25:
1439:
1057:
As had already begun in Middle
Japanese, the verbal morphology system continued to evolve. The total number of verb classes was reduced from nine to five. Specifically, the r-irregular and n-irregular regularized as quadrigrade, and the upper and lower bigrade classes merged with their respective
1077:
Historically, adjectives were subdivided into two classes: those whose adverbial form ended in -ku and those that ended in –siku. That distinction was lost in Early Modern
Japanese.
321:, became the most influential dialect. Compared to the previous centuries, the Tokugawa rule brought about much newfound stability. That made the importance of the
277:
The period spanned roughly 250 years and extended from the 17th century to the first half of the 19th century. Politically, it generally corresponded to the
2883:
2975:
2734:
1136:
Historically, the adjectival noun was sub-divided into two categories: -nar and -tar. In Early Modern
Japanese, -tar vanished and left only -na.
54:
270:. It is a period of transition that shed many of the characteristics that Middle Japanese had retained during the language's development from
2930:
1677:
1393:
2729:
2356:
2351:
618:
1835:
1361:
1342:
1314:
1295:
1276:
1254:
76:
2236:
1480:
47:
2942:
2661:
624:
522:
2615:
2610:
2136:
1670:
1386:
317:, was the most influential dialect. However, in the late Edo period, the Edo dialect, the ancestor of the modern
2784:
2625:
2341:
528:
2756:
2595:
2154:
1842:
605:
598:
509:
880:
772:
765:
758:
751:
744:
737:
709:
702:
666:
645:
632:
625:
619:
612:
606:
599:
580:
564:
557:
529:
523:
516:
510:
485:
479:
466:
460:
453:
447:
2970:
2489:
2469:
2273:
2226:
1535:
1458:
644:
631:
2965:
2605:
1663:
1495:
1379:
1071:
459:
446:
2479:
1058:
monograde. That left the quadrigrade, upper monograde, lower monograde, k-irregular, and s-irregular.
2890:
2868:
2656:
611:
515:
37:
2925:
2863:
2853:
2817:
2715:
2666:
2590:
2565:
2174:
1264:
41:
33:
2231:
1475:
2309:
1565:
793:
Middle
Japanese had a syllable final -t, which was gradually replaced by the open syllable /tu/.
478:
465:
452:
2326:
866:
412:
58:
2510:
2807:
2696:
2169:
1705:
1627:
686:
167:
2858:
2681:
2585:
2459:
2261:
2196:
1710:
1639:
1620:
1490:
484:
362:
263:
172:
8:
2907:
2789:
2761:
2676:
2256:
876:
701:
592:
500:
2201:
1428:
2937:
2878:
2799:
2686:
2620:
2505:
2218:
1960:
1632:
1607:
1449:
407:
402:
329:
class. There was much economic growth, and new artistic developments appeared, such as
298:
2206:
2042:
1991:
1351:
2766:
2701:
2671:
2474:
2293:
2278:
2251:
2246:
2184:
2122:
2097:
2032:
1906:
1744:
1734:
1725:
1686:
1578:
1550:
1521:
1516:
1421:
1416:
1402:
1357:
1338:
1310:
1291:
1272:
1250:
869:
708:
432:
417:
374:
259:
139:
134:
1950:
1749:
2895:
2873:
2651:
2447:
2288:
2090:
2080:
2075:
2063:
1916:
1852:
1808:
1573:
654:
427:
2416:
2011:
1955:
1793:
2920:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2283:
2056:
1967:
1867:
1828:
1823:
1784:
1764:
1555:
1467:
879:: . In Early Modern Japanese, they lost their prenasalization, which resulted in
809:
The consonants /s, z/, /t/, /n/, /h, b/, /p/, /m/, and /r/ could be palatalized.
550:
422:
267:
126:
116:
2049:
366:
2915:
2266:
2241:
2164:
2144:
2117:
2068:
2020:
1984:
1938:
1882:
1877:
1857:
1500:
1485:
872:
818:
563:
556:
440:
370:
314:
186:
2959:
2706:
2452:
2431:
2149:
2001:
1945:
1813:
1803:
1779:
1769:
1759:
1602:
358:
318:
1352:
Yamaguchi, Akiho; Hideo Suzuki; Ryūzō Sakanashi; Masayuki
Tsukimoto (1997).
342:
2691:
2520:
2085:
1979:
1923:
1892:
1887:
1700:
1615:
579:
271:
162:
2746:
1974:
729:
354:
289:
At the beginning of the 17th century, the center of government moved to
2775:
2741:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2421:
1438:
1067:
801:
The labial /kwa, gwa/ merged with their non-labial counterparts into .
391:
306:
278:
1244:
2555:
2484:
2464:
2406:
725:
350:
226:
214:
2426:
2411:
1655:
1371:
326:
2720:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2318:
2159:
346:
310:
294:
197:
193:
2835:
2812:
2751:
2368:
338:
330:
322:
2830:
2363:
2331:
334:
302:
2825:
2373:
2336:
1245:
Kondō, Yasuhiro; Masayuki
Tsukimoto; Katsumi Sugiura (2005).
201:
105:
2383:
897:
783:/zi, di/ and /zu, du/, respectively, no longer contrasted.
290:
812:
Depalatalization could also be seen in the Edo dialect:
851:
845:
837:
831:
824:
816:
1610:
274:, thus becoming intelligible to modern Japanese.
2957:
46:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
251:
1249:(in Japanese). Hōsō Daigaku Kyōiku Shinkōkai.
325:class gradually fall and replaced it with the
245:
1671:
1387:
1307:Old Japanese : a phonetic reconstruction
1326:Kōza Kokugoshi: Dai 2 kan: On'inshi, Mojishi
1066:There were two types of adjectives: regular
1678:
1664:
1394:
1380:
1356:(in Japanese). Tōkyō Daigaku Shuppankai.
1332:
1285:
789:/se/ lost its palatalization and became .
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
2976:Languages attested from the 17th century
357:also developed. Major authors included
2958:
1323:
1304:
1263:
1685:
1659:
1401:
1375:
1309:. London; New York: RoutledgeCurzon.
779:Several major developments occurred:
786:/h/ partially developed from into .
18:
13:
1437:
1269:The Japanese Language Through Time
860:
724:/t, s, z, h/ all have a number of
390:Middle Japanese had the following
14:
2987:
804:
1328:(in Japanese). Taishūkan Shoten.
865:Middle Japanese had a series of
796:
303:closed its borders to foreigners
23:
896:Early Modern Japanese has five
1337:. Cambridge University Press.
1225:
1216:
1207:
825:
817:
341:. New literary genres such as
1:
1333:Shibatani, Masayoshi (1990).
1237:
1061:
385:
284:
2822:Kanji pronunciation sources
2596:Katakana Phonetic Extensions
1517:Kunigami (Northern Okinawan)
1290:(in Japanese). Meiji Shoin.
1189:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1173:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
707:
700:
665:
643:
630:
617:
604:
597:
578:
562:
555:
521:
508:
477:
458:
445:
380:
309:, the Kamigata dialect, the
7:
2931:Speculative fiction writers
2490:Transcription into Japanese
1305:Miyake, Marc Hideo (2003).
852:
846:
838:
832:
252:
10:
2992:
1849:Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka
886:
2906:
2846:
2798:
2640:
2498:
2440:
2382:
2317:
2308:
2217:
2192:
2183:
2135:
2108:
2031:
1905:
1733:
1724:
1693:
1595:
1564:
1543:
1534:
1509:
1466:
1457:
1448:
1435:
1409:
1286:Matsumura, Akira (1971).
297:under the control of the
246:
224:
212:
207:
183:
155:
123:
111:
101:
96:
91:
2716:Sino-Japanese vocabulary
2175:Yokohama Pidgin Japanese
1222:Yamamoto (1997: 147-148)
1201:
891:
32:This article includes a
16:Ancient form of Japanese
2662:Godan and ichidan verbs
2480:Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai
119:in the mid-19th century
61:more precise citations.
1442:
1335:The Languages of Japan
1324:Nakata, Norio (1972).
987:Lower Monograde (下一段)
349:(pleasure districts),
2767:Court lady language (
2237:Southern Amami Ōshima
2170:Yilan Creole Japanese
1645:Early Modern Japanese
1628:Early Middle Japanese
1441:
1213:Shibatani (1990: 119)
964:Upper Monograde(上一段)
258:was the stage of the
241:Early Modern Japanese
168:Early Middle Japanese
145:Early Modern Japanese
92:Early Modern Japanese
2586:Small Kana Extension
2197:Eastern Old Japanese
1836:Northern Izu Islands
1640:Late Middle Japanese
1621:Eastern Old Japanese
1288:Nihon Bunpō Daijiten
1231:Yamaguchi (1997:129)
363:Chikamatsu Monzaemon
173:Late Middle Japanese
2137:Pidgins and creoles
1271:. Yale University.
2971:Medieval languages
2938:Classical Japanese
2785:Gender differences
2621:Extended shinjitai
1633:Classical Japanese
1608:Peninsular Japonic
1443:
1354:Nihongo no Rekishi
1247:Nihongo no Rekishi
305:. Until the early
299:Tokugawa shogunate
34:list of references
2966:Japanese language
2953:
2952:
2657:Verb conjugations
2636:
2635:
2304:
2303:
2185:Japonic languages
2131:
2130:
2123:Okinawan Japanese
1687:Japanese language
1653:
1652:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1530:
1529:
1422:Japanese dialects
1403:Japonic languages
1265:Martin, Samuel E.
1199:
1198:
1134:
1133:
1055:
1054:
1033:S-irregular (サ変)
1010:K-irregular (カ変)
941:Quadrigrade (四段)
722:
721:
353:(commoners), and
260:Japanese language
238:
237:
87:
86:
79:
2983:
2896:Polivanov system
2757:Honorific speech
2652:Japanese grammar
2315:
2314:
2190:
2189:
1731:
1730:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1657:
1656:
1612:
1541:
1540:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1454:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1348:
1329:
1320:
1301:
1282:
1260:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1139:
1138:
1080:
1079:
1072:adjectival nouns
903:
902:
882:
855:
849:
841:
835:
828:
827:
822:
821:
774:
767:
760:
753:
746:
739:
711:
704:
668:
647:
634:
627:
621:
614:
608:
601:
582:
566:
559:
531:
525:
518:
512:
487:
481:
468:
462:
455:
449:
397:
396:
257:
255:
249:
248:
217:
189:
129:
89:
88:
82:
75:
71:
68:
62:
57:this article by
48:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
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2954:
2949:
2902:
2847:Transliteration
2842:
2818:Sound symbolism
2794:
2776:Role language (
2735:from Portuguese
2667:Irregular verbs
2645:
2643:
2632:
2581:Kana Supplement
2576:Kana Extended-B
2571:Kana Extended-A
2494:
2470:Historical kana
2436:
2378:
2357:by stroke count
2348:Kanji radicals
2342:by stroke count
2300:
2213:
2179:
2155:Hawaiian Creole
2127:
2104:
2027:
1901:
1720:
1689:
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1094:
1089:
1084:
1064:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
894:
889:
863:
861:Prenasalization
807:
799:
388:
383:
287:
268:Modern Japanese
264:Middle Japanese
243:
213:
190:
185:
179:
158:
151:
130:
127:Language family
125:
117:Modern Japanese
83:
72:
66:
63:
52:
38:related reading
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2764:
2759:
2754:
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2744:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2718:
2713:
2707:Native words (
2704:
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2694:
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2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2646:
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2409:
2404:
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2360:
2359:
2354:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2312:
2310:Writing system
2306:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2223:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2165:Pseudo-Chinese
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2145:Bamboo English
2141:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2118:Amami Japanese
2114:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2039:
2037:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1913:
1911:
1903:
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1519:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1481:Southern Amami
1478:
1472:
1470:
1461:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1406:
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1391:
1384:
1376:
1369:
1368:
1362:
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1302:
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1234:
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1193:
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1160:
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1145:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1125:
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1119:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1063:
1060:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
984:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
961:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
938:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
900:conjugations:
893:
890:
888:
885:
862:
859:
858:
857:
843:
829:
819:hyakunin issyu
806:
805:Palatalization
803:
798:
795:
791:
790:
787:
784:
777:
776:
769:
762:
755:
748:
741:
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719:
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706:
699:
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690:
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681:
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2884:In Esperanto
2854:Romanization
2808:Pitch accent
2790:Dictionaries
2777:
2769:nyōbō kotoba
2768:
2722:
2721:Loan words (
2708:
2692:Topic marker
2606:ARIB STD B24
2352:by frequency
2232:Amami Ōshima
2109:
2098:
2057:
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2008:East San'in
1992:
1968:
1939:
1917:
1907:
1843:
1794:
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1716:Early Modern
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1706:Early Middle
1644:
1616:Old Japanese
1353:
1334:
1325:
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1287:
1268:
1246:
1227:
1218:
1209:
1162:Hypothetical
1135:
1103:Hypothetical
1076:
1065:
1056:
929:Hypothetical
895:
867:prenasalized
864:
811:
808:
800:
792:
778:
723:
685:
653:
623:
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591:
549:
527:
514:
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483:
464:
451:
439:
413:Postalveolar
389:
375:Santō Kyōden
367:Matsuo Bashō
288:
276:
272:Old Japanese
240:
239:
232:
225:
163:Old Japanese
144:
73:
67:October 2021
64:
53:Please help
45:
2864:Nihon-shiki
2747:Wasei-kango
2682:Possessives
2642:Grammar and
2475:Modern kana
2460:Punctuation
2441:Orthography
2262:Tokunoshima
1874:Gifu-Aichi
1844:Tōkai–Tōsan
1711:Late Middle
1491:Tokunoshima
1157:Attributive
1098:Attributive
1036:-e, -a, -i
1005:-e(yo, ro)
982:-i(yo, ro)
924:Attributive
906:Verb Class
730:high vowels
728:before the
687:Approximant
266:and before
157:Early forms
59:introducing
2960:Categories
2908:Literature
2778:yakuwarigo
2762:Honorifics
2742:Wasei-eigo
2730:from Dutch
2677:Adjectives
2644:vocabulary
2422:Hentaigana
2417:Man'yōgana
2257:Okinoerabu
1961:Okuyoshino
1496:Okinoerabu
1238:References
1167:Imperative
1152:Conclusive
1108:Imperative
1093:Conclusive
1068:adjectives
1062:Adjectives
1051:-ei, -iro
934:Imperative
919:Conclusive
877:fricatives
726:allophones
392:consonants
386:Consonants
343:Ukiyozōshi
307:Edo period
301:and Japan
285:Background
279:Edo period
2800:Phonology
2687:Particles
2626:Half/Full
2556:Shift JIS
2485:Yotsugana
2465:Kanazukai
2407:Okurigana
2319:Logograms
1931:Shiramine
1776:Southern
1756:Northern
1147:Adverbial
1088:Adverbial
914:Adverbial
847:/zyumyoː/
826:hyakunisi
593:Fricative
501:Affricate
381:Phonology
351:Kokkeibon
227:Glottolog
215:ISO 639-3
2723:gairaigo
2702:Numerals
2672:Pronouns
2611:Enclosed
2591:Katakana
2566:Hiragana
2562:Unicode
2517:ISO/IEC
2499:Encoding
2402:Furigana
2397:Katakana
2392:Hiragana
2294:Yonaguni
2274:Southern
2252:Okinawan
2247:Kunigami
2227:Northern
2219:Ryukyuan
2160:Kyowa-go
2091:Tsushima
2081:Nagasaki
2076:Kumamoto
2064:Chikuzen
1928:Kanazawa
1918:Hokuriku
1853:Shizuoka
1820:Eastern
1809:Kanagawa
1800:Western
1745:Hokkaidō
1726:Dialects
1579:Yonaguni
1551:Miyakoan
1544:Miyakoan
1536:Southern
1522:Okinawan
1510:Okinawan
1459:Northern
1450:Ryukyuan
1417:Japanese
1410:Japanese
1267:(1987).
1142:Irrealis
1083:Irrealis
909:Irrealis
873:plosives
853:/zimyoː/
833:/teisyu/
408:Alveolar
403:Bilabial
355:Ninjōbon
347:Sharebon
327:merchant
311:ancestor
295:Kamigata
198:Katakana
194:Hiragana
140:Japanese
2926:Writers
2859:Hepburn
2813:Rendaku
2752:Engrish
2448:Braille
2369:Ryakuji
2289:Yaeyama
2207:grammar
2202:Hachijō
2099:Satsugū
2058:Hichiku
2044:Hōnichi
1998:San'yō
1993:Chūgoku
1969:Shikoku
1908:Western
1868:Nagaoka
1864:Echigo
1829:Tochigi
1824:Ibaraki
1785:Nairiku
1765:Tsugaru
1736:Eastern
1596:History
1574:Yaeyama
1429:Hachijō
1195:
1174:-da ra
887:Grammar
881:ɡ,z,d,b
839:/teisi/
718:
715:
698:
695:
692:
680:
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663:
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641:
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586:
576:
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494:
491:
475:
472:
433:Glottal
418:Palatal
339:Bunraku
331:Ukiyo-e
323:warrior
135:Japonic
55:improve
2921:Poetry
2869:Kunrei
2831:Kan-on
2602:Other
2511:EUC-JP
2427:Sōgana
2412:Gojūon
2364:Kokuji
2332:Kanbun
2284:Tarama
2279:Miyako
2069:Hakata
2034:Kyūshū
2022:Umpaku
1985:Sanuki
1951:Banshū
1940:Kansai
1883:Mikawa
1878:Nagoya
1858:Narada
1751:Tōhoku
1556:Tarama
1360:
1341:
1313:
1294:
1275:
1253:
1192:-nara
1130:-kare
1127:-kere
1115:-kara
898:verbal
870:voiced
856:"life"
842:"lord"
655:Liquid
428:Uvular
373:, and
337:, and
335:Kabuki
262:after
200:, and
102:Region
2943:texts
2916:Books
2836:Tō-on
2826:Go-on
2453:Kanji
2374:Ateji
2337:Kanji
2267:Yoron
2242:Kikai
2110:Other
2012:Inshū
2002:Bingo
1956:Kishū
1946:Awaji
1814:Tokyo
1804:Gunma
1795:Kantō
1780:Kesen
1770:Akita
1760:Nanbu
1501:Yoron
1486:Kikai
1476:Amami
1468:Amami
1202:Notes
1190:-nare
1048:-ure
1045:-uru
1042:-uru
1025:-ure
1022:-uru
1019:-uru
1002:-ere
999:-eru
996:-eru
979:-ire
976:-iru
973:-iru
892:Verbs
850:>
836:>
823:>
775:/ __ɯ
768:/ __i
761:/ __ɯ
754:/ __i
747:/ __ɯ
740:/ __i
551:Nasal
423:Velar
293:from
247:近世日本語
202:Kanji
106:Japan
97:近世日本語
40:, or
2551:0213
2546:0212
2541:0211
2536:0208
2531:0201
2527:JIS
2521:2022
2384:Kana
2086:Saga
2050:Ōita
1980:Tosa
1924:Kaga
1893:Hida
1888:Mino
1358:ISBN
1339:ISBN
1311:ISBN
1292:ISBN
1273:ISBN
1251:ISBN
1187:-na
1184:-da
1179:-de
1169:命令形
1164:仮定形
1159:連体形
1154:終止形
1149:連用形
1144:未然形
1118:-ku
1110:命令形
1105:仮定形
1100:連体形
1095:終止形
1090:連用形
1085:未然形
1070:and
1028:-oi
936:命令形
931:仮定形
926:連体形
921:終止形
916:連用形
911:未然形
875:and
771:h →
764:h →
757:z →
750:z →
743:t →
736:t →
441:Stop
233:None
2874:JSL
2616:EIS
2506:EUC
1975:Iyo
1701:Old
1182:-na
1177:-ni
1124:-i
1121:-i
1039:-i
1016:-i
1013:-o
993:-e
990:-e
970:-i
967:-i
959:-e
956:-e
953:-u
950:-u
947:-i
944:-a
759:d͡z
752:d͡ʑ
745:t͡s
738:t͡ɕ
530:d͡ʑ
524:t͡ɕ
517:d͡z
511:t͡s
291:Edo
112:Era
2962::
1074:.
883:.
732::
394::
377:.
369:,
365:,
361:,
345:,
333:,
281:.
250:,
196:,
44:,
36:,
2780:)
2771:)
2725:)
2711:)
1679:e
1672:t
1665:v
1611:†
1395:e
1388:t
1381:v
1366:.
1347:.
1319:.
1300:.
1281:.
1259:.
773:ɸ
766:ç
710:ɰ
703:j
667:r
646:h
633:ç
626:ʑ
620:ɕ
613:z
607:s
600:ɸ
581:ɴ
565:n
558:m
486:ɡ
480:k
467:d
461:t
454:b
448:p
256:)
244:(
220:–
80:)
74:(
69:)
65:(
51:.
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