3407:: "Although money, and so monetary calculation, will disappear in socialism this does not mean that there will no longer be any need to make choices, evaluations and calculations...Wealth will be produced and distributed in its natural form of useful things, of objects that can serve to satisfy some human need or other. Not being produced for sale on a market, items of wealth will not acquire an exchange-value in addition to their use-value. In socialism their value, in the normal non-economic sense of the word, will not be their selling price nor the time needed to produce them but their usefulness. It is for this that they will be appreciated, evaluated, wanted. . . and produced."
2568:
897:
2465:
are utilized in a planned fashion. A planned economy, which adjusts production to the needs of the community, would distribute the work to be done among all those able to work and would guarantee a livelihood to every man, woman, and child. The education of the individual, in addition to promoting his own innate abilities, would attempt to develop in him a sense of responsibility for his fellow-men in place of the glorification of power and success in our present society.
2603:. Likewise, systems that mix public or cooperative ownership of the means of production with economic planning are called "socialist planned economies" and systems that combine public or cooperative ownership with markets are called "market socialism". Some perspectives build upon this basic nomenclature to take other variables into account, such as class processes within an economy. This leads some economists to categorize, for example, the Soviet Union's economy as
1768:
4445:
2431:
4457:
1724:
1712:
833:
4469:
2356:(or a valuation based on natural units), with business and financial decisions replaced by engineering and technical criteria for managing the economy. Fundamentally, this meant that socialism would operate under different economic dynamics than those of capitalism and the price system. Later models of socialism developed by neoclassical economists (most notably
2615:, production is carried out for private profit and decisions regarding investment and allocation of factor inputs are determined by business owners in factor markets. The means of production are primarily owned by private enterprises and decisions regarding production and investment are determined by private owners in
2579:, for example, requires answers to basic questions, such as what to produce, how to produce it and who gets what is produced. An economic system is a way of answering these basic questions and different economic systems answer them differently. Many different objectives may be seen as desirable for an economy, like
3348:
According to nineteenth-century socialist views, socialism would function without capitalist economic categories â such as money, prices, interest, profits and rent â and thus would function according to laws other than those described by current economic science. While some socialists recognized the
2530:
An incentive system: this induces and motivates economic agents to engage in productive activities. It can be based on either material reward (compensation or self-interest) or moral suasion (for instance, social prestige or through a democratic decision-making process that binds those involved). The
2387:
In a pure socialist planned economy that involves different processes of resource allocation, production and means of quantifying value, the use of money would be replaced with a different measure of value and accounting tool that would embody more accurate information about an object or resource. In
3381:
The ultimate end of socialism was the 'end of history', in which perfect social harmony would permanently be established. Social harmony was to be achieved by the abolition of exploitation, the transcendence of alienation, and above all, the transformation of society from the 'kingdom of necessity'
2464:
I am convinced there is only one way to eliminate (the) grave evils (of capitalism), namely through the establishment of a socialist economy, accompanied by an educational system which would be oriented toward social goals. In such an economy, the means of production are owned by society itself and
1928:
and certain economic systems (for example, consider the meanings of the term "communism"). Many economic systems overlap each other in various areas (for example, the term "mixed economy" can be argued to include elements from various systems). There are also various mutually exclusive hierarchical
1872:
When to produce: Consumer satisfaction is partly a function of seasonal analysis as the forces of demand and supply have a lot to do with time. This fundamental economic problem requires an intensive study of time dynamics and seasonal variation vis-a-vis the satisfaction of consumers' needs. It is
3614:
Indeed, aside from the variation of ownership forms, some follow certain ideas in Marx, saying that how one class relates to another is the crucial matter rather than specifically who owns what, with true socialism involving a lack of exploitation of one class by another. This kind of argument can
1860:
What kinds and quantities of goods shall be produced: This fundamental economic problem is anchored on the theory of pricing. The theory of pricing, in this context, has to do with the economic decision-making between the production of capital goods and consumer goods in the economy in the face of
2598:
Economic systems are commonly segmented by their property rights regime for the means of production and by their dominant resource allocation mechanism. Economies that combine private ownership with market allocation are called "market capitalism" and economies that combine private ownership with
1868:
How the output will be distributed: Production is said to be completed when the goods get to the final consumers. This fundamental problem of how the output will be distributed seeks to identify the best possible medium through which bottlenecks and the clogs in the wheel of the chain of economic
2644:
is carried out; decisions regarding the use of the means of production are adjusted to satisfy economic demand; and investment is determined through economic planning procedures. There is a wide range of proposed planning procedures and ownership structures for socialist systems, with the common
1864:
How goods shall be produced: The fundamental problem of how goods shall be produced is largely hinged on the least-cost method of production to be adopted as gainfully peculiar to the economically decided goods and services to be produced. On a broad note, the possible production method includes
2653:
by their employees. A socialist economic system that features social ownership, but that it is based on the process of capital accumulation and utilization of capital markets for the allocation of capital goods between socially owned enterprises falls under the subcategory of market socialism.
2526:
A coordination mechanism: this determines how information is obtained and used in decision-making. The two dominant forms of coordination are planning and markets; planning can be either decentralized or centralized, and the two coordination mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and often
2367:
The primary emphasis of socialist planned economies is to coordinate production to produce economic output to directly satisfy economic demand as opposed to the indirect mechanism of the profit system where satisfying needs is subordinate to the pursuit of profit; and to advance the
2201:
There is no precise definition of a "mixed economy". Theoretically, it may refer to an economic system that combines one of three characteristics: public and private ownership of industry, market-based allocation with economic planning, or free markets with state interventionism.
2485:
An economic system is a system of production, resource allocation, exchange and distribution of goods and services in a society or a given geographic area. In one view, every economic system represents an attempt to solve three fundamental and interdependent problems:
2364:) were based on the use of notional prices derived from a trial-and-error approach to achieve market clearing prices on the part of a planning agency. These models of socialism were called "market socialism" because they included a role for markets, money, and prices.
3577:
This leads us to describe two extreme categories: market capitalism and command socialism. But this simple dichotomization raises the possibility of "cross forms,", namely, market socialism and command capitalism. Although less common than the previous two, both have
3382:
to the 'kingdom of freedom.' How would such a world be achieved? The socialists informed us that by rationalizing production and thus advancing material production beyond the bounds reachable under capitalism, socialism would usher mankind into a post-scarcity world.
2512:: this may include ownership of, or property rights to, the means of production and therefore may give rise to claims to the proceeds from production. The means of production may be owned privately, by the state, by those who use them, or be held in common.
3039:'s theory of economic development was based on the premise of evolving economic systems. Specifically, in his view over the course of history superior economic systems would replace inferior ones. Inferior systems were beset by internal contradictions and
2557:
A public choice mechanism for law-making, establishing rules, norms and standards and levying taxes. Usually, this is the responsibility of the state, but other means of collective decision-making are possible, such as chambers of commerce or workers'
3349:
need for money and prices at least during the transition from capitalism to socialism, socialists more commonly believed that the socialist economy would soon administratively mobilize the economy in physical units without the use of prices or money.
2553:
A distribution system: this allocates the proceeds from productive activity, which is distributed as income among the economic organizations, individuals and groups within society, such as property owners, workers and non-workers, or the state (from
2500:
Every economy is thus a system that allocates resources for exchange, production, distribution and consumption. The system is stabilized through a combination of threat and trust, which are the outcome of institutional arrangements.
2895:
Certain subsets of an economy, or the particular goods, services, techniques of production, or moral rules can also be described as an "economy". For example, some terms emphasize specific sectors or externalizes:
2607:
based on the analysis that the working class was exploited by the party leadership. Instead of looking at nominal ownership, this perspective takes into account the organizational form within economic enterprises.
2891:
involving negotiations between business, labor and state interest groups to establish economic policy, or more generally to assigning people to political groups based on their occupational affiliation.
2496:
For whom shall goods and services be produced? That is, who is to enjoy the benefits of the goods and services and how is the total product to be distributed among individuals and groups in the society?
1877:
The study of economic systems includes how these various agencies and institutions are linked to one another, how information flows between them, and the social relations within the system (including
3271:
Chapter 1 presents definitions and basic examples of the categories used in this book: tradition, market, and command for allocative mechanisms and capitalism and socialism for ownership systems.
2213:. Actually, mixed economies gravitate more heavily to one end of the spectrum. Notable economic models and theories that have been described as a "mixed economy" include the following:
1861:
scarce resources. In this regard, the critical evaluation of the needs of the society based on population distribution in terms of age, sex, occupation, and geography is very pertinent.
3226:
Economic system â A set of institutions for decision making and for the implementation of decisions concerning production, income, and consumption within a given geographic area.
3102:
continues to study economic change in modern times. There has also been renewed interest in understanding economic systems as evolutionary systems in the emerging field of
2905:
4507:
3200:, South End Press, 1987, p. 21: "By economic system or economic order, we mean the principles, laws, institutions, and understandings business is conducted."
3071:
ideologies arose during the 20th century, but by the 1990s they had either ceased to exist or gradually reformed their centrally planned economies toward
3615:
lead to the position that the Soviet Union was not really socialist but a form of state capitalism in which the government leaders exploited the workers.
863:
2625:, with minimal government regulation and state enterprise, to regulated and social market systems, with the aims of ameliorating market failures (see
1897:. Subsequently, the categorization of economic systems expanded to include other topics and models that do not conform to the traditional dichotomy.
3812:
2412:
method. The extent to which these economic systems achieved socialism or represented a viable alternative to capitalism is subject to debate.
3670:"Whether the Human Resource Economic System is possible, As Well As Being an Advanced Economic System compared to Capitalism and Socialism"
2478:), distribution of output, the level of centralization in decision-making and who makes these decisions. Decisions might be carried out by
2550:. Economically regulative organizations are represented by the state and market authorities; the latter may be private or public entities.
2538:
Organizational form: there are two basic forms of organization: actors and regulators. Economic actors include households, work gangs and
6120:
6076:
3400:
3320:
1754:
1686:
4821:
2474:
There are multiple components of an economic system. Decision-making structures of an economy determine the use of economic inputs (the
4500:
3858:
3818:
2352:
The original conception of socialism involved the substitution of money as a unit of calculation and monetary prices as a whole with
1881:
and the structure of management). The analysis of economic systems traditionally focused on the dichotomies and comparisons between
702:
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4425:
856:
3824:
3341:
4939:
4493:
3900:
3362:
5124:
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2205:
In practice, "mixed economy" generally refers to market economies with substantial state interventionism and/or sizable
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3607:
3570:
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291:
3830:
3709:
3528:
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226:
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1873:
noteworthy to state that solutions to these fundamental problems can be determined by the type of economic system.
6155:
4473:
3669:
3080:
2761:
1747:
5558:
4645:
4399:
3166:
2823:
advocate different economic systems, all of which have very small or no government involvement. These include:
2257:
2033:
392:
3629:"Human Resource Economic System: A Comparison of Human Resource Economic System with Capitalism and Socialism"
2349:, whereby the economic output is distributed based on need and not simply on the basis of labor contribution.
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5211:
4964:
4759:
4670:
4608:
4404:
3851:
2694:
2345:
1085:
837:
732:
452:
442:
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3063:
in contributing to qualitative change in the economic mode of production. In subsequent world history, many
1347:
5678:
5651:
4914:
4867:
4535:
3486:
S. Douma & H. Schreuder (2013), Economic
Approaches to Organizations, 5th edition, Harlow (UK): Pearson
3171:
2575:
There are several basic questions that must be answered in order for an economy to run satisfactorily. The
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4598:
4516:
3296:, McGraw-Hill, Glossary of Terms, "Mixed economy"; ch. 1, (section) Market, Command, and Mixed Economies.
3141:
2343:
is a hypothetical stage of socialist development articulated by Karl Marx as "second stage socialism" in
2229:
2064:
1998:
1878:
1696:
916:
906:
2571:
Common typology for economic systems categorized by resource ownership and resource allocation mechanism
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6080:
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4877:
4253:
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of the economy in a more efficient manner while being immune to the perceived systemic inefficiencies (
1740:
1690:
1220:
1210:
17:
3805:
2760:(a decentralized economic planning system where the production and distribution of goods is guided by
2645:
feature among them being the social ownership of the means of production. This might take the form of
6145:
5226:
3059:
had an evolutionary conception of economic development, but unlike Marx he de-emphasized the role of
1100:
685:
613:
34:
2629:) or supplementing the private marketplace with social policies to promote equal opportunities (see
2493:
How shall goods and services be produced? That is, by whom and with what resources and technologies?
6110:
6056:
5799:
5754:
5593:
5464:
5341:
4894:
4811:
4749:
4530:
4449:
3844:
2290:
2079:
1822:
1669:
1407:
1362:
1215:
984:
928:
221:
5814:
2967:â Catholic ideal of a "third way" economy, featuring more distributed ownership in a mixed economy
1422:
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5598:
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5568:
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5256:
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5119:
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4557:
3176:
3151:
3084:
2757:
2424:
1771:
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1120:
1027:
950:
787:
737:
618:
346:
216:
4133:
3237:
Samuelson, P. Anthony., Samuelson, W. (1980). Economics. 11th ed. / New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 34
1900:
Today the dominant form of economic organization at the world level is based on market-oriented
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5582:
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5501:
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5191:
5166:
5136:
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4799:
4769:
4737:
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4153:
3956:
3827:, a refereed journal for the analysis of market and non-market solution by Elsevier since 2001.
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so that production would be subject to the needs of society as opposed to being ordered around
2044:
1814:
1542:
1387:
1125:
1065:
1022:
969:
797:
196:
3599:
3562:
3397:
3256:
2742:(where an exchange is made without any explicit agreement for immediate or future rewards and
1869:
resources distributions can reduce to the barest minimum and optimize consumers' satisfaction.
6066:
5749:
5724:
5709:
5683:
5622:
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5241:
5221:
5216:
4924:
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4655:
4635:
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3136:
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2268:
2174:
2023:
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1317:
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1115:
1095:
1090:
792:
437:
127:
97:
82:
3591:
3554:
3248:
6115:
5819:
5563:
5533:
5486:
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5375:
5326:
5291:
5231:
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5131:
5114:
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4929:
4764:
4712:
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4268:
4223:
4071:
4066:
4028:
4003:
3746:
3292:
3103:
3068:
2711:
2479:
2381:
2137:
2003:
1427:
1249:
1200:
1165:
1105:
1070:
974:
964:
911:
697:
505:
402:
366:
211:
144:
92:
5064:
8:
6045:
5854:
5673:
5573:
5553:
5513:
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5351:
5276:
5266:
5236:
5159:
4994:
4789:
4722:
4692:
4618:
4613:
4580:
4168:
4061:
3417:
3287:
3019:
3002:
2920:
2849:
2837:
2799:
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2725:
2705:
2663:
2592:
2580:
2516:
2509:
2353:
2312:
2304:
2278:
2240:
2129:
2013:
1983:
1978:
1938:
1818:
1653:
1462:
1284:
1225:
1150:
1140:
1110:
1037:
945:
807:
752:
747:
680:
670:
356:
191:
5714:
5146:
3460:, 1964, International Student Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill and Tokyo: KĆgakusha, p. 15
2157:
was the dominant model in
Western Europe from the 16th to 18th century. This encouraged
1852:
is a related concept. All economic systems must confront and solve the four fundamental
1322:
6100:
6071:
6029:
5834:
5543:
5523:
5491:
5405:
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4717:
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3146:
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2420:
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1849:
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1637:
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1279:
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1254:
1205:
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1080:
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1047:
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643:
548:
167:
149:
139:
132:
3090:
5964:
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5729:
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5321:
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3966:
3890:
3705:
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3555:
3524:
3512:
3509:
Institutions and
Economic Theory: The Contribution of the New Institutional Economics
3500:
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3283:
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2409:
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2316:
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665:
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397:
184:
177:
172:
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6014:
5959:
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5759:
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1567:
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1537:
1522:
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1412:
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658:
593:
578:
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514:
487:
472:
243:
206:
5894:
2327:
can be divided based on their property structures between those that are based on
1502:
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6019:
5984:
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5884:
5809:
5794:
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5481:
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4263:
4183:
4178:
4138:
4056:
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4046:
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3867:
3519:; Warren J Samuels, in Joep T J M van der Linden and André J C Manders (editor),
3404:
3373:
3064:
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2935:
2910:
2690:
2686:
2584:
2567:
2539:
2515:
A decision-making system: this determines who is eligible to make decisions over
2457:
2453:
2439:
2435:
2397:
2265:(economies based on tripartite negotiation between labor, capital, and the state)
2182:
2008:
1716:
1627:
1592:
1557:
1492:
1417:
1402:
1289:
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1259:
1235:
1007:
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742:
707:
603:
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558:
525:
371:
351:
341:
331:
316:
296:
231:
117:
3645:
2708:(a generic term for older economic systems, opposed to modern economic systems)
2315:) can be subdivided by their coordinating mechanism (planning and markets) into
6039:
6024:
5989:
5974:
5954:
5924:
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5395:
5104:
5072:
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3993:
3925:
3895:
3443:
3438:
3396:, on worldsocialism.org. Retrieved February 15, 2010, from worldsocialism.org:
3072:
3060:
3043:
that would make it impossible for them to survive long-term. In Marx's scheme,
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2820:
2749:
2670:
2616:
2448:
2377:
2373:
2340:
2210:
2166:
2133:
2018:
1988:
1794:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1647:
1632:
1597:
1582:
1562:
1532:
1352:
1269:
959:
955:
767:
583:
477:
321:
5774:
4485:
3628:
2662:
The basic and general "modern" economic systems segmented by the criterium of
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6139:
6004:
5994:
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5909:
5904:
5899:
5879:
5869:
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4128:
3951:
3935:
3783:
3741:
Bolshevism, Fascism, and
Capitalism: An Account of the Three Economic Systems
3654:
2915:
2794:
2752:(where goods and services are directly exchanged for other goods or services)
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2630:
2621:
2543:
2223:
2206:
2049:
1905:
1901:
1845:
1612:
1602:
1577:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1487:
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1437:
1342:
1245:
817:
802:
608:
598:
588:
573:
553:
482:
326:
248:
159:
122:
112:
102:
2082:
that includes the study of such systems. One field that cuts across them is
896:
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5979:
5874:
5864:
5859:
5784:
5629:
5154:
5082:
4625:
4570:
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4248:
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3040:
2977:
2964:
2953:
2739:
2733:
2393:
2389:
2251:
2154:
2145:
2141:
2086:, which includes the study of the following aspects of different systems:
1993:
1968:
1728:
1642:
1587:
1482:
1472:
1467:
1392:
940:
692:
568:
432:
427:
422:
407:
361:
336:
311:
306:
253:
107:
2185:
to the power imbalance between multi-national corporations operating in a
6009:
5999:
5789:
5668:
5612:
5087:
4660:
4575:
4338:
4333:
4323:
4258:
3998:
3885:
3076:
2994:
2884:
2871:
2361:
2357:
2332:
2262:
2186:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2039:
1958:
1948:
1834:
1617:
1607:
1397:
1032:
757:
712:
675:
653:
648:
261:
236:
3334:
Markets in the name of
Socialism: The Left-Wing origins of Neoliberalism
2683:(a hybrid that blends some aspects of both market and planned economies)
5919:
5719:
5496:
4830:
4732:
4565:
4353:
4208:
3116:
3048:
2888:
2780:
2612:
2430:
2181:
in a larger, more universal market. Some critics have applied the term
2170:
2125:
2093:
Productive enterprises; factor and product markets; prices; population.
1943:
1909:
1890:
1527:
1327:
87:
55:
5769:
5699:
5056:
4979:
4018:
3905:
3161:
3121:
3052:
3044:
3036:
2816:
2637:
2600:
2324:
2234:
2140:
refers to a capitalist marketplace characterized by the dominance of
2128:
generally features the private ownership of the means of production (
2054:
1973:
1963:
1953:
1894:
1377:
1308:
888:
777:
301:
266:
201:
65:
60:
3778:
Economic
Systems of Foraging, Agricultural, and Industrial Societies
1767:
5548:
5004:
4640:
2217:
2028:
1921:
1917:
1838:
154:
3836:
3131:
2988:
2984:
2588:
2490:
What goods and services shall be produced and in what quantities?
2059:
1837:, agencies, entities, decision-making processes, and patterns of
1830:
510:
286:
3875:
2547:
2427:
the entirety of a given culture or stage of human development.
1920:
and so on. There is often a strong correlation between certain
1810:
1711:
832:
638:
3511:, 2000, University of Michigan Press, pp. 6â15, 21 and 30â35
2715:
2519:. Economic agents with decision-making powers can enter into
1790:
5025:
3198:
Tunnel Vision: Labor, the World
Economy, and Central America
3398:
http://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/overview/calculation.pdf
2096:
National income, product and expenditure; money; inflation.
1841:
that comprise the economic structure of a given community.
3521:
The
Economics of Income Distribution: A Heterodox Approach
2774:
2173:
to take advantage of increased efficiency due to national
3633:
International
Journal of Research Publication and Reviews
3418:"What was the USSR? Part I: Trotsky and state capitalism"
3210:
Gregory and Stuart, Paul and Robert (February 28, 2013).
2504:
An economic system possesses the following institutions:
2108:
Natural resources; energy; environment; regional studies.
3473:, 1970, New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 12â15; Sheila C Dow,
2693:, also known as "command economy" when referring to the
2165:
until economic and political changes resulted in global
2599:
economic planning are labelled "command capitalism" or
2111:
Political economy; legal institutions; property rights.
3702:
Comparing
Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century
3590:
Rosser, Mariana V. and J Barkley Jr. (July 23, 2003).
3553:
Rosser, Mariana V. and J Barkley Jr. (July 23, 2003).
3499:, 2013, Independence, KY: Cengage Learning, pp. 21â47
3247:
Rosser, Mariana V. and J Barkley Jr. (July 23, 2003).
2531:
incentive system may encourage specialization and the
3594:
Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy
3557:
Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy
3251:
Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy
1904:. An economic system can be considered a part of the
2770:(a hypothetical form where resources are not scarce)
3363:"Socialism: Still Impossible After All These Years"
2657:
3209:
3749:and Peter J. Boettke (2007). "Economic Systems".
3695:
2099:International trade, finance, investment and aid.
6137:
3088:
2482:, by a government agency, or by private owners.
4515:
2254:(Social democrat economics of Nordic countries)
3758:Financial Organization and the Economic System
2425:determining with a superstructure of relations
2423:is tantamount to the subject of this article,
1865:labor-intensive and capital-intensive methods.
5041:
4501:
3852:
1833:. It includes the combination of the various
1748:
857:
2388:practice, the economic system of the former
27:System of ownership, production and exchange
3497:The Global Economy and its Economic Systems
3212:The Global Economy and its Economic Systems
1932:
5048:
5034:
4508:
4494:
3859:
3845:
3051:, which would eventually be superseded by
2810:
2434:Albert Einstein advocated for a socialist
2226:(It can be categorized under many titles)
2070:
1755:
1741:
864:
850:
3772:Economic Evolution and Structure: 384 pp.
3644:
3360:
3336:. Stanford University Press. p. 20.
3214:. South-Western College Pub. p. 30.
3025:
2287:(Government-dominated capitalist economy)
3523:, 1999, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, p. 16
2949:Others emphasize a particular religion:
2566:
2429:
2243:, also known as a planned market economy
2237:(Government-directed capitalist economy)
2102:Consumer economics; welfare and poverty.
2075:Economic systems is the category in the
1766:
3477:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.58
3331:
2775:By ownership of the means of production
2508:Methods of control over the factors or
14:
6138:
3589:
3552:
3507:; Erik G Furubotn and Rudolf Richter,
3246:
5029:
4671:Marxian critique of political economy
4489:
3840:
3736:, Cambridge University Press, 427 pp.
3321:Economic systems JEL: P Subcategories
2189:vs. seemingly impoverished people in
4468:
3667:
3626:
3495:Paul R Gregory and Robert C Stuart,
3361:Boettke, Peter J.; Leeson, Peter T.
2879:
2649:by all of the society, or ownership
2299:
5125:Agent-based computational economics
4410:Systems theory in political science
3866:
3788:Global Transition: A General Theory
3543:, University of Calgary Press, p.1.
3458:Economics: An Introductory Analysis
3304:Glossary of International Economics
3196:Daniel J. Cantor, Juliet B. Schor,
24:
3727:Economic Systems and State Finance
3719:
2090:Planning, coordination and reform.
25:
6167:
3794:
838:Business and economics portal
5583:neoclassicalâKeynesian synthesis
4975:History of macroeconomic thought
4800:NeoclassicalâKeynesian synthesis
4467:
4455:
4444:
4443:
3819:Glossary-Cultural "Anthropology"
3765:An International Economic System
3739:George Sylvester Counts (1970),
3475:Economic Methodology: An Inquiry
2658:By resource allocation mechanism
2619:. Capitalist systems range from
2196:
2169:. Modern capitalism has favored
1908:and hierarchically equal to the
1889:and on the distinctions between
1844:An economic system is a type of
1722:
1710:
895:
831:
3751:The New EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
3704:, 2003, by Gregory and Stuart.
3661:
3620:
3583:
3546:
3533:
3489:
3480:
3463:
3450:
3431:
3410:
3081:dissolution of the Soviet Union
2945:Human Resource Economic System
2636:In socialist economic systems (
997:Concepts, theory and techniques
4400:Systems theory in anthropology
3763:Jacques Jacobus Polak (2003),
3387:
3354:
3325:
3313:
3276:
3240:
3231:
3203:
3190:
3167:Social relations of production
2673:("hands off" systems, such as
2258:Progressive utilization theory
2077:Journal of Economic Literature
2034:Progressive utilization theory
13:
1:
5519:Critique of political economy
5055:
4965:Critique of political economy
4405:Systems theory in archaeology
3813:"Social Studies VSC Glossary"
3437:Einstein, Albert (May 1949).
3183:
2689:("hands on" systems, such as
2469:
2446:In the May 1949 issue of the
2400:, featuring a combination of
2346:Critique of the Gotha Program
2120:
2115:
733:Commons-based peer production
453:Socialism of the 21st century
4873:Rational expectations theory
3790:, PalgraveMacmillan, 395 pp.
3734:Comparative Economic Systems
3668:Vats, Gulshan (2023-09-15).
3627:Vats, Shreya (August 2023).
3541:Comparative Economic Systems
3172:Socialist calculation debate
2084:comparative economic systems
7:
4970:History of economic thought
4517:Schools of economic thought
3646:10.55248/gengpi.4.823.50316
3142:History of economic thought
3109:
2806:of the means of production)
2562:
1785:. In this model the use of
10:
6172:
5657:Real business-cycle theory
4890:New neoclassical synthesis
4878:Real business-cycle theory
3776:Frederic L. Pryor (2005),
3770:Frederic L. Pryor (1996),
3753:, v. 17, pp. 908â915.
3319:JEL classification codes,
3029:
2613:capitalist economic system
2305:Socialist economic systems
2220:â socialized rents on land
2105:Performance and prospects.
6097:
6055:
5697:
5431:
5180:
5145:
5063:
4957:
4701:
4589:
4556:
4549:
4523:
4439:
4418:
4392:
4104:
4037:
3989:
3980:
3944:
3901:Coupled humanâenvironment
3874:
3732:David W. Conklin (1991),
3539:David W. Conklin (1991),
3394:Socialism and Calculation
3332:Bockman, Johanna (2011).
227:Socialist-oriented market
3420:. Libcom.org. 2005-04-09
2291:Socialist Market Economy
2065:Workers' self-management
1933:List of economic systems
985:JEL classification codes
5297:Industrial organization
5120:Computational economics
5000:Post-autistic economics
4234:Charles A. S. Hall
3806:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
3725:Richard Bonney (1995),
3152:Participatory economics
3085:Chinese economic reform
2811:By political ideologies
2758:Participatory economics
2438:with his 1949 article "
2402:state-owned enterprises
2323:systems. Additionally,
2273:Soziale Marktwirtschaft
2071:Academic field of study
1171:Industrial organization
1028:Computational economics
6156:Management cybernetics
5502:Modern monetary theory
5167:Experimental economics
5137:Pluralism in economics
5110:Mathematical economics
4738:Modern Monetary Theory
4154:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
3756:Harold Glenn Moulton,
3689:10.54882/7420237416981
3598:. MIT Press. pp.
3561:. MIT Press. pp.
3471:Economics as a Science
3379:on 28 September 2011.
3255:. MIT Press. pp.
3100:evolutionary economics
3089:
3073:market-based economies
3032:Evolutionary economics
3026:Evolutionary economics
2572:
2467:
2443:
2339:(i.e. non-ownership).
2307:(all of which feature
2045:Resource-based economy
1798:
1789:and the generation of
1023:Experimental economics
4822:KeynesâMarx synthesis
4431:Principia Cybernetica
4144:Anthony Stafford Beer
4014:Sociotechnical system
3137:Factors of production
2867:Libertarian socialism
2768:Post-scarcity economy
2627:economic intervention
2570:
2476:factors of production
2462:
2433:
2331:, worker or consumer
2269:Social market economy
2209:alongside a dominant
2175:comparative advantage
2024:Participatory economy
1770:
5376:Social choice theory
5132:Behavioral economics
5115:Complexity economics
5010:World-systems theory
4990:Mainstream economics
4930:Technocracy movement
4910:Saltwater/freshwater
4294:Mihajlo D. Mesarovic
4269:Edward Norton Lorenz
4224:Jay Wright Forrester
4029:World-systems theory
4004:Earth system science
3747:Robert L. Heilbroner
3469:Kenneth E Boulding,
3104:complexity economics
2906:Collectivist economy
2762:public participation
2714:(without the use of
2712:Non-monetary economy
2382:capital accumulation
2191:developing countries
2138:Corporate capitalism
2080:classification codes
2004:National syndicalism
1250:Social choice theory
763:Newly industrialized
506:Collective ownership
367:Vertical archipelago
5460:American (National)
5160:Economic statistics
4995:Heterodox economics
4723:Capability approach
4599:American (National)
4581:School of Salamanca
4169:Kenneth E. Boulding
3288:William D. Nordhaus
3075:, for example with
3020:Information economy
3003:means of production
2921:Information economy
2887:refers to economic
2838:Anarcho-syndicalism
2815:Various strains of
2789:means of production
2726:Subsistence economy
2706:Traditional economy
2664:resource allocation
2517:economic activities
2510:means of production
2480:industrial councils
2354:calculation in kind
2313:means of production
2279:New Economic Policy
2241:Indicative planning
2014:Non-property system
1984:Inclusive democracy
1979:Hydraulic despotism
1819:resource allocation
1717:Business portal
1038:Operations research
1018:National accounting
748:Inclusive Democracy
4631:English historical
4299:James Grier Miller
4254:Faina M. Kirillova
4214:Heinz von Foerster
4204:Edsger W. Dijkstra
4164:Alexander Bogdanov
4149:Richard E. Bellman
4124:William Ross Ashby
3831:"Economic Systems"
3825:"Economic Systems"
3456:Paul A Samuelson,
3403:2011-06-07 at the
3147:Mode of production
3015:Industrial economy
2960:Buddhist economics
2855:Anarcho-capitalism
2642:production for use
2573:
2444:
2421:mode of production
2374:cyclical processes
2275:(Mixed capitalist)
2179:economies of scale
2136:for coordination.
2036:(PROUTist economy)
1850:mode of production
1827:goods and services
1799:
1797:) is not included.
1048:Industrial complex
1043:Middle income trap
686:Material balancing
168:Buddhist economics
6151:Political economy
6133:
6132:
5664:New institutional
5023:
5022:
4985:Political economy
4953:
4952:
4885:New institutional
4858:Neo-Schumpeterian
4666:Marxist economics
4646:German historical
4483:
4482:
4364:Manuela M. Veloso
4279:Humberto Maturana
4219:Stephanie Forrest
4189:C. West Churchman
4114:Russell L. Ackoff
4100:
4099:
3972:Positive feedback
3967:Negative feedback
3343:978-0-8047-7566-3
3300:Alan V. Deardorff
3284:Paul A. Samuelson
3157:Political economy
3127:Economic ideology
3067:run according to
3057:Joseph Schumpeter
2971:Islamic economics
2956:â Hindu Economics
2931:Knowledge economy
2880:By other criteria
2843:Anarcho-socialism
2833:Anarcho-communism
2800:Socialist economy
2785:private ownership
2633:), respectively.
2533:division of labor
2523:with one another.
2521:binding contracts
2410:material balances
2370:productive forces
2317:planned socialist
2300:Socialist economy
2293:(Mixed socialist)
2281:(Mixed socialist)
1929:categorizations.
1926:political systems
1887:planned economies
1854:economic problems
1787:natural resources
1772:Circulation model
1765:
1764:
874:
873:
384:By regional model
178:Sabbath economics
16:(Redirected from
6163:
6146:Economic systems
5337:Natural resource
5172:Economic history
5098:Mechanism design
5050:
5043:
5036:
5027:
5026:
5015:Economic systems
4554:
4553:
4536:Medieval Islamic
4510:
4503:
4496:
4487:
4486:
4471:
4470:
4459:
4447:
4446:
4359:Francisco Varela
4091:Systems thinking
4024:Urban metabolism
3987:
3986:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3838:
3837:
3713:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3674:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3648:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3597:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3560:
3550:
3544:
3537:
3531:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3478:
3467:
3461:
3454:
3448:
3439:"Why Socialism?"
3435:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3414:
3408:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3378:
3372:. Archived from
3367:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3254:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3207:
3201:
3194:
3094:
3069:MarxistâLeninist
3065:communist states
3047:was replaced by
3010:Agrarian economy
2926:Internet economy
2901:Circular economy
2804:social ownership
2720:monetary economy
2647:public ownership
2605:state capitalism
2577:scarcity problem
2540:production teams
2417:orthodox Marxism
2406:central planning
2376:) and crisis of
2337:common ownership
2329:public ownership
2321:market socialist
2309:social ownership
2285:State capitalism
2271:, also known as
1914:political system
1883:market economies
1795:greenhouse gases
1757:
1750:
1743:
1729:Money portal
1727:
1726:
1725:
1715:
1714:
1211:Natural resource
1003:Economic systems
899:
876:
875:
866:
859:
852:
836:
835:
594:Municipalization
579:Financialization
549:Collectivization
531:Social ownership
521:Private property
515:Common ownership
473:Common ownership
287:Closed (autarky)
244:State capitalism
222:Socialist market
207:Market socialist
43:Economic systems
30:
29:
21:
6171:
6170:
6166:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6161:
6160:
6136:
6135:
6134:
6129:
6126:Business portal
6093:
6092:
6091:
6051:
5815:von Böhm-Bawerk
5703:
5702:
5693:
5465:Ancient thought
5443:
5442:
5436:
5427:
5426:
5425:
5176:
5141:
5093:Contract theory
5078:Decision theory
5059:
5054:
5024:
5019:
4949:
4935:Thermoeconomics
4706:21st centuries)
4705:
4703:
4697:
4585:
4545:
4531:Ancient schools
4519:
4514:
4484:
4479:
4435:
4414:
4388:
4329:Anatol Rapoport
4314:Talcott Parsons
4289:Donella Meadows
4264:Allenna Leonard
4184:Mary Cartwright
4179:Kathleen Carley
4139:Gregory Bateson
4134:BĂ©la H. BĂĄnĂĄthy
4096:
4033:
3982:
3976:
3962:Limiting factor
3957:Leverage points
3940:
3878:
3870:
3868:Systems science
3865:
3833:by WebEc, 2007.
3801:Economic system
3797:
3722:
3720:Further reading
3717:
3716:
3700:
3696:
3683:(00): 940â949.
3672:
3666:
3662:
3625:
3621:
3610:
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3573:
3551:
3547:
3538:
3534:
3494:
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3468:
3464:
3455:
3451:
3436:
3432:
3423:
3421:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3405:Wayback Machine
3392:
3388:
3376:
3365:
3359:
3355:
3344:
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3326:
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3222:
3208:
3204:
3195:
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3181:
3112:
3034:
3028:
2941:Virtual economy
2936:Natural economy
2911:Digital economy
2882:
2813:
2777:
2691:state socialism
2687:Planned economy
2666:mechanism are:
2660:
2617:capital markets
2565:
2472:
2458:Albert Einstein
2436:planned economy
2398:command economy
2302:
2247:Japanese system
2230:American School
2199:
2183:neo-colonialism
2123:
2118:
2073:
2009:Network economy
1935:
1902:mixed economies
1879:property rights
1803:economic system
1761:
1723:
1721:
1709:
1702:
1701:
1672:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1423:von Böhm-Bawerk
1311:
1300:
1299:
1061:
1053:
1052:
1008:Economic growth
998:
990:
989:
931:
929:classifications
870:
830:
823:
822:
788:Post-industrial
783:Post-capitalist
743:Hunter-gatherer
728:
720:
719:
634:
626:
625:
604:Nationalization
564:Demutualization
559:Corporatization
544:
536:
535:
526:State ownership
501:
493:
492:
468:
460:
459:
385:
377:
376:
347:Robinson Crusoe
282:
281:By coordination
274:
273:
258:Traditionalist
118:Neomercantilist
78:
70:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6169:
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5529:Disequilibrium
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5342:Organizational
5339:
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5314:
5309:
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5299:
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5105:Macroeconomics
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5073:Microeconomics
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4843:Neo-Malthusian
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4760:Disequilibrium
4757:
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4750:Constitutional
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4389:
4387:
4386:
4384:Anthony Wilden
4381:
4379:Jennifer Wilby
4376:
4374:Norbert Wiener
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4344:Claude Shannon
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4319:Ilya Prigogine
4316:
4311:
4309:Howard T. Odum
4306:
4304:Radhika Nagpal
4301:
4296:
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4274:Niklas Luhmann
4271:
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4196:
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4191:
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4159:Margaret Boden
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3795:External links
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3639:(8): 366â369.
3619:
3609:978-0262182348
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3444:Monthly Review
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3177:Superstructure
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3061:class struggle
3041:inefficiencies
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2997:-based economy
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2449:Monthly Review
2440:Why Socialism?
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2019:Palace economy
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2011:
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1989:Market economy
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5710:de Mandeville
5708:
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5652:New classical
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5608:Malthusianism
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5569:Institutional
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5384:
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5379:
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5372:Public choice
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5347:Participation
5345:
5343:
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5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
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5308:
5307:Institutional
5305:
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5300:
5298:
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5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
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5260:
5258:
5257:Expeditionary
5255:
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5250:
5248:
5247:Environmental
5245:
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5230:
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5016:
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4945:Social credit
4943:
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4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4920:Structuralist
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4900:Public choice
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4868:New classical
4866:
4864:
4863:Neoliberalism
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4853:Neo-Ricardian
4851:
4849:
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4837:
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4797:
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4793:
4792:
4791:
4788:
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4785:Institutional
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
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4771:
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4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4548:
4542:
4541:Scholasticism
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4511:
4506:
4504:
4499:
4497:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4476:
4475:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4442:
4441:
4438:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4419:Organizations
4417:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4369:Kevin Warwick
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4284:Margaret Mead
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4244:Lydia Kavraki
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4229:Barbara Grosz
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4129:Ruzena Bajcsy
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3979:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3952:Doubling time
3950:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3862:
3857:
3855:
3850:
3848:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3789:
3785:
3784:Graeme Snooks
3782:
3779:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3723:
3711:
3710:0-618-26181-8
3707:
3703:
3698:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3611:
3605:
3601:
3596:
3595:
3586:
3579:
3574:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3558:
3549:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3529:1-84064-029-4
3526:
3522:
3518:
3517:0-472-08680-4
3514:
3510:
3506:
3505:1-285-05535-7
3502:
3498:
3492:
3483:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3459:
3453:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3434:
3419:
3413:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3383:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3335:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3309:
3308:Mixed economy
3305:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3252:
3243:
3234:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3193:
3189:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3004:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2916:Green economy
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2795:Mixed economy
2793:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:, opposed to
2717:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2701:Other types:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2681:Mixed economy
2679:
2676:
2675:laissez-faire
2672:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2655:
2652:
2651:cooperatively
2648:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2632:
2631:welfare state
2628:
2624:
2623:
2622:laissez-faire
2618:
2614:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2569:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:Mixed economy
2222:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2207:public sector
2203:
2197:Mixed economy
2194:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2050:Social Credit
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1906:social system
1903:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1846:social system
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1746:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1665:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1318:de Mandeville
1316:
1315:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1246:Public choice
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1221:Participation
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1181:Institutional
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1131:Expeditionary
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1121:Environmental
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
994:
993:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
957:
954:
952:
951:International
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
930:
927:Branches and
924:
923:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
904:
903:
902:
898:
894:
893:
890:
887:
886:
882:
878:
877:
867:
862:
860:
855:
853:
848:
847:
845:
844:
839:
834:
829:
828:
827:
826:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
793:Post-scarcity
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
738:Expeditionary
736:
734:
731:
730:
724:
723:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
700:
699:
696:
694:
691:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
668:
667:
664:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
646:
645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
630:
629:
620:
617:
616:
615:
614:Socialization
612:
610:
609:Privatization
607:
605:
602:
600:
599:Mutualization
597:
595:
592:
590:
589:Marketization
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
574:Expropriation
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
554:Communization
552:
550:
547:
546:
540:
539:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
516:
512:
509:
507:
504:
503:
497:
496:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
470:
464:
463:
454:
451:
450:
448:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
415:
413:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
388:
387:
381:
380:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
292:Decentralized
290:
288:
285:
284:
278:
277:
268:
265:
263:
260:
259:
257:
255:
252:
250:
249:Social credit
247:
245:
242:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
217:Participatory
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
194:
193:
190:
186:
183:
179:
176:
175:
174:
171:
169:
166:
165:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
134:
131:
129:
128:Social market
126:
124:
123:Protectionist
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
103:Laissez-faire
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
90:
89:
86:
84:
81:
80:
74:
73:
67:
64:
62:
59:
57:
54:
53:
48:
47:
44:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
6121:Publications
6077:Publications
6044:
5640:Neoclassical
5630:Mercantilism
5539:Evolutionary
5401:Sociological
5374: /
5272:Geographical
5252:Evolutionary
5227:Digitization
5192:Agricultural
5155:Econometrics
5083:Price theory
5014:
4770:Evolutionary
4702:Contemporary
4681:Neoclassical
4626:Distributist
4571:Mercantilism
4558:Early modern
4472:
4460:
4448:
4393:Applications
4349:Katia Sycara
4249:James J. Kay
4239:Mike Jackson
4174:Murray Bowen
4072:Pharmacology
4067:Neuroscience
3910:
3804:
3787:
3777:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3701:
3697:
3680:
3676:
3663:
3636:
3632:
3622:
3613:
3593:
3585:
3576:
3556:
3548:
3540:
3535:
3520:
3508:
3496:
3491:
3482:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3457:
3452:
3442:
3433:
3422:. Retrieved
3412:
3393:
3389:
3380:
3374:the original
3369:
3356:
3347:
3333:
3327:
3315:
3303:
3291:
3278:
3270:
3250:
3242:
3233:
3225:
3211:
3205:
3197:
3192:
3097:
3095:in Vietnam.
3035:
3000:
2978:labour power
2976:The type of
2975:
2965:Distributism
2954:Arthashastra
2948:
2894:
2883:
2814:
2740:Gift economy
2734:market trade
2700:
2695:Soviet model
2674:
2661:
2635:
2620:
2610:
2597:
2574:
2503:
2499:
2484:
2473:
2463:
2447:
2445:
2414:
2394:Eastern Bloc
2390:Soviet Union
2386:
2366:
2351:
2344:
2333:cooperatives
2303:
2272:
2252:Nordic model
2204:
2200:
2155:Mercantilism
2153:
2149:corporations
2146:bureaucratic
2142:hierarchical
2124:
2076:
2074:
1994:Mercantilism
1969:Distributism
1899:
1876:
1843:
1835:institutions
1823:distribution
1806:
1802:
1800:
1687:Publications
1652:
1275:Sociological
1248: /
1146:Geographical
1126:Evolutionary
1101:Digitization
1066:Agricultural
1002:
970:Mathematical
941:Econometrics
703:Peer-to-peer
698:Self-managed
633:Coordination
569:Deregulation
254:Distributist
108:Mercantilist
42:
5915:von Neumann
5684:Supply-side
5669:Physiocracy
5613:Marginalism
5302:Information
5242:Engineering
5222:Development
5217:Demographic
5088:Game theory
5065:Theoretical
4925:Supply-side
4848:Neo-Marxian
4661:Marginalism
4591:Late modern
4576:Physiocrats
4339:Peter Senge
4334:John Seddon
4324:Qian Xuesen
4259:George Klir
4062:Engineering
3999:Cybernetics
3981:Theoretical
3931:Recommender
3921:Multi-agent
3916:Information
3677:Innovations
3098:Mainstream
3077:perestroika
2995:Wage labour
2885:Corporatism
2872:Syndicalism
2677:capitalism)
2362:Abba Lerner
2358:Oskar Lange
2263:Corporatism
2187:free market
2163:colonialism
2159:imperialism
2040:Proprietism
1959:Corporatism
1949:Colonialism
1839:consumption
1523:von Neumann
1176:Information
1116:Engineering
1096:Development
1091:Demographic
1033:Game theory
975:Methodology
808:Traditional
758:Manorialism
753:Information
727:Other types
713:Open access
676:Cybernetics
418:Anglo-Saxon
403:Singaporean
362:Underground
357:Subsistence
262:Corporatist
237:Syndicalist
197:Communalist
83:Associative
77:By ideology
50:Major types
6140:Categories
6072:Economists
5945:Schumacher
5850:Schumpeter
5820:von Wieser
5740:von ThĂŒnen
5700:Economists
5599:Circuitism
5564:Humanistic
5559:Historical
5534:Ecological
5524:Democratic
5497:Chartalism
5487:Behavioral
5450:Mainstream
5411:Statistics
5406:Solidarity
5327:Managerial
5292:Humanistic
5287:Historical
5232:Ecological
5197:Behavioral
4905:Regulation
4831:Monetarism
4817:Circuitism
4765:Ecological
4733:Chartalism
4713:Behavioral
4656:Manchester
4651:Malthusian
4609:Birmingham
4566:Cameralism
4550:Modern era
4524:Pre-modern
4354:Eric Trist
4209:Fred Emery
4106:Scientists
4082:Psychology
4077:Philosophy
3906:Ecological
3891:Biological
3424:2014-08-15
3184:References
3117:Capitalism
3049:capitalism
3030:See also:
2889:tripartite
2850:Right-wing
2781:Capitalism
2581:efficiency
2470:Components
2408:using the
2171:free trade
2126:Capitalism
2121:Capitalism
2116:Main types
1944:Capitalism
1922:ideologies
1910:law system
1891:capitalism
1815:production
1682:Economists
1553:Schumacher
1458:Schumpeter
1428:von Wieser
1348:von ThĂŒnen
1309:economists
1285:Statistics
1280:Solidarity
1201:Managerial
1166:Humanistic
1161:Historical
1106:Ecological
1071:Behavioral
965:Mainstream
813:Transition
773:Plantation
681:Indicative
543:Transition
393:East Asian
164:Religious
140:Democratic
113:Neoliberal
98:Democratic
88:Capitalist
56:Capitalism
18:Economical
5990:Greenspan
5955:Samuelson
5935:Galbraith
5905:Tinbergen
5845:von Mises
5840:Heckscher
5800:Edgeworth
5679:Stockholm
5674:Socialist
5574:Keynesian
5554:Happiness
5514:Classical
5475:Mutualism
5470:Anarchist
5455:Heterodox
5352:Personnel
5312:Knowledge
5277:Happiness
5267:Financial
5237:Education
5212:Democracy
5147:Empirical
5057:Economics
4980:Economics
4915:Stockholm
4790:Keynesian
4755:Cracovian
4704:(20th and
4693:Socialist
4676:Mutualism
4619:Ricardian
4614:Classical
4019:Systemics
3780:, 332 pp.
3767:, 179 pp.
3760:, 515 pp.
3729:, 680 pp.
3655:2582-7421
3370:Mises.org
3293:Economics
3162:Socialism
3122:Communism
3053:socialism
3045:feudalism
3037:Karl Marx
2828:Left-wing
2817:anarchism
2728:(without
2638:socialism
2601:dirigisme
2558:councils.
2542:, firms,
2527:co-exist.
2341:Communism
2325:socialism
2235:Dirigisme
2055:Socialism
1999:Mutualism
1974:Feudalism
1964:Dirigisme
1954:Communism
1895:socialism
1829:within a
1598:Greenspan
1563:Samuelson
1543:Galbraith
1513:Tinbergen
1453:von Mises
1448:Heckscher
1408:Edgeworth
1226:Personnel
1186:Knowledge
1151:Happiness
1141:Financial
1111:Education
1086:Democracy
980:Political
946:Heterodox
889:Economics
778:Plutonomy
659:Regulated
488:Voluntary
414:European
267:Feudalism
212:Mutualist
202:Communist
192:Socialist
173:Christian
93:Corporate
66:Communism
61:Socialism
6101:Category
6081:journals
6067:Glossary
6020:Stiglitz
5985:Rothbard
5965:Buchanan
5950:Friedman
5940:Koopmans
5930:Leontief
5910:Robinson
5795:Marshall
5645:Lausanne
5549:Georgism
5544:Feminist
5492:Buddhist
5482:Austrian
5381:Regional
5357:Planning
5332:Monetary
5262:Feminist
5207:Cultural
5202:Business
5005:Degrowth
4940:Virginia
4780:Freiburg
4775:Feminist
4728:Carnegie
4718:Buddhist
4686:Lausanne
4641:Georgism
4604:Austrian
4450:Category
4052:Dynamics
4042:Analysis
3945:Concepts
3911:Economic
3786:(1999),
3578:existed.
3401:Archived
3302:(2006).
3290:(2004).
3110:See also
3079:and the
2593:equality
2563:Typology
2452:titled "
2218:Georgism
2132:) and a
2029:Potlatch
1918:cultural
1691:journals
1677:Glossary
1628:Stiglitz
1593:Rothbard
1573:Buchanan
1558:Friedman
1548:Koopmans
1538:Leontief
1518:Robinson
1403:Marshall
1307:Notable
1255:Regional
1231:Planning
1206:Monetary
1136:Feminist
1081:Cultural
1076:Business
881:a series
879:Part of
666:Planning
317:Informal
302:Dirigist
155:Georgist
150:Feminist
35:a series
33:Part of
6116:Outline
6087:Schools
6079: (
6040:Piketty
6035:Krugman
5900:Kuznets
5890:Kalecki
5865:Polanyi
5755:Cournot
5750:Bastiat
5735:Ricardo
5725:Malthus
5715:Quesnay
5618:Marxian
5509:Chicago
5439:history
5434:Schools
5421:Welfare
5391:Service
5182:Applied
4958:Related
4745:Chicago
4474:Commons
4057:Ecology
4047:Biology
3926:Nervous
3896:Complex
3132:Economy
3091:Äá»i Má»i
3001:Or the
2787:of the
2744:profits
2730:surplus
2589:liberty
2554:taxes).
2548:cartels
2460:wrote:
2311:of the
2130:capital
2060:Statism
1939:Anarchy
1831:society
1809:, is a
1697:Schools
1689: (
1648:Piketty
1643:Krugman
1508:Kuznets
1498:Kalecki
1473:Polanyi
1363:Cournot
1358:Bastiat
1343:Ricardo
1333:Malthus
1323:Quesnay
1295:Welfare
1265:Service
936:Applied
912:Outline
907:History
708:Sharing
671:In kind
619:Marxist
511:Commons
478:Private
467:Sectors
438:Rhenish
408:Keralan
398:Chinese
372:Virtual
352:Sharing
342:Planned
332:Natural
297:Digital
185:Islamic
145:Fascist
133:Welfare
6025:Thaler
6005:Ostrom
6000:Becker
5995:Sowell
5975:Baumol
5880:Myrdal
5875:Sraffa
5870:Frisch
5860:Knight
5855:Keynes
5830:Fisher
5825:Veblen
5810:Pareto
5790:Menger
5785:George
5780:Jevons
5775:Walras
5765:Gossen
5689:Thermo
5367:Public
5362:Policy
5317:Labour
5282:Health
4836:Market
4462:Portal
4087:Theory
3983:fields
3936:Social
3876:System
3809:entry.
3708:
3653:
3606:
3569:
3527:
3515:
3503:
3340:
3263:
3218:
2987:â and
2585:growth
2419:, the
1848:. The
1811:system
1793:(like
1780:closed
1778:for a
1633:Thaler
1613:Ostrom
1608:Becker
1603:Sowell
1583:Baumol
1488:Myrdal
1483:Sraffa
1478:Frisch
1468:Knight
1463:Keynes
1438:Fisher
1433:Veblen
1418:Pareto
1398:Menger
1393:George
1388:Jevons
1383:Walras
1373:Gossen
1241:Public
1236:Policy
1191:Labour
1156:Health
1013:Market
768:Palace
644:Market
639:Barter
483:Public
443:Soviet
428:Nordic
423:German
389:Asian
322:Market
6111:Lists
6106:Index
6057:Lists
6030:Hoppe
6015:Lucas
5980:Solow
5970:Arrow
5960:Simon
5925:Lange
5920:Hicks
5895:Röpke
5885:Hayek
5835:Pigou
5805:Clark
5720:Smith
5635:Mixed
5594:Post-
5416:Urban
5396:Socio
5386:Rural
4812:Post-
3879:types
3673:(PDF)
3377:(PDF)
3366:(PDF)
2985:Slave
2716:money
2611:In a
1805:, or
1791:waste
1670:Lists
1638:Hoppe
1623:Lucas
1588:Solow
1578:Arrow
1568:Simon
1533:Lange
1528:Hicks
1503:Röpke
1493:Hayek
1443:Pigou
1413:Clark
1328:Smith
1290:Urban
1270:Socio
1260:Rural
960:Macro
956:Micro
917:Index
818:World
803:Token
693:Price
433:Dutch
327:Mixed
232:State
160:Green
6046:more
5770:Marx
5760:Mill
5745:List
5623:Neo-
5579:Neo-
4795:Neo-
4426:List
3706:ISBN
3651:ISSN
3604:ISBN
3567:ISBN
3525:ISBN
3513:ISBN
3501:ISBN
3338:ISBN
3286:and
3261:ISBN
3216:ISBN
3087:and
2989:serf
2819:and
2591:and
2546:and
2404:and
2392:and
2360:and
2335:and
2319:and
2177:and
2161:and
1893:and
1885:and
1821:and
1654:more
1378:Marx
1368:Mill
1353:List
654:Open
649:Free
337:Open
312:Gift
307:Dual
6010:Sen
5730:Say
5589:New
5322:Law
4807:New
3886:Art
3803:at
3685:doi
3641:doi
2640:),
2456:",
2415:In
1825:of
1813:of
1801:An
1774:of
1618:Sen
1338:Say
1196:Law
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