111:
2308:
25:
2675:
2689:
3894:
2569:, reaching its peak from 1967 to 1969. For comparison purposes, an olympic size pool holds approximately 660,000 U.S. gal (2,500 m). As the British did in Malaya, the goal of the U.S. was to defoliate rural/forested land, depriving guerrillas of food and concealment and clearing sensitive areas such as around base perimeters.
2392:
to cause a tight blockade of
Germany and a close monitoring of shipments to neutral countries to prevent them from being transshipped to there. Germany could not find enough food since its younger farmers were all in the army, and the desperate Germans were eating turnips by the winter of 1916–17. US
2326:
Farms were in disrepair, and the prewar stock of horses, mules, and cattle was much depleted; 40% of the South's livestock had been killed. The South's farms were not highly mechanized, but the value of farm implements and machinery in the 1860 census was $ 81 million and had been reduced by 40% by
2303:
of powerful small gunboats. Land transportation was contested, as
Confederate supporters tried to block shipments of munitions, reinforcements and supplies through West Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee to Union forces to the south. Bridges were burned, railroad tracks torn up, and telegraph lines
2322:
The
Confederacy in 1861 had 297 towns and cities with a total population of 835,000 people, 162 of which were at one point occupied by Union forces with a total population of 681,000 people. In practically every case, infrastructure was damaged, and trade and economic activity was disrupted for a
2465:
but they could not agree to terms. To keep
Germany and Spain apart, Britain used a carrot-and-stick approach. Britain provided oil and closely monitored Spain's export trade. It outbid Germany for the wolfram, whose price soared, and by 1943, wolfram was Spain's biggest export-earner. Britain's
2335:
service available to move crops and animals to market. Railroad mileage was located mostly in rural areas and over two thirds of the South's rails, bridges, rail yards, repair shops, and rolling stock were in areas reached by Union armies, which systematically destroyed what they could. Even in
2515:. Deployment of herbicides and defoliants served the dual purpose of thinning jungle trails to prevent ambushes and destroying crop fields in regions where the MNLA was active to deprive them of potential sources of food. Herbicides and defoliants were also sprayed from
2336:
untouched areas, the lack of maintenance and repair, the absence of new equipment, the heavy overuse, and the relocation of equipment by the
Confederacy from remote areas to the war zone ensured the system would be ruined at war's end.
2367:
agriculture system. The disruption of finance, trade, services, and transportation nodes severely disrupted the prewar agricultural system and forced
Southerners to turn to barter. The entire region was impoverished for generations.
2298:
were already inadequate and suffered much damage. Travel became far more difficult. The Union Navy took control of much of the seacoast and the main rivers such as the
Mississippi River and the Tennessee River, using the
2470:
of 1944 Washington cut off oil supplies but then agreed with London's requests to resume oil shipments. Portugal feared a German-Spanish invasion, but when that became unlikely in 1944, it virtually joined the Allies.
2886:
Some common means of economic warfare are trade embargoes, boycotts, sanctions, tariff discrimination, the freezing of capital assets, the suspension of aid, the prohibition of investment and other capital flows, and
2229:
to enforce a blockade on trade between Europe and Egypt. He sees this trade as helping Egypt in two ways: from Europe it obtains war materiel (iron, tin, timber, oil) and from Asia dues on goods brought in via the
2323:
while. Eleven cities were severely damaged by war action, including
Atlanta, Charleston, Columbia, and Richmond. The rate of damage in smaller towns was much lower, with severe damage to 45 out of a total of 830.
2609:
against aggressor states, and the idea of economic sanctions was regarded as a great innovation. However, economic sanctions without military ones failed to dissuade Italy from conquering
Abbysinia.
2577:, which aimed to destroy the ability of peasants to support themselves in the countryside, forcing them to flee to the U.S.-dominated cities, depriving the guerrillas of their rural support base.
2351:
for goods or services to use scarce Union dollars. With the emancipation of the slaves, the entire economy of the South had to be rebuilt. Having lost their enormous investment in slaves, white
2589:
in Paris, provides an historical reconstruction of the economic balance of power between states. In his study, he demonstrates that the strategies that states put in place to increase their
2441:
Neutral countries continue to trade with both sides. The Royal Navy could not stop land trade, so the allies made other effort to cut off sales to
Germany of critical minerals such as
3353:
2974:
2434:: the sinking of transport ships carrying supplies, raw materials, and essential war-related items such as food and oil. As the Allied air forces grew, they mounted an
3614:
2393:
shipping was sometimes seized, and Washington protested. The British paid monetary compensation so that the American protests would not escalate into serious trouble.
2648:
2363:
and rented small lots to the freedmen and their families. The main feature of the Southern economy changed from an elite minority of landed gentry slaveholders to a
2286:
was supported by a large fraction of the Confederate population that provided food, horses, and hiding places for official and unofficial Confederate units. The
2242:, Egypt would be deprived of customs duties and would also lose export markets because of the reduction in shipping. This may also make it unable to afford more
3587:
2119:
of other states. This is primarily achieved by the use of economic blockades. Ravaging the crops of the enemy is a classic method, used for thousands of years.
2259:
3665:
2499:(MNLA) insurgents of cover, potential sources of food and to flush them out of the jungle. The herbicides and defoliants deployed by the British contained
2295:
2339:
The enormous cost of the Confederate war effort took a high toll on the South's economic infrastructure. The direct costs to the Confederacy in
3450:
35:
3640:
2458:
2277:
3102:(2012) are refuted by John W. Coogan, "The Short-War Illusion Resurrected: The Myth of Economic Warfare as the British Schlieffen Plan,"
2283:
3085:
Hans-Jürgen Teuteberg, "Food Provisioning on the German Home Front, 1914–1918." in Rachel Duffett and Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska, eds.
2594:
2549:, between 1962 and 1971, the United States military sprayed nearly 20,000,000 U.S. gallons (76,000 m) of various chemicals – the "
2659:
Fortress economics or a fortress economy is a phrase used in relation to the defense and sustenance of a countries' economy amidst
1054:
1486:
3345:
2523:
2971:
2146:. Economic warfare aims to capture or otherwise to control the supply of critical economic resources so friendly military and
3491:
3433:
3267:
3242:
3012:
2903:: A Commercial Blockade of the Mediterranean in the Early Fourteenth Century?", in Georgios Theotokis; Aysel Yıldız (eds.),
2620:
against the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, South Africa, Japan, and other industrialized countries that supported
3525:
General Assembly Adopts Annual Resolution Calling for End to Embargo on Cuba, Soundly Rejects Amendments by United States
2416:
2377:
2307:
1842:
110:
3561:
2643:
2530:
movies and promoting Soviet films of particularly low quality. In 1959, KYP launched exhibitions of Soviet products in
2037:
1815:
425:
3120:
2989:
Paul F. Paskoff, "Measures of War: A Quantitative Examination of the Civil War's Destructiveness in the Confederacy,"
2294:
of 1864. Before the war, most passenger and freight traffic moved by water through the river system or coastal ports.
3898:
2738:
2500:
2360:
2315:
1491:
69:
2192:, the suspension of aid, the freezing of capital assets, the prohibition of investment and other capital flows, and
3868:
McDermott, John. "Total War and the Merchant State: Aspects of British Economic Warfare against Germany, 1914-16."
3286:
Stellman, Jeanne Mager; Stellman, Steven D.; Christian, Richard; Weber, Tracy; Tomasallo, Carrie (April 17, 2003).
2663:. (The term has been used in reference to Russia in 2022, Taiwan with relation to China-US relations, and Europe.)
2496:
1569:
2728:
1914:
1552:
1339:
159:
3680:
2542:. The bulk of the products were cheap and defective, purposefully selected to tarnish the Soviet Union's image.
2745:
1678:
3074:
3706:
2733:
2653:
2269:
2095:
1542:
2435:
2032:
731:
491:
3157:
Leonard Caruana, and Hugh Rockoff, "A Wolfram in Sheep's Clothing: Economic Warfare in Spain, 1940–1944."
3919:
3196:
Donald G. Stevens, "World War II Economic Warfare: The United States, Britain, and Portuguese Wolfram."
2526:(KYP) proposed conducting tax audits on suspected communist book publishers and cinema owners, censoring
2042:
1229:
1026:
897:
435:
3506:
3474:
Doxey, Margaret P. (1980), Doxey, Margaret P. (ed.), "Economic Sanctions under the League of Nations",
2508:
2311:
2300:
2287:
1506:
2161:. In such a situation, damage to an enemy's economy is damage to that enemy's ability to fight a war.
3914:
2813:
2574:
2462:
1616:
1124:
468:
342:
176:
3053:
Jeffrey N. Lash, "Civil-War Irony-Confederate Commanders And The Destruction Of Southern Railways."
3773:
3731:
2067:
1934:
1481:
1174:
987:
835:
51:
3762:(1918) 703pp; short excerpts from primary sources on a very wide range of economic warfare topics
3069:, and Frank D. Lewis, "The economic cost of the American Civil War: Estimates and implications."
2818:
2660:
2636:
2586:
2402:
2181:
2020:
2002:
1758:
1317:
1239:
1184:
1064:
777:
440:
319:
2343:, government expenditures, and physical destruction totaled perhaps $ 3.3 billion. By 1865, the
2304:
were cut. Both sides did the same and effectively ruined the infrastructure of the Confederacy.
3732:"What Happened to Fortress Europe?: External Trade Policy Liberalization in the European Union"
2408:
1887:
1862:
1584:
1496:
1369:
1244:
840:
817:
243:
142:
2953:
Daniel E. Sutherland, "Sideshow No Longer: A Historiographical Review of the Guerrilla War."
2466:
cautious treatment of Spain brought conflict with the more aggressive American policy. In the
2840:
2826:
2177:
2147:
2139:
1476:
1409:
1362:
1011:
974:
937:
855:
807:
691:
501:
294:
198:
47:
3588:"Analysis: Russia's economic defences likely to crumble over time under sanctions onslaught"
3287:
3170:
Christian Leitz, "'More carrot than stick', British Economic Warfare and Spain, 1941–1944."
3302:
2926:
2905:
A Military History of the Mediterranean Sea: Aspects of War, Diplomacy, and Military Elites
2570:
2566:
2484:
1867:
1769:
1626:
1621:
1439:
1404:
1139:
954:
812:
748:
602:
572:
149:
43:
8:
1718:
1703:
1579:
1466:
1444:
1419:
1379:
1289:
1099:
999:
949:
716:
706:
671:
463:
453:
203:
127:
3763:
3451:"Historical aspects of the economic warfare in the interpretation of Christian Harbulot"
3306:
2807:
2355:
had minimal capital to pay freedmen workers to bring in crops. As a result, a system of
3849:
3659:
3406:
3326:
2750:
2723:
2718:
2606:
2550:
2344:
2265:
2214:
2189:
2123:
2052:
1907:
1827:
1748:
1693:
1668:
1589:
1535:
1501:
1432:
1349:
1259:
1164:
1109:
994:
959:
912:
787:
758:
711:
649:
624:
458:
252:
171:
3790:
3541:
3880:
3487:
3429:
3318:
3263:
3238:
3066:
3008:
2765:
2703:
2480:
2450:
2431:
2131:
2088:
1997:
1944:
1847:
1837:
1832:
1802:
1785:
1780:
1753:
1698:
1399:
1389:
1384:
1374:
1294:
1284:
1279:
1254:
1224:
1114:
1084:
1079:
1069:
1059:
1049:
964:
917:
887:
726:
519:
496:
430:
2881:
2057:
16:
Operations aimed at degrading an opponent's ability to sustain their economic health
3524:
3479:
3398:
3330:
3310:
2908:
2708:
2694:
2135:
2062:
2027:
1959:
1852:
1790:
1683:
1611:
1604:
1461:
1394:
1344:
1334:
1129:
1089:
1074:
1036:
1021:
892:
877:
830:
738:
696:
639:
634:
592:
415:
392:
284:
208:
137:
120:
3426:
Anatomy of a war: Vietnam, the United States, and the modern historical experience
3288:"The Extent and patterns of usage of Agent Orange and other Herbicides in Vietnam"
2347:
was worthless because of high inflation, and people in the South had to resort to
2157:, which involves not only the armed forces of enemy countries, but also mobilized
2115:
is an economic strategy used by belligerent states with the goal of weakening the
2978:
2755:
2680:
2629:
2516:
2424:
2127:
1872:
1857:
1775:
1731:
1673:
1329:
1324:
1214:
1204:
1119:
1094:
1031:
872:
802:
792:
644:
629:
552:
524:
314:
309:
289:
132:
3483:
3528:
3212:
The Global Politics of Pesticides: Forging Consensus from Conflicting Interests
2625:
2590:
2467:
2364:
2328:
2273:
2162:
2047:
1795:
1219:
1179:
1157:
1144:
1134:
1104:
1016:
969:
772:
763:
654:
607:
587:
577:
547:
514:
402:
359:
324:
299:
166:
99:
3615:"Fortress Russia – Sanctions have to pierce it better than they did last time"
2912:
2503:, an ingredient which was also formed part of the chemical composition of the
3908:
2383:
2356:
2352:
2340:
2243:
2193:
1894:
1882:
1738:
1658:
1574:
1557:
1414:
1269:
1249:
927:
922:
902:
882:
797:
768:
743:
619:
597:
582:
557:
397:
304:
262:
257:
154:
3237:] (in Greek) (I ed.). Athens: Ekdoseis Papazisi. pp. 146–152.
3322:
2968:
A Savage Conflict: The Decisive Role of Guerillas in the American Civil War
2760:
2713:
2535:
2527:
2504:
2291:
2260:
History of the Southern United States § Material ruin and human losses
2218:
2173:
2081:
2007:
1987:
1982:
1877:
1822:
1456:
1451:
1274:
1189:
932:
666:
567:
364:
248:
3376:
Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History
3260:
Resisting global toxics: transnational movements for environmental justice
2785:
2775:
2617:
2546:
2512:
2495:
in the Malaysian countryside (including crop fields) in order to deprive
2412:
2407:
Clear examples of economic warfare occurred during World War II when the
2235:
2158:
1992:
1743:
1708:
1547:
1234:
1199:
907:
850:
753:
537:
238:
233:
3410:
3314:
2674:
3832:
Le manuel de l'intelligence économique, comprendre la guerre économique
2389:
1949:
1919:
1641:
1005:
3402:
3215:
3115:
Charles Seymour, "American Neutrality: The Experience of 1914-1917,"
3100:
Planning Armageddon: British Economic Warfare and the First World War
2780:
2770:
2492:
2488:
2348:
2332:
2247:
2239:
2154:
1939:
1763:
1713:
1663:
1653:
1648:
1513:
1304:
1299:
1264:
701:
387:
354:
223:
3856:
The Economic Cold War: America, Britain and East-West Trade, 1948–63
2268:
had the challenge of occupying and controlling the 11 states of the
2217:
provides prescriptions for economic warfare to be waged against the
2196:, even without armed military war, may constitute economic warfare.
3546:
2562:
2454:
2446:
2442:
2222:
2169:
1954:
1929:
1562:
1194:
1169:
782:
337:
279:
191:
3865:(2015); Covers nine major wars from the 1770s to the 21st century.
3737:. The IO Foundation and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
2423:, especially its submarines, cut off shipments of oil and food to
3389:
Huntington, Samuel P. (July 1968). "The Bases of Accommodation".
2632:
and a sharp rise in prices but not an end to support for Israel.
2554:
2539:
2420:
2231:
2116:
1964:
1924:
1688:
1522:
1518:
860:
845:
721:
382:
377:
347:
266:
228:
2605:
The Covenant of the League of Nations provided for military and
3893:
2688:
2621:
2573:
argued that the program was also a part of a general policy of
2430:
In turn, Germany attempted to damage the Allied war effort via
2226:
2185:
1471:
867:
684:
420:
3542:"Iran oil: US to end sanctions exemptions for major importers"
3285:
2180:, rewards and the capturing or the control of enemy assets or
2613:
2531:
942:
478:
473:
2597:
can be interpreted only by the concept of economic warfare.
3106:(2015) 38:7, 1045-1064, DOI: 10.1080/01402390.2015.1005451
2558:
218:
213:
34:
deal primarily with Western culture and do not represent a
3795:
Esno, Tyler. "Reagan's Economic War on the Soviet Union,"
2925:
Roger L. Ransom, (2001) "The economics of the Civil War."
3639:
Filippino, Marc; Seddon, Max; Moise, Imani (2022-01-20).
3562:"Huge impact of 'fortress economics' in Russia and China"
2143:
91:
3262:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. p. 159.
2415:
economies of critical resources. The British Royal Navy
3382:
3144:
David Livingston Gordon, and Royden James Dangerfield,
3848:(1940), covers Napoleonic wars, laws, WWI and 1939-40
3778:
Duffett, Rachel, and Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska, eds.
3346:"Agent Orange's Long Legacy, for Vietnam and Veterans"
2805:
2649:
Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act
2168:
Policies and measures in economic warfare may include
2153:
The concept of economic warfare is most applicable to
2419:
although with much more difficulty than in 1914. The
2314:
soldiers destroying telegraph poles and railroads in
3638:
3183:
James W. Cortada, "Spain and the second world war."
2670:
2290:
response was to ravage the local economy, as in the
2993:(2008) 54#1 pp 35–62 doi:10.1353/cwh.2008.0007
3235:Covert Operations: Intelligence Services in Greece
3005:Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution
3002:
2841:"Economic Information Warfare, Robert Deakin, QUT"
2806:
2165:policies may deny resources to an invading enemy.
3602:have earned Russia the "fortress" economy moniker
3478:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 42–55,
3098:The alternative theories of Nicholas A. Lambert,
2639:have been imposed since the middle 20th century.
2580:
2359:was developed in which landowners broke up large
3906:
3664:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3566:Chatham House – International Affairs Think Tank
3476:Economic Sanctions and International Enforcement
3374:Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (1997). "Agent Orange".
3231:Μυστική Δράση: Υπηρεσίες Πληροφοριών στην Ελλάδα
3146:The Hidden Weapon: The Story of Economic Warfare
3770:U.S. Economic Statecraft for Survival 1933–1991
3428:. New York: The New Press. pp. 144–145.
3209:
2898:
2411:powers followed such policies to deprive the
2089:
32:The examples and perspective in this article
2875:
2873:
3281:
3279:
3228:
3055:Prologue-Quarterly Of The National Archives
2284:Guerrilla warfare in the American Civil War
3825:Techniques offensives et guerre économique
3647:. Archived from the original on 2022-02-25
3388:
2996:
2096:
2082:
3877:The Allied blockade of Germany, 1914-1916
2899:Cornel Bontea (2018), "The Theory of the
2870:
70:Learn how and when to remove this message
3780:Food and War in Twentieth Century Europe
3704:
3585:
3448:
3343:
3337:
3276:
3087:Food and War in Twentieth Century Europe
2585:Christian Harbulot, the director of the
2388:The British used their greatly-superior
2306:
1055:List of military strategies and concepts
3678:
3586:Rao, Sujata; Jones, Marc (2022-02-25).
3007:. Oxford University Press. p. 38.
2983:
3907:
3827:, éditions La Bourdonnaye,Paris, 2014.
3818:Le manuel de l'intelligence économique
3729:
3373:
3257:
2628:of October 1973. Results included the
2593:and their impact on the international
2331:lay in ruins, with little railroad or
2150:can use them and enemy forces cannot.
3641:"Moscow's 'Fortress Russia' strategy"
3473:
3423:
2879:
2600:
2253:
2211:Book on the Recovery of the Holy Land
3681:"Taiwan: A fierce economic fortress"
2827:participating institution membership
18:
3203:
2970:(U of North Carolina Press, 2009).
2928:Minnesota State University Moorhead
2524:Greek National Intelligence Service
2238:were deflected from the Red Sea to
13:
3841:,Editions Va Press,Versailles,2018
3745:
3707:"Taiwan as an 'economic fortress'"
2644:United States embargo against Cuba
14:
3931:
3886:
3449:Giuseppe, Gagliano (2018-01-31).
3172:Twentieth Century British History
3029:A History of the South, 1607–1936
2739:Diplomatic history of World War I
2280:proved surprisingly vulnerable.
3892:
3760:Readings in the Economics Of War
3730:Hanson, Brian T. (Winter 1998).
2687:
2673:
2612:In 1973–1974, the oil-producing
2497:Malayan National Liberation Army
2225:. He envisions a fleet of 40–50
109:
23:
3804:La machine de guerre économique
3723:
3698:
3672:
3632:
3607:
3579:
3554:
3534:
3517:
3499:
3467:
3442:
3417:
3367:
3356:from the original on 2017-07-24
3251:
3222:
3190:
3185:Journal of Contemporary History
3177:
3164:
3151:
3138:
3125:
3109:
3092:
3079:
3060:
3047:
3034:
3021:
2729:Economic history of World War I
2396:
2378:Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)
2126:, economic warfare may reflect
3705:Tien-lin, Huang (2021-02-01).
3679:Snelder, Julian (8 May 2015).
3344:Haberman, Clyde (2014-05-11).
2960:
2947:
2934:
2919:
2892:
2857:
2833:
2799:
2746:Home front during World War II
2581:French Economic Warfare School
2461:and elsewhere. Germany wanted
2457:from Spain, Portugal, Turkey,
2371:
2130:followed as a part of open or
1:
3863:America and guerrilla warfare
3839:L'art de la guerre economique
3229:Apostolidis, Pavlos (2014).
2942:America and guerrilla warfare
2792:
2734:Home front during World War I
2654:Sanctions against North Korea
2234:for trade to Europe. If this
3104:Journal of Strategic Studies
2438:to deprive Germany of fuel.
2436:Oil campaign of World War II
7:
3870:Canadian Journal of History
3846:Studies in economic warfare
3484:10.1007/978-1-349-04335-4_4
3159:Journal of Economic History
3071:Journal of Economic History
3003:McPherson, James M (1992).
2907:, Brill, pp. 203–204,
2884:. Encyclopædia Britannica.
2666:
2474:
2204:
1553:Military–industrial complex
1027:Operational manoeuvre group
46:, discuss the issue on the
10:
3936:
3787:Economic Warfare 1939-1940
2400:
2381:
2375:
2301:Mississippi River Squadron
2272:, a vast area larger than
2257:
2199:
3758:Clark, J. Maurice et al.
3258:Pellow, David N. (2007).
2913:10.1163/9789004362048_011
2814:Oxford English Dictionary
2575:forced draft urbanization
2522:On 17 November 1953, the
2327:1870. The transportation
2219:Mamluk sultanate of Egypt
1617:Loss-of-strength gradient
469:Combat information center
3806:, Economica,Paris, 1992.
3230:
2966:Daniel E. Sutherland,
1935:Military science fiction
1420:Technology and equipment
836:List of military tactics
3799:(2018) 42#2 pp 281–304.
3424:Kolko, Gabriel (1994).
3119:14#1 (1935), pp. 26-36
3027:William B. Hesseltine,
2819:Oxford University Press
2661:international sanctions
2637:United States sanctions
2587:Economic Warfare School
2417:again blockaded Germany
2403:Sanctions against Japan
2184:. Other policies, such
2003:Wartime sexual violence
1759:Full-spectrum dominance
1570:Supply-chain management
3210:Bruce Cumings (1998).
3073:35.2 (1975): 299-326.
2553:" and defoliants – in
2507:herbicide used by the
2463:Spain to enter the war
2319:
2221:in furtherance of the
2142:during or preceding a
2140:information operations
1915:Awards and decorations
1888:Peace through strength
1863:Low-intensity conflict
1497:Conscientious objector
1370:Area of responsibility
3861:Joes, Anthony James.
3755:(Princeton UP, 1985).
3507:"The Arab Oil Threat"
3200:61.3 (1999): 539-556.
3161:63.1 (2003): 100-126.
3133:The economic blockade
2901:Passagium Particulare
2867:(Princeton UP, 1985).
2382:Further information:
2310:
2296:Confederate railroads
2258:Further information:
2178:preclusive purchasing
2148:intelligence agencies
502:Torpedo data computer
492:Ship gun fire-control
3901:at Wikimedia Commons
3811:La guerre économique
3513:. November 23, 1973.
3174:9.2 (1998): 246-273.
3042:The South since 1865
3031:(1936), pp. 573–574.
2940:Anthony James Joes,
2571:Samuel P. Huntington
2567:Operation Ranch Hand
2264:Union forces in the
2246:s imported from the
2033:Military occupations
1868:Military engineering
1770:Unrestricted Warfare
1627:Force multiplication
520:Military manoeuvrers
52:create a new article
44:improve this article
3872:21.1 (1986): 61–76.
3837:Christian Harbulot,
3830:Christian Harbulot,
3816:Christian Harbulot,
3809:Christian Harbulot,
3802:Christian Harbulot,
3753:Economic Statecraft
3315:10.1038/nature01537
3307:2003Natur.422..681S
3057:25.1 (1993): 35-47.
3040:John Samuel Ezell,
2880:Shambaugh, George.
2865:Economic Statecraft
2863:David A. Baldwin,
2817:(Online ed.).
2278:Confederate economy
2124:military operations
1719:Penal military unit
1704:Rules of engagement
1380:Command and control
1000:Operations research
464:Director (military)
454:Fire-control system
204:Command and control
85:Part of a series on
3920:Military economics
3823:Christian Harbulo,
3797:Diplomatic History
3751:Baldwin, David A.
3619:The Times of India
3531:. 1 November 2018.
3511:The New York Times
3350:The New York Times
3187:5.4 (1970): 65-75.
3044:(1963), pp. 27–28.
2977:2018-06-24 at the
2957:46.1 (2000): 5-23.
2882:"Economic warfare"
2751:Industrial warfare
2724:Economic terrorism
2719:Economic diplomacy
2607:economic sanctions
2601:Economic sanctions
2551:rainbow herbicides
2345:Confederate dollar
2320:
2266:American Civil War
2254:American Civil War
2215:Fidentius of Padua
1828:Counter-insurgency
1749:Command of the sea
1694:Jewish laws on war
1669:Geneva Conventions
1205:Divide and conquer
995:Military operation
960:Tactical objective
459:Fire-control radar
436:Electronic-warfare
3897:Media related to
3875:Siney, Marion C.
3834:, PUF,Paris, 2015
3820:, PUF,Paris, 2012
3813:, PUF,Paris, 2011
3550:. April 22, 2019.
3493:978-1-349-04335-4
3435:978-1-56584-218-2
3301:(6933): 681–687.
3269:978-0-262-16244-9
3244:978-960-02-3075-8
3067:Claudia D. Goldin
3014:978-0-19-507606-6
2991:Civil War History
2955:Civil War History
2944:(2015) pp 51-102.
2825:(Subscription or
2766:Strategic bombing
2704:Attrition warfare
2483:(1948–1960), the
2481:Malayan Emergency
2432:submarine warfare
2132:covert operations
2106:
2105:
1998:Horses in warfare
1945:Anti-war movement
1848:Gunboat diplomacy
1838:Disaster response
1786:Philosophy of war
1781:Principles of war
1754:Deterrence theory
1699:Right of conquest
1622:Lanchester's laws
1390:Principles of war
1080:Counter-offensive
1060:Military campaign
965:Target saturation
888:Counterinsurgency
497:Gun data computer
431:Close air support
393:Aircraft carriers
80:
79:
72:
54:, as appropriate.
3927:
3915:Economic warfare
3899:Economic warfare
3896:
3768:Dobson, Alan P.
3739:
3738:
3736:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3687:. Lowy Institute
3676:
3670:
3669:
3663:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3598:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3538:
3532:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3455:Modern Diplomacy
3446:
3440:
3439:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3403:10.2307/20039333
3386:
3380:
3379:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3292:
3283:
3274:
3273:
3255:
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3248:
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3220:
3219:
3207:
3201:
3194:
3188:
3181:
3175:
3168:
3162:
3155:
3149:
3142:
3136:
3131:W.N. Medlicott,
3129:
3123:
3113:
3107:
3096:
3090:
3083:
3077:
3064:
3058:
3051:
3045:
3038:
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3025:
3019:
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3000:
2994:
2987:
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2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2845:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2822:
2810:
2803:
2709:Commerce raiding
2697:
2695:Economics portal
2692:
2691:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2595:balance of power
2519:(RAF) aircraft.
2485:British military
2136:cyber operations
2109:Economic warfare
2098:
2091:
2084:
1853:Humanitarian aid
1791:Security dilemma
1612:Power projection
1395:Economy of force
1375:Chain of command
1090:Defence in depth
1075:Commerce raiding
893:Defeat in detail
209:Defense ministry
113:
104:
103:
94:
82:
81:
75:
68:
64:
61:
55:
27:
26:
19:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3905:
3904:
3889:
3748:
3746:Further reading
3743:
3742:
3734:
3728:
3724:
3715:
3713:
3703:
3699:
3690:
3688:
3685:The Interpreter
3677:
3673:
3657:
3656:
3650:
3648:
3645:Financial Times
3637:
3633:
3624:
3622:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3596:
3594:
3584:
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3571:
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3504:
3500:
3494:
3472:
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3436:
3422:
3418:
3391:Foreign Affairs
3387:
3383:
3372:
3368:
3359:
3357:
3342:
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3290:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3256:
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3195:
3191:
3182:
3178:
3169:
3165:
3156:
3152:
3148:(Harper, 1947).
3143:
3139:
3130:
3126:
3117:Foreign Affairs
3114:
3110:
3097:
3093:
3084:
3080:
3065:
3061:
3052:
3048:
3039:
3035:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3001:
2997:
2988:
2984:
2979:Wayback Machine
2965:
2961:
2952:
2948:
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2800:
2795:
2790:
2756:Merchant raider
2693:
2686:
2681:Politics portal
2679:
2672:
2669:
2630:1973 oil crisis
2603:
2583:
2561:, and parts of
2517:Royal Air Force
2477:
2405:
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2262:
2256:
2207:
2202:
2188:discrimination,
2128:economic policy
2102:
2073:
2072:
2023:
2013:
2012:
1978:
1970:
1969:
1910:
1900:
1899:
1873:Multilateralism
1858:Law enforcement
1818:
1808:
1807:
1776:Just war theory
1734:
1724:
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1674:Geneva Protocol
1644:
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1528:
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1435:
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1424:
1365:
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1309:
1240:Network-centric
1160:
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1149:
1052:
1042:
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990:
980:
979:
928:Rapid dominance
833:
823:
822:
778:Electromagnetic
687:
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663:
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564:
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529:
525:Combat training
506:
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449:Combat systems:
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403:Auxiliary ships
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3888:
3887:External links
3885:
3884:
3883:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3854:Jackson, Ian.
3852:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3785:Einzig, Paul.
3783:
3776:
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3744:
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3553:
3533:
3529:United Nations
3516:
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3416:
3397:(4): 642–656.
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3089:(2016). 77-89.
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2891:
2887:expropriation.
2869:
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2808:"economic war"
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2626:Yom Kippur War
2602:
2599:
2591:economic power
2582:
2579:
2476:
2473:
2468:Wolfram Crisis
2398:
2395:
2376:Main article:
2373:
2370:
2365:tenant farming
2329:infrastructure
2274:Western Europe
2255:
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2163:Scorched-earth
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2038:Military terms
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38:of the subject
36:worldwide view
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3218:. p. 61.
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2244:slave soldier
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2240:Mongol Persia
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2194:expropriation
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2159:war-economies
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1925:Warrior caste
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1896:
1895:Show of force
1893:
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1739:Air supremacy
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1679:Islamic rules
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1558:Arms industry
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1175:Broken-backed
1173:
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1012:Expeditionary
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891:
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884:
883:Counterattack
881:
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839:
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827:
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819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
808:Psychological
806:
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747:
745:
744:Combined arms
742:
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583:Fortification
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398:Landing craft
396:
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263:Standing army
261:
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237:
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155:pike and shot
153:
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117:
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108:
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93:
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83:
74:
71:
63:
53:
49:
45:
39:
37:
30:
21:
20:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3855:
3845:
3844:Jack, D. T.
3838:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3786:
3779:
3769:
3759:
3752:
3725:
3714:. Retrieved
3711:Taipei Times
3710:
3700:
3689:. Retrieved
3684:
3674:
3649:. Retrieved
3644:
3634:
3623:. Retrieved
3621:. 2022-02-24
3618:
3609:
3601:
3595:. Retrieved
3591:
3581:
3570:. Retrieved
3568:. 2022-02-02
3565:
3556:
3545:
3536:
3519:
3510:
3501:
3475:
3469:
3458:. Retrieved
3454:
3444:
3425:
3419:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3375:
3369:
3358:. Retrieved
3349:
3339:
3298:
3294:
3259:
3253:
3234:
3224:
3211:
3205:
3197:
3192:
3184:
3179:
3171:
3166:
3158:
3153:
3145:
3140:
3132:
3127:
3116:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3086:
3081:
3070:
3062:
3054:
3049:
3041:
3036:
3028:
3023:
3004:
2998:
2990:
2985:
2967:
2962:
2954:
2949:
2941:
2936:
2927:
2921:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2885:
2864:
2859:
2847:. Retrieved
2835:
2812:
2801:
2761:Resource war
2714:Currency war
2658:
2634:
2611:
2604:
2584:
2544:
2536:Thessaloniki
2521:
2505:Agent Orange
2478:
2440:
2429:
2406:
2397:World War II
2387:
2338:
2325:
2321:
2292:Burning Raid
2282:
2263:
2210:
2208:
2182:supply lines
2174:blacklisting
2167:
2152:
2121:
2113:economic war
2112:
2108:
2107:
2008:Fifth column
1988:War resister
1983:Women in war
1878:Peacekeeping
1823:Arms control
1768:
1457:Mobilization
1452:Conscription
1410:Intelligence
1363:Organization
1209:
1004:
933:Encirclement
813:Radiological
749:Conventional
603:Subterranean
510:Development:
509:
486:
448:
410:
373:Naval units:
372:
365:Signal corps
332:
295:Intelligence
275:Specialties:
274:
199:Organization
150:Early modern
66:
57:
33:
3881:online free
3850:online free
3791:online free
3764:online free
3378:. ABC-CLIO.
2786:War economy
2776:Tonnage war
2624:during the
2618:oil embargo
2616:imposed an
2614:Arab states
2565:as part of
2547:Vietnam War
2545:During the
2513:Vietnam War
2511:during the
2479:During the
2372:World War I
2361:plantations
2270:Confederacy
2236:spice trade
1993:War studies
1816:Non-warfare
1744:Appeasement
1709:Martial law
1548:War economy
1487:Transgender
1440:Recruitment
1200:Containment
1085:Culminating
1065:Anti-access
988:Operational
908:Envelopment
851:Air assault
732:Air cavalry
692:Air defence
672:Information
573:Cold-region
538:Battlespace
487:Historical:
333:Land units:
239:Space force
234:Coast guard
167:Late modern
128:Prehistoric
3909:Categories
3716:2022-02-25
3691:2022-02-25
3651:2022-02-25
3625:2022-02-25
3597:2022-02-25
3572:2022-02-25
3460:2021-12-05
3360:2017-02-24
2829:required.)
2793:References
2557:, eastern
2493:defoliants
2489:herbicides
2401:See also:
2390:Royal Navy
2053:War crimes
2043:Operations
1950:Foot drill
1920:Battle cry
1833:deterrence
1492:Harassment
1467:Specialism
1290:Technology
1285:Succession
1230:Liberation
1165:Asymmetric
1100:Empty fort
1006:Blitzkrieg
975:Withdrawal
938:Investment
717:Camouflage
712:Biological
650:Underwater
625:Amphibious
544:Aerospace
411:Air units:
388:Submarines
177:fourth-gen
172:industrial
160:napoleonic
3660:cite news
3216:Earthscan
3198:Historian
2781:Total war
2771:Trade war
2487:deployed
2349:bartering
2333:riverboat
2248:Black Sea
2190:sanctions
2155:total war
1940:War novel
1843:Grey-zone
1803:War games
1764:Overmatch
1714:War crime
1664:Desertion
1654:Ceasefire
1649:Armistice
1536:Logistics
1514:Mercenary
1502:Volunteer
1433:Personnel
1405:Engineers
1350:Sociology
1305:World war
1300:Total war
1280:Strategic
1270:Religious
1255:Political
1250:Perpetual
1225:Irregular
1140:Offensive
1115:Defensive
1110:Deception
1070:Attrition
918:Guerrilla
913:Formation
856:Airbridge
788:Loitering
702:Artillery
355:Artillery
290:Engineers
253:Irregular
224:Air force
60:June 2019
48:talk page
3772:(2003).
3547:BBC News
3411:20039333
3354:Archived
3323:12700752
2975:Archived
2667:See also
2563:Cambodia
2501:Trioxone
2475:Cold War
2455:iron ore
2447:chromium
2443:tungsten
2353:planters
2223:Crusades
2205:Crusades
2170:blockade
1955:War song
1930:War film
1563:Materiel
1482:Children
1462:Training
1400:Medicine
1385:Doctrine
1340:Training
1275:Resource
1260:Princely
1210:Economic
1195:Conquest
1190:Colonial
1185:Cold war
1170:Blockade
1050:Strategy
1022:Maneuver
783:Infantry
739:Chemical
593:Mountain
553:Airborne
416:Fighters
383:Warships
338:Infantry
280:Rifleman
244:Reserves
192:Military
42:You may
3879:(1957)
3789:(1942)
3774:excerpt
3592:Reuters
3331:4419223
3303:Bibcode
3135:(1978).
2555:Vietnam
2540:Piraeus
2451:mercury
2421:US Navy
2316:Georgia
2232:Red Sea
2227:galleys
2209:In his
2200:History
2117:economy
2068:Writers
2063:Weapons
2028:Battles
1977:Related
1965:Wargame
1960:Uniform
1908:Culture
1689:Perfidy
1684:Justice
1605:Science
1590:Outpost
1543:History
1523:Warrior
1519:Soldier
1507:foreign
1445:counter
1345:Service
1295:Theater
1235:Limited
1215:Endemic
1130:Nuclear
898:Foxhole
873:Cavalry
861:Airdrop
846:Airlift
831:Tactics
803:Nuclear
793:Missile
722:Cavalry
707:Barrage
685:Weapons
645:Surface
426:Command
421:Bombers
378:Frogman
348:Cavalry
305:Medical
267:Militia
249:Regular
229:Marines
143:castles
133:Ancient
121:History
100:outline
3858:(2001)
3782:(2016)
3490:
3432:
3409:
3329:
3321:
3295:Nature
3266:
3241:
3121:online
3075:online
3011:
2972:online
2849:1 June
2622:Israel
2528:Soviet
2459:Sweden
2409:Allied
2318:, 1864
2276:. The
2186:tariff
2048:Sieges
1732:Theory
1472:Morale
1330:Policy
1325:Branch
1105:Mosaic
1095:Fabian
1037:Covert
970:Trench
955:Screen
878:Charge
868:Battle
841:Aerial
759:Denial
727:Horses
655:Seabed
608:Tunnel
588:Jungle
578:Desert
548:Aerial
315:Diving
310:Police
3735:(PDF)
3407:JSTOR
3327:S2CID
3291:(PDF)
3233:[
2844:(PDF)
2823:
2635:Many
2532:Volos
2425:Japan
2312:Union
2288:Union
2021:Lists
1477:Women
1415:Ranks
1335:Staff
1265:Proxy
1180:Class
1135:Naval
1120:Depth
950:Swarm
943:Siege
923:Naval
903:Drone
798:Music
773:Robot
769:Drone
754:Cyber
697:Armor
667:Cyber
640:Green
635:Brown
598:Urban
558:Space
479:Radar
474:Sonar
343:Armor
325:Pilot
320:Comms
300:Recon
285:Staff
258:Ranks
50:, or
3666:link
3488:ISBN
3430:ISBN
3319:PMID
3264:ISBN
3239:ISBN
3009:ISBN
2851:2003
2559:Laos
2538:and
2491:and
2453:and
2413:Axis
2058:Wars
1575:Base
1125:Goal
1032:Raid
630:Blue
568:Land
219:Navy
214:Army
3527:".
3480:doi
3399:doi
3311:doi
3299:422
2909:doi
2144:war
2122:In
2111:or
1642:Law
1585:FOB
1580:MOB
620:Sea
92:War
3911::
3709:.
3683:.
3662:}}
3658:{{
3643:.
3617:.
3600:.
3590:.
3564:.
3544:.
3509:.
3486:,
3453:.
3405:.
3395:46
3393:.
3352:.
3348:.
3325:.
3317:.
3309:.
3297:.
3293:.
3278:^
3214:.
2872:^
2811:.
2534:,
2449:,
2445:,
2427:.
2250:.
2213:,
2176:,
2172:,
2138:,
2134:,
1521:/
771:/
265:/
251:/
3719:.
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