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151:, creating urchin barrens where no life exists. No longer having food to eat, the sea urchins populations became locally extinct as well. Also, since kelp forest ecosystems are homes to many other species, the loss of the kelp ultimately caused their extinction as well. In conclusion, the loss of sea otters in local areas along the Pacific coast seems to have caused a cascade effect of secondary extinctions, continuing into the present day.
163:
998:
54:
that is introduced to the ecosystem. Species introductions to a foreign ecosystem can often devastate entire communities, and even entire ecosystems. These exotic species monopolize the ecosystem's resources, and since they have no natural predators to decrease their growth, they are able to increase
128:). Starting before the 17th century and not phased out until 1911 when an international treaty was signed to prevent their further exploitation, sea otters were hunted aggressively for their pelts, which caused a cascade effect through the
91:
its own food resources, until the population numbers decrease in abundance, which can lead to extinction. When the prey's food resources disappear, they starve and may go extinct as well. If the prey species is
104:
in the ecosystem also depend upon these plants as food resources, then these species may go extinct as well. An example of the cascade effect caused by the loss of a top predator is apparent in
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Leigh, E.G., S.J. Wright, E.A. Herre, and F.E. Putz. 1993. The decline of tree diversity on newly isolated tropical islands: A test of a null hypothesis and the implications.
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of a food resource and a cascade effect of species loss. Recent studies have been performed on approaches to mitigate extinction cascades in food-web networks.
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Sahasrabudhe, S., and A.E. Motter, 2011. Rescuing ecosystems from extinction cascades through compensatory perturbations. Nature
Communications 2, 170.
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Dayton, P.K., M.J. Tegner, P.B. Edwards, and K.L. Riser. 1998. Sliding baselines, ghosts, and reduced expectations in kelp forest communities.
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143:). When hunters caused sea otter populations to decline, an ecological release of sea urchin populations occurred. The sea urchins then
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46:. Secondary extinctions are likely to occur when the threatened species are: dependent on a few specific food sources,
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2345:
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2009:
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108:. When hunters cause local extinctions of top predators, the predators' prey's population numbers increase, causing an
17:
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2004:
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Altered patterns of herbivory and diversity in the forest understory: A case study of the possible defaunation
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Estes, J.A., D.O. Duggins, and G.B. Rathbun. 1989. The ecology of extinctions in kelp forest communities.
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ecosystems along the
Pacific Coast of North America. One of the sea otters' primary food sources is the
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1911:
1623:
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Olsen, T.M. D.M. Lodge, G.M. Capelli, and R.J. Houlihan. 1991. ". Impact of the introduced crayfish,
1406:
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96:, then their initial release and exploitation of the plants may result in a loss of plant
8:
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2019:
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47:
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1956:
1946:
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1023:
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192:
80:
120:
One example of the cascade effect caused by the loss of a top predator has to do with
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3719:
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1999:
1870:
1671:
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1336:
1028:
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217:
109:
105:
51:
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1989:
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699:
624:
469:
454:
282:
Plant-animal
Interactions: Evolutionary Ecology in Tropical and Temperate Regions
222:
75:, and birds. However, the principal cause of cascade effects is the loss of top
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4170:
4123:
4019:
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609:
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144:
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1711:
1370:
1149:
1129:
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771:
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55:
indefinitely. Olsen et al. showed that exotic species have caused lake and
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3931:
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3629:
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3233:
3153:
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2222:
1769:
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1283:
1258:
1253:
1223:
1006:
982:
947:
756:
659:
579:
539:
392:
280:. In P.W. Price, T.M. Liwinsohn, G.W. Fernandes, and W.W. Benson (eds.),
187:
129:
93:
88:
50:(dependent on the key species in some way), or forced to coexist with an
4075:
4343:
4158:
4128:
4113:
3901:
3889:
3649:
3511:
3137:
2935:
2512:
2477:
2117:
2069:
2014:
1984:
1890:
1807:
1751:
1628:
1578:
1263:
1198:
987:
967:
751:
724:
509:
422:
202:
133:
121:
35:
1379:
4085:
3874:
3803:
3748:
3743:
3609:
3450:
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3099:
2840:
2794:
2522:
1966:
1936:
1736:
1691:
1666:
1603:
1593:
1568:
1560:
1505:
1436:
1288:
1193:
977:
741:
734:
709:
619:
324:
72:
43:
4378:
4363:
3894:
3879:
3781:
3619:
3067:
2895:
2824:
2355:
2183:
1862:
1774:
1721:
1676:
1238:
1048:
594:
589:
514:
101:
79:
as the key species. As a result of this loss, a dramatic increase (
76:
64:
4358:
4207:
4044:
4034:
3842:
3654:
3366:
3361:
2885:
2692:
2562:
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2184:
2132:
1792:
1437:
1248:
1208:
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1156:
776:
564:
464:
68:
56:
39:
997:
367:
4368:
4294:
1233:
559:
4039:
3798:
4383:
729:
207:
148:
84:
60:
791:
781:
59:
ecosystems to go through cascade effects due to loss of
38:
that are triggered by the primary extinction of a key
3202:
Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal
3128:
Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments
158:
252:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
4463:
4256:List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
4154:List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events
3159:Existential risk from artificial intelligence
3000:
2986:
2169:
1422:
630:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
340:
3207:Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal
695:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
3310:Climate change and civilizational collapse
2993:
2979:
2390:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
2176:
2162:
1429:
1415:
347:
333:
87:species occurs. The prey is then able to
4313:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk
4251:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
2288:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations
1927:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
2320:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model
14:
4464:
2128:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
354:
2974:
2157:
1410:
883:
882:
366:
328:
3330:Tipping points in the climate system
2143:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
3325:Extinction risk from climate change
3224:New World Order (conspiracy theory)
2593:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
958:Oceanic physical-biological process
820:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
24:
4285:List of fictional doomsday devices
2346:Ecological effects of biodiversity
115:
25:
4493:
3305:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis
1682:Generalist and specialist species
198:Generalist and specialist species
4421:
4420:
4408:
3566:Decline in amphibian populations
2405:Occupancy–abundance relationship
1391:
1390:
1378:
1364:
996:
668:
485:Colored dissolved organic matter
276:Dirzo, R. and A. Miranda. 1991.
161:
3917:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
3414:Land surface effects on climate
3387:Human impact on the environment
3018:Future of an expanding universe
2425:Relative abundance distribution
2138:Plant defense against herbivory
2005:Competitive exclusion principle
1717:Mesopredator release hypothesis
830:Latin America and the Caribbean
27:Series of secondary extinctions
2010:Consumer–resource interactions
1312:Ecological values of mangroves
855:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
309:
296:
287:
270:
257:
250:in northern Wisconsin lakes".
240:
13:
1:
3863:Interpretations of Revelation
3665:Cosmological phase transition
3571:Decline in insect populations
3023:Ultimate fate of the universe
2856:Biological data visualization
2683:Environmental niche modelling
2410:Population viability analysis
234:
4318:Future of Humanity Institute
3715:Potentially hazardous object
3615:Interplanetary contamination
2341:Density-dependent inhibition
1332:Marine conservation activism
1317:Fisheries and climate change
7:
4198:Nemesis (hypothetical star)
3347:Global terrestrial stilling
2810:Liebig's law of the minimum
2645:Resource selection function
1536:Metabolic theory of ecology
1327:Human impact on marine life
1204:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
440:Aquatic population dynamics
154:
10:
4498:
3710:Asteroid impact prediction
3685:Heat death of the universe
3095:Mutual assured destruction
2710:Niche apportionment models
2430:Relative species abundance
1634:Primary nutritional groups
1531:List of feeding behaviours
228:World Wide Fund for Nature
4402:
4336:
4328:Nuclear Threat Initiative
4305:
4261:List of apocalyptic films
4238:
4104:2011 end times prediction
4096:
3836:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks
3831:Abomination of desolation
3767:
3705:Asteroid impact avoidance
3642:
3553:
3535:List of extinction events
3510:
3503:
3469:
3377:Environmental degradation
3273:
3264:
3179:
3164:Technological singularity
3033:
3008:
3002:Global catastrophic risks
2959:
2891:Ecosystem based fisheries
2833:
2733:
2658:
2531:
2503:Interspecific competition
2468:
2395:Minimum viable population
2328:
2253:Maximum sustainable yield
2238:Intraspecific competition
2233:Effective population size
2196:
2113:Anti-predator adaptations
2098:
1977:
1904:
1861:
1783:
1750:
1647:
1624:Photosynthetic efficiency
1559:
1453:
1358:
1297:
1169:
1105:
1067:
1014:
1005:
994:
943:Marine primary production
895:
891:
878:
837:List of marine ecoregions
812:
677:
666:
380:
376:
362:
284:, pp. 273-287. Wiley, NY.
34:is a series of secondary
32:ecological cascade effect
4323:Future of Life Institute
4225:Resurrection of the dead
4218:Post-tribulation rapture
3600:Colony collapse disorder
2881:Ecological stoichiometry
2846:Alternative stable state
1189:Coastal biogeomorphology
1184:Marine coastal ecosystem
147:their main food source,
3149:Artificial intelligence
2725:Ontogenetic niche shift
2588:Ideal free distribution
2498:Ecological facilitation
2248:Malthusian growth model
2218:Consumer-resource model
2075:Paradox of the plankton
2040:Energy systems language
1760:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
1727:Optimal foraging theory
1702:Heterotrophic nutrition
1097:Paradox of the plankton
908:Diel vertical migration
802:Freshwater swamp forest
520:GIS and aquatic science
368:General components and
4278:List of disaster films
4119:Apocalyptic literature
3219:Malthusian catastrophe
3145:Synthetic intelligence
2871:Ecological forecasting
2815:Marginal value theorem
2613:Landscape epidemiology
2548:Cross-boundary subsidy
2483:Biological interaction
1833:Microbial intelligence
1521:Green world hypothesis
923:Large marine ecosystem
615:Shoaling and schooling
100:in the area. If other
3660:Coronal mass ejection
3122:Electromagnetic pulse
3083:Kinetic energy weapon
2876:Ecological humanities
2775:Ecological energetics
2720:Niche differentiation
2583:Habitat fragmentation
2351:Ecological extinction
2298:Small population size
2050:Feed conversion ratio
2030:Ecological succession
1962:San Francisco Estuary
1876:Ecological efficiency
1818:Microbial cooperation
1342:Marine protected area
1269:Salt pannes and pools
1044:Marine larval ecology
1019:Census of Marine Life
903:Deep scattering layer
860:San Francisco Estuary
825:Africa and Madagascar
650:Underwater camouflage
430:Aquatic biomonitoring
370:freshwater ecosystems
178:Competition (biology)
4482:Conservation biology
4062:War of Gog and Magog
3739:Near-Earth supernova
3489:Human overpopulation
3293:Mass mortality event
3187:Anthropogenic hazard
2901:Evolutionary ecology
2866:Ecological footprint
2861:Ecological economics
2785:Ecological threshold
2780:Ecological indicator
2650:Source–sink dynamics
2603:Land change modeling
2598:Insular biogeography
2450:Species distribution
2189:Modelling ecosystems
1848:Microbial metabolism
1687:Intraguild predation
1476:Biogeochemical cycle
1442:Modelling ecosystems
1077:Marine bacteriophage
1039:Marine invertebrates
304:Conservation Biology
4472:Ecology terminology
4134:Blood moon prophecy
3927:Number of the Beast
3525:Holocene extinction
3471:Earth Overshoot Day
3419:Ocean acidification
3382:Habitat destruction
3372:Ecological collapse
3078:Kinetic bombardment
3013:Future of the Earth
2951:Theoretical ecology
2926:Natural environment
2790:Ecosystem diversity
2760:Ecological collapse
2750:Bateman's principle
2705:Limiting similarity
2618:Landscape limnology
2440:Species homogeneity
2278:Population modeling
2273:Population dynamics
2090:Trophic state index
953:Ocean fertilization
762:Trophic state index
720:Lake stratification
450:Aquatic respiration
248:Orconectes rusticus
183:Critical transition
4477:Doomsday scenarios
4449:Doomsday scenarios
4015:Beast of the Earth
3907:Book of Revelation
3695:Virtual black hole
3675:False vacuum decay
3625:Pollinator decline
3588:Biological warfare
3578:Biotechnology risk
3429:Resource depletion
2962:Outline of ecology
2911:Industrial ecology
2906:Functional ecology
2770:Ecological deficit
2715:Niche construction
2678:Ecosystem engineer
2455:Species–area curve
2376:Introduced species
2191:: Other components
2123:Deimatic behaviour
2025:Ecological network
1957:North Pacific Gyre
1942:hydrothermal vents
1881:Ecological pyramid
1828:Microbial food web
1639:Primary production
1584:Foundation species
1219:Intertidal wetland
1214:Intertidal ecology
1082:Marine prokaryotes
1024:Deep-sea community
918:Iron fertilization
841:Specific examples
767:Upland and lowland
685:Freshwater biology
550:Microbial food web
460:Aquatic toxicology
403:Aquatic adaptation
356:Aquatic ecosystems
193:Ecological release
81:ecological release
18:Ecological cascade
4459:
4458:
4290:Zombie apocalypse
4191:Postmillennialism
3986:Great Tribulation
3759:Stellar collision
3720:Near-Earth object
3670:Geomagnetic storm
3638:
3637:
3561:Biodiversity loss
3545:Genetic pollution
3499:
3498:
3288:Biodiversity loss
3251:Societal collapse
3229:Nuclear holocaust
3214:Economic collapse
3197:Doomsday argument
3115:Antimatter weapon
2968:
2967:
2851:Balance of nature
2608:Landscape ecology
2493:Community ecology
2435:Species diversity
2371:Indicator species
2366:Gradient analysis
2243:Logistic function
2151:
2150:
2108:Animal coloration
2085:Trophic mutualism
1823:Microbial ecology
1614:Photoheterotrophs
1599:Myco-heterotrophy
1511:Ecosystem ecology
1496:Carrying capacity
1461:Abiotic component
1404:
1403:
1385:Oceans portal
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1229:Hydrothermal vent
1165:
1164:
1054:Seashore wildlife
885:Marine ecosystems
874:
873:
870:
869:
640:Thermal pollution
605:Ramsar Convention
545:Microbial ecology
505:Fisheries science
445:Aquatic predation
16:(Redirected from
4489:
4424:
4423:
4415:World portal
4413:
4412:
4374:Financial crisis
4203:Nibiru cataclysm
4181:Premillennialism
4025:Dhul-Suwayqatayn
3993:Son of perdition
3981:Olivet Discourse
3957:Whore of Babylon
3583:Biological agent
3530:Human extinction
3520:Extinction event
3508:
3507:
3479:Overexploitation
3409:Land consumption
3404:Land degradation
3271:
3270:
3133:Micro black hole
3041:Chemical warfare
2995:
2988:
2981:
2972:
2971:
2668:Ecological niche
2640:selection theory
2460:Umbrella species
2445:Species richness
2381:Invasive species
2361:Flagship species
2268:Population cycle
2263:Overexploitation
2228:Ecological yield
2178:
2171:
2164:
2155:
2154:
2060:Mesotrophic soil
2000:Climax community
1932:Marine food webs
1871:Biomagnification
1672:Chemoorganotroph
1526:Keystone species
1486:Biotic component
1431:
1424:
1417:
1408:
1407:
1394:
1393:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1373:
1371:Lakes portal
1369:
1368:
1367:
1337:Marine pollution
1029:Deep-water coral
1012:
1011:
1000:
933:Marine chemistry
893:
892:
880:
879:
797:Freshwater marsh
690:Freshwater biome
672:
388:Acoustic ecology
378:
377:
364:
363:
349:
342:
335:
326:
325:
320:
313:
307:
300:
294:
291:
285:
274:
268:
261:
255:
244:
218:Overexploitation
171:
166:
165:
164:
110:overexploitation
106:tropical forests
52:invasive species
21:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4434:Future problems
4407:
4398:
4332:
4301:
4268:Climate fiction
4234:
4109:2012 phenomenon
4092:
3998:Sheep and Goats
3885:2 Thessalonians
3763:
3680:Gamma-ray burst
3634:
3549:
3540:Genetic erosion
3495:
3465:
3456:Water pollution
3424:Ozone depletion
3320:Desertification
3260:
3175:
3110:Doomsday device
3090:Nuclear warfare
3029:
3004:
2999:
2969:
2964:
2955:
2941:Systems ecology
2829:
2800:Extinction debt
2765:Ecological debt
2755:Bioluminescence
2736:
2729:
2698:marine habitats
2673:Ecological trap
2654:
2534:
2527:
2470:
2464:
2420:Rapoport's rule
2415:Priority effect
2356:Endemic species
2324:
2283:Population size
2199:
2192:
2182:
2152:
2147:
2100:
2094:
2080:Trophic cascade
1990:Bioaccumulation
1973:
1900:
1857:
1779:
1746:
1643:
1555:
1516:Ecosystem model
1449:
1435:
1405:
1400:
1377:
1376:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1346:
1307:Coral bleaching
1293:
1274:Seagrass meadow
1171:Marine habitats
1161:
1135:Coral reef fish
1101:
1087:Marine protists
1063:
1001:
992:
963:Ocean turbidity
938:Marine food web
887:
866:
808:
747:River ecosystem
700:Freshwater fish
673:
664:
470:Bioluminescence
455:Aquatic science
372:
358:
353:
323:
314:
310:
301:
297:
292:
288:
275:
271:
262:
258:
245:
241:
237:
232:
223:Trophic cascade
167:
162:
160:
157:
118:
116:Current example
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4495:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4429:Apocalypticism
4418:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4340:
4338:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4287:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4273:Disaster films
4270:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4248:
4246:Alien invasion
4242:
4240:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4186:Amillennialism
4183:
4173:
4171:Millenarianism
4168:
4167:
4166:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4124:Apocalypticism
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4078:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4020:Dhu al-Qarnayn
4017:
4012:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3966:Great Apostasy
3963:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3904:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3855:
3845:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3823:
3813:
3811:Last Judgement
3808:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3773:
3771:
3769:Eschatological
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3712:
3707:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3516:
3514:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3484:Overpopulation
3481:
3475:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3461:Water scarcity
3458:
3453:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3436:
3434:Sea level rise
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3397:on marine life
3394:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3352:Global warming
3349:
3344:
3342:Global dimming
3339:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3300:Cascade effect
3297:
3296:
3295:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3275:Climate change
3268:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3194:
3189:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3105:Doomsday Clock
3102:
3097:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3056:Cyberterrorism
3053:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3005:
2998:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2975:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2921:Microecosystem
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2820:Thorson's rule
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2745:Assembly rules
2741:
2739:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2630:
2628:Patch dynamics
2625:
2623:Metapopulation
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2518:Storage effect
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2400:Neutral theory
2397:
2392:
2387:
2385:Native species
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2258:Overpopulation
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2202:
2194:
2193:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2065:Nutrient cycle
2062:
2057:
2055:Feeding frenzy
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2035:Energy quality
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1995:Cascade effect
1992:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1838:Microbial loop
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1803:Lithoautotroph
1800:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1785:Microorganisms
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1742:Prey switching
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1619:Photosynthesis
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1574:Chemosynthesis
1571:
1565:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1466:Abiotic stress
1463:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1388:
1374:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1175:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1125:Saltwater fish
1122:
1120:Marine reptile
1117:
1111:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1092:Marine viruses
1089:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1071:
1069:Microorganisms
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1059:Wild fisheries
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
1002:
995:
993:
991:
990:
985:
980:
975:
973:Thorson's rule
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
928:Marine biology
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
899:
897:
889:
888:
876:
875:
872:
871:
868:
867:
865:
864:
863:
862:
857:
852:
847:
839:
834:
833:
832:
827:
816:
814:
810:
809:
807:
806:
805:
804:
799:
794:
789:
787:Brackish marsh
784:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
738:
737:
727:
722:
717:
715:Lake ecosystem
712:
707:
705:Hyporheic zone
702:
697:
692:
687:
681:
679:
675:
674:
667:
665:
663:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
555:Microbial loop
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
500:Eutrophication
497:
492:
487:
482:
480:Cascade effect
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
426:
425:
420:
415:
408:Aquatic animal
405:
400:
395:
390:
384:
382:
374:
373:
360:
359:
352:
351:
344:
337:
329:
322:
321:
308:
295:
286:
269:
256:
238:
236:
233:
231:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
174:
173:
172:
169:Ecology portal
156:
153:
126:Enhydra lutris
117:
114:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4494:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4444:Risk analysis
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4389:Social crisis
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4306:Organizations
4304:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4231:
4230:World to come
4228:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4176:Millennialism
4174:
4172:
4169:
4165:
4164:Messianic Age
4162:
4161:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4149:Gog and Magog
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4139:Earth Changes
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3976:New Jerusalem
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3952:War in Heaven
3950:
3948:
3947:Two witnesses
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3816:Second Coming
3814:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3315:Deforestation
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3256:World War III
3254:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3171:Transhumanism
3169:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:Technological
3032:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2991:
2989:
2984:
2982:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2963:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2946:Urban ecology
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2805:Kleiber's law
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2578:Foster's rule
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1896:Trophic level
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1853:Phage ecology
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1843:Microbial mat
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1798:Bacteriophage
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1765:Decomposition
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1712:Mesopredators
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1657:Apex predator
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1491:Biotic stress
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1397:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1279:Sponge ground
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1244:Marine biomes
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1145:Demersal fish
1143:
1141:
1140:Deep-sea fish
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1115:Marine mammal
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1004:
999:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
881:
877:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
842:
840:
838:
835:
831:
828:
826:
823:
822:
821:
818:
817:
815:
811:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
779:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
736:
733:
732:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
682:
680:
676:
671:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
645:Trophic level
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
610:Sediment trap
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
585:Phytoplankton
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
435:Aquatic plant
433:
431:
428:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
410:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
398:Anoxic waters
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
365:
361:
357:
350:
345:
343:
338:
336:
331:
330:
327:
318:
312:
305:
299:
290:
283:
279:
273:
266:
260:
253:
249:
243:
239:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
175:
170:
159:
152:
150:
146:
145:overexploited
142:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4406:
4349:Cyberwarfare
4067:Third Temple
3922:Lake of fire
3732:Rogue planet
3700:Impact event
3690:Proton decay
3643:Astronomical
3593:Bioterrorism
3439:Supervolcano
3337:Flood basalt
3299:
3283:Anoxic event
3192:Collapsology
3180:Sociological
3051:Cyberwarfare
2931:Regime shift
2916:Macroecology
2637:
2633:
2573:Edge effects
2543:Biogeography
2488:Commensalism
2336:Biodiversity
2213:Allee effect
1994:
1952:kelp forests
1905:Example webs
1770:Detritivores
1609:Organotrophs
1589:Kinetotrophs
1541:Productivity
1299:Conservation
1150:Pelagic fish
1130:Coastal fish
1034:Marine fungi
772:Water garden
655:Water column
600:Productivity
575:Pelagic zone
535:Macrobenthos
525:Hydrobiology
495:Ecohydrology
479:
316:
311:
303:
298:
289:
281:
272:
264:
259:
254:48:1853-1861
251:
247:
242:
140:
137:
125:
119:
98:biodiversity
31:
29:
4425:Categories
4394:Survivalism
4081:Zoroastrian
3937:Seven seals
3932:Seven bowls
3858:Historicism
3754:Solar flare
3630:Overfishing
3605:Defaunation
3392:coral reefs
3154:AI takeover
3073:Nanoweapons
3061:Cybergeddon
3046:Cyberattack
2568:Disturbance
2471:interaction
2293:Recruitment
2223:Depensation
2015:Copiotrophs
1886:Energy flow
1808:Lithotrophy
1752:Decomposers
1732:Planktivore
1707:Insectivore
1697:Heterotroph
1662:Bacterivore
1629:Phototrophs
1579:Chemotrophs
1551:Restoration
1501:Competition
1284:Sponge reef
1259:Rocky shore
1254:Oyster reef
1224:Kelp forest
1107:Vertebrates
1007:Marine life
983:Viral shunt
948:Marine snow
850:Maharashtra
757:Stream pool
660:Zooplankton
580:Photic zone
540:Meiobenthos
393:Algal bloom
317:Ecol. Appl.
265:Evol. Ecol.
188:Defaunation
130:kelp forest
94:herbivorous
89:overexploit
48:mutualistic
36:extinctions
4466:Categories
4354:Depression
4344:Ransomware
4159:Messianism
4129:Armageddon
4114:Apocalypse
3902:Antichrist
3890:Man of sin
3787:Three Ages
3650:Big Crunch
3512:Extinction
3504:Biological
3266:Ecological
3138:Strangelet
2936:Sexecology
2513:Parasitism
2478:Antibiosis
2313:Resistance
2308:Resilience
2198:Population
2118:Camouflage
2070:Oligotroph
1985:Ascendency
1947:intertidal
1937:cold seeps
1891:Food chain
1692:Herbivores
1667:Carnivores
1594:Mixotrophs
1569:Autotrophs
1448:components
1264:Salt marsh
1199:Coral reef
988:Whale fall
968:Photophore
845:Everglades
813:Ecoregions
752:Stream bed
725:Macrophyte
678:Freshwater
510:Food chain
423:Water bird
235:References
203:Greenpeace
141:Echinoidea
134:sea urchin
122:sea otters
73:amphibians
4239:Fictional
4086:Saoshyant
3971:New Earth
3942:The Beast
3875:Preterism
3848:Christian
3804:Kali Yuga
3749:Micronova
3744:Hypernova
3610:Dysgenics
3451:Verneshot
3357:Hypercane
3100:Dead Hand
2841:Allometry
2795:Emergence
2523:Symbiosis
2508:Mutualism
2303:Stability
2208:Abundance
2020:Dominance
1978:Processes
1967:tide pool
1863:Food webs
1737:Predation
1722:Omnivores
1649:Consumers
1604:Mycotroph
1561:Producers
1506:Ecosystem
1471:Behaviour
1289:Tide pool
1194:Cold seep
978:Upwelling
742:Rheotaxis
735:Fish pond
710:Limnology
635:Substrate
620:Siltation
490:Dead zone
319:8:309-322
306:3:251-264
267:7:76-102.
213:Mutualism
102:organisms
77:predators
44:ecosystem
4379:Pandemic
4364:Epidemic
4359:Droughts
4213:Prewrath
4144:End time
4010:Al-Qa'im
3895:Katechon
3880:2 Esdras
3870:Idealism
3853:Futurism
3782:Maitreya
3777:Buddhist
3620:Pandemic
3068:Gray goo
2896:Endolith
2825:Xerosere
2737:networks
2553:Ecocline
2099:Defense,
1775:Detritus
1677:Foraging
1546:Resource
1396:Category
1322:HERMIONE
1239:Mangrove
1049:Seagrass
595:Pleuston
590:Plankton
570:Particle
515:Food web
155:See also
71:, fish,
69:mollusks
65:crayfish
4439:Hazards
4337:General
4208:Rapture
4057:Messiah
4045:Sufyani
4035:Israfil
4005:Islamic
3843:Messiah
3821:1 Enoch
3655:Big Rip
3367:Ecocide
3362:Ice age
2886:Ecopath
2693:Habitat
2563:Ecotype
2558:Ecotone
2535:ecology
2533:Spatial
2469:Species
2329:Species
2200:ecology
2185:Ecology
2133:Mimicry
2101:counter
2045:f-ratio
1793:Archaea
1481:Biomass
1454:General
1446:Trophic
1438:Ecology
1249:Mudflat
1209:Estuary
1179:Bay mud
1157:Seabird
913:f-ratio
896:General
777:Wetland
565:Neuston
530:Hypoxia
475:Biomass
465:Benthos
381:General
57:estuary
40:species
4369:Famine
4295:Zombie
4097:Others
4052:Jewish
4030:Dajjal
3912:Events
3826:Daniel
3727:winter
3554:Others
3444:winter
3244:winter
3239:famine
3234:cobalt
1917:Rivers
1813:Marine
1234:Lagoon
560:Nekton
418:Mammal
413:Insect
138:Class:
42:in an
4384:Riots
4076:Norse
4040:Mahdi
3799:Kalki
3794:Hindu
3124:(EMP)
2834:Other
2735:Other
2688:Guild
2660:Niche
1912:Lakes
625:Spawn
83:) of
61:algae
1922:Soil
730:Pond
208:IUCN
149:kelp
85:prey
792:Fen
782:Bog
30:An
4468::
3147:/
2383:/
2187::
1444::
1440::
67:,
63:,
2994:e
2987:t
2980:v
2638:K
2636:/
2634:r
2177:e
2170:t
2163:v
1430:e
1423:t
1416:v
348:e
341:t
334:v
136:(
124:(
20:)
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