220:(also known as energy circuit language or energese) by Howard Odum is one illustration of this systems ecology approach. This holistic model development and simulation defines the system of interest, identifies the system's boundary, and diagrams how energy and material moves into, within, and out of, a system in order to identify how to use renewable resources through ecosystem processes and increase sustainability. The system it describes is a collection (i.e., group) of components (i.e., parts), connected by some type of interaction or interrelationship, that collectively responds to some stimulus or demand and fulfills some specific purpose or function. By understanding systems ecology the ecological engineer can more efficiently design with ecosystem components and processes within the design, utilize renewable energy and resources, and increase sustainability.
2831:
3598:
26:
125:(~0.1 to hundreds of meters); 2) ecosystems (~one to tens of km); and 3) regional systems (>tens of km). The complexity of the design likely increases with the spatial scale. Applications are increasing in breadth and depth, and likely impacting the field's definition, as more opportunities to design and use ecosystems as interfaces between society and nature are explored. Implementation of ecological engineering has focused on the creation or restoration of ecosystems, from
3572:
2705:
1871:
1741:
1901:
1891:
3560:
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1881:
101:
Barrett (1999) offers a more literal definition of the term: "the design, construction, operation and management (that is, engineering) of landscape/aquatic structures and associated plant and animal communities (that is, ecosystems) to benefit humanity and, often, nature." Barrett continues: "other
357:
Complementing this set of courses are prerequisites courses in physical, biological, and chemical subject areas, and integrated design experiences. According to
Matlock et al., the design should identify constraints, characterize solutions in ecological time, and incorporate ecological economics in
204:
typically involves problem formulation (goal), problem analysis (constraints), alternative solutions search, decision among alternatives, and specification of a complete solution. A temporal design framework is provided by
Matlock et al., stating the design solutions are considered in ecological
73:
sources as the predominant input to manipulate and control environmental systems. The origins of ecological engineering are in Odum's work with ecological modeling and ecosystem simulation to capture holistic macro-patterns of energy and material flows affecting the efficient use of resources.
64:
Ecological engineering emerged as a new idea in the early 1960s, but its definition has taken several decades to refine. Its implementation is still undergoing adjustment, and its broader recognition as a new paradigm is relatively recent. Ecological engineering was introduced by
93:
Mitsch and
Jorgensen were the first to define ecological engineering as designing societal services such that they benefit society and nature, and later noted the design should be systems based, sustainable, and integrate society with its natural environment.
1040:
Officially launched in 2021, this journal offers a diamond open access format (free to the reader, free to the authors). This is the official journal of the
American Ecological Engineering Society with production support from the University of Vermont
244:
Ecosystems used for benefit without destroying balance. Example: sustainable agro-ecosystems, multispecies aquaculture, and introducing agroforestry plots into residential property to generate primary production at multiple vertical
240:
Ecosystem modified in ecologically sound way. Example: selective timber harvest, biomanipulation, and introduction of predator fish to reduce planktivorous fish, increase zooplankton, consume algae or phytoplankton, and clarify the
901:
Diemont, S.W., T.J. Lawrence, and T.A. Endreny. "Envisioning
Ecological Engineering Education: An International Survey of the Educational and Professional Community", Ecological Engineering, 36(4): 570-578, 2010. DOI:
97:
Bergen et al. defined ecological engineering as: 1) utilizing ecological science and theory; 2) applying to all types of ecosystems; 3) adapting engineering design methods; and 4) acknowledging a guiding value system.
77:
Mitsch and
Jorgensen summarized five basic concepts that differentiate ecological engineering from other approaches to addressing problems to benefit society and nature: 1) it is based on the self-designing
2228:
1937:
227:
Ecosystem utilized to reduce/solve pollution problem. Example: phytoremediation, wastewater wetland, and bioretention of stormwater to filter excess nutrients and metals pollution
2756:
616:
358:
design evaluation. Economics of ecological engineering has been demonstrated using energy principles for a wetland., and using nutrient valuation for a dairy farm
330:
An academic curriculum has been proposed for ecological engineering, and institutions around the world are starting programs. Key elements of this curriculum are:
3464:
1930:
2126:
259:
Ecosystems are open and dissipative systems (not thermodynamic balance of energy, matter, entropy, but spontaneous appearance of complex, chaotic structure);
2104:
879:
M.D. Matlock and others (2001), "Ecological
Engineering: A Rationale for Standardized Curriculum and Professional Certification in the United States", in:
837:
A.M. Nahlik and W.J. Mitsch. (2006), "Tropical
Treatment Wetlands Dominated by Free-Floating Macrophytes for Water Quality Improvement in Costa Rica", in:
289:
The components of an ecosystem are interconnected, interrelated, and form a network; consider direct as well as indirect efforts of ecosystem development;
3001:
2067:
1846:
237:
Ecosystem recovered after disturbance. Example: mine land restoration, lake restoration, and channel aquatic restoration with mature riparian corridors
1923:
301:
Physical and biological processes are interactive, it is important to know both physical and biological interactions and to interpret them properly;
2749:
2141:
2136:
2109:
249:
Mitsch and
Jorgensen identified 19 Design Principles for ecological engineering, yet not all are expected to contribute to any single design:
2094:
2042:
1066:
3489:
2116:
2089:
2062:
2037:
950:
An
Economic Assessment of Algal Turf Scrubber Technology for Treatment of Dairy Manure Effluent. Ecological Engineering, 26(12): 321-327.
434:
3402:
2742:
216:
with engineering design to obtain a holistic view of the interactions within and between society and nature. Ecosystem simulation with
912:
892:
Brown, M.T. (2004) A picture is worth a thousand words: energy systems language and simulation. Ecological Modelling 178(1-2), 83-100.
2448:
2188:
3434:
3125:
2718:
2713:
2433:
2057:
850:
S.A.W. Diemont and others (2006), "Lancandon Maya Forest Management: Restoration of Soil Fertility using Native Tree Species", in:
209:
in design evaluation and acknowledge a guiding value system which promotes biological conservation, benefiting society and nature.
2708:
2052:
1787:
1649:
651:
W.J. Mitsch & S.E. Jorgensen (1989), "Introduction to Ecological Engineering", In: W.J. Mitsch and S.E. Jorgensen (Editors),
262:
Attention to a limited number of governing/controlling factors is most strategic in preventing pollution or restoring ecosystems;
265:
Ecosystem have some homeostatic capability that results in smoothing out and depressing the effects of strongly variable inputs;
234:, replacement wetlands, and installing street side rain gardens to extend canopy cover to optimize residential and urban cooling
3037:
2438:
975:
1025:
699:
W.J. Mitsch and S.E. Jorgensen (1989), "Introduction to Ecological Engineering" In: W.J. Mitsch and S.E. Jorgensen (Editors),
3633:
2697:
2453:
2131:
535:
3092:
2986:
2548:
2396:
1571:
1209:
277:
Processes of ecosystems have characteristic time and space scales that should be accounted for in environmental management;
690:
W.J. Mitsch and S.E. Jorgensen (2004), "Ecological Engineering and Ecosystem Restoration". John Wiley & Sons, New York
624:
3494:
2966:
2401:
2047:
2032:
963:
3628:
3623:
3564:
2880:
2862:
2498:
2312:
2302:
2223:
2146:
1856:
1851:
935:
S. Ton, H.T. Odum & J.J. Delfino (1998), "Ecological Economic Evaluation of Wetland Management Alternatives", in:
822:
596:
577:
480:
110:
field: soil bioengineering and biotechnical engineering. However, ecological engineering should not be confused with '
725:
W.J. Mitsch (1996), "Ecological Engineering: a new paradigm for engineers and ecologists", In: P.C. Schulze (Editor),
3386:
2723:
2332:
2317:
2151:
2099:
1894:
1836:
347:
2830:
3638:
3140:
3017:
2795:
2379:
2193:
2084:
2074:
1829:
1824:
1059:
1031:
311:
Mitsch and Jorgensen identified the following considerations prior implementing an ecological engineering design:
304:
Eco-technology requires a holistic approach that integrates all interacting parts and processes as far as possible;
176:
is an example of broader applications that have emerged as distinct disciplines from ecological engineering, where
169:
82:; 2) it can be the field (or acid) test of ecological theories; 3) it relies on system approaches; 4) it conserves
606:
3618:
3535:
3469:
3032:
2513:
2262:
2240:
2198:
2168:
2121:
2004:
1987:
1970:
1946:
1317:
3643:
3484:
2218:
2213:
1364:
1184:
773:
K. R. Barrett (1999). "Ecological engineering in water resources: The benefits of collaborating with nature".
712:
W.J. Mitsch (1993), "Ecological Engineering - A Cooperative Role with the Planetary Life Support Systems" in:
543:
K. R. Barrett (1999). "Ecological engineering in water resources: The benefits of collaborating with nature".
2900:
2384:
2322:
1841:
1566:
1445:
1410:
157:
144:. Applications of ecological engineering in cities have emerged from collaboration with other fields such as
2910:
1980:
1096:
403:
164:. Applications of ecological engineering in rural landscapes have included wetland treatment and community
2533:
3509:
3499:
3412:
3318:
2905:
2351:
2235:
1992:
1644:
1619:
1415:
1354:
1052:
3588:
3381:
2885:
1559:
1554:
1204:
3291:
3115:
2976:
2621:
2573:
2468:
2361:
2245:
1259:
1249:
1147:
1127:
506:(1963), "Man and Ecosystem" Proceedings, Lockwood Conference on the Suburban Forest and Ecology, in:
423:
408:
331:
17:
2528:
741:
W.J. Mitsch & S.E. Jørgensen (2003), "Ecological engineering: A field whose time has come", in:
3296:
3085:
2981:
2915:
2890:
2875:
2852:
2626:
2581:
2483:
2208:
2024:
1519:
1169:
1137:
428:
3238:
3027:
2895:
2800:
2673:
2611:
2014:
1757:
1716:
1639:
1599:
1393:
1382:
470:
351:
217:
87:
3407:
3365:
3360:
3243:
3120:
2443:
1634:
1614:
1609:
1594:
1534:
1529:
1388:
1334:
1299:
1244:
1234:
1226:
1199:
1164:
1142:
1091:
1086:
1000:
145:
617:"Ecological engineering for sustainable agriculture in arid and semiarid West African regions"
3474:
3338:
3177:
3042:
1999:
1749:
1686:
1656:
1629:
1483:
1473:
1435:
1425:
1339:
1307:
1239:
1174:
161:
223:
Mitsch and Jorgensen identified five Functional Classes for ecological engineering designs:
3504:
3459:
3427:
3422:
3348:
3323:
3279:
2946:
2601:
2369:
2009:
1975:
1965:
1874:
1782:
1777:
1711:
1706:
1681:
1671:
1624:
1544:
1498:
1374:
1312:
1189:
1157:
206:
83:
8:
3575:
3353:
3184:
3135:
3078:
2971:
2810:
2663:
2656:
2596:
2493:
2488:
2163:
1884:
1762:
1726:
1721:
1691:
1676:
1604:
1588:
1578:
1503:
1493:
1468:
1440:
1398:
1344:
1324:
1284:
1274:
1214:
1132:
1110:
519:
465:
398:
343:
339:
53:
3602:
3479:
3417:
3205:
3194:
3172:
3167:
3156:
2857:
2678:
2636:
2631:
2591:
2543:
2307:
2203:
2079:
1904:
1767:
1701:
1696:
1403:
1279:
1269:
1264:
1254:
1179:
445:
231:
201:
197:
153:
121:
The applications in ecological engineering can be classified into 3 spatial scales: 1)
3454:
3328:
3221:
3130:
3047:
2553:
2428:
2374:
2173:
2158:
1900:
1549:
1455:
1430:
1359:
1349:
1194:
1119:
818:
592:
573:
455:
388:
253:
Ecosystem structure & function are determined by forcing functions of the system;
79:
2734:
3530:
3525:
3311:
3306:
3189:
3145:
2508:
2503:
2478:
2277:
2250:
1420:
1329:
782:
552:
418:
283:
Ecotones, transition zones, are as important for ecosystems as membranes for cells;
126:
70:
1915:
531:
Ecological engineering—"a cooperative role with the planetary life–support systems
350:. The world's first B.S. Ecological Engineering program was formalized in 2009 at
318:
Implement a computer model to simulate the impacts and uncertainty of the project;
315:
Create conceptual model of determine the parts of nature connected to the project;
280:
Biodiversity should be championed to maintain an ecosystem's self design capacity;
256:
Energy inputs to the ecosystems and available storage of the ecosystem is limited;
3540:
3301:
2951:
2839:
2805:
2769:
2641:
2558:
2538:
2518:
2418:
2267:
1583:
383:
335:
268:
Match recycling pathways to the rates of ecosystems and reduce pollution effects;
213:
193:
107:
978:
webtext by Howard T.Odum Center for Wetlands at the University of Florida, 2007.
3545:
2867:
2820:
2815:
2668:
2563:
2463:
2391:
2178:
1539:
1524:
1488:
759:
S.D. Bergen et al. (2001), "Design Principles for Ecological Engineering", in:
503:
413:
187:
181:
177:
149:
141:
115:
66:
786:
556:
3612:
3597:
3284:
3233:
2996:
2933:
2847:
2790:
2777:
2765:
2651:
2606:
2586:
2408:
2183:
450:
368:
165:
111:
103:
49:
25:
3333:
2991:
2344:
2339:
2327:
2287:
2272:
1960:
1666:
994:
969:
485:
393:
378:
346:; quantitative ecology; economics of ecological engineering, and technical
321:
Optimize the project to reduce uncertainty and increase beneficial impacts.
173:
3216:
3053:
2956:
2458:
2413:
2282:
2255:
1463:
1075:
1006:
670:
Publication of the Institute of Marine Science of the University of Texas
526:
475:
373:
41:
1740:
298:
Ecosystems are hierarchical systems and are parts of a larger landscape;
3101:
3059:
2523:
1478:
460:
295:
Ecosystems and species are most vulnerable at their geographical edges;
205:
time. In selecting between alternatives, the design should incorporate
137:
133:
59:
3271:
2785:
2646:
2292:
1772:
1289:
569:
490:
437:- an example of applied ecological engineering in the 1940s and 1950s
45:
136:
that integrate microbial, fish, and plant services to process human
3343:
3266:
3227:
3022:
1813:
1803:
1661:
815:
From Eco-Cities to Living Machines: Principles of Ecological Design
440:
230:
Ecosystem imitated or copied to address resource problem. Example:
129:
122:
156:, to address human health and biodiversity, as targeted by the UN
2941:
2473:
2423:
286:
Coupling between ecosystems should be utilized wherever possible;
114:' when describing genetic engineering at the cellular level, or '
37:
3248:
2297:
1044:
586:
513:
3070:
614:
188:
Design guidelines, functional classes, and design principles
1037:
913:"OSU Launches First Ecological Engineering Degree in U.S."
988:
729:. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 114-132.
701:
Ecological Engineering: An Introduction to Ecotechnology
653:
Ecological Engineering: An Introduction to Ecotechnology
516:
Ecological Engineering: An Introduction to Ecotechnology
812:
3465:
International Conference on Population and Development
1012:
3586:
2764:
44:
to predict, design, construct or restore, and manage
1028:
since 1992, with a general description of the field.
60:
Origins, key concepts, definitions, and applications
3002:
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
1945:
1001:American Society of Professional Wetland Engineers
608:Ecological Engineering and Civil Engineering works
307:Information in ecosystems is stored in structures.
118:' meaning construction of artificial body parts."
102:terms with equivalent or similar meanings include
666:Experiments with Engineering of Marine Ecosystems
325:
3610:
589:Ecological Engineering and Ecosystem Restoration
140:into products such as fertilizers, flowers, and
566:Ecological Engineering: Principles and Practice
3086:
2750:
1931:
1060:
997:Website, EESS, Oregon State University, 2011.
972:Website, EESS, Oregon State University, 2011.
772:
542:
271:Design for pulsing systems wherever possible;
1013:International Ecological Engineering Society
966:Webtext, Ecological Engineering Group, 2007.
703:. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 3-12.
655:. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 3-12.
611:, Doctoral thesis TU Delft, The Netherlands.
3490:United Nations world population conferences
563:
435:Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature
192:Ecological engineering design will combine
3403:Population and housing censuses by country
3093:
3079:
2757:
2743:
1938:
1924:
1067:
1053:
292:An ecosystem has a history of development;
86:sources; and 5) it supports ecosystem and
2449:Environmental issues in the United States
727:Engineering Within Ecological Constraints
615:D. Masse; J.L. Chotte; E. Scopel (2015).
568:. Boca Raton, Florida: Lewis Publishers,
3126:Estimates of historical world population
2434:Effects of climate change on agriculture
1038:Journal of Ecological Engineering Design
875:
873:
871:
869:
24:
989:American Ecological Engineering Society
755:
753:
751:
737:
735:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
587:W.J. Mitsch and S.E. Jørgensen (2004).
514:W.J. Mitsch and S.E. Jørgensen (1989).
3611:
3038:Land use, land-use change and forestry
2439:Effects of climate change on livestock
1847:Electrical and electronics engineering
1019:
995:Ecological Engineering Student Society
970:Ecological Engineering Student Society
714:Environmental Science & Technology
536:Environmental Science & Technology
274:Ecosystems are self-designing systems;
3074:
2738:
1919:
1048:
866:
106:and two terms most often used in the
3559:
2987:Managed intensive rotational grazing
2693:
2549:Tropical cyclones and climate change
1880:
1032:Landscape and Ecological Engineering
766:
748:
732:
693:
675:
658:
645:
3495:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
2582:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion
1890:
508:Bulletin Connecticut Agric. Station
13:
2863:Soil retrogression and degradation
817:. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books.
481:Three-North Shelter Forest Program
14:
3655:
3387:Population and Development Review
2229:pharmaceuticals and personal care
964:What is "ecological engineering"?
957:
591:. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
160:, with holistic projects such as
3596:
3571:
3570:
3558:
3435:Population concern organizations
3141:Projections of population growth
3018:Forest Landscape Integrity Index
2829:
2796:Deforestation and climate change
2704:
2703:
2692:
2380:decline in amphibian populations
2085:Deforestation and climate change
1899:
1889:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1739:
982:
813:N.J. Todd & J. Todd (1994).
212:Ecological engineering utilizes
184:in development of permaculture.
170:traditional ecological knowledge
3536:Human impact on the environment
3470:Population Action International
3033:Land surface effects on climate
2514:Land surface effects on climate
1971:Environmental impact assessment
1947:Human impact on the environment
1074:
942:
929:
905:
895:
886:
857:
844:
831:
806:
793:
3485:United Nations Population Fund
3100:
2938:Arid Lands Information Network
719:
706:
326:Academic curriculum (colleges)
1:
2385:decline in insect populations
902:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2009.12.004
639:
497:
158:Sustainable Development Goals
3634:Environmental social science
1097:List of engineering branches
1007:Ecological Engineering Group
404:Energy-efficient landscaping
7:
3510:World Population Foundation
3500:World Population Conference
3413:World population milestones
2967:Farmer-managed regeneration
361:
10:
3660:
3382:Population and Environment
56:for the benefit of both".
15:
3629:Environmental engineering
3624:Environmental terminology
3554:
3518:
3443:
3395:
3374:
3292:Human population planning
3257:
3203:
3154:
3116:Demographics of the world
3108:
3010:
2977:Great Green Wall (Africa)
2926:
2838:
2827:
2776:
2687:
2622:Environmental engineering
2572:
2469:Environmental degradation
2360:
2246:fishing down the food web
2023:
1953:
1865:
1812:
1796:
1748:
1737:
1512:
1454:
1373:
1298:
1225:
1118:
1105:
1082:
787:10.1080/02508069908692160
664:H.T. Odum et al. (1963),
605:H.D. van Bohemen (2004),
557:10.1080/02508069908692160
409:Environmental engineering
332:environmental engineering
132:to multi-celled tubs and
22:Environmental engineering
18:Environmental engineering
3297:Compulsory sterilization
2982:Great Green Wall (China)
2853:Historic desertification
2627:Environmental mitigation
2484:Greenhouse gas emissions
2444:Environmental insecurity
621:Fiche thématique du CSFD
429:Great Plains Shelterbelt
69:and others as utilizing
3639:Engineering disciplines
3239:Malthusian growth model
3028:Intact forest landscape
2801:Deforestation by region
2674:Sustainable consumption
2015:Social ecology (ethics)
1758:Bachelor of Engineering
1600:Engineering mathematics
948:C. Pizarro and others,
623:(11): 2. Archived from
471:Sustainable agriculture
352:Oregon State University
218:Energy Systems Language
180:cites the influence of
88:biological conservation
3619:Ecological restoration
3366:Zero population growth
3361:Sustainable population
3285:Malthusian catastrophe
3244:Overshoot (population)
3121:Demographic transition
2962:Ecological engineering
2617:Ecological engineering
2397:runaway climate change
1857:Structural engineering
1852:Mechanical engineering
1595:Engineering management
1026:Ecological Engineering
976:Ecological Engineering
937:Ecological Engineering
881:Ecological Engineering
852:Ecological Engineering
839:Ecological Engineering
801:Ecological Engineering
761:Ecological Engineering
743:Ecological Engineering
146:landscape architecture
80:capacity of ecosystems
34:Ecological engineering
30:
3644:Climate change policy
3475:Population Connection
3339:Mere addition paradox
3178:Physiological density
3043:List of global issues
2000:List of global issues
1837:Aerospace engineering
1750:Engineering education
799:Center for Wetlands,
162:stormwater management
28:
3505:World Population Day
3460:Church of Euthanasia
3349:Non-identity problem
3324:Political demography
3280:Human overpopulation
2947:Conservation grazing
2602:Community resilience
2402:in the United States
2370:Biodiversity threats
2043:cannabis cultivation
2010:Planetary boundaries
1976:Environmental issues
1966:Ecological footprint
1778:Graduate certificate
564:P.C. Kangas (2004).
207:ecological economics
196:with the process of
84:non-renewable energy
3354:Reproductive rights
3185:Population dynamics
3136:Population momentum
2972:Flexible Mechanisms
2811:Mountaintop removal
2664:Restoration ecology
2597:Climate engineering
2534:Ocean acidification
2524:Loss of green belts
2494:Holocene extinction
2489:Habitat destruction
2164:Environmental crime
1763:Bachelor of Science
1605:Engineering physics
1589:Engineering drawing
1111:Interdisciplinarity
1020:Scientific journals
775:Water International
545:Water International
520:John Wiley and Sons
466:Seawater greenhouse
399:Constructed wetland
344:ecological modeling
340:restoration ecology
54:natural environment
29:Grassed rail tracks
3480:Population Matters
3195:Population pyramid
3173:Population density
3168:Population decline
2858:Moisture recycling
2679:Waste minimization
2637:Mitigation banking
2632:Industrial ecology
2592:Cleaner production
2544:Resource depletion
2080:Corporate behavior
2038:animal agriculture
1365:Telecommunications
1270:Naval architecture
232:forest restoration
202:Engineering design
198:engineering design
154:urban horticulture
31:
3584:
3583:
3455:7 Billion Actions
3329:Population ethics
3222:Carrying capacity
3131:Population growth
3068:
3067:
3048:Natural landscape
2732:
2731:
2554:Water degradation
2429:Ecological crisis
2375:biodiversity loss
2174:Industrialisation
2159:Genetic pollution
2005:Impact assessment
1913:
1912:
1842:Civil engineering
1788:Licensed engineer
1783:Engineer's degree
1735:
1734:
1567:Building services
1550:Health technology
1411:Chemical reaction
1360:Signal processing
1003:, homepage, wiki.
745:, 20(5): 363-377.
456:Macro-engineering
389:Biomass (ecology)
3651:
3601:
3600:
3592:
3574:
3573:
3562:
3561:
3531:Green Revolution
3312:Two-child policy
3307:One-child policy
3230:
3190:Population model
3146:World population
3095:
3088:
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3072:
3071:
3011:Related articles
2833:
2759:
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2745:
2736:
2735:
2707:
2706:
2696:
2695:
2529:Phosphorus cycle
2509:Land consumption
2504:Land degradation
2479:Freshwater cycle
2278:Overexploitation
2251:marine pollution
2058:cocoa production
1940:
1933:
1926:
1917:
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1903:
1893:
1892:
1883:
1882:
1873:
1872:
1743:
1330:Electromechanics
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1115:
1069:
1062:
1055:
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602:
583:
560:
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424:Great Green Wall
419:Forest gardening
48:that integrate "
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3595:
3587:
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3391:
3370:
3319:Overconsumption
3302:Family planning
3259:
3253:
3226:
3210:
3207:
3199:
3161:
3158:
3150:
3104:
3099:
3069:
3064:
3006:
2952:Desert greening
2922:
2840:Desertification
2834:
2825:
2806:Illegal logging
2772:
2770:desertification
2763:
2733:
2728:
2683:
2642:Organic farming
2568:
2559:Water pollution
2539:Ozone depletion
2519:Loss and damage
2419:Desertification
2356:
2268:Overconsumption
2189:cleaning agents
2090:Energy industry
2053:meat production
2019:
1949:
1944:
1914:
1909:
1861:
1808:
1792:
1768:Master's degree
1744:
1731:
1645:Instrumentation
1508:
1450:
1416:Electrochemical
1369:
1355:Radio frequency
1294:
1221:
1185:Municipal/Urban
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384:Analog forestry
364:
336:systems ecology
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214:systems ecology
194:systems ecology
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108:erosion control
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3546:Sustainability
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3519:Related topics
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2564:Water scarcity
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1993:on marine life
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1981:list of issues
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1540:Bioinformatics
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958:External links
956:
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3375:Publications
3334:Antinatalism
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3249:World3 model
3109:Major topics
3052:
2992:Oasification
2961:
2616:
2345:urban sprawl
2340:Urbanization
2288:Particulates
2273:Overdrafting
1988:Human impact
1961:Anthropocene
1821:Engineering
1667:Mechatronics
1520:Agricultural
1170:Geotechnical
1152:
1138:Construction
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625:the original
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518:. New York:
515:
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486:Wildcrafting
446:Home gardens
394:Buffer strip
379:Agroforestry
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174:Permaculture
120:
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3603:Environment
3258:Society and
3217:Biocapacity
3054:Terra preta
2957:Ecoforestry
2881:Gobi Desert
2872:By region:
2459:Externality
2454:Coral reefs
2414:Defaunation
2283:Overgrazing
2256:overfishing
2236:Marine life
2110:electricity
2033:Agriculture
1895:Wikiproject
1650:and Control
1640:Information
1464:Biomaterial
1394:Bioresource
1385:/Bioprocess
1383:Biochemical
1335:Electronics
1106:Specialties
1076:Engineering
1034:since 2005.
1009:, homepage.
991:, homepage.
916:Life at OSU
781:: 182–188.
551:: 182–188.
539:27:438-445.
527:W.J. Mitsch
476:Terra preta
374:Agroecology
182:Howard Odum
134:greenhouses
67:Howard Odum
42:engineering
3613:Categories
3445:Events and
3260:population
3206:Population
3157:Population
3102:Population
3060:Wilderness
2927:Mitigation
2901:Mauritania
2724:mitigation
2719:assessment
2714:by country
2612:Decoupling
2574:Mitigation
2303:Reservoirs
2224:pesticides
2169:Explosives
2147:reservoirs
2048:irrigation
1814:Glossaries
1635:Industrial
1615:Facilities
1610:Explosives
1535:Biomedical
1530:Automation
1479:Metallurgy
1389:Biological
1340:Microwaves
1300:Electrical
1245:Automotive
1227:Mechanical
1200:Structural
1165:Geological
1153:Ecological
1143:Earthquake
1041:Libraries.
922:2023-04-27
640:References
631:2019-03-23
498:Literature
461:Sand fence
138:wastewater
46:ecosystems
16:See also:
3541:Migration
3418:6 billion
2786:Assarting
2647:Recycling
2313:Transport
2298:Quarrying
2293:Pollution
2152:transport
2142:petroleum
2137:oil shale
2100:biodiesel
1773:Doctorate
1687:Packaging
1657:Logistics
1630:Geomatics
1591:/graphics
1484:Molecular
1474:Corrosion
1456:Materials
1436:Petroleum
1426:Molecular
1308:Broadcast
1290:Tribology
1240:Aerospace
1175:Hydraulic
1015:homepage.
863:E.V. Krik
570:CRC Press
491:Windbreak
348:electives
123:mesocosms
52:with its
3576:Category
3344:Natalism
3267:Eugenics
3023:Forestry
2906:Mongolia
2709:Category
2333:shipping
2318:aviation
2204:plastics
2194:concrete
2179:Land use
2095:biofuels
2063:palm oil
1875:Category
1804:Engineer
1712:Software
1707:Security
1682:Ontology
1672:Military
1662:Robotics
1625:Forensic
1545:Clinical
1504:Surfaces
1494:Polymers
1469:Ceramics
1446:Reaction
1375:Chemical
1313:Computer
1235:Acoustic
1190:Offshore
1158:Sanitary
529:(1993),
441:Hedgerow
431:(1934- )
362:See also
168:through
130:wetlands
127:degraded
3565:Commons
3208:ecology
3159:biology
2942:Biochar
2886:Lebanon
2698:Commons
2474:Erosion
2424:Ecocide
2362:Effects
2308:Tourism
2241:fishing
2199:fashion
2122:fashion
2075:Bitcoin
1954:General
1885:Commons
1727:Textile
1722:Systems
1692:Privacy
1677:Nuclear
1441:Process
1399:Genetic
1345:Optical
1325:Control
1318:outline
1285:Thermal
1275:Railway
1215:Railway
1210:Traffic
1133:Coastal
1092:Outline
1087:History
245:levels.
38:ecology
3589:Portal
3275:genics
2702:
2691:
2263:Mining
2117:energy
2025:Causes
1905:Portal
1702:Survey
1697:Safety
1584:Design
1404:Tissue
1280:Sports
1265:Marine
1255:Energy
1180:Mining
821:
668:, in:
595:
576:
241:water.
152:, and
3396:Lists
2916:Yemen
2911:Sahel
2891:Libya
2876:China
2657:urban
2328:roads
2219:paper
2214:paint
1525:Audio
1513:Other
1431:Paper
1350:Power
1195:River
1120:Civil
36:uses
2896:Mali
2768:and
2323:rail
2105:coal
2068:(US)
1620:Fire
1421:Food
819:ISBN
593:ISBN
574:ISBN
40:and
3273:Dys
2352:War
1830:M–Z
1825:A–L
1572:MEP
1108:and
783:doi
553:doi
3615::
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