:
2509:
694:
Like many of his predecessors, Eardwulf took to exile when he was deposed. Unlike kings with ties to
3729:
3115:
2476:
785:
737:
640:
chiefs of the Angles on either side, they made peace through the kindness of the king of the Angles.
571:
536:, whose antecedents are unknown; he was deposed after twenty-seven days and fled to the land of the
3744:
2846:
2584:
2529:
2391:
678:
particularly valuable in the ninth century, when contemporary written evidence all but disappears.
488:
17:
3759:
3734:
3105:
619:, "the son of King Alhred, as some say", was killed by Eardwulf's men. Ealhmund was remembered at
3789:
3607:
3476:
3466:
3451:
3054:
2539:
2446:
2416:
2411:
2386:
2381:
279:
experienced similar troubles during the eighth and ninth centuries. In Wessex, from the death of
249:
226:
2897:
2776:
2240:
494:
Eardwulf appears to have been an enemy of Æthelred I. He first appears in the historical record
479:, records that his father's name was also Eardwulf, and both father and son are given the title
3652:
3637:
3471:
3346:
3235:
3140:
3003:
2514:
2481:
2401:
2396:
2364:
2250:
741:
579:
222:
165:
2486:
398:
271:
This record of disputed succession was by no means unique to Northumbria, and the kingdoms of
3904:
3819:
3551:
3396:
3381:
3290:
3205:
2680:
2466:
2451:
2431:
2421:
2328:
2275:
1261:, p. 155. Ealdred was killed by Torhtmund in 799, whose loyalty to Æthelred was commended to
725:
683:
558:
533:
423:
378:
370:
234:
174:
137:
100:
62:
3371:
3336:
3120:
3029:
2343:
732:
that the reigns of subsequent kings should be re-dated accordingly: Eanred from 830 to 854,
323:. The historian Alan Thacker estimates that there were about eight men holding the title of
3909:
3839:
3693:
3632:
3481:
3195:
2983:
2821:
2594:
2406:
2318:
2270:
2265:
2245:
1418:
Symeon of Durham, p. 463; Roger of Hoveden's version reads "king of the Angels". Campbell (
1126:
3724:
3719:
3034:
2308:
430:
8:
3829:
3667:
3275:
3185:
3180:
2816:
2811:
2695:
2665:
2534:
796:
to the first third of the ninth century. According to a medieval calendar of saints, the
763:
752:
601:
407:
352:
348:
265:
202:
123:
3739:
3341:
3100:
2574:
2564:
2353:
511:, and placed it out of doors in a tent; after midnight he was found alive in the church.
193:, perhaps because of Coenwulf's support for other claimants to the Northumbrian throne.
3935:
3824:
3799:
3672:
3486:
3386:
3280:
3145:
2791:
2715:
2589:
2554:
2549:
2519:
2230:
1477:
1473:
631:
567:
386:
366:
362:
280:
186:
807:(II) ruled Northumbria for most of its remaining existence as an independent kingdom.
3925:
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3270:
2942:
2806:
2796:
2720:
2579:
2497:
2255:
2144:
2125:
2105:
2086:
2067:
2055:
2041:
2022:
1982:
1963:
1944:
1925:
1903:
1884:
1865:
1846:
1807:
1788:
1769:
1754:
1708:
650:
616:
288:
132:
3714:
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634:
may have supported the unfortunate Ealhmund, and Symeon of Durham wrote that in 801:
612:
3849:
3662:
3642:
3536:
3391:
3215:
2881:
2235:
1960:
The St Andrews Sarcophagus: A Pictish masterpiece and its international connections
1722:
1122:
468:
434:
382:
374:
284:
213:
2303:
1958:
Plunkett, Steven J. (1998). "The Mercian Perspective". In Foster, Sally M. (ed.).
475:, an early twelfth-century work based on the lost late tenth-century chronicle of
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3521:
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2967:
2841:
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2338:
2225:
2117:
2059:
1822:
1726:
1484:
954:
841:
662:
508:
504:
443:
438:
291:
in 716 until the disappearance of the Mercian kingdom in the late ninth century.
2610:
2569:
2038:
Carolingian Connections: Anglo-Saxon England and Carolingian Francia, c. 750–870
520:
to Eardwulf suggests that this fortunate recovery was seen as being miraculous.
3501:
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3130:
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2937:
2323:
419:
402:
2771:
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2866:
2735:
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2700:
2599:
2120:(1982). "The Age of Offa and Alcuin". In James Campbell; et al. (eds.).
2014:
780:
484:
2313:
2260:
1997:
1651:
Plunkett, "The Mercian Perspective", pp. 220–225 and Fig. 70; cf. Kendrick,
495:
252:
became king. Osred, who was of Alhred's line, was deposed after a year, and
3622:
3426:
3170:
2655:
1917:
978:
pp. 31–32, 121; Nelson, "Carolingian Contacts", pp. 137–139 & 141.
768:
708:
646:
583:
410:
and Æthelred of Northumbria were married to his daughters. Further afield,
336:
268:. In both cases the decision is presented as that of some form of council.
2173:
2109:
2102:
English Benedictine Kalendars after A.D. 1100, volume 1: Abbotsbury–Durham
788:(818–830). The panels, which may originally have been the outer part of a
3230:
2786:
2670:
1996:
Rollason, David (2004). "Eardwulf (fl. 796–c.830), king of Northumbria".
1920:(2001). "Carolingian Contacts". In Brown, Michelle; Farr, Carole (eds.).
1262:
797:
789:
695:
411:
316:
182:
3749:
3688:
3008:
1753:
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, reprinted with corrections 2006.
1731:. Church Historians of England. Vol. III, part II. London: Seeley's
377:
to around 830. Immediately below the archbishop were three bishops: the
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3406:
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3024:
2544:
712:
590:
476:
49:
3889:
3305:
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Burials at the Church of St Mary and St Hardulph, Breedon on the Hill
3794:
3576:
3461:
3446:
3421:
3225:
3175:
3049:
2902:
2104:. Henry Bradshaw Society. Vol. 77. London: Harrison & Sons.
563:
548:
525:
418:, but by 796 had become master of an empire which stretched from the
397:
Northumbria's southern neighbour Mercia was, under the rule of kings
320:
2559:
3930:
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3809:
3804:
3657:
3571:
3566:
3546:
3456:
3416:
3300:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3079:
3074:
3064:
2952:
2876:
2871:
2740:
2348:
2213:
704:
575:
3874:
3899:
3854:
3814:
3769:
3617:
3591:
3581:
3561:
3431:
3310:
2690:
2685:
2524:
670:
451:
355:
295:
157:
747:
3698:
3647:
3526:
3265:
2988:
2947:
2907:
2675:
2660:
800:
monks at Breedon celebrated Hardulph's feast day on 21 August.
771:. This calls the Saint Hardulph to whom Breedon was dedicated "
674:
624:
517:
276:
272:
190:
1129:
record his father's name as Eanwulf. For the history of these
335:, which ultimately means noble, but in the latter days of the
3940:
3541:
2781:
2730:
2710:
2705:
2376:
2333:
2291:
2280:
2064:
The Making of England: Anglo-Saxon Art and Culture AD 600–900
620:
537:
415:
347:, it might represent a position approximating to that of the
300:
245:
1823:"An Appeal to Rome: Anglo-Saxon Dispute Settlement, 800–810"
3859:
3531:
3441:
3401:
2836:
666:
442:
Charlemagne this primarily meant Northumbria: according to
1924:. New York: Leicester University Press. pp. 126–143.
1056:
1054:
775:"—King Eardwulf—and states that he was buried at Breedon.
311:
to describe the leading noblemen of the kingdom. The word
1051:
1802:
Campbell, John; John, Eric; Wormald, Patrick (1982).
1035:, pp. 162 & 166–167; Forsman, "Appeal to Rome".
1000:
Wormald, "The Age of Offa and Alcuin", p. 101.
2081:Williams, Ann; Smyth, Alfred; Kirby, D.P. (1991).
1764:Brown, Michelle P.; Farr, Carol Ann, eds. (2001).
665:where they were struck—Northumbrian coinage names
221:During the latter half of the eighth century, the
2640:
2021:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1862:The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
1443:
1441:
837:
835:
3955:
1295:, Ms. D, s.a. 796; Rollason, "Eardwulf", in the
459:recorded as having fought with Eardwulf in 801.
2141:Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England
1941:England and the Continent in the Eighth Century
1979:Les Carolingiens: Une famille qui fit l'Europe
1438:
1009:Nelson, "Carolingian Connections", p. 137–139.
957:, "Carolingian Contacts" in Brown & Farr,
832:
821:
819:
392:
2626:
2189:
2083:A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain
1082:Levison, "England and the Continent", p. 114.
751:The church of Saint Mary and Saint Hardulph,
931:
844:, "The Age of Offa and Alcuin" in Campbell,
503:Eardulf was taken prisoner, and conveyed to
241:, grandson of Eadberht, was murdered by the
2203:
1478:Corpus of Early Medieval Coin Finds website
1144:
816:
462:
343:. While it may be simply an alternative to
2633:
2619:
2196:
2182:
1098:
532:Ealdred. Æthelred was followed as king by
1962:. Dublin: Four Courts. pp. 202–226.
981:
524:assassinated on 18 April 796, perhaps at
1922:Mercia, an Anglo-Saxon Kingdom in Europe
1768:. New York: Leicester University Press.
1766:Mercia, an Anglo-Saxon Kingdom in Europe
1749:Blackburn, Mark & Grierson, Philip,
1728:The Historical Works of Simeon of Durham
1558:, p. 196) Rollason, ("Eardwulf", in the
746:
556:Eardwulf became king on 14 May 796. The
547:
498:790, when Symeon of Durham reports that:
212:
1999:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1679:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1615:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1598:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1560:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1403:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1382:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1380:, p. 157; Rollason, "Eardwulf", in the
1339:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1337:, p. 156; Rollason, "Eardwulf", in the
1322:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1297:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1216:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
373:until some time after 808, and then by
3956:
1843:The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350–1100
1787:. London: Hambledon. pp. 85–106.
1487:, EMC numbers 1995.6001 and 1997.6002.
1401:, p.156; Rollason, "Eardwulf", in the
2614:
2177:
2124:. London: Phaidon. pp. 101–131.
1554:A second reign is favoured by Kirby (
1535:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England.
1468:, p. 296. The two coins of Eardwulf,
217:The kingdoms of Britain in around 800
2169:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
1743:
1592:Rollason, "Eardwulf", in Lapidge et
1464:, p. 198; Blackburn & Grierson,
899:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
673:who produced them. Their weight and
1545:Forsman, "Appeal to Rome", note 27.
1139:Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
1069:Forsman, "Appeal to Rome"; Higham,
689:
562:records that he was consecrated by
303:documents, and these use the words
13:
1696:
1048:, p. 155; Story, p. 162.
248:near Hexham, and Ælfwald's cousin
14:
4010:
2158:
974:, pp. 176, 189; Yorke,
623:, in the neighbouring kingdom of
3342:Æbbe "the Younger" of Coldingham
2066:. London: British Museum Press.
1864:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
784:, a work associated with Bishop
653:, Eardwulf was replaced by King
456:Annals of Lindisfarne and Durham
3885:Hwita of Whitchurch Canonicorum
1671:
1658:
1645:
1632:
1607:
1586:
1577:
1548:
1539:
1528:
1512:
1509:Alhred and Osbald, for example.
1503:
1490:
1454:
1425:
1412:
1391:
1370:
1357:
1348:
1327:
1306:
1285:
1268:
1251:
1238:
1225:
1208:
1195:
1174:
1157:
1111:
1085:
1076:
1063:
1038:
1025:
1012:
1003:
994:
964:
948:
941:pp. 114, 141; Kirby,
552:Northumbria in Eardwulf's reign
327:in late Northumbria. The title
3337:Æbbe "the Elder" of Coldingham
1981:(in French). Paris: Hachette.
1860:Lapidge, Michael, ed. (1999).
1519:Annals of the Frankish Kingdom
918:
905:
890:
877:
864:
851:
669:as the place of issue—and the
1:
2642:Saints of Anglo-Saxon England
1677:Rollason, "Eardwulf", in the
1666:English Benedictine Calendars
1214:Rollason, "Eardwulf", in the
1188:. See also Symeon of Durham,
810:
760:Saint Mary and Saint Hardulph
528:, by conspirators led by the
315:is usually translated by the
208:
161:
3989:9th-century English monarchs
3984:8th-century English monarchs
3060:Edburga of Minster-in-Thanet
1725:(1855). J. Stevenson (ed.).
1604:, p. 198, notes 72 & 73.
1523:English Historical Documents
1472:styccas, can be seen on the
7:
3517:Eosterwine of Monkwearmouth
3025:Æbbe of Thanet (Domne Eafe)
1943:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1881:Anglo-Saxon Art to A.D. 900
1521:, translated in Whitelock,
437:. Eadberht Praen ruled the
393:Relations with other states
10:
4015:
3999:Royal House of Northumbria
3628:Florentius of Peterborough
3447:Ceolfrith of Monkwearmouth
1900:The Earliest English Kings
1751:Medieval European Coinage.
1691:
1496:Blackburn & Grierson,
1060:Forsman, "Appeal to Rome".
15:
3918:
3785:Beorhthelm of Shaftesbury
3707:
3681:
3600:
3567:Sigfrith of Monkwearmouth
3324:
3176:Cyneswith of Peterborough
3093:
3017:
2976:
2921:
2890:
2762:Æthelburh of Faremoutiers
2757:Æthelberht of East Anglia
2749:
2648:
2495:
2362:
2289:
2211:
2100:Wormald, Francis (1939).
2002:. Oxford University Press
1939:Levison, Wilhelm (1946).
1705:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1703:Swanton, Michael (1996).
1640:Medieval European Coinage
1498:Medieval European Coinage
1466:Medieval European Coinage
1354:Symeon of Durham, p. 461.
1316:, pp. 156–157; Campbell,
928:, pp. 130, 179.
331:is usually translated as
143:
131:
118:
110:
106:
96:
86:
78:
68:
58:
48:
40:
33:
28:
3870:Frithestan of Winchester
3855:Earmund of Stoke Fleming
3422:Billfrith of Lindisfarne
3377:Æthelwold of Lindisfarne
3286:Regenhere of Northampton
2847:Sigeberht of East Anglia
2802:Cuthbald of Peterborough
1879:Kendrick, T.D. (1972) .
1841:Higham, Nick J. (1993).
1821:Forsman, Deanna (2003).
661:and sometimes named the
463:Early life and accession
18:Eadwulf I of Northumbria
16:Not to be confused with
3941:Urith of Chittlehampton
3895:Margaret of Dunfermline
3790:Beornstan of Winchester
3775:Benignus of Glastonbury
3765:Æthelwold of Winchester
3755:Æthelnoth of Canterbury
3613:Firmin of North Crawley
3608:Augustine of Canterbury
3497:Eardwulf of Northumbria
3477:Eadfrith of Lindisfarne
3467:Eadberht of Lindisfarne
3452:Ceolwulf of Northumbria
3362:Æthelgyth of Coldingham
3201:Eadweard of Maugersbury
3055:Deusdedit of Canterbury
3050:Berhtwald of Canterbury
2595:Ragnall II Guthfrithson
2205:Monarchs of Northumbria
2139:Yorke, Barbara (1990).
1902:. London: Unwin Hyman.
1707:. New York: Routledge.
1638:Webster and Backhouse,
1627:Carolingian Connections
1623:Biographical Dictionary
1568:Biographical Dictionary
1182:Carolingian Connections
1033:Carolingian Connections
829:, p. 90, table 11.
543:
540:with a few supporters.
199:Mercian royal monastery
3931:Juthwara of Sherbourne
3900:Swithhun of Winchester
3840:Eadweard the Confessor
3750:Æthelgar of Canterbury
3730:Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury
3673:Theodore of Canterbury
3658:Mellitus of Canterbury
3653:Laurence of Canterbury
3638:Honorius of Canterbury
3482:Eadwine of Northumbria
3472:Eadfrith of Leominster
3352:Ælfwald of Northumbria
3236:Frithuwold of Chertsey
3171:Cynehelm of Winchcombe
3166:Cyneburh of Gloucester
3141:Beorhthelm of Stafford
3116:Æthelmod of Leominster
3080:Nothhelm of Canterbury
3065:Eanswith of Folkestone
3004:Indract of Glastonbury
2827:Hiurmine of Blythburgh
2807:Eadmund of East Anglia
2726:Patrick of Glastonbury
2040:. Aldershot: Ashgate.
2036:Story, Joanna (2003).
1977:Riché, Pierre (1983).
1683:Earliest English Kings
1602:Earliest English Kings
1556:Earliest English Kings
1462:Earliest English Kings
1449:Kingdom of Northumbria
1433:Earliest English Kings
1399:Earliest English Kings
1378:Earliest English Kings
1335:Earliest English Kings
1314:Earliest English Kings
1280:Earliest English Kings
1259:Earliest English Kings
1248:, s.a. 792, p. 55
1165:Earliest English Kings
1071:Kingdom of Northumbria
1046:Earliest English Kings
989:Earliest English Kings
972:Earliest English Kings
943:Earliest English Kings
926:Earliest English Kings
913:Kingdom of Northumbria
885:Kingdom of Northumbria
786:Æthelwold of Lichfield
755:
718:
715:, sent by the emperor.
643:
615:. The following year,
553:
514:
218:
3979:Northumbrian monarchs
3905:Wulfsige of Sherborne
3830:Eadgyth of Polesworth
3820:Eadburh of Winchester
3815:Dunstan of Canterbury
3760:Æthelwine of Athelney
3740:Ælfheah of Winchester
3735:Ælfheah of Canterbury
3699:Lewina of Bishopstone
3689:Cuthflæd of Lyminster
3633:Hadrian of Canterbury
3618:Birinus of Dorchester
3557:Oswine of Northumbria
3552:Oswald of Northumbria
3397:Balthere of Tyningham
3382:Alchhild of Middleham
3357:Æthelburh of Hackness
3291:Rumbold of Buckingham
3231:Frithuswith of Oxford
3206:Ealdgyth of Stortford
3191:Eadburh of Southwell
3111:Æthelberht of Bedford
3106:Ælfthryth of Crowland
3045:Albinus of Canterbury
3009:Maildub of Malmesbury
2953:Grimbald of St Bertin
2681:Congar of Congresbury
2671:Branwalator of Milton
1785:The Anglo-Saxon State
1570:), but not by Yorke (
1293:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1246:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1154:pp. 89, 93.
1106:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
750:
700:
636:
559:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
551:
500:
424:Great Hungarian Plain
379:bishop of Lindisfarne
216:
44:14 May 796 – 806
3974:Anglo-Saxon warriors
3910:Wulfthryth of Wilton
3880:Humbert of Stokenham
3810:Cwenburh of Wimborne
3795:Beornwald of Bampton
3770:Aldhelm of Sherborne
3694:Cuthmann of Steyning
3648:Justus of Canterbury
3462:Dryhthelm of Melrose
3417:Bercthun of Beverley
3226:Frithuric of Breedon
3211:Earconwald of London
3196:Eadgyth of Aylesbury
3126:Æthelwynn of Sodbury
3070:Eormengyth of Thanet
2984:Aidan of Lindisfarne
2903:Hildelith of Barking
2898:Æthelburh of Barking
2822:Herefrith of Thorney
2777:Æthelwine of Lindsey
2711:Melorius of Amesbury
1898:Kirby, D.P. (1991).
1276:History of the Kings
1233:History of the Kings
1203:History of the Kings
1127:Chronicle of Melrose
1119:History of the Kings
473:History of the Kings
365:, an office held by
3875:Hædde of Winchester
3845:Eadweard the Martyr
3805:Cuthburh of Wimborn
3745:Æthelflæd of Romsey
3668:Peter of Canterbury
3547:Osthryth of Bardney
3437:Ceadda of Lichfield
3316:Wulfhild of Barking
3301:Werburgh of Chester
3276:Oswald of Worcester
3266:Milred of Worcester
3251:Mildburh of Wenlock
3241:Hæmma of Leominster
3186:Eadburh of Pershore
3181:Eadburh of Bicester
2968:Wulfram of Grantham
2958:Monegunda of Watton
2867:Walstan of Bawburgh
2857:Torthred of Thorney
2817:Guthlac of Crowland
2767:Æthelflæd of Ramsey
2706:Judoc of Winchester
2696:Elfin of Warrington
2666:Brannoc of Braunton
2580:Olaf I Guthfrithson
2019:Anglo-Saxon England
1883:. London: Methuen.
1806:. London: Phaidon.
1625:); see also Story,
1621:("Eardwulf" in the
1278:, s.a. 796; Kirby,
848:, pp. 114–115.
764:Breedon on the Hill
753:Breedon on the Hill
602:Whalley, Lancashire
408:Beorhtric of Wessex
349:Mayor of the Palace
266:Sigeberht of Wessex
203:Breedon on the Hill
166:king of Northumbria
124:Breedon on the Hill
35:King of Northumbria
23:King of Northumbria
3969:9th-century deaths
3964:8th-century births
3936:Rumbold of Mechlin
3800:Centwine of Wessex
3780:Beocca of Chertsey
3582:Wilfrith of Hexham
3577:Wihtberht of Ripon
3487:Ealdberht of Ripon
3457:Cuthbert of Durham
3387:Alchmund of Hexham
3372:Æthelwold of Farne
3367:Æthelsige of Ripon
3281:Osburh of Coventry
3261:Mildrith of Thanet
3221:Freomund of Mercia
3161:Cyneburh of Castor
3146:Coenwulf of Mercia
3121:Æthelred of Mercia
3085:Sigeburh of Thanet
3075:Mildrith of Thanet
3035:Æthelburh of Kent
3030:Æthelberht of Kent
2977:Irish and Scottish
2933:Balthild of Romsey
2852:Tancred of Thorney
2792:Botwulf of Thorney
2782:Athwulf of Thorney
2772:Æthelthryth of Ely
2741:Sativola of Exeter
2731:Rumon of Tavistock
2716:Nectan of Hartland
2691:Decuman of Watchet
2498:Viking Northumbria
1845:. Stroud: Sutton.
1617:) and Williams et
1600:; see also Kirby,
1572:Kings and Kingdoms
1483:2007-10-25 at the
1474:Fitzwilliam Museum
1363:Symeon of Durham,
1274:Symeon of Durham,
1231:Symeon of Durham,
1201:Symeon of Durham,
1169:Kings and Kingdoms
1152:Kings and Kingdoms
1117:Symeon of Durham,
1093:Kings and Kingdoms
976:Kings and Kingdoms
939:Kings and Kingdoms
859:Kings and Kingdoms
827:Kings and Kingdoms
756:
632:Coenwulf of Mercia
568:Archbishop of York
554:
509:Gregorian chanting
387:bishop of Whithorn
363:Archbishop of York
219:
3949:
3948:
3926:Arilda of Oldbury
3890:Mærwynn of Romsey
3835:Eadgyth of Wilton
3825:Eadgar of England
3725:Ælfgifu of Exeter
3720:Ælfgar of Selwood
3572:Tatberht of Ripon
3507:Ecgberht of Ripon
3442:Cedd of Lichfield
3347:Ælfflæd of Whitby
3311:Wigstan of Repton
3271:Oda of Canterbury
3156:Credan of Evesham
3136:Beonna of Breedon
2989:Boisil of Melrose
2963:Odwulf of Evesham
2812:Eadnoth of Ramsey
2797:Cissa of Crowland
2686:Dachuna of Bodmin
2661:Barloc of Norbury
2608:
2607:
2143:. London: Seaby.
2085:. London: Seaby.
2015:Stenton, Frank M.
1744:Secondary sources
1566:(Eardwulf in the
1167:, p. 145; Yorke,
874:, pp. 90–92.
744:from 862 to 867.
736:from 854 to 862,
651:Roger of Wendover
151:
150:
4006:
3860:Edor of Chertsey
3850:Eadwold of Cerne
3715:Æbbe of Abingdon
3663:Paulinus of York
3643:James the Deacon
3592:Wilgils of Ripon
3562:Sicgred of Ripon
3537:John of Beverley
3432:Botwine of Ripon
3407:Bega of Copeland
3392:Alkmund of Derby
3216:Egwin of Evesham
3151:Cotta of Breedon
3101:Ælfnoth of Stowe
3040:Æthelred of Kent
2999:Ultan the Scribe
2948:Helier of Jersey
2882:Wulfric of Holme
2787:Blida of Martham
2721:Neot of Cornwall
2676:Credan of Bodmin
2656:Aldate of Oxford
2635:
2628:
2621:
2612:
2611:
2503:
2370:
2297:
2219:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2154:
2135:
2122:The Anglo-Saxons
2118:Wormald, Patrick
2113:
2096:
2077:
2060:Backhouse, Janet
2051:
2032:
2010:
2008:
2007:
1992:
1973:
1954:
1935:
1913:
1894:
1875:
1856:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1817:
1804:The Anglo-Saxons
1798:
1779:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1723:Symeon of Durham
1718:
1686:
1675:
1669:
1662:
1656:
1649:
1643:
1636:
1630:
1611:
1605:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1575:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1537:
1532:
1526:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1501:
1494:
1488:
1458:
1452:
1445:
1436:
1429:
1423:
1420:The Anglo-Saxons
1416:
1410:
1395:
1389:
1374:
1368:
1365:Historical Works
1361:
1355:
1352:
1346:
1331:
1325:
1318:The Anglo-Saxons
1310:
1304:
1289:
1283:
1272:
1266:
1255:
1249:
1242:
1236:
1229:
1223:
1212:
1206:
1199:
1193:
1190:Historical Works
1178:
1172:
1171:p. 90, table 11.
1161:
1155:
1148:
1142:
1123:Roger of Hoveden
1115:
1109:
1108:, pp. 58–59
1102:
1096:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1049:
1042:
1036:
1029:
1023:
1020:Les Carolingiens
1016:
1010:
1007:
1001:
998:
992:
985:
979:
968:
962:
952:
946:
935:
929:
922:
916:
909:
903:
894:
888:
881:
875:
872:The Anglo-Saxons
868:
862:
855:
849:
846:The Anglo-Saxons
842:Wormald, Patrick
839:
830:
823:
690:Exile and return
469:Symeon of Durham
435:Egbert of Wessex
383:bishop of Hexham
264:Northumbria and
163:
26:
25:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3945:
3914:
3703:
3677:
3596:
3542:Osana of Howden
3522:Hilda of Whitby
3412:Benedict Biscop
3320:
3296:Tibba of Ryhall
3089:
3013:
2972:
2943:Felix of Dommoc
2925:
2923:
2917:
2913:Sæbbi of London
2886:
2877:Wihtburh of Ely
2862:Tova of Thorney
2842:Seaxburh of Ely
2837:Pega of Peakirk
2832:Huna of Thorney
2745:
2649:British / Welsh
2644:
2639:
2609:
2604:
2501:
2500:
2491:
2368:
2367:
2358:
2295:
2294:
2285:
2217:
2216:
2207:
2202:
2161:
2151:
2138:
2132:
2116:
2099:
2093:
2080:
2074:
2056:Webster, Leslie
2054:
2048:
2035:
2029:
2013:
2005:
2003:
1995:
1989:
1976:
1970:
1957:
1951:
1938:
1932:
1916:
1910:
1897:
1891:
1878:
1872:
1859:
1853:
1840:
1832:
1830:
1820:
1814:
1801:
1795:
1782:
1776:
1763:
1746:
1734:
1732:
1721:
1715:
1702:
1699:
1697:Primary sources
1694:
1689:
1676:
1672:
1663:
1659:
1653:Anglo-Saxon Art
1650:
1646:
1637:
1633:
1612:
1608:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1562:), Williams et
1553:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1529:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1495:
1491:
1485:Wayback Machine
1459:
1455:
1446:
1439:
1430:
1426:
1417:
1413:
1405:; Williams, et
1396:
1392:
1384:; Williams, et
1375:
1371:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1341:; Williams, et
1332:
1328:
1311:
1307:
1299:; Williams, et
1290:
1286:
1273:
1269:
1256:
1252:
1243:
1239:
1230:
1226:
1213:
1209:
1200:
1196:
1179:
1175:
1162:
1158:
1149:
1145:
1131:northern annals
1116:
1112:
1103:
1099:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1052:
1043:
1039:
1030:
1026:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1004:
999:
995:
986:
982:
969:
965:
953:
949:
936:
932:
923:
919:
910:
906:
895:
891:
882:
878:
869:
865:
861:pp. 92–93.
856:
852:
840:
833:
824:
817:
813:
724:Eardwulf's son
692:
586:on 26 May 796.
546:
465:
444:Patrick Wormald
439:Kingdom of Kent
395:
211:
127:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
4012:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3922:
3920:
3919:Unclear origin
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3532:Iwig of Wilton
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3502:Eata of Hexham
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3402:Beda of Jarrow
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3332:Acca of Hexham
3328:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3131:Aldwyn of Coln
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2994:Echa of Crayke
2991:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2938:Bertha of Kent
2935:
2929:
2927:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2638:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2615:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2590:Olaf II Cuaran
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2570:Sitric I Caech
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2427:Æthelwald Moll
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2209:
2208:
2201:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2160:
2159:External links
2157:
2156:
2155:
2149:
2136:
2130:
2114:
2097:
2091:
2078:
2072:
2052:
2046:
2033:
2027:
2011:
1993:
1987:
1974:
1968:
1955:
1949:
1936:
1930:
1914:
1908:
1895:
1889:
1876:
1870:
1857:
1851:
1838:
1827:The Heroic Age
1818:
1812:
1799:
1793:
1780:
1774:
1761:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1719:
1713:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1685:, pp. 196–198.
1670:
1657:
1644:
1631:
1606:
1585:
1583:Kirby, p. 198.
1576:
1547:
1538:
1527:
1525:, p. 313.
1511:
1502:
1489:
1453:
1451:, pp. 166–172.
1437:
1424:
1411:
1390:
1369:
1356:
1347:
1326:
1305:
1284:
1267:
1250:
1237:
1224:
1218:; Williams et
1207:
1194:
1180:Joanna Story (
1173:
1156:
1143:
1110:
1097:
1084:
1075:
1062:
1050:
1037:
1024:
1011:
1002:
993:
991:, p. 176.
980:
963:
947:
945:, p. 174.
930:
917:
915:, p. 147.
904:
889:
887:, pp. 147–149.
876:
863:
850:
831:
814:
812:
809:
728:began in 808.
691:
688:
627:, as a saint.
613:Æthelwald Moll
570:, and Bishops
545:
542:
516:A letter from
464:
461:
431:Eadberht Praen
420:Atlantic Ocean
394:
391:
258:Æthelwald Moll
231:Æthelwald Moll
210:
207:
149:
148:
145:
141:
140:
135:
129:
128:
122:
120:
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
52:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
31:
30:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4011:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3952:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
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3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
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3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
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3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
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3793:
3791:
3788:
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3781:
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3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2926:and Old Saxon
2920:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2736:Samson of Dol
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2701:Ivo of Ramsey
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2631:
2629:
2624:
2622:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2601:
2600:Eric Bloodaxe
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2502:867–954
2499:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2369:642–867
2366:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2296:560–679
2293:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2218:547–670
2215:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2152:
2150:1-85264-027-8
2146:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2131:0-14-014395-5
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2092:1-85264-047-2
2088:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2073:0-7141-0555-4
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2047:0-7546-0124-2
2043:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2028:0-19-280139-2
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2001:
2000:
1994:
1990:
1988:2-01-278851-3
1984:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1969:1-85182-414-6
1965:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1950:0-19-821232-1
1946:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1931:0-8264-7765-8
1927:
1923:
1919:
1918:Nelson, Janet
1915:
1911:
1909:0-04-445691-3
1905:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1890:0-06-480457-7
1886:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1871:0-631-22492-0
1867:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1852:0-86299-730-5
1848:
1844:
1839:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1813:0-14-014395-5
1809:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1794:1-85285-176-7
1790:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1775:0-8264-7765-8
1771:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1759:0-521-03177-X
1756:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1714:0-415-92129-5
1710:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1667:
1661:
1655:, plate LIII.
1654:
1648:
1641:
1635:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1580:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1542:
1536:
1531:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1506:
1500:, p. 296–299.
1499:
1493:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1435:, p. 157
1434:
1428:
1421:
1415:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1388:, "Eardwulf".
1387:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1366:
1360:
1351:
1345:, "Eardwulf".
1344:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1303:, "Eardwulf".
1302:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1247:
1241:
1234:
1228:
1222:, "Eardwulf".
1221:
1217:
1211:
1204:
1198:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1153:
1147:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1107:
1101:
1094:
1088:
1079:
1072:
1066:
1057:
1055:
1047:
1041:
1034:
1028:
1021:
1015:
1006:
997:
990:
984:
977:
973:
967:
960:
956:
955:Nelson, Janet
951:
944:
940:
934:
927:
921:
914:
908:
901:
900:
893:
886:
880:
873:
867:
860:
854:
847:
843:
838:
836:
828:
822:
820:
815:
808:
806:
801:
799:
795:
794:Book of Cerne
791:
787:
783:
782:
781:Book of Cerne
776:
774:
773:Hardulfus rex
770:
765:
761:
754:
749:
745:
743:
739:
735:
729:
727:
721:
717:
716:
714:
710:
706:
699:
697:
687:
685:
679:
676:
672:
668:
664:
658:
656:
652:
648:
642:
641:
635:
633:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
605:
603:
599:
594:
592:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
560:
550:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
521:
519:
513:
512:
510:
506:
499:
497:
492:
490:
486:
485:Barbara Yorke
483:. Historian
482:
478:
474:
470:
460:
457:
453:
447:
445:
440:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
404:
400:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
357:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
269:
267:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
215:
206:
204:
200:
194:
192:
188:
184:
178:
176:
172:
167:
159:
155:
146:
142:
139:
136:
134:
130:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
102:
99:
95:
92:
89:
85:
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
64:
61:
57:
53:
51:
47:
43:
39:
36:
32:
27:
19:
3951:
3496:
3427:Bosa of York
3325:Northumbrian
2750:East Anglian
2575:Guthfrith II
2456:
2140:
2121:
2101:
2082:
2063:
2037:
2018:
2004:. Retrieved
1998:
1978:
1959:
1940:
1921:
1899:
1880:
1861:
1842:
1831:. Retrieved
1826:
1803:
1784:
1765:
1750:
1733:. Retrieved
1727:
1704:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1665:
1660:
1652:
1647:
1639:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1541:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1505:
1497:
1492:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1448:
1432:
1427:
1419:
1414:
1409:, "Eardwulf"
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1364:
1359:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1258:
1253:
1245:
1240:
1232:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1202:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1151:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1121:, s.a. 796.
1118:
1113:
1105:
1100:
1092:
1087:
1078:
1070:
1065:
1045:
1040:
1032:
1027:
1019:
1014:
1005:
996:
988:
983:
975:
971:
966:
958:
950:
942:
938:
933:
925:
920:
912:
907:
897:
892:
884:
879:
871:
866:
858:
853:
845:
826:
802:
793:
779:
777:
772:
769:Peterborough
757:
740:in 858, and
730:
722:
719:
702:
701:
693:
680:
659:
647:Pope Leo III
644:
638:
637:
629:
608:
606:
597:
595:
588:
584:York Minster
557:
555:
529:
522:
515:
502:
501:
493:
480:
472:
466:
455:
448:
428:
396:
360:
344:
340:
337:Roman Empire
328:
324:
312:
308:
304:
293:
270:
262:
242:
223:Northumbrian
220:
195:
179:
153:
152:
3682:South Saxon
3587:Wilfrith II
2525:Guthfrith I
2472:Æthelred II
2365:Northumbria
1263:Charlemagne
1235:, s.a. 792.
1205:, s.a. 790.
798:Benedictine
790:sarcophagus
734:Æthelred II
696:Lindisfarne
412:Charlemagne
353:Merovingian
317:Old English
183:Charlemagne
160:790 –
87:Predecessor
59:Predecessor
3958:Categories
3708:West Saxon
2891:East Saxon
2555:Halfdan II
2545:Airdeconut
2462:Ælfwald II
2437:Æthelred I
2314:Æthelfrith
2261:Æthelfrith
2251:Frithuwald
2165:Eardwulf 4
2006:2007-10-03
1833:2007-04-25
1735:2007-01-27
1574:, p. 96.).
1265:by Alcuin.
1186:Æthelred I
896:After the
870:Campbell,
811:References
655:Ælfwald II
591:Eanbald II
572:Æthelberht
477:Byrhtferth
371:Eanbald II
283:in 685 to
209:Background
171:Æthelred I
91:Ælfwald II
73:Ælfwald II
54:26 May 796
50:Coronation
3865:Evorhilda
2922:Frisian,
2585:Sitric II
2565:Ragnall I
2540:Æthelwold
2530:Siefredus
2520:Halfdan I
2496:Kings of
2442:Ælfwald I
2392:Eadwulf I
2387:Ealdfrith
2363:Kings of
2344:Œthelwald
2290:Kings of
2212:Kings of
1681:; Kirby,
1664:Wormald,
1642:, p. 211.
1629:, p. 159.
1367:, p. 462.
1291:Swanton,
1282:, p. 155.
1244:Swanton,
1192:, p. 451.
1104:Swanton,
1073:, p. 149.
1022:, p. 134.
564:Eanbald I
526:Corbridge
399:Æthelbald
367:Eanbald I
341:patricius
333:patrician
329:patricius
321:ealdorman
309:patricius
256:, son of
243:patricius
239:Ælfwald I
164:830) was
114:after 808
97:Successor
79:2nd Reign
69:Successor
41:1st Reign
3256:Mildgyth
2924:Frankish
2872:Wendreda
2510:Ecgberht
2457:Eardwulf
2447:Osred II
2417:Eadberht
2412:Ceolwulf
2382:Ecgfrith
2354:Ælfwine
2349:Alhfrith
2309:Æthelric
2271:Eanfrith
2246:Theodric
2241:Æthelric
2214:Bernicia
2062:(1991).
2017:(1971).
1668:, p. 98.
1481:Archived
1470:series Y
1447:Higham,
1125:and the
911:Higham,
883:Higham,
805:Æthelred
713:St. Omer
705:Nijmegen
617:Ealhmund
580:Hygebald
576:Beadwulf
385:and the
375:Wulfsige
369:to 796,
351:in late
296:charters
281:Centwine
254:Æthelred
227:Eadberht
187:Coenwulf
154:Eardwulf
147:Eardwulf
29:Eardwulf
3492:Eanmund
3306:Wærstan
3246:Merefin
3094:Mercian
3018:Kentish
2515:Ricsige
2482:Osberht
2477:Redwulf
2432:Ealhred
2402:Coenred
2397:Osred I
1692:Sources
1460:Kirby,
1431:Kirby,
1397:Kirby,
1376:Kirby,
1333:Kirby,
1312:Kirby,
1257:Kirby,
1163:Kirby,
1150:Yorke,
1091:Yorke,
1044:Kirby,
1031:Story,
1018:Riché,
987:Kirby,
970:Kirby,
937:Yorke,
924:Kirby,
857:Yorke,
825:Yorke,
742:Osberht
738:Rædwulf
709:Leo III
671:moneyer
489:Eadwulf
452:Ireland
422:to the
356:Francia
289:Ceolred
3623:Blaise
3527:Hyglac
2908:Osgyth
2560:Ingwær
2550:Eowils
2467:Eanred
2452:Osbald
2422:Oswulf
2339:Oswine
2329:Oswald
2276:Oswald
2231:Glappa
2147:
2128:
2110:689488
2108:
2089:
2070:
2044:
2025:
1985:
1966:
1947:
1928:
1906:
1887:
1868:
1849:
1810:
1791:
1772:
1757:
1711:
1095:p. 95.
959:Mercia
726:Eanred
684:Eanred
675:silver
625:Mercia
534:Osbald
518:Alcuin
433:) and
381:, the
285:Egbert
277:Wessex
273:Mercia
235:Alhred
191:Mercia
175:Osbald
144:Father
138:Eanred
119:Burial
101:Eanred
63:Osbald
3601:Roman
2407:Osric
2377:Oswiu
2334:Oswiu
2324:Osric
2319:Edwin
2292:Deira
2281:Oswiu
2266:Edwin
2256:Hussa
630:King
621:Derby
582:, at
538:Picts
505:Ripon
496:circa
416:Italy
319:word
301:Latin
250:Osred
246:Sicga
133:Issue
3512:Eoda
2535:Cnut
2487:Ælla
2304:Ælla
2236:Adda
2145:ISBN
2126:ISBN
2106:OCLC
2087:ISBN
2068:ISBN
2042:ISBN
2023:ISBN
1983:ISBN
1964:ISBN
1945:ISBN
1926:ISBN
1904:ISBN
1885:ISBN
1866:ISBN
1847:ISBN
1808:ISBN
1789:ISBN
1770:ISBN
1755:ISBN
1709:ISBN
1596:the
667:York
663:mint
578:and
544:King
403:Offa
307:and
275:and
233:and
111:Died
2226:Ida
2167:at
1829:(6)
1476:'s
762:at
609:dux
598:dux
530:dux
481:dux
471:'s
345:dux
325:dux
313:dux
305:dux
201:of
189:of
158:fl.
82:808
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1594:al
1564:al
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1135:al
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574:,
566:,
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162:c.
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2183:v
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2076:.
2050:.
2031:.
2009:.
1991:.
1972:.
1953:.
1934:.
1912:.
1893:.
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1855:.
1836:.
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1738:.
1717:.
1324:.
1141:.
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156:(
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