967:
still followed by M. Sokoloff in his recent work, A Dictionary of Jewish
Palestinian Aramaic of the Byzantine Period.'1 A different division, now widely accepted, has been put forward by J. A. Fitzmyer.2 It is as follows: a) Old Aramaic, up to 700 B.C.E.; b) Official Aramaic, 700-300 .c.E.; c) Middle Aramaic, 300 ..E.-200 c.E.; d) Late Aramaic (= Middle Aramaic of Rosenthal's division), with two branches: the eastern branch consisting of Syriac, Mandaic, the Aramaic of the Talmud Babli, the Gaonic Literature and incantation texts found mainly in Nippur; and the western, consisting of Samaritan Aramaic, Christian Palestinian Aramaic, Galilean Aramaic (which some, for example Sokoloff, prefer to call Jewish Palestinian Aramaic) found in the Aramaic portions of the Palestinian Talmud and haggadic midrashim and other sources; e) Modern Aramaic (in its eastern and western dialects).
805:
Antiquity, which are sometimes referred to collectively as 'Middle
Aramaic' or 'Late (Antique) Aramaic'. Central Neo-Aramaic, North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic and Neo-Mandaic are related to the eastern branch of premodern Aramaic, e.g. Classical Syriac, Classical Mandaic and Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, whereas Western Neo-Aramaic is related to the western branch, e.g. Jewish and Christian Palestinian Aramaic and Samaritan Aramaic. No Neo-Aramaic subgroup, however, could be considered a direct descendent of the attested forms of the literary pre-modern Aramaic varieties.
720:
that the Syriac
Peshitta might have been used by Chrysostom (Krupp 1991:75). Based on this, three points can be summarized. (i) The linguistic milieu of Antioch was bilingualism in Aramaic and Greek. (ii) There may have been many bilinguals among both upper-status and lower-status Syrians. (iii) The inhabitants' competence in speaking Greek depends on their social status and, by and large, it is appropriate to assume that upper-status inhabitants spoke Greek as their matrix languages while lower-status inhabitants spoke Aramaic as their matrix languages.
290:
966:
a) Old
Aramaic from the beginning (through Biblical Aramaic, Nabataean, Palmyrene) down to the established eastern and western branches; b) Middle Aramaic, with two branches, eastern and western; c) Late Aramaic, with the contemporary western (Ma'alula) and eastern branches. This older terminology is
804:
The Neo-Aramaic dialects are clearly closely related to the written forms of
Aramaic of earlier periods. The Neo-Aramaic subgroups can be correlated broadly with dialectal divisions that are reflected in pre-modern written Aramaic sources from the first millennium CE onwards particularly during Late
719:
On market days and festivals, Syriac-speaking peasants flocked to
Antioch, which indicates that there was lively interaction between Syriac-speaking and Greek-speaking Syrians, thus allowing Antiochene inhabitants to continue to hear Syriac. Furthermore, adding to the general picture, it is thought
249:
Despite their names, they are not restricted to specific churches; Chaldean Neo-Aramaic being spoken by members of the
Chaldean Catholic Church, Assyrian Church of the East, Syriac Orthodox Church, Assyrian Protestant churches, and Assyrian Neo-Aramaic and Turoyo being spoken by members of the
634:
The Syriac writers of Qatar themselves produced some of the best and most sophisticated writing to be found in all Syriac literature of the seventh century, but they have not received the scholarly attention that they deserve in the last half century. This volume seeks to redress this
511:
of northern Iraq, northeast Syria, southeastern Turkey and northwestern Iran, as well as small migrant communities in
Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Armenia, Georgia, southern Russia and Azerbaijan. Most of these are members of the
748:
The
Persian location and character of the Metropolitan proved to be a source of friction between the Syriac-speaking Christians of Beth Qatraye who naturally looked to their co-linguists back in Mesopotamia.
888:
Based on interviews with community informants, this paper explores socialization for ingroup identity and endogamy among
Assyrians in the United States. The Assyrians descent from the population of ancient
997:
The classical version of Eastern Neo-Aramaic, often called Syriac, emerged in the first centuries after Christ in the theological school of Edessa. It has its own alphabet and serves as a ritual language.
484:, and the three classical languages outlined above have also influenced numerous vernacular varieties of Eastern Aramaic, some of which are spoken to this day, largely by the Assyrians,
663:
It may just demonstrate that in the course of the evolution of the Aramaic dialects it removed itself from Western Aramaic to a lesser extent than the other Eastern dialects.
875:
691:
Antioch was a major city and the capital of the Syriac-speaking region. From Antioch, the rest of the Syriac-speaking provinces received the Christian message,…
1027:
246:(250,000 speakers), together with a number of smaller closely related languages with no more than 5,000 to 10,000 speakers between them.
878:. Paper presented at a symposium on socialization for ingroup identity at the meetings of the International Society for Human Ethology,
311:
1595:
1552:
1527:
1585:
1570:
1580:
990:
596:
1615:
1610:
2179:
883:
959:
797:
769:
741:
712:
684:
656:
627:
337:
350:
Historically, eastern varieties of Aramaic have been more dominant, mainly due to their political acceptance in the
319:
1542:
507:
However there are still between some 550,000 – 1,000,000 fluent Eastern Neo-Aramaic speakers among the indigenous
1547:
1537:
1020:
575:
1810:
315:
1532:
1442:
1605:
1590:
48:
2113:
1600:
1309:
533:
529:
513:
79:
776:
He was born in the region of Beth Qatraye in Eastern Arabia, a mixed Syriac- and Arabic-speaking region…
2184:
1463:
1456:
1013:
635:
underdevelopment by setting the standard for further research in the sub-field of Beth Qatraye studies.
525:
1168:
373:
period, spanning from 300 B.C.E. to 200 C.E., Aramaic diverged into its eastern and western branches.
234:
Numbers of fluent speakers range from approximately 300,000 to 575,000, with the main languages being
2029:
1416:
1392:
1115:
1095:
1060:
496:
of the seventh century, most of the population of the Middle East has undergone a gradual but steady
493:
273:
199:
116:
74:
613:
1821:
1519:
536:. A further number may have a more sparse understanding of the language, due to pressures in their
521:
300:
137:
1863:
1800:
1410:
1065:
420:
304:
254:
1241:
1078:
1055:
1050:
910:
517:
477:
1501:
909:, the United States and elsewhere include language and residential patterns, ethnically based
2157:
1760:
1485:
1154:
1140:
980:
615:
489:
223:
64:
2084:
1826:
1219:
397:
239:
235:
8:
2098:
1767:
1710:
1638:
1624:
1495:
1290:
1251:
400:
393:
351:
141:
385:
871:
454:
207:
1941:
1831:
982:
The Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria: Between A Rock and A Hard Place
838:
162:
2070:
1895:
1774:
1647:
1472:
1430:
1295:
1088:
1036:
986:
955:
922:
914:
793:
765:
737:
708:
680:
652:
623:
557:
553:
537:
416:
408:
355:
69:
2150:
2105:
2091:
1924:
1883:
1846:
1751:
1737:
1703:
1673:
1654:
1449:
1423:
1398:
1374:
1348:
1341:
1281:
1264:
1236:
1212:
1104:
918:
549:
545:
466:
412:
363:
258:
121:
84:
32:
2118:
2024:
1998:
1929:
1841:
1781:
1689:
1682:
1666:
1660:
1507:
1403:
1269:
1259:
902:
898:
570:
508:
481:
389:
243:
211:
203:
111:
59:
1355:
827:
816:
370:
276:, adding hundreds of thousands of users with varying levels of Aramaic mastery.
2078:
2034:
2004:
1987:
1981:
1888:
1836:
1717:
1557:
1385:
879:
497:
359:
191:
126:
52:
174:
refers to a group of dialects that evolved historically from the varieties of
2173:
2014:
2009:
1933:
1695:
1275:
1189:
1957:
485:
215:
849:
1514:
1334:
905:
in 608 BC. Practices that maintain ethnic and cultural continuity in the
876:"Socialization for Ingroup Identity among Assyrians in the United States"
366:, Eastern Aramaic continued to be used by the population of Mesopotamia.
145:
132:
762:
The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East
1196:
1147:
894:
262:
1161:
917:, and culturally specific practices related to life-cycle events and
906:
470:
450:
427:
219:
156:
1005:
289:
186:
and parts of northeastern Syria) and further expanded into northern
1744:
1203:
1175:
926:
921:. The interviews probe parental attitudes and practices related to
404:
1878:
1920:
1318:
1182:
890:
175:
985:. Society and Politics. Transnational Press London. p. 36.
2124:
1124:
541:
501:
443:
439:
435:
392:
had emerged. Between the 1st and 4th centuries AD, it became a
377:
269:
183:
431:
187:
44:
618:; Saif Shaheen Al-Murikhi; Haya Al Thani (9 December 2014).
462:
458:
381:
195:
179:
40:
36:
476:
These varieties have widely influenced the less prominent
178:
spoken in the core territories of Mesopotamia (modern-day
253:
In addition, there are approximately 25,000 speakers of
788:
Khan, Geoffrey; Noorlander, Paul M. (15 January 2021).
358:
empires. With the later loss of political platforms to
901:
in Iraq, Iran, Syria and Turkey since the fall of the
893:(founded in the 24th century BC), and have lived as a
206:, encompassing most parts of modern western Syria and
649:
Studies in Aramaic Poetry (c. 100 B.C.E.-c. 600 C.E.)
597:"Mesopotamian Languages — Department of Archaeology"
839:
https://omniglot.com/writing/chaldeanneoaramaic.htm
760:Raheb, Mitri; Lamport, Mark A. (15 December 2020).
620:The Syriac Writers of Qatar in the Seventh Century
790:Studies in the Grammar and Lexicon of Neo-Aramaic
2171:
870:
705:Jesus and Gospel Traditions in Bilingual Context
465:, another variety of Eastern Aramaic, known as
403:throughout the Middle East. It was used in the
787:
442:, making the language a standard of religious
1021:
940:Modern Mandaic at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
828:https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/9289
817:https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/9309
759:
978:
318:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1028:
1014:
732:Thompson, Andrew David (31 October 2019).
384:in southeast Turkey, the local variety of
261:among the some 50,000 Mandaeans, an ethno-
863:
764:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 134.
338:Learn how and when to remove this message
949:
731:
257:, and some 5,000 fluent speakers of the
850:https://omniglot.com/writing/turoyo.htm
646:
2172:
679:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 234.
1035:
1009:
913:characterized by unique holidays and
860:Turoyo at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)
202:varieties found predominantly in the
674:
469:, became the liturgical language of
316:adding citations to reliable sources
283:
272:will also have a passive mastery of
702:
647:Pereira, Rodrigues (17 July 2018).
13:
2156:Languages between parentheses are
707:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 167.
675:Phan, Peter C. (21 January 2011).
434:schools flourished, producing the
214:, although there is a minority of
14:
2196:
288:
972:
943:
934:
854:
843:
832:
821:
576:Bible translations into Aramaic
419:. Later, it was adopted by the
411:, as well as in the schools of
2160:of the language on their left.
810:
781:
753:
725:
703:Lee, Sang-Il (26 April 2012).
696:
668:
640:
622:. Gorgias Press. p. 298.
607:
589:
250:Chaldean Catholic Church etc.
1:
954:. Mohr Siebeck. p. 186.
929:. Results are being analyzed.
582:
198:. This is in contrast to the
897:, political, religious, and
7:
563:
534:Assyrian Evangelical Church
530:Assyrian Pentecostal Church
514:Assyrian Church of the East
265:minority in Iraq and Iran.
229:
10:
2201:
526:Ancient Church of the East
279:
210:region. Most speakers are
16:Group of Aramaic languages
2180:Eastern Aramaic languages
2142:
2069:
1970:
1911:
1904:
1871:
1862:
1855:
1808:
1799:
1729:
1637:
1484:
1365:
1326:
1317:
1308:
1250:
1229:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1076:
1043:
950:McNamara, Martin (2011).
556:, and as a result of the
494:Muslim conquest of Persia
274:Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
155:
117:Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
105:
60:Linguistic classification
58:
43:, northern & eastern
26:
21:
2153:or historical languages.
979:Schmidinger, T. (2020).
952:Targum and New Testament
792:. Open Book Publishers.
736:. Springer. p. 49.
522:Chaldean Catholic Church
430:(modern southern Iraq),
238:(40,000 plus speakers),
138:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic
421:Saint Thomas Christians
242:(220,000 speakers) and
677:Christianities in Asia
560:to the Western World.
518:Syriac Orthodox Church
386:Eastern Middle Aramaic
1443:Christian Palestinian
1155:Ancient North Arabian
925:and encouragement of
616:Abdulrahim Abu-Husayn
490:Neo-Aramaic languages
49:Southeastern Anatolia
1543:Koy Sanjaq Christian
1220:Pre-classical Arabic
734:Christianity in Oman
651:. BRILL. p. 7.
312:improve this section
240:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic
236:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
226:of Eastern Aramaic.
1386:Ashurian and Hatran
488:and Mandaeans (see
394:liturgical language
371:Late Middle Aramaic
352:Neo-Assyrian Empire
142:Central Neo-Aramaic
1457:Jewish Palestinian
911:Christian churches
601:www.arch.cam.ac.uk
455:Khuzestan province
356:Achaemenid Persian
2185:Aramaic languages
2167:
2166:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2060:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1633:
1632:
1596:Koy Sanjaq Jewish
1393:Jewish Babylonian
1304:
1303:
1037:Semitic languages
992:978-1-912997-51-0
453:community in the
426:In the region of
409:Ephrem the Syrian
401:Syriac Christians
348:
347:
340:
194:and northwestern
169:
168:
122:Classical Mandaic
80:Northwest Semitic
2192:
1909:
1908:
1869:
1868:
1860:
1859:
1806:
1805:
1674:northern dialect
1349:Biblical Aramaic
1342:Imperial Aramaic
1324:
1323:
1315:
1314:
1213:Nabataean Arabic
1130:
1129:
1121:
1120:
1096:Canaano-Akkadian
1030:
1023:
1016:
1007:
1006:
1000:
999:
976:
970:
969:
947:
941:
938:
932:
931:
919:food preparation
882:. Archived from
872:MacDonald, Kevin
867:
861:
858:
852:
847:
841:
836:
830:
825:
819:
814:
808:
807:
785:
779:
778:
757:
751:
750:
729:
723:
722:
700:
694:
693:
672:
666:
665:
644:
638:
637:
611:
605:
604:
603:. 9 August 2013.
593:
480:dialects of the
407:and by the poet
390:Classical Syriac
343:
336:
332:
329:
323:
292:
284:
268:Students of the
259:Mandaic language
255:Jewish varieties
224:modern varieties
165:
112:Classical Syriac
33:Fertile Crescent
19:
18:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2130:
2057:
1966:
1913:
1900:
1851:
1812:
1787:
1725:
1629:
1571:Urmia Christian
1487:
1480:
1367:
1361:
1300:
1260:Egyptian Arabic
1246:
1242:Modern Standard
1225:
1110:
1072:
1039:
1034:
1004:
1003:
993:
977:
973:
962:
948:
944:
939:
935:
923:ethnic identity
903:Assyrian Empire
899:ethnic minority
886:on 2007-06-10.
868:
864:
859:
855:
848:
844:
837:
833:
826:
822:
815:
811:
800:
786:
782:
772:
758:
754:
744:
730:
726:
715:
701:
697:
687:
673:
669:
659:
645:
641:
630:
612:
608:
595:
594:
590:
585:
580:
571:Aramaic studies
566:
482:southern Levant
478:Western Aramaic
344:
333:
327:
324:
309:
293:
282:
232:
222:who also speak
204:southern Levant
200:Western Aramaic
182:, southeastern
172:Eastern Aramaic
161:
90:Eastern Aramaic
75:Central Semitic
39:, northwestern
28:
22:Eastern Aramaic
17:
12:
11:
5:
2198:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2154:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2075:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2007:
2002:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1927:
1917:
1915:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1875:
1873:
1866:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1707:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1658:
1651:
1643:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1492:
1490:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1434:
1427:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1389:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1356:Middle Aramaic
1352:
1345:
1338:
1330:
1328:
1321:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1267:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1252:Dialect groups
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1151:
1144:
1136:
1134:
1127:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1084:
1082:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1053:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1010:
1002:
1001:
991:
971:
960:
942:
933:
880:Ghent, Belgium
874:(2004-07-29).
862:
853:
842:
831:
820:
809:
798:
780:
770:
752:
742:
724:
713:
695:
685:
667:
657:
639:
628:
606:
587:
586:
584:
581:
579:
578:
573:
567:
565:
562:
498:language shift
380:, present-day
346:
345:
296:
294:
287:
281:
278:
231:
228:
192:eastern Arabia
167:
166:
159:
153:
152:
151:
150:
130:
127:Hatran Aramaic
124:
119:
114:
107:
103:
102:
101:
100:
99:
98:
97:
96:
95:
94:
93:
92:
62:
56:
55:
53:Eastern Arabia
30:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2197:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1864:Ethio-Semitic
1861:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1784:
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1779:
1777:
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1772:
1770:
1769:
1765:
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1626:
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1599:
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1523:
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1433:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1411:Judeo-Aramaic
1409:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1364:
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1311:
1307:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1276:Siculo-Arabic
1273:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1240:
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1234:
1232:
1228:
1222:
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1217:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1187:
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1184:
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1177:
1173:
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1128:
1126:
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1119:
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1113:
1107:
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1102:
1098:
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1090:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
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1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1008:
998:
994:
988:
984:
983:
975:
968:
963:
961:9783161508363
957:
953:
946:
937:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
885:
881:
877:
873:
866:
857:
851:
846:
840:
835:
829:
824:
818:
813:
806:
801:
799:9781783749508
795:
791:
784:
777:
773:
771:9781538124185
767:
763:
756:
749:
745:
743:9783030303983
739:
735:
728:
721:
716:
714:9783110267143
710:
706:
699:
692:
688:
686:9781444392609
682:
678:
671:
664:
660:
658:9789004358645
654:
650:
643:
636:
631:
629:9781463236649
625:
621:
617:
614:Mario Kozah;
610:
602:
598:
592:
588:
577:
574:
572:
569:
568:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
510:
505:
503:
499:
495:
492:). Since the
491:
487:
483:
479:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
446:scholarship.
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
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406:
402:
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395:
391:
387:
383:
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372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
342:
339:
331:
321:
317:
313:
307:
306:
302:
297:This section
295:
291:
286:
285:
277:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
251:
247:
245:
244:Surayt/Turoyo
241:
237:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
164:
160:
158:
154:
149:
147:
143:
139:
134:
131:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
109:
108:
104:
91:
88:
87:
86:
83:
82:
81:
78:
77:
76:
73:
72:
71:
68:
67:
66:
63:
61:
57:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
31:
25:
20:
2146:
2123:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2083:
1997:
1980:
1938:East Gurage
1780:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1688:
1681:
1672:
1665:
1653:
1646:
1611:Urmia Jewish
1520:Northeastern
1500:
1471:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1391:
1384:
1379:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1291:Mesopotamian
1274:
1218:
1211:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1141:Proto-Arabic
1139:
1103:
1094:
1087:
1077:
996:
981:
974:
965:
951:
945:
936:
887:
884:the original
865:
856:
845:
834:
823:
812:
803:
789:
783:
775:
761:
755:
747:
733:
727:
718:
704:
698:
690:
676:
670:
662:
648:
642:
633:
619:
609:
600:
591:
506:
486:Mizrahi Jews
475:
448:
425:
398:Eastern Rite
375:
368:
349:
334:
328:October 2020
325:
310:Please help
298:
267:
252:
248:
233:
216:Mizrahi Jews
171:
170:
135:
106:Subdivisions
89:
65:Afro-Asiatic
29:distribution
2085:Hadramautic
2071:Old Arabian
2010:West Gurage
1934:East Gurage
1813:ern Arabian
1515:Neo-Mandaic
1437:Palestinian
1335:Old Aramaic
369:During the
146:Neo-Mandaic
133:Neo-Aramaic
2174:Categories
2114:Rijal Alma
2099:Qatabanian
1768:Himyaritic
1711:Phoenician
1524:Christian
1327:Historical
1296:Peninsular
1197:Taymanitic
1148:Old Arabic
1133:Historical
895:linguistic
583:References
449:Among the
432:rabbinical
423:in India.
396:among the
27:Geographic
2158:varieties
2149:indicate
2030:Sebat Bet
1994:Tt-group
1809:Eastern (
1761:Deir Alla
1639:Canaanite
1606:Trans-Zab
1591:Inter-Zab
1473:Palmyrene
1464:Samaritan
1431:Nabataean
1310:Northwest
1265:Levantine
1237:Classical
1162:Dadanitic
907:Near East
540:to speak
538:homelands
509:Assyrians
471:Mandaeism
428:Babylonia
388:known as
299:does not
220:Mandaeans
212:Assyrians
208:Palestine
157:Glottolog
2106:Awsanian
1977:N-group
1896:Tigrinya
1775:Samalian
1752:Galilean
1745:Ugaritic
1690:Medieval
1683:Mishnaic
1667:Biblical
1648:Ammonite
1601:Sanandaj
1586:Betanure
1565:Chaldean
1562:Assyrian
1548:Qaraqosh
1538:Hértevin
1450:Galilean
1424:Lebanese
1270:Maghrebi
1230:Literary
1204:Thamudic
1190:Safaitic
1176:Hasaitic
1169:Dumaitic
1089:Akkadian
1044:Branches
927:endogamy
564:See also
558:diaspora
451:Mandaean
436:Targumim
405:Peshitta
230:Speakers
163:east2680
2151:extinct
2147:Italics
2092:Minaean
2019:Endegen
1946:Inneqor
1925:Argobba
1921:Amharic
1884:Dahalik
1856:Western
1847:Soqotri
1827:Ḥarsusi
1822:Baṭḥari
1738:Amorite
1704:Moabite
1655:Edomite
1625:Western
1581:Barzani
1577:Jewish
1496:Central
1488:Aramaic
1417:Western
1399:Mandaic
1380:Eastern
1375:Armazic
1366:Dialect
1319:Aramaic
1282:Maltese
1183:Hismaic
1116:Central
1105:Eblaite
1061:Central
891:Assyria
554:Kurdish
550:Persian
546:Turkish
467:Mandaic
417:Nisibis
364:Persian
320:removed
305:sources
280:History
263:gnostic
176:Aramaic
85:Aramaic
70:Semitic
2125:Sabaic
2119:Razihi
2025:Mesqan
1999:Mesmes
1952:Wolane
1949:Ulbare
1942:Siltʼe
1930:Harari
1914:versal
1912:Trans-
1842:Shehri
1832:Hobyot
1782:Sutean
1730:Others
1696:Modern
1661:Hebrew
1553:Senaya
1533:Bohtan
1528:Barwar
1508:Turoyo
1502:Mlaḥsô
1404:Syriac
1368:groups
1125:Arabic
989:
958:
796:
768:
740:
711:
683:
655:
626:
542:Arabic
502:Arabic
444:Jewish
440:Talmud
413:Edessa
378:Edessa
270:Talmud
184:Turkey
2079:Faifi
2048:Gyeto
2042:Gumer
2035:Chaha
2005:Muher
1988:Soddo
1982:Gafat
1971:Outer
1905:South
1889:Tigre
1879:Geʽez
1872:North
1837:Mehri
1801:South
1718:Punic
1616:Zakho
1558:Suret
1066:South
915:rites
360:Greek
188:Syria
45:Syria
2045:Gura
2039:Ezha
2015:Inor
1811:Mod-
1486:Neo-
1079:East
1056:West
1051:East
987:ISBN
956:ISBN
794:ISBN
766:ISBN
738:ISBN
709:ISBN
681:ISBN
653:ISBN
624:ISBN
532:and
463:Iraq
461:and
459:Iran
438:and
415:and
382:Urfa
362:and
354:and
303:any
301:cite
218:and
196:Iran
180:Iraq
41:Iran
37:Iraq
1958:Zay
552:or
500:to
457:of
376:In
314:by
51:),
2176::
995:.
964:.
802:.
774:.
746:.
717:.
689:.
661:.
632:.
599:.
548:,
544:,
528:,
524:,
520:,
516:,
504:.
473:.
190:,
144:,
140:,
47:,
1932:–
1923:–
1815:)
1029:e
1022:t
1015:v
869:*
341:)
335:(
330:)
326:(
322:.
308:.
148:)
136:(
129:†
35:(
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