821:
829:
849:
553:
38:
165:
6005:
2407:
500:
6340:
6330:
30:
2373:
peoples absorbed the agricultural way of life of those early migrants who ventured out of the
Fertile Crescent. This is contrary to the suggestion that the spread of agriculture disseminated out of the Fertile Crescent by way of sharing of knowledge. Instead, the view now supported by a preponderance
195:
It lies like an army facing south, with one wing stretching along the eastern shore of the
Mediterranean and the other reaching out to the Persian Gulf, while the center has its back against the northern mountains. The end of the western wing is Palestine; Assyria makes up a large part of the center;
723:
works, upon which much of its agricultural production continues to depend. The last two millennia have seen repeated cycles of decline and recovery as past works have fallen into disrepair through the replacement of states, to be replaced under their successors. Another ongoing problem has been
2562:. (5300–4700 BCE) The linguistic consensus today is that multiple unknown substrata contributed to the formation of the artifacts in Sumerian names that motivated the Proto-Euphratean substrate hypothesis, including fossilized archaic elements from earlier stages of Sumerian itself.
3529:
Lazaridis, Iosif; Nadel, Dani; Rollefson, Gary; Merrett, Deborah C.; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Fernandes, Daniel; Novak, Mario; Gamarra, Beatriz; Sirak, Kendra; Connell, Sarah; Stewardson, Kristin; Harney, Eadaoin; Fu, Qiaomei; Gonzalez-Fortes, Gloria (2016-08-25).
208:. Historian Thomas Scheffler has noted that Breasted was following a trend in Western geography to "overwrite the classical geographical distinctions between continents, countries and landscapes with large, abstract spaces", drawing parallels with the work of
2539:
in Turkey. The precise affiliation of these, and their date of arrival, remain topics of scholarly discussion. However, given lack of textual evidence for the earliest era of prehistory, this debate is unlikely to be resolved in the near future.
3340:
Driscoll, Carlos A.; Menotti-Raymond, Marilyn; Roca, Alfred L.; Hupe, Karsten; Johnson, Warren E.; Geffen, Eli; Harley, Eric H.; Delibes, Miguel; Pontier, Dominique; Kitchener, Andrew C.; Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki;
708:. Farmers in southern Mesopotamia had to protect their fields from flooding each year. Northern Mesopotamia had sufficient rain to make some farming possible. To protect against flooding they made levees.
410:. The region's dramatic variety in elevation gave rise to many species of edible plants for early experiments in cultivation. Most importantly, the Fertile Crescent was home to the eight
2374:
of evidence is that it occurred by actual migration out of the region, coupled with subsequent interbreeding with indigenous local populations whom the migrants came in contact with.
2321:
of the same time period, as the studies demonstrate those ancient peoples to be "clearly associated with modern
Europeans". Additionally, no evidence from the studies demonstrates
3841:"Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area"
3429:
820:
2543:
The evidence that does exist suggests that, by the third millennium BCE and into the second, several language groups already existed in the region. These included:
2389:
inhabitants of the
Fertile Crescent; the closest ties to the Fertile Crescent rest with Southern Europeans. The same study further demonstrates all present-day
3138:
2947:
2313:
Fertile
Crescent, supporting the view that several populations occupied this region during these time periods. Similar arguments do not hold true for the
2288:
3272:
2705:
Links between Hurro-Urartian and Hattic and the indigenous languages of the
Caucasus have frequently been suggested, but are not generally accepted.
3308:
3070:(New York, 1904), is outstanding. Goodspeed, who taught at Chicago with Breasted, antedated him in the conception of a 'crescent' of civilization.
4470:
Corey
Abshire , Dmitri Gusev , Sergey Stafeyev The Fertile Crescent in Ptolemy’s “Geography”: a new digital reconstruction for modern GIS tools
200:
There is no single term for this region in antiquity. At the time that
Breasted was writing, it roughly corresponded with the territories of the
4458:
4448:
6446:
4495:
2975:
3484:
Ricaut, F. X.; Waelkens, M. (Aug 2008). "Cranial
Discrete Traits in a Byzantine Population and Eastern Mediterranean Population Movements".
6275:
6049:
5769:
5628:
6099:
4092:
Zvelebil, M. (1989). "On the transition to farming in Europe, or what was spreading with the
Neolithic: a reply to Ammerman (1989)".
3668:"Y Haplogroups, Archaeological Cultures and Language Families: a Review of the Multidisciplinary Comparisons using the case of E-M35"
3423:
Brace, C. Loring; Seguchi, Noriko; Quintyn, Conrad B.; Fox, Sherry C.; Nelson, A. Russell; Manolis, Sotiris K.; Qifeng, Pan (2006).
6481:
5955:
4070:
2260:
196:
while the end of the eastern wing is Babylonia. This great semicircle, for lack of a name, may be called the Fertile Crescent.
5762:
5648:
2838:
2281:
116:
emerged as people started the process of clearance and modification of natural vegetation to grow newly domesticated plants as
389:
and the converging Arabian and Eurasian plates, which has made the region a very diverse zone of high snow-covered mountains.
6411:
5757:
5691:
4343:
3255:
3152:
3055:
2898:
6357:
5752:
5716:
5655:
1037:
2678:
civilization, but recent evidence suggests that the language family emerged from the Fertile Crescent as early as 6000 BCE
6187:
5745:
5740:
5686:
3667:
1414:
1232:
2968:
Ancient times, a history of the early world: an introduction to the study of ancient history and the career of early man
6089:
5614:
4488:
2823:
2807:
2781:
2253:
2153:
2143:
1973:
1968:
1464:
815:
6310:
5696:
4390:
4365:
3202:
2446:
2424:
2274:
539:
517:
486:", were one of the geographical advantages of the area because they did not depend on other plants for reproduction.
319:
in the Fertile Crescent, they were not the only factor. The area is geographically important as the "bridge" between
6416:
5711:
5701:
5643:
5621:
5604:
5599:
5518:
828:
340:
6436:
6426:
5721:
5550:
5416:
5330:
5280:
4414:
3062:
Textbooks...The true texts brought all of these strands together, the most important being James Henry Breasted,
2936:
2115:
4467:
3601:
Bar-Yosef O (1987), "Pleistocene connections between Africa and SouthWest Asia: an archaeological perspective",
6471:
6466:
6456:
6451:
6406:
6333:
6042:
5665:
3937:
Chikhi, Lounès; Destro-Bisol, Giovanni; Bertorelle, Giorgio; Pascali, Vincenzo; Barbujani, Guido (1998-07-21).
2428:
2090:
2049:
2005:
521:
6476:
6441:
5975:
5960:
4481:
2301:
Modern analyses comparing 24 craniofacial measurements reveal a relatively diverse population within the pre-
2243:
1978:
1140:
969:
4438:
2356:
whom they subsequently came in contact with while perpetuating their farming practices. This supports prior
6461:
6431:
6008:
5660:
5290:
5017:
4722:
2166:
1866:
3728:
3286:
141:
6421:
5147:
4454:
3346:
3318:
3277:
2171:
1930:
745:
4428:
4244:"Language trees with sampled ancestors support a hybrid model for the origin of Indo-European languages"
2332:
of this diverse population away from the Fertile Crescent, with the early migrants moving away from the
6401:
5325:
5310:
4608:
4593:
2863:
2248:
907:
22:
2858:
1703:
6396:
6134:
6035:
5706:
5638:
5609:
5594:
5335:
5260:
4057:
Bar-Yosef, O. (1998). "The Natufian culture in the Levant, threshold to the origins of agriculture".
3186:
2966:
2547:
2176:
1535:
1530:
583:
As well as possessing many sites with the skeletal and cultural remains of both pre-modern and early
205:
129:
6315:
5295:
5212:
4795:
4508:
4336:
The Eastern Wing of the Fertile Crescent: Late Prehistory of Greater Mesopotamian Lithic Industries
3282:
3144:
2694:
2536:
2138:
2061:
2000:
1429:
963:
4473:
2890:
American Egyptologist: the life of James Henry Breasted and the creation of his Oriental Institute
6223:
6217:
5942:
5633:
5540:
5217:
4927:
4922:
4022:
Dokládal, M.; Brožek, J. (1961). "Physical Anthropology in Czechoslovakia: Recent Developments".
3486:
3425:"The questionable contribution of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age to European craniofacial form"
2659:
2654:
2551:
2507:) in Iraq, whilst in the mountainous areas to the east and north a number of generally unrelated
2417:
979:
622:
603:
510:
411:
3234:
Beck, Roger B.; Black, Linda; Krieger, Larry S.; Naylor, Phillip C.; Shabaka, Dahia Ibo (1999).
3047:
2921:
6197:
5919:
5726:
5320:
5123:
4299:
3247:
2731:
2726:
2211:
2148:
1798:
672:
611:
375:
316:
133:
3939:"Clines of nuclear DNA markers suggest a largely Neolithic ancestry of the European gene pool"
2767:
848:
728:—gradual concentration of salt and other minerals in soils with a long history of irrigation.
6129:
6012:
5876:
5796:
5439:
5340:
4949:
4329:
The Land of Fertility I: South-East Mediterranean Since the Bronze Age to the Muslim Conquest
3615:
Kislev, ME; Hartmann, A; Bar-Yosef, O (2006). "Early domesticated fig in the Jordan Valley".
3342:
2742:
2685:
2640:
2238:
1815:
1730:
1613:
1608:
1486:
1336:
952:
614:. The western zone around the Jordan and upper Euphrates rivers gave rise to the first known
564:
552:
2766:
Haviland, William A.; Prins, Harald E. L.; Walrath, Dana; McBride, Bunny (13 January 2013).
6343:
6207:
6202:
6079:
5886:
4862:
4580:
4401:
The Evolution of the Ancient City: Urban Theory and the Archaeology of the Fertile Crescent
4349:
3999:, M. Zvelebil (editor), Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK (1986) pp. 5–15, 167–188.
3950:
3754:
3624:
3543:
3438:
3364:
2671:
2201:
1935:
1654:
1630:
1301:
1237:
984:
974:
180:
474:, lived nearby. The Fertile Crescent flora comprises a high percentage of plants that can
8:
6285:
6280:
5535:
5200:
5137:
5113:
4944:
4805:
4751:
4692:
4663:
4603:
4598:
4243:
3801:
3313:
3084:"'Fertile Crescent', 'Orient', 'Middle East': The Changing Mental Maps of Southwest Asia"
2915:
2636:
2620:
2600:
1983:
1945:
1925:
1839:
1601:
1596:
1571:
1259:
1123:
1098:
947:
917:
824:
Maunsell's map, a Pre-World War I British Ethnographical Map of the Fertile Crescent area
356:
344:
213:
3954:
3758:
3628:
3547:
3442:
3368:
1720:
132:
flourished as a result. Technological advances in the region include the development of
6162:
5823:
5444:
5407:
5285:
4731:
4653:
4613:
4588:
4433:
4322:
The Ancient Arabs: Nomads On the Borders of the Fertile Crescent 9th–5th Centuries B.C.
4224:
4216:
4109:
4074:
4039:
3914:
3889:
3865:
3840:
3648:
3564:
3531:
3511:
3461:
3424:
3385:
3350:
3216:
3181:
New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2009, 310 pp., $ 35.00, hard cover, ISBN 978-1602397064.
3111:
3038:
3018:
2484:
2076:
2036:
2017:
2010:
1995:
1940:
1290:
382:
288:
236:
82:
3905:
3777:
3742:
2662:: generally believed to be later intrusive languages arriving after 2000 BCE, such as
6305:
6270:
5904:
5523:
5350:
5315:
5176:
5171:
5152:
4961:
4788:
4548:
4386:
4361:
4273:
4228:
4113:
4043:
3978:
3973:
3938:
3919:
3870:
3821:
3782:
3640:
3569:
3503:
3466:
3390:
3355:
3251:
3236:
3208:
3198:
3158:
3148:
3103:
3051:
3010:
2894:
2803:
2777:
2681:
2616:
2592:
2588:
2565:
2508:
2500:
2460:
2071:
2066:
1988:
1950:
1907:
1900:
1873:
1861:
1856:
1849:
1844:
1827:
1803:
1793:
1754:
1681:
1659:
1647:
1625:
1576:
1454:
1366:
1264:
1146:
1128:
1021:
989:
840:
352:
220:
209:
169:
4078:
3652:
3515:
3220:
3044:
Puritans in Babylon: the ancient Near East and American intellectual life, 1880–1930
2853:
2459:
Linguistically, the Fertile Crescent was a region of great diversity. Historically,
6300:
6295:
6290:
6094:
6074:
6058:
5985:
5980:
5970:
5899:
5576:
5530:
5473:
5402:
5265:
5159:
5108:
5086:
4939:
4886:
4825:
4353:
4263:
4255:
4208:
4101:
4066:
4031:
3968:
3958:
3909:
3901:
3860:
3852:
3813:
3772:
3762:
3632:
3559:
3551:
3495:
3456:
3446:
3380:
3372:
3243:
3190:
3115:
3095:
3002:
2773:
2736:
2698:
2663:
2650:
2632:
2628:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2583:
2579:
2569:
2532:
2520:
2512:
2504:
2041:
1759:
1713:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1676:
1637:
1620:
1591:
1581:
1564:
1550:
1540:
1525:
1479:
1474:
1459:
1396:
1371:
1341:
902:
701:
483:
475:
149:
212:, who conceptualised Eurasia as a 'pivot area' surrounded by an 'inner crescent',
6192:
6182:
5871:
5372:
5360:
5345:
5300:
5250:
5190:
5132:
5093:
5081:
5074:
4983:
4800:
4783:
4758:
4462:
4376:
3177:
2888:
2797:
2667:
2646:
2624:
2596:
2528:
2516:
2488:
2353:
2329:
2054:
1885:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1771:
1766:
1749:
1742:
1737:
1725:
1708:
1671:
1666:
1586:
1391:
1274:
1031:
1026:
1000:
897:
725:
668:
653:
599:
407:
386:
300:
54:
3099:
626:
625:(PPNA)), which date to around 9,000 BCE and includes very ancient sites such as
572:
164:
6139:
6016:
5965:
5864:
5828:
5808:
5791:
5731:
5495:
5387:
5365:
5355:
5207:
5185:
5069:
5064:
5049:
5044:
4971:
4917:
4869:
4840:
4746:
4736:
3714:
3499:
2747:
2206:
2027:
1955:
1822:
1642:
1188:
803:
753:
716:
634:
201:
137:
4105:
3682:
3194:
3176:
Murray, Stuart (9 July 2009). Basbanes, Nicholas A.; Davis, Donald G. (eds.).
3083:
2942:. In Robinson, James Harvey; Breasted, James Henry; Beard, Charles A. (eds.).
6390:
6372:
6359:
6247:
5990:
5859:
5851:
5818:
5555:
5505:
5397:
5392:
5382:
5232:
5195:
5103:
5098:
5000:
4905:
4468:
http://www.claudiusptolemy.org/AbshireGusevStafeyev_ProceedingsVenice2017.pdf
4300:
Guns, Germs and Steel: A Short History of Everybody for the Last 13,000 Years
4294:
3212:
3134:
3107:
3014:
2839:"North Africa & the Middle East: Regional Example – The Fertile Crescent"
2318:
2314:
2233:
1254:
779:
652:, lies in the east of the Fertile Crescent), also saw the emergence of early
584:
451:
447:
292:
280:
177:
4259:
3963:
3890:"Paleolithic and Neolithic lineages in the European mitochondrial gene pool"
3817:
3636:
3451:
3376:
3162:
6234:
5894:
5833:
5813:
5803:
5513:
5485:
5240:
4978:
4912:
4881:
4830:
4702:
4631:
4568:
4558:
4277:
4199:
Rubio, Gonzalo (January 1999). "On the Alleged "Pre-Sumerian Substratum"".
3874:
3825:
3802:"Estimating the Impact of Prehistoric Admixture on the Genome of Europeans"
3786:
3767:
3710:
3644:
3573:
3507:
3470:
3394:
2802:. Culver City, California: Social Studies School Service. 2003. p. 4.
2720:
2714:
2701:
spoken in the northern part of the region may have belonged to this family.
2559:
2341:
2226:
2191:
2105:
1156:
795:
687:
683:
630:
404:
400:
397:
336:
328:
320:
276:
224:
121:
4357:
3982:
3923:
2352:. They took their agricultural practices with them and interbred with the
6252:
6066:
5950:
5909:
5840:
5545:
5434:
5377:
5305:
5255:
5142:
5118:
5007:
4845:
4763:
4741:
4717:
4563:
4553:
3997:
Hunters in Transition: Mesolithic Societies and the Transition to Farming
2993:
Clay, Albert T. (1924). "The so-called Fertile Crescent and desert bay".
2361:
2221:
2186:
1810:
1545:
1284:
1279:
1161:
1083:
994:
932:
892:
866:
641:
596:
568:
479:
415:
360:
216:
153:
113:
62:
37:
4268:
3555:
2550:: a hypothetical non-Semitic language previously hypothesized to be the
682:
appeared about 4,500 years ago. The oldest known libraries are found in
6262:
6172:
6104:
5480:
5449:
5275:
5270:
4934:
4895:
4857:
4775:
4648:
4533:
4528:
4220:
3179:
A Review of "The Library: An Illustrated History": Murray, Stuart A.P.
2983:"The Ancient Oriental World" map is inserted between pages 100 and 101.
2573:
2431: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2386:
2322:
2310:
2161:
2095:
1890:
1506:
1469:
1424:
1419:
1381:
1361:
1058:
720:
712:
657:
588:
524: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
348:
4071:
10.1002/(sici)1520-6505(1998)6:5<159::aid-evan4>3.0.co;2-7
3532:"Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East"
3022:
748:, suggesting that fig trees were being planted some 11,400 years ago.
6149:
5927:
5586:
5560:
5490:
5468:
5461:
5245:
5022:
4956:
4852:
4675:
4658:
4543:
4538:
4512:
3724:
2717: – Areas between and surrounding the Euphrates and Tigris rivers
2382:
2333:
2306:
2302:
2100:
1878:
1491:
1376:
1331:
1242:
1166:
1133:
1108:
927:
665:
649:
615:
435:
364:
272:
145:
45:'s fourth Asian map, depicting the area known as the Fertile Crescent
4403:. Lanham: Lexington Books/Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2010.
4212:
2406:
610:); the Fertile Crescent is most famous for its sites related to the
499:
6242:
6167:
6124:
6114:
6084:
6027:
5454:
5059:
4995:
4966:
4876:
4835:
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4623:
4503:
4035:
3936:
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3006:
2851:
2357:
2349:
1895:
1511:
1501:
1436:
1386:
1326:
1321:
1249:
1205:
1173:
1078:
1053:
1048:
1043:
957:
937:
912:
773:
741:
607:
592:
284:
29:
6177:
6119:
5426:
5164:
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5012:
4900:
4712:
4707:
4636:
4308:
The Fertile Crescent: Travels In the Footsteps of Ancient Science
2675:
2476:
2369:
2022:
1559:
1520:
1496:
1351:
1220:
1183:
1113:
1093:
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922:
882:
832:
Diffusion of agriculture from the Fertile Crescent after 9000 BCE
769:
679:
661:
618:
423:
393:
351:
events when ecosystems became squeezed against the waters of the
324:
248:
78:
42:
5932:
5036:
4990:
4697:
4684:
4331:. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2016.
4241:
3706:
3339:
2893:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 193–194, 436.
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1306:
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443:
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332:
268:
260:
256:
232:
102:
94:
90:
74:
70:
4144:
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4120:
3740:
3528:
2917:
A History of the ancient world: for high schools and academies
396:, and major climatic changes encouraged the evolution of many
112:
The Fertile Crescent is believed to be the first region where
6212:
6109:
5783:
5678:
5222:
4520:
4504:
3717:
3066:(Boston, 1916), but a predecessor, George Stephen Goodspeed,
2955:"The Ancient Orient" map is inserted between pages 56 and 57.
2689:
2554:
language of the people that introduced farming into Southern
2468:
2120:
1316:
1215:
1178:
1103:
1016:
887:
872:
787:
737:
471:
463:
419:
371:
367:
312:
296:
252:
244:
125:
106:
86:
3839:
Semino, O.; Magri, C.; Benuzzi, G.; et al. (May 2004).
3743:"Y genetic data support the Neolithic demic diffusion model"
279:. The inner boundary is delimited by the dry climate of the
4817:
4450:
Ancient Fertile Crescent Almost Gone, Satellite Images Show
4375:
Steadman, Sharon R.; McMahon, Gregory (15 September 2011).
3741:
Chicki, L; Nichols, RA; Barbujani, G; Beaumont, MA (2002).
3721:
2765:
2555:
2524:
2496:
2464:
2110:
1311:
1151:
1006:
791:
765:
459:
431:
264:
240:
117:
98:
66:
3430:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA
2723: – Area around the Fertile Crescent of Southwest Asia
4382:
4378:
The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000-323 BCE)
799:
467:
455:
439:
4315:
Holocene Landscapes Through Time In the Fertile Crescent
671:
societies. This has earned the region the nickname "The
4345:
A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East
4327:
Kajzer, Małgorzata, Łukasz Miszk, and Maciej Wacławik.
3614:
3088:
European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire
2364:
studies which have all arrived at the same conclusion.
4310:. 2d ed., rev. Fort Lauderdale: Sylvester Press, 1972.
3705:
Findings include remains of food items carried to the
3589:
Transitions to farming and pastoralism in North Africa
3422:
3233:
363:
was extremely important to the modern distribution of
4010:
First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies,
3587:
Barker, G. (2002). Bellwood, P.; Renfrew, C. (eds.).
3309:"Genographic Project: The Development of Agriculture"
3273:"Ancient Fig Find May Push Back Birth of Agriculture"
2576:-type relationship with neighbouring Semitic Akkadian
327:, which has allowed it to retain a greater amount of
4180:
4168:
3140:
Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies
2882:
2880:
4342:Potts, Daniel T. (21 May 2012). Potts, D. T (ed.).
4156:
3887:
660:. There is also early evidence from the region for
3838:
3235:
3037:
450:), and four of the five most important species of
3129:
3127:
3125:
3046:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p.
2877:
6388:
2739: – Government by control of access to water
644:(Greek for "between rivers", between the rivers
283:to the south. Around the outer boundary are the
231:In current usage, the Fertile Crescent includes
4374:
4150:
4138:
4126:
3943:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2377:The studies show also that not all present day
760:) also were domesticated in this region. Also,
571:proper was not yet settled by humans. Includes
176:The term "Fertile Crescent" was popularized by
4021:
3888:Cavalli-Sforza, L. L.; Minch, E. (July 1997).
3483:
3351:"The near eastern origin of cat domestication"
3122:
2920:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp.
2837:Quam, Joel; Campbell, Scott (31 August 2022).
6043:
4489:
2463:generally prevailed in the modern regions of
2282:
2937:"Earliest man, the Orient, Greece, and Rome"
2836:
3064:Ancient Times: A History of the Early World
2325:influence, contrary to former suggestions.
700:Both the Tigris and Euphrates start in the
306:
189:Ancient Times, A History of the Early World
6339:
6329:
6050:
6036:
4496:
4482:
4242:Heggarty, Paul; et al. (2023-07-28).
2852:The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica .
2289:
2275:
4267:
4056:
3972:
3962:
3913:
3864:
3799:
3776:
3766:
3665:
3563:
3460:
3450:
3384:
3081:
2913:
2447:Learn how and when to remove this message
809:
540:Learn how and when to remove this message
259:, as well as the surrounding portions of
4091:
2995:Journal of the American Oriental Society
2964:
2934:
2824:"Countries in the Fertile Crescent 2024"
827:
819:
756:as long as 9,000 years ago. Small cats (
551:
163:
36:
28:
6276:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
3729:Natufian culture#Long-distance exchange
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3133:
3035:
2381:share strong genetic affinities to the
731:
403:, which produce more edible seeds than
6389:
3586:
3270:
3238:World History: Patterns of Interaction
3175:
392:The Fertile Crescent had many diverse
172:, who popularised usage of the phrase.
6447:Agriculture in the State of Palestine
6031:
4477:
4341:
4198:
4186:
4174:
4162:
2772:(3rd ed.). Belmont, California:
678:It is in this region where the first
606:semi-sedentary hunter-gatherers (the
61:) is a crescent-shaped region in the
6057:
3401:
2992:
2944:Outlines of European history, Vol. 1
2429:adding citations to reliable sources
2400:
522:adding citations to reliable sources
493:
381:The area has borne the brunt of the
168:1916 map of the Fertile Crescent by
2886:
204:ceded to Britain and France in the
58:
13:
6090:List of Paleolithic sites in China
3894:American Journal of Human Genetics
2974:. Boston: Ginn. pp. 100–101.
2914:Goodspeed, George Stephen (1904).
816:Genetic history of the Middle East
776:were domesticated in this region.
14:
6493:
6311:List of Bronze Age sites in China
4408:
3603:The African Archaeological Review
275:, riverwater sources include the
6338:
6328:
6004:
6003:
5336:West South Central United States
3082:Scheffler, Thomas (2003-06-01).
2981:from the original on 2022-10-09.
2953:from the original on 2022-10-09.
2946:. Boston: Ginn. pp. 56–57.
2405:
847:
498:
385:between the African and Arabian
359:posits that this Middle Eastern
6482:Geography of Khuzestan province
5551:Latin America and the Caribbean
5417:Latin America and the Caribbean
4287:
4235:
4192:
4085:
4050:
4015:
4002:
3989:
3930:
3881:
3832:
3806:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3793:
3734:
3699:
3659:
3608:
3595:
3580:
3522:
3477:
3333:
3301:
3264:
3227:
3169:
3075:
3029:
2986:
2416:needs additional citations for
2116:Ancient Mesopotamian underworld
509:needs additional citations for
4324:Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1982.
3185:. Vol. 15. New York, NY:
3068:A History of the Ancient World
3039:"Essay on methods and sources"
2965:Breasted, James Henry (1916).
2958:
2935:Breasted, James Henry (1914).
2928:
2907:
2845:
2830:
2816:
2790:
2759:
2684:: a stand-alone branch of the
2491:and the fringes of southeast
2328:The studies further suggest a
2091:Ancient near eastern cosmology
556:Area of the fertile crescent,
159:
1:
4338:. Oxford: Archaeopress, 1999.
4012:Blackwell: Malden, MA (2005).
3906:10.1016/S0002-9297(07)64303-1
3271:Norris, Scott (1 June 2006).
2753:
2244:History of the Ancient Levant
719:has been greatly extended by
691:
579:that is dated circa 9000 BCE.
557:
6412:History of the Mediterranean
5018:Middle East and North Africa
4723:Middle East and North Africa
4439:Resources in other libraries
4201:Journal of Cuneiform Studies
3675:Journal of Genetic Genealogy
2396:
621:settlements (referred to as
185:Outlines of European History
101:. Some authors also include
7:
6163:Early Neolithic settlements
4306:Anderson, Clifford Norman.
4151:Steadman & McMahon 2011
4139:Steadman & McMahon 2011
4127:Steadman & McMahon 2011
3800:Dupanloup, I. (July 2004).
3278:National Geographic Society
3100:10.1080/1350748032000140796
2769:The Essence of Anthropology
2708:
2367:Consequently, contemporary
2154:Ancient Near East Conflicts
418:(i.e., wild progenitors to
33:Map of the Fertile Crescent
10:
6498:
5311:Northeastern United States
4317:. Turnhout: Brepols, 2011.
3747:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
3666:Lancaster, Andrew (2009).
3500:10.3378/1534-6617-80.5.535
2864:Cambridge University Press
2249:History of the Middle East
813:
489:
23:History of the Middle East
20:
6324:
6261:
6233:
6148:
6065:
5999:
5941:
5918:
5885:
5849:
5782:
5676:
5584:
5575:
5504:
5425:
5231:
5035:
4816:
4774:
4683:
4674:
4622:
4579:
4519:
4461:October 16, 2008, at the
4434:Resources in your library
4334:Kozłowski, Stefan Karol.
4106:10.1017/s0003598x00076110
3195:10.1080/10875300903535149
3187:Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.
3145:W.W. Norton & Company
2799:Ancient Mesopotamia/India
2674:material attested in the
2548:Proto-Euphratean language
563:, with main sites of the
470:; the fifth species, the
311:As crucial as rivers and
152:, most emerging first in
89:, together with northern
16:Region of the Middle East
6316:Seima-Turbino phenomenon
5792:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
4796:Transantarctic Mountains
3283:National Geographic News
2695:Hurro-Urartian languages
1233:Ancient Israel and Judah
635:Jericho (Tell es-Sultan)
482:. These plants, called "
307:Biodiversity and climate
6417:Physiographic divisions
6224:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
6218:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
6100:Paleolithic Mesopotamia
5541:Caribbean South America
4260:10.1126/science.abg0818
3964:10.1073/pnas.95.15.9053
3637:10.1126/science.1125910
3452:10.1073/pnas.0509801102
3377:10.1126/science.1139518
3036:Kuklick, Bruce (1996).
2859:Encyclopædia Britannica
2660:Indo-European languages
2653:, spoken originally in
2511:were found, including;
2393:to be closely related.
2348:, and northeastward to
715:, the region's natural
640:This region, alongside
623:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
575:, a site in modern-day
412:Neolithic founder crops
41:A 15th century copy of
6437:Agriculture in Lebanon
6427:Cradle of civilization
6334:Archaeological periods
5321:Southern United States
5124:Scandinavian Peninsula
3768:10.1073/pnas.162158799
2732:History of Mesopotamia
2727:History of agriculture
2697:, a small family. The
2149:Cradle of Civilization
1974:Religion and mythology
1969:Religion and mythology
1799:Inscriptional Parthian
1409:Archaeological periods
833:
825:
810:Cosmopolitan diffusion
752:were already grown in
704:of what is modern-day
690:(in Syria), both from
673:cradle of civilization
656:during the succeeding
612:origins of agriculture
580:
299:to the south, and the
198:
173:
65:, spanning modern-day
46:
34:
6472:Agriculture in Cyprus
6467:Agriculture in Turkey
6457:Agriculture in Jordan
6452:Agriculture in Israel
6407:Eastern Mediterranean
6130:South Asian Stone Age
5797:Antarctic Convergence
5341:Western United States
4399:Thomas, Alexander R.
4358:10.1002/9781444360790
4350:John Wiley & Sons
3818:10.1093/molbev/msh135
3605:; Chapter 5, pp 29–38
2887:Abt, Jeffrey (2011).
2743:Fertile Crescent Plan
2686:Afroasiatic languages
1816:Old Persian Cuneiform
1731:Anatolian Hieroglyphs
1609:Proto-Sinaitic Script
1487:Ancient North Arabian
970:Early Dynastic Period
831:
823:
736:Prehistoric seedless
664:and the formation of
565:Pre-Pottery Neolithic
555:
267:. In addition to the
214:Alfred Thayer Mahan's
206:Sykes–Picot Agreement
193:
167:
40:
32:
21:Further information:
6477:Agriculture in Egypt
6442:Agriculture in Syria
6208:Neolithic South Asia
6203:Neolithic Revolution
6080:Japanese Paleolithic
4863:Greater Central Asia
4457:News, May 18, 2001.
2425:improve this article
1867:South Arabian Script
1631:Egyptian Hieroglyphs
780:Domesticated animals
732:Early domestications
567:period. The area of
518:improve this article
317:rise of civilization
181:James Henry Breasted
6462:Agriculture in Iran
6432:Agriculture in Iraq
6369: /
6286:Bronze Age Caucasus
6281:Bronze Age Anatolia
6009:Continents of Earth
5536:Brazilian Highlands
4945:Indian subcontinent
4806:Antarctic Peninsula
4604:Southern Hemisphere
4599:Northern Hemisphere
4455:National Geographic
3955:1998PNAS...95.9053C
3759:2002PNAS...9911008C
3753:(17): 11008–11013.
3681:(1). Archived from
3629:2006Sci...312.1372K
3623:(5778): 1372–1374.
3591:. pp. 151–161.
3556:10.1038/nature19310
3548:2016Natur.536..419L
3443:2006PNAS..103..242B
3369:2007Sci...317..519D
3347:Macdonald, David W.
3343:O'Brien, Stephen J.
3314:National Geographic
2621:Canaanite languages
1614:Paleo-Hebrew Script
1602:Phoenician Alphabet
1430:Bronze Age Collapse
740:were discovered at
414:important in early
383:tectonic divergence
357:Saharan pump theory
221:Friedrich Naumann's
6422:Historical regions
6173:Trialetian culture
5824:Great Barrier Reef
5445:Mainland Australia
5153:Apennine Peninsula
4614:Western Hemisphere
4589:Eastern Hemisphere
4313:Deckers, Katleen.
4254:(6656): eabg0818.
2854:"Fertile Crescent"
1260:Neo-Hittite states
1099:Neo-Hittite States
858:Regions and states
834:
826:
581:
478:, but may also be
376:spread of humanity
291:to the north, the
289:Armenian highlands
191:(1916). He wrote:
174:
47:
35:
6402:Ancient Near East
6352:
6351:
6306:Bronze Age Levant
6271:Andronovo culture
6178:Nemrikian culture
6025:
6024:
5905:Mediterranean Rim
5778:
5777:
5717:Mediterranean Sea
5571:
5570:
5524:Amazon Rainforest
5351:Canadian Prairies
5316:Pacific Northwest
5177:Iberian Peninsula
4962:Arabian Peninsula
4789:Antarctic Plateau
4549:Three/Four Worlds
4415:Library resources
3949:(15): 9053–9058.
3845:Am. J. Hum. Genet
3727:(please refer to
3542:(7617): 419–424.
3363:(5837): 519–523.
3257:978-0-395-87274-1
3154:978-0-393-03891-0
3057:978-0-691-02582-7
2900:978-0-226-0011-04
2589:Semitic languages
2509:language isolates
2499:, as well as the
2461:Semitic languages
2457:
2456:
2449:
2299:
2298:
1828:Manichaean Script
1804:Manichaean Script
1682:Hittite Cuneiform
1660:Cypriot Syllabary
1648:Elamite Cuneiform
1238:Ancient Palestine
1147:Kish Civilization
1022:Achaemenid Empire
990:Ptolemaic Kingdom
953:Babylonian Empire
841:ancient Near East
654:complex societies
550:
549:
542:
353:Mediterranean Sea
210:Halford Mackinder
170:James H. Breasted
6489:
6397:1910s neologisms
6384:
6383:
6381:
6380:
6379:
6374:
6370:
6367:
6366:
6365:
6362:
6342:
6341:
6332:
6331:
6301:Bronze Age Korea
6296:Bronze Age India
6291:Bronze Age China
6168:Khiamian culture
6158:Fertile Crescent
6095:Natufian culture
6075:Dmanisi hominins
6059:Prehistoric Asia
6052:
6045:
6038:
6029:
6028:
6007:
6006:
5986:Global Southwest
5981:Global Southeast
5971:Global Northwest
5966:Global Northeast
5956:Global Heartland
5900:Indian Ocean Rim
5582:
5581:
5474:Island Melanesia
5165:Balkan Peninsula
4940:Himalayan states
4887:Russian Far East
4681:
4680:
4609:Water Hemisphere
4498:
4491:
4484:
4475:
4474:
4420:Fertile Crescent
4396:
4385:. p. 1174.
4371:
4352:. p. 1445.
4320:Ephʻal, Israel.
4282:
4281:
4271:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4196:
4190:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4166:
4160:
4154:
4148:
4142:
4136:
4130:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4100:(239): 379–383.
4089:
4083:
4082:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4019:
4013:
4006:
4000:
3995:M. Zvelebil, in
3993:
3987:
3986:
3976:
3966:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3917:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3868:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3812:(7): 1361–1372.
3797:
3791:
3790:
3780:
3770:
3738:
3732:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3687:
3672:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3612:
3606:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3567:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3464:
3454:
3420:
3399:
3398:
3388:
3349:(27 July 2007).
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3317:. Archived from
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3285:. Archived from
3268:
3262:
3261:
3244:McDougal Littell
3242:. Evanston, IL:
3241:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3189:pp. 69–70.
3173:
3167:
3166:
3143:(1st ed.).
3131:
3120:
3119:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3041:
3033:
3027:
3026:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2973:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2941:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2774:Cengage Learning
2763:
2737:Hydraulic empire
2699:Kassite language
2655:central Anatolia
2651:language isolate
2584:language isolate
2582:: a non-Semitic
2580:Elamite language
2572:that displays a
2570:language isolate
2568:: a non-Semitic
2505:language isolate
2452:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2432:
2409:
2401:
2354:hunter-gatherers
2319:Canary Islanders
2291:
2284:
2277:
1879:Cuneiform Script
1541:Imperial Aramaic
1480:Nabataean Script
1475:Nabataean Arabic
862:Fertile Crescent
851:
836:
835:
758:Felis silvestris
702:Taurus Mountains
696:
693:
600:hunter-gatherers
562:
559:
545:
538:
534:
531:
525:
502:
494:
480:cross-pollinated
408:perennial plants
374:, including the
347:led to repeated
93:, south-eastern
60:
51:Fertile Crescent
6497:
6496:
6492:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6487:
6486:
6387:
6386:
6377:
6375:
6371:
6368:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6348:
6320:
6257:
6229:
6198:Neolithic Korea
6193:Neolithic Tibet
6188:Neolithic China
6183:Zarzian culture
6144:
6061:
6056:
6026:
6021:
5995:
5937:
5914:
5881:
5845:
5774:
5763:South China Sea
5672:
5615:Central America
5567:
5500:
5421:
5373:Northern Mexico
5361:Northern Canada
5346:Atlantic Canada
5301:Mountain states
5227:
5082:European Russia
5075:Southern Russia
5031:
4984:Iranian Plateau
4812:
4801:West Antarctica
4784:East Antarctica
4770:
4670:
4618:
4594:Land Hemisphere
4575:
4515:
4502:
4463:Wayback Machine
4445:
4444:
4443:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4411:
4406:
4393:
4368:
4348:. Vol. 1.
4290:
4285:
4240:
4236:
4213:10.2307/1359726
4197:
4193:
4185:
4181:
4173:
4169:
4161:
4157:
4149:
4145:
4137:
4133:
4125:
4121:
4090:
4086:
4059:Evol. Anthropol
4055:
4051:
4024:Curr. Anthropol
4020:
4016:
4007:
4003:
3994:
3990:
3935:
3931:
3886:
3882:
3837:
3833:
3798:
3794:
3739:
3735:
3704:
3700:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3670:
3664:
3660:
3613:
3609:
3600:
3596:
3585:
3581:
3527:
3523:
3482:
3478:
3421:
3402:
3338:
3334:
3324:
3322:
3321:on June 5, 2013
3307:
3306:
3302:
3292:
3290:
3289:on June 2, 2006
3269:
3265:
3258:
3232:
3228:
3205:
3174:
3170:
3155:
3147:. p. 480.
3132:
3123:
3080:
3076:
3058:
3034:
3030:
2991:
2987:
2978:
2971:
2963:
2959:
2950:
2939:
2933:
2929:
2912:
2908:
2901:
2885:
2878:
2868:
2866:
2850:
2846:
2835:
2831:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2776:. p. 104.
2764:
2760:
2756:
2711:
2453:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2422:
2410:
2399:
2344:, northward to
2336:—westward into
2295:
2266:
2265:
2144:Genetic History
2134:
2126:
2125:
1971:
1961:
1960:
1921:
1913:
1912:
1901:Ugaritic Script
1850:Phrygian Script
1536:Western Aramaic
1531:Eastern Aramaic
1450:
1442:
1441:
1410:
1402:
1401:
1275:Seleucid Empire
1032:Sasanian Empire
1027:Parthian Empire
948:Assyrian Empire
918:Sumerian Empire
898:Akkadian Empire
864:
859:
818:
812:
734:
695: 2500 BCE
694:
686:(in Sumer) and
604:Epipalaeolithic
561: 7500 BCE
560:
546:
535:
529:
526:
515:
503:
492:
341:climate changes
309:
301:Iranian plateau
162:
136:and the use of
114:settled farming
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6495:
6485:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6346:
6336:
6325:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6267:
6265:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6239:
6237:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6221:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6154:
6152:
6146:
6145:
6143:
6142:
6140:Xiaochangliang
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6071:
6069:
6063:
6062:
6055:
6054:
6047:
6040:
6032:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6019:
6017:Physical Earth
6000:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5947:
5945:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5935:
5930:
5924:
5922:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5891:
5889:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5856:
5854:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5838:
5837:
5836:
5831:
5829:Mariana Trench
5826:
5816:
5811:
5809:Atlantic Ocean
5806:
5801:
5800:
5799:
5788:
5786:
5780:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5770:Southern Ocean
5767:
5766:
5765:
5760:
5758:East China Sea
5750:
5749:
5748:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5692:Atlantic Ocean
5689:
5683:
5681:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5670:
5669:
5668:
5663:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5646:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5612:
5597:
5591:
5589:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5527:
5526:
5521:
5510:
5508:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5496:Remote Oceania
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5477:
5476:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5459:
5458:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5431:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5411:
5410:
5405:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5366:Western Canada
5363:
5358:
5356:Eastern Canada
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5237:
5235:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5179:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5145:
5140:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5070:South Caucasus
5067:
5065:North Caucasus
5057:
5047:
5041:
5039:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5005:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4972:South Caucasus
4964:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4932:
4931:
4930:
4925:
4915:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4841:Aralkum Desert
4838:
4828:
4822:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4798:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4780:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4739:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4695:
4689:
4687:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4632:Africa-Eurasia
4628:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4585:
4583:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4525:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4501:
4500:
4493:
4486:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4465:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:External links
4407:
4405:
4404:
4397:
4391:
4372:
4366:
4339:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4304:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4234:
4191:
4189:, p. 584.
4179:
4177:, p. 570.
4167:
4155:
4153:, p. 556.
4143:
4141:, p. 522.
4131:
4129:, p. 233.
4119:
4084:
4065:(5): 159–177.
4049:
4036:10.1086/200228
4030:(5): 455–477.
4014:
4001:
3988:
3929:
3900:(1): 247–254.
3880:
3857:10.1086/386295
3851:(5): 1023–34.
3831:
3792:
3733:
3715:Parthenocarpic
3698:
3658:
3607:
3594:
3579:
3521:
3494:(5): 535–564.
3476:
3437:(1): 242–247.
3400:
3332:
3300:
3263:
3256:
3226:
3203:
3168:
3153:
3137:(March 1997).
3135:Diamond, Jared
3121:
3094:(2): 253–272.
3074:
3056:
3028:
3007:10.2307/593554
2985:
2957:
2927:
2906:
2899:
2876:
2844:
2829:
2815:
2809:978-1560041665
2808:
2789:
2783:978-1111833442
2782:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2748:Syria (region)
2745:
2740:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2692:
2679:
2657:
2644:
2586:
2577:
2563:
2537:Hurro-Urartian
2495:and northwest
2455:
2454:
2413:
2411:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2362:archaeological
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2261:List of Cities
2258:
2257:
2256:
2246:
2241:
2239:Early Alphabet
2236:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2069:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2015:
2014:
2013:
1998:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1842:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1823:Middle Persian
1820:
1819:
1818:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1643:Linear Elamite
1635:
1634:
1633:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1565:Avestan Script
1557:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1551:Aramaic Script
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1472:
1462:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1422:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
998:
997:
992:
987:
982:
980:Middle Kingdom
977:
972:
961:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
908:Gutian Dynasty
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
860:
857:
856:
853:
852:
844:
843:
811:
808:
804:domestic goose
733:
730:
595:caves), later
548:
547:
506:
504:
497:
491:
488:
476:self-pollinate
308:
305:
202:Ottoman Empire
161:
158:
120:. Early human
97:, and western
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6494:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6385:
6382:
6345:
6337:
6335:
6327:
6326:
6323:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6264:
6260:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6248:Halaf culture
6246:
6244:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6236:
6232:
6226:(Mesopotamia)
6225:
6222:
6220:(Mesopotamia)
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6155:
6153:
6151:
6147:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6053:
6048:
6046:
6041:
6039:
6034:
6033:
6030:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6002:
6001:
5998:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5944:
5940:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5921:
5917:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5884:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5866:
5863:
5862:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5848:
5842:
5839:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5820:
5819:Pacific Ocean
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5785:
5781:
5771:
5768:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5754:
5753:Pacific Ocean
5751:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5742:
5739:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5707:Caribbean Sea
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5675:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5654:
5650:
5649:by population
5647:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5623:
5622:South America
5620:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5605:North America
5603:
5602:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5557:
5556:Southern Cone
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5531:Andean States
5529:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5506:South America
5503:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5467:
5463:
5460:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5428:
5424:
5418:
5415:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5233:North America
5230:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5196:Low Countries
5194:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5184:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5173:
5172:South-western
5170:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5160:South-eastern
5158:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5148:South-central
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5138:Mediterranean
5136:
5135:
5134:
5131:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5104:British Isles
5102:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5092:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5009:
5006:
5002:
5001:Levantine Sea
4999:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4977:
4973:
4970:
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4963:
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4955:
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4936:
4933:
4929:
4926:
4924:
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4916:
4914:
4911:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4894:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4875:
4871:
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4864:
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4859:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4847:
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4799:
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4794:
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4786:
4785:
4782:
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4779:
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4773:
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4757:
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4721:
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4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4693:Mediterranean
4691:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4657:
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4514:
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4506:
4499:
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4469:
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4456:
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4446:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4392:9780195376142
4388:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4373:
4369:
4367:9781405189880
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4346:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4295:Jared Diamond
4293:
4292:
4279:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4238:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4183:
4176:
4171:
4165:, p. 28.
4164:
4159:
4152:
4147:
4140:
4135:
4128:
4123:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4088:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4053:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4018:
4011:
4008:P. Bellwood,
4005:
3998:
3992:
3984:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3956:
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3948:
3944:
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3903:
3899:
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3884:
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3858:
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3850:
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3807:
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3796:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
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3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3688:on 2016-05-06
3684:
3680:
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3669:
3662:
3654:
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3630:
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3541:
3537:
3533:
3525:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3487:Human Biology
3480:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3426:
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3411:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3396:
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3348:
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3320:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3304:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3267:
3259:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3240:
3239:
3230:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3204:9781628733228
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
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3183:
3180:
3172:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3049:
3045:
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3032:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2989:
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2970:
2969:
2961:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2923:
2919:
2918:
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2896:
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2891:
2883:
2881:
2865:
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2860:
2855:
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2805:
2801:
2800:
2793:
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2779:
2775:
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2770:
2762:
2758:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
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2716:
2713:
2712:
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2700:
2696:
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2673:
2669:
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2658:
2656:
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2648:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:in the Early
2557:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
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2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2451:
2448:
2440:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2414:This section
2412:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2234:Cuneiform Law
2232:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1862:South Arabian
1860:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1833:Pazend Script
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1772:Lydian Script
1770:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1743:Lycian Script
1741:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1714:Carian Script
1712:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1657:
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1636:
1632:
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1612:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1598:
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1578:
1575:
1574:
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1566:
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1562:
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1552:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
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1435:
1431:
1428:
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1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1002:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
967:
966:
965:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
870:
869:
868:
863:
855:
854:
850:
846:
845:
842:
838:
837:
830:
822:
817:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
746:Jordan Valley
743:
739:
729:
727:
722:
718:
714:
709:
707:
703:
698:
689:
685:
681:
676:
674:
670:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
598:
594:
590:
586:
585:modern humans
578:
574:
570:
566:
554:
544:
541:
533:
523:
519:
513:
512:
507:This section
505:
501:
496:
495:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
406:
402:
401:annual plants
399:
395:
390:
388:
384:
379:
377:
373:
369:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
304:
303:to the east.
302:
298:
295:to the west,
294:
293:Sahara Desert
290:
286:
282:
281:Syrian Desert
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
227:
226:
222:
218:
215:
211:
207:
203:
197:
192:
190:
186:
182:
179:
178:archaeologist
171:
166:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
122:civilizations
119:
115:
110:
108:
105:and northern
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
59:الهلال الخصيب
56:
52:
44:
39:
31:
27:
24:
19:
6354:
6344:Time periods
6235:Chalcolithic
6157:
6015: /
6013:List of seas
6011: /
5976:Global South
5961:Global North
5895:Atlantic Rim
5834:Ring of Fire
5814:Indian Ocean
5804:Arctic Ocean
5746:Persian Gulf
5741:Indian Ocean
5722:Adriatic Sea
5687:Arctic Ocean
5519:Amazon Basin
5514:Amazon Plain
5486:Near Oceania
5291:Mid-Atlantic
5241:Aridoamerica
5201:Northwestern
5114:Northwestern
5087:Southeastern
4979:Greater Iran
4918:Southeastern
4913:Pacific Asia
4882:Pacific Asia
4870:Northeastern
4826:Asia–Pacific
4569:Fourth World
4559:Second World
4449:
4429:Online books
4419:
4400:
4377:
4344:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4307:
4298:
4288:Bibliography
4269:10234/204329
4251:
4247:
4237:
4204:
4200:
4194:
4182:
4170:
4158:
4146:
4134:
4122:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4027:
4023:
4017:
4009:
4004:
3996:
3991:
3946:
3942:
3932:
3897:
3893:
3883:
3848:
3844:
3834:
3809:
3805:
3795:
3750:
3746:
3736:
3711:North Africa
3701:
3690:. Retrieved
3683:the original
3678:
3674:
3661:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3602:
3597:
3588:
3582:
3539:
3535:
3524:
3491:
3485:
3479:
3434:
3428:
3360:
3354:
3335:
3323:. Retrieved
3319:the original
3312:
3303:
3291:. Retrieved
3287:the original
3276:
3266:
3237:
3229:
3182:
3178:
3171:
3139:
3091:
3087:
3077:
3067:
3063:
3061:
3043:
3031:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2967:
2960:
2943:
2930:
2916:
2909:
2889:
2867:. Retrieved
2857:
2847:
2832:
2818:
2798:
2792:
2768:
2761:
2721:Hilly Flanks
2715:Beth Nahrain
2704:
2688:confined to
2641:Carthaginian
2560:Ubaid period
2542:
2458:
2443:
2434:
2423:Please help
2418:verification
2415:
2376:
2368:
2366:
2342:North Africa
2327:
2300:
2133:Other topics
2106:Cosmic ocean
2085:
1979:Mesopotamian
1289:
1138:
1036:
999:
962:
865:
861:
796:domestic pig
782:include the
778:
757:
735:
710:
699:
677:
666:hierarchical
639:
631:Chogha Golan
627:Göbekli Tepe
582:
573:Göbekli Tepe
536:
527:
516:Please help
511:verification
508:
452:domesticated
448:bitter vetch
391:
380:
337:North Africa
331:than either
329:biodiversity
321:North Africa
315:were to the
310:
277:Jordan River
230:
225:Mitteleuropa
223:
199:
194:
188:
184:
175:
111:
50:
48:
26:
18:
6376: /
6253:Uruk period
6067:Paleolithic
5991:Global West
5951:Global East
5910:Pacific Rim
5852:waterbodies
5841:World Ocean
5666:New Zealand
5546:The Guianas
5435:Australasia
5378:West Indies
5306:New England
5286:Great Lakes
5256:Mesoamerica
5143:Middle East
5119:Scandinavia
5008:Middle East
4846:Caspian Sea
4752:Great Lakes
4732:Sub-Saharan
4718:Middle East
4581:Hemispheres
4564:Third World
4554:First World
4507:'s primary
3001:: 186–201.
2623:(including
2222:Hittitology
2212:Mathematics
2187:Assyriology
2167:Mathematics
2139:Archaeology
1811:Old Persian
1655:Eteocypriot
1546:Old Aramaic
1285:Roman Syria
1280:Coele-Syria
1084:Hayasa-Azzi
995:Roman Egypt
985:New Kingdom
975:Old Kingdom
867:Mesopotamia
669:state level
642:Mesopotamia
597:Pleistocene
569:Mesopotamia
420:emmer wheat
416:agriculture
361:land bridge
343:during the
217:Middle East
187:(1914) and
160:Terminology
154:Mesopotamia
134:agriculture
130:Mesopotamia
63:Middle East
6391:Categories
6263:Bronze Age
6105:Peking Man
5732:Ionian Sea
5727:Aegean Sea
5697:Baltic Sea
5629:Antarctica
5481:Micronesia
5450:New Guinea
5408:Portuguese
5331:West Coast
5281:East Coast
5276:Bible Belt
5271:Appalachia
4950:Subregions
4858:Inner Asia
4776:Antarctica
4676:Continents
4649:Antarctica
4624:Landmasses
4534:Down Under
4529:Arab World
4513:subregions
4187:Potts 2012
4175:Potts 2012
4163:Potts 2012
3692:2010-02-23
3246:. p.
2869:28 January
2754:References
2672:Indo-Aryan
2637:Phoenician
2601:Babylonian
2574:Sprachbund
2552:substratum
2387:Bronze Age
2323:Cro-Magnon
2311:Bronze Age
2198:Babylonia
2172:Technology
2162:Egyptology
2096:Flat earth
2086:Cosmology
2046:Anatolian
1984:Babylonian
1920:Literature
1891:Taymanitic
1840:Philistine
1597:Phoenician
1507:Taymanitic
1470:Old Arabic
1425:Bronze Age
1420:Copper Age
1415:Chronology
1382:Ghassanids
1059:Carchemish
814:See also:
764:including
726:salination
721:irrigation
713:Bronze Age
711:Since the
658:Bronze Age
587:(e.g., at
349:extinction
313:marshlands
138:irrigation
6373:36°N 40°E
6150:Neolithic
5928:Antarctic
5712:Irish Sea
5702:Black Sea
5661:Australia
5610:Caribbean
5587:continent
5561:Patagonia
5491:Polynesia
5469:Melanesia
5462:Zealandia
5440:Australia
5326:Southwest
5246:Caribbean
5023:Near East
4664:submerged
4659:Zealandia
4654:Australia
4544:Old World
4539:New World
4229:163985956
4114:162882505
4094:Antiquity
4044:161324951
3725:shellfish
3213:277203534
3108:1350-7486
3015:0003-0279
2485:Palestine
2437:June 2021
2397:Languages
2391:Europeans
2383:Neolithic
2379:Europeans
2334:Near East
2330:diffusion
2307:Neolithic
2303:Neolithic
2218:Hittites
2202:Astronomy
2101:Firmament
2018:Canaanite
2011:Nabataean
1721:Kalasmaic
1572:Canaanite
1492:Dadanitic
1449:Languages
1337:Ḥaḍramawt
1243:Phoenicia
1134:Commagene
1109:Phrygians
928:Babylonia
717:fertility
680:libraries
650:Euphrates
616:Neolithic
608:Natufians
530:June 2021
436:chick pea
365:Old World
285:Anatolian
273:Euphrates
237:Palestine
83:Palestine
6243:Daimabad
6135:Ubeidiya
6125:Solo Man
6115:Sangiran
6085:Java Man
5455:Tasmania
5403:Hispanic
5266:Northern
5213:Germanic
5191:Atlantic
5133:Southern
5094:Northern
5060:Caucasus
4996:Dead Sea
4967:Caucasus
4935:Southern
4928:Maritime
4923:Mainland
4896:Northern
4877:Far East
4836:Aral Sea
4759:Southern
4703:Northern
4459:Archived
4278:37499002
4207:: 1–16.
4079:35814375
3875:15069642
3826:15044595
3787:12167671
3653:42150441
3645:16741119
3574:27459054
3516:25142338
3508:19341322
3471:16371462
3395:17600185
3325:14 April
3221:61069680
3163:35792200
2976:Archived
2948:Archived
2709:See also
2682:Egyptian
2670:and the
2617:Ugaritic
2597:Assyrian
2593:Akkadian
2566:Sumerian
2501:Sumerian
2350:Mongolia
2254:Timeline
2183:Assyria
2177:Medicine
2077:Ossetian
2072:Scythian
2037:Armenian
1996:Egyptian
1989:Sumerian
1956:Ugaritic
1946:Sumerian
1931:Egyptian
1926:Akkadian
1908:Urartian
1896:Ugaritic
1874:Sumerian
1857:Samalian
1845:Phrygian
1794:Parthian
1755:Pisidian
1626:Egyptian
1577:Ammonite
1512:Thamudic
1502:Safaitic
1455:Akkadian
1437:Iron Age
1387:Salīḥids
1362:Nabataea
1250:Alashiya
1206:Hurrians
1174:Amorites
1124:Bithynia
1079:Kaskians
1054:Hittites
1049:Hurrians
1044:Hattians
1038:Anatolia
958:Adiabene
938:Kassites
913:Simurrum
774:chickpea
742:Gilgal I
593:Es Skhul
454:animals—
405:"K" type
398:"r" type
394:climates
339:, where
124:such as
6120:Soanian
5656:Oceania
5644:by area
5600:America
5577:Islands
5427:Oceania
5296:Midwest
5251:Central
5218:Romance
5186:Western
5055:Balkans
5050:Eastern
5045:Central
5013:Mashriq
4957:Western
4901:Siberia
4853:Eastern
4831:Central
4764:Western
4737:Central
4713:Mashriq
4708:Maghreb
4698:Saharan
4644:America
4637:Eurasia
4509:regions
4453:– from
4303:, 1997.
4248:Science
4221:1359726
3983:9671803
3951:Bibcode
3924:9246011
3915:1715849
3866:1181965
3755:Bibcode
3625:Bibcode
3617:Science
3565:5003663
3544:Bibcode
3462:1325007
3439:Bibcode
3386:5612713
3365:Bibcode
3356:Science
3293:6 March
3116:6707201
2676:Mitanni
2664:Hittite
2633:Edomite
2629:Moabite
2613:Aramaic
2609:Amorite
2605:Eblaite
2533:Kaskian
2521:Kassite
2513:Elamite
2477:Lebanon
2370:in situ
2358:genetic
2315:Basques
2067:Persian
2062:Iranian
2050:Hittite
2042:Hurrian
2006:Arabian
2001:Semitic
1941:Persian
1936:Hittite
1760:Sidetic
1699:Kassite
1694:Kaskian
1689:Hurrian
1677:Hittite
1638:Elamite
1621:Eblaite
1592:Moabite
1582:Edomite
1560:Avestan
1526:Armazic
1521:Aramaic
1497:Hismaic
1460:Amorite
1392:Lakhmid
1352:Qatabān
1265:Nabatea
1221:Mitanni
1114:Diauehi
1094:Colchis
1089:Shupria
1074:Luwians
1012:Lullubi
943:Chaldea
923:Assyria
883:Subartu
770:lentils
762:legumes
750:Cereals
744:in the
662:writing
619:farming
490:History
484:selfers
424:einkorn
345:Ice Age
325:Eurasia
249:Lebanon
142:writing
79:Lebanon
43:Ptolemy
6378:36; 40
5943:Global
5933:Arctic
5872:Rivers
5850:Other
5784:Oceans
5639:Europe
5595:Africa
5388:French
5261:Middle
5223:Slavic
5208:Celtic
5109:Nordic
5099:Baltic
5037:Europe
4991:Levant
4685:Africa
4521:Worlds
4417:about
4389:
4364:
4276:
4227:
4219:
4112:
4077:
4042:
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3971:
3922:
3912:
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3863:
3824:
3785:
3778:123201
3775:
3707:Levant
3651:
3643:
3572:
3562:
3536:Nature
3514:
3506:
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3114:
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3023:593554
3021:
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2897:
2806:
2780:
2668:Luwian
2647:Hattic
2625:Hebrew
2529:Hattic
2527:, and
2517:Gutian
2493:Turkey
2481:Israel
2473:Jordan
2346:Crimea
2338:Europe
2158:Egypt
2055:Luwian
2023:Hebrew
1951:Syriac
1886:Sutean
1789:Palaic
1784:Mysian
1779:Median
1767:Lydian
1750:Milyan
1738:Lycian
1726:Luwian
1709:Carian
1672:Hattic
1667:Gutian
1587:Hebrew
1465:Arabic
1377:Tanukh
1367:Himyar
1357:Lihyan
1347:Thamud
1307:Gerrha
1297:Dilmun
1291:Arabia
1270:Iturea
1228:Canaan
1211:Urkesh
1201:Ugarit
1194:Yamhad
1189:Amurru
1184:Mukish
1141:Levant
1129:Pontus
1119:Urartu
1069:Assuwa
1064:Arzawa
903:Armani
878:Hamazi
802:, and
784:cattle
706:Turkey
684:Nippur
646:Tigris
633:, and
602:, and
577:Turkey
466:, and
444:lentil
428:barley
387:plates
355:. The
333:Europe
269:Tigris
261:Turkey
257:Jordan
255:, and
233:Israel
219:, and
148:, and
144:, the
103:Cyprus
95:Turkey
91:Kuwait
85:, and
75:Jordan
71:Israel
55:Arabic
6213:Ohalo
6110:Riwat
5920:Polar
5865:lists
5860:Lakes
5679:ocean
5398:Ibero
5393:Latin
5383:Anglo
4505:Earth
4225:S2CID
4217:JSTOR
4110:S2CID
4075:S2CID
4040:S2CID
3974:21201
3709:from
3686:(PDF)
3671:(PDF)
3649:S2CID
3512:S2CID
3217:S2CID
3112:S2CID
3019:JSTOR
2979:(PDF)
2972:(PDF)
2951:(PDF)
2940:(PDF)
2690:Egypt
2595:(aka
2489:Sinai
2469:Syria
2121:Mashu
2028:Punic
1704:Luwic
1397:Kinda
1372:Hatra
1342:Awsān
1332:Qedar
1327:Maʿīn
1317:Tylos
1302:Magan
1216:Urshu
1179:Qatna
1167:Nagar
1104:Lydia
1017:Medes
964:Egypt
933:Tukri
888:Suhum
873:Sumer
788:sheep
754:Syria
589:Tabun
472:horse
464:sheep
460:goats
372:fauna
368:flora
297:Sudan
253:Egypt
245:Syria
150:glass
146:wheel
140:, of
126:Sumer
118:crops
107:Egypt
87:Syria
6364:40°E
6361:36°N
5877:Seas
5634:Asia
4906:Ural
4818:Asia
4747:Horn
4742:East
4511:and
4387:ISBN
4362:ISBN
4274:PMID
3979:PMID
3920:PMID
3871:PMID
3822:PMID
3783:PMID
3722:Nile
3720:and
3718:figs
3641:PMID
3570:PMID
3504:PMID
3467:PMID
3391:PMID
3327:2016
3295:2017
3252:ISBN
3248:1082
3209:OCLC
3199:ISBN
3159:OCLC
3149:ISBN
3104:ISSN
3052:ISBN
3011:ISSN
2895:ISBN
2871:2018
2804:ISBN
2778:ISBN
2649:: a
2599:and
2556:Iraq
2535:and
2525:Iran
2519:and
2497:Iran
2465:Iraq
2385:and
2360:and
2340:and
2317:and
2309:and
2111:Abzu
1322:Saba
1312:Awal
1255:Aram
1162:Mari
1157:Armi
1152:Ebla
1139:The
1007:Elam
1001:Iran
893:Uruk
839:The
792:goat
772:and
766:peas
738:figs
688:Ebla
648:and
591:and
468:pigs
456:cows
432:flax
370:and
323:and
287:and
271:and
265:Iran
263:and
241:Iraq
99:Iran
67:Iraq
49:The
5887:Rim
5677:By
5585:By
4383:OUP
4354:doi
4264:hdl
4256:doi
4252:381
4209:doi
4102:doi
4067:doi
4032:doi
3969:PMC
3959:doi
3910:PMC
3902:doi
3861:PMC
3853:doi
3814:doi
3773:PMC
3763:doi
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3633:doi
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