19:
632:
425:
272:
157:
71:
347:
505:
3193:
3183:
3203:
172:, had been slowly broken up as a consequence of inheritance, wills, marriage settlements or church purchases. Most of the smaller landowning nobility lived on their properties and managed their own estates. The pre-Norman landscape had seen a trend away from isolated hamlets and towards larger villages engaged in arable cultivation in a band running north–south across England.
373:'s reign, agricultural prices almost doubled, at once increasing the potential profits on the demesne estates and also increasing the cost of living for the landowners themselves. Landowners now attempted wherever possible to bring their demesne lands back into direct management, creating a system of administrators and officials to run their new system of estates.
660:
system of direct management of their demesne lands, that had begun back in the 1180s, and turned instead to "farming" out large blocks of land for fixed money rents. Initially livestock and land were rented out together under "stock and lease" contracts, but this was found to be increasingly impractical and contracts for farms became centred purely on land.
664:
the gentry 25%, with the remainder (22%) owned by peasant farmers. Agriculture itself continued to innovate, and the loss of many
English oxen to the murrain sickness in the crisis increased the number of horses being used to plough fields in the 14th century, a significant improvement on older methods.
553:
Various factors exacerbated the crisis. Economic growth had already begun to slow significantly in the years prior to the crisis and the
English rural population was increasingly under economic stress, with around half the peasantry estimated to possess insufficient land to provide them with a secure
618:
The
English agricultural economy remained depressed throughout the 15th century, with growth coming from the greatly increased English cloth trade and manufacturing. The economic consequences of this varied considerably from region to region, but generally London, the South and the West prospered at
584:
epidemic first arrived in
England in 1348, re-occurring in waves during 1360–2, 1368–9, 1375 and more sporadically thereafter. The most immediate economic impact of this disaster was the widespread loss of life, between around 27% mortality amongst the upper classes, to 40-70% amongst the peasantry.
337:
Rabbits were introduced from France in the 13th century, being farmed for their meat in special warrens. The underlying productivity of
English agriculture remained low, despite the increases in food production. Wheat prices fluctuated heavily year to year, depending on local harvests, with up to a
663:
As the major estates transformed, a new economic grouping, the gentry, became evident, many of them benefiting from the opportunities of the farming system. Land distribution remained heavily unequal; estimates suggest that the
English nobility owned 20% of English lands, the Church and Crown 33%,
655:
lands were diminishing as demand remained low and wage costs increased; nobles were also finding it more difficult to raise revenue from their local courts, fines and privileges in the years after the
Peasants Revolt of 1381. Despite attempts to increase money rents, by the end of the 14th century
459:
system. Granges were separate manors in which the fields were all cultivated by the monastic officials, rather than being divided up between demesne and rented fields, and became known for trialling new agricultural techniques during the period. Elsewhere, many monasteries had significant economic
659:
Noble and church landowners responded in various ways. They began to invest significantly less in agriculture and land was increasingly taken out of production altogether. In some cases entire settlements were abandoned, with nearly 1,500 villages lost during this period. They also abandoned the
57:
Over the next five centuries the
English agricultural economy grew but struggled to support the growing population, and then suffered an acute crisis, resulting in significant political and economic change. By the end of the period, England would have an economy dominated by rented farms, many
647:
The agricultural sector of the
English economy, still by far the largest, was transformed by the Black Death. With the shortage of manpower after the Black Death, wages for agricultural labourers rapidly increased and continued to then grow steadily throughout the 15th century. As their incomes
592:
Coming on top of the previous years of famine, the longer-term economic implications were profound. In contrast to the previous centuries of rapid growth, the
English population would not begin to recover for over a century, despite the many positive reasons for a resurgence. The crisis would
557:
Bad weather also played an important part in the disaster; 1315-6 and 1318 saw torrential rains and an incredibly cold winter, which in combination badly impacted on harvests and stored supplies. The rains of these years was followed by draught in the 1320s and another fierce winter in 1321,
588:
The medieval authorities did their best to respond in an organised fashion, but the economic disruption was immense. Building work ceased and many mining operations paused. In the short term, efforts were taken by the authorities to control wages and enforce pre-epidemic working conditions.
361:
and peasant lands paid for in agricultural labour. Landowners could profit from the sales of goods from their demesne lands and a local lord could also expect to receive income from fines and local customs, whilst more powerful nobles profited from their own regional courts and rights.
283:
Agriculture remained by far the most important part of the English economy during the 12th and 13th centuries. There remained a wide variety in English agriculture, influenced by local geography; in areas where grain could not be grown, other resources were exploited instead. In the
195:
of varying power and efficiency had been built in order to grind flour, freeing up peasant labour for other more productive agricultural tasks. The early English economy was not a subsistence economy and many crops were grown by peasant farmers for sale to the early English towns.
236:
The 12th and 13th centuries were a period of huge economic growth in England. The population of England rose from around one and a half million in 1086 to around four or five million in 1300, stimulating increased agricultural outputs and the export of raw materials to Europe.
475:
also held extensive property in England, bringing in around ÂŁ2,200 per annum by the time of their fall. It was primarily rural holdings rented out for cash, but also some urban properties in London. Following the dissolution of the Templar order in France by
416:, written around 1280. In some regions and under some landowners investment and innovation increased yields significantly through improved ploughing and fertilisers, particularly in Norfolk where yields eventually equalled later 18th century levels.
601:
The events of the crisis between 1290–1348 and the subsequent epidemics produced many challenges for the English economy. In the decades after the disaster, the economic and social issues arising from the Black Death combined with the costs of the
227:
was prepared, the Normans owned more than ninety percent of the land. Just two native Englishmen still had significant landholdings: Thorkill of Arden, who held seventy-one manors in Warwickshire, and Coleswain, who had forty-four manors.
610:
of 1381. Although the revolt was suppressed it undermined many of the vestiges of the feudal economic order and the countryside became dominated by estates organised as farms, frequently owned or rented by the new economic class of the
648:
increased, labourers' living conditions and diet improved steadily. England's much smaller population needed less food and the demand for agricultural products fell. The position of the larger landowners became increasingly difficult.
619:
the expense of the Eastern and the older cities. The role of merchants and of trade became increasingly seen as important to the country and usury became increasingly accepted, with English economic thinking increasingly influenced by
215:
Nonetheless, the new Norman aristocracy proved harsh landlords. The wealthier, formerly more independent Anglo-Saxon peasants found themselves rapidly sinking down the economic hierarchy, swelling the numbers of unfree workers, or
454:
By the 13th century these and other orders were acquiring new lands and had become major economic players both as landowners and as middlemen in the expanding wool trade. In particular, the Cistercians led the development of the
199:
The Normans initially did not significantly alter the operation of the manor or the village economy. William reassigned large tracts of land amongst the Norman elite, creating vast estates in some areas, particularly along the
565:
with France in 1337 only added to the economic difficulties. The Great Famine firmly reversed the population growth of the 12th and 13th centuries and left a domestic economy that was "profoundly shaken, but not destroyed".
334:. Pigs remained popular on holdings because of their ability to scavenge for food. Oxen remained the primary plough animal, with horses used more widely on farms in the south of England towards the end of the 12th century.
491:
The 12th century also saw a concerted attempt to curtail the remaining rights of unfree peasant workers and to set out their labour rents more explicitly in the form of the English Common Law. This process resulted in
256:, those who prayed, or the clerics. Trade and merchants played little part in this model and were frequently vilified at the start of the period, although increasingly tolerated towards the end of the 13th century.
244:, most military conflicts either had only localised economic impact or proved only temporarily disruptive. English economic thinking remained conservative, seeing the economy as consisting of three groups: the
187:
land, and the majority of the fields that would be cultivated by local peasants who would pay rent to the landowner either through agricultural labour on the lord's demesne fields, or through cash or produce.
439:
The Church in England was a major landowner throughout the medieval period and played an important part in the development of agriculture and rural trade in the first two centuries of Norman rule. The
220:, forbidden to leave their manor and seek alternative employment. Those Anglo-Saxon nobles who had survived the invasion itself were rapidly assimilated into the Norman elite or economically crushed.
46:
in 1509. England's economy was fundamentally agricultural throughout the period, though even before the invasion the market economy was important to producers. Norman institutions, including
315:
a particularly popular catch; salted at the coast, it could then be shipped inland or exported to Europe. Piracy between competing English fishing fleets was not unknown during the period.
539:
fungi amongst the remaining stocks of wheat. In the ensuing famine, many people died and the peasantry were said to have been forced to eat horses, dogs and cats as well to have conducted
531:
of 1315 began a number of acute crises in the English agrarian economy. The famine centred on a sequence of harvest failures in 1315, 1316 and 1321, combined with an outbreak of the
263:
followed the Norman conquest. Average summer temperatures were higher, and rainfall marginally lower, than in the modern day and there is evidence of vineyards in southern England.
1702:
Kowalski, Maryanne. (2007) "Warfare, Shipping, and Crown Patronage: The Economic Impact of the Hundred Years War on the English Port Towns," in Armstrong, Elbl and Elbl (eds) 2007.
550:
almost doubled, with grain prices particularly inflated. Food prices remained at similar levels for the next decade. Salt prices also increased sharply due to the wet weather.
401:
in England began to appear along the south and east coasts in the 12th century, expanding in number in the 13th, adding to the mechanized power available to the manors.
496:
explicitly authorising feudal landowners to settle law cases concerning feudal labour and fines through their own manorial courts rather than through the royal courts.
2073:
212:
being held in England. In the 10th century slaves had been very numerous, although their number had begun to diminish as a result of economic and religious pressure.
554:
livelihood. Where additional land was being brought into cultivation, or existing land cultivated more intensively, the soil may have become exhausted and useless.
2078:
2646:
3012:
585:
Despite the very high loss of life, few settlements were abandoned during the epidemic itself, but many were badly affected or nearly eliminated altogether.
488:
order in 1313, but in practice many properties were taken by local landowners and the hospital was still attempting to reclaim them twenty-five years later.
179:
in which fields were divided into small strips of land, individually owned, with crops rotated between the field each year and the local woodlands and other
318:
Sheep were the most common farm animal in England during the period, their numbers doubling by the 14th century. Sheep became increasingly widely used for
3148:
303:, salt manufacture was important, including production for the export market. Fishing became an important trade along the English coast, especially in
148:
were kept on English holdings, although most of these breed were much smaller than modern equivalents and most would have been slaughtered in winter.
85:
Agriculture formed the bulk of the English economy at the time of the Norman invasion. Twenty years after the invasion, 35% of England was covered in
451:
also established themselves and expanded to occupy around 150 houses, all supported by agricultural estates, many of them in the north of England.
365:
During the 12th century major landowners tended to rent out their demesne lands for money, motivated by static prices for produce and the chaos of
561:
Disease, independent of the famine, was also high during the period, striking at the wealthier as well as the poorer classes. The commencement of
288:, for example, agriculture centred on grazing animals on the woodland pastures, whilst in the Fens fishing and bird-hunting was supplemented by
2661:
183:
carefully managed. Agricultural land on a manor was divided between some fields that the landowner would manage and cultivate directly, called
369:
between 1135 and 1153. This practice began to alter in the 1180s and 1190s, spurred by the greater political stability. In the first years of
2738:
3232:
2344:
1809:
1857:
2616:
2232:
1780:
1735:
1714:
1693:
1675:
1660:
1639:
1606:
1581:
1557:
1542:
1524:
1506:
1488:
1470:
673:
3227:
404:
By 1300 it has been estimated that there were more than 10,000 watermills in England, used both for grinding corn and for
3072:
3047:
2987:
656:
the rents paid from peasant lands were also declining, with revenues falling as much as 55% between the 1380s and 1420s.
3163:
2450:
3206:
3168:
2698:
2467:
2186:
1928:
1765:
1750:
1621:
1452:
338:
third of the grain being produced in England potentially being for sale, much of it ending up in the growing towns.
2543:
168:
In the century prior to the Norman invasion, England's great estates, owned by the king, bishops, monasteries and
2666:
2068:
1852:
319:
240:
In contrast to the previous two centuries, England was relatively secure from invasion. Except for the years of
3032:
2972:
2944:
2703:
2433:
1918:
3237:
3118:
2949:
1882:
546:
Sheep and cattle numbers fell by up to a half, significantly reducing the availability of wool and meat, and
528:
522:
381:
New land was brought into cultivation to meet demand for food, including drained marshes and fens, including
2474:
2388:
1877:
1802:
308:
631:
3128:
2533:
2488:
2349:
1867:
1862:
1842:
18:
1627:
Fryde, E. B. and Natalie Fryde. (1991) "Peasant Rebellion and Peasant Discontents," in Miller (ed) 1991.
3123:
3113:
3077:
2919:
2821:
2528:
2496:
2359:
2299:
2181:
2176:
39:
2846:
2609:
2339:
2191:
1444:
From the Brink of the Apocalypse: Confronting Famine, War, Plague and Death in the Later Middle Ages.
3097:
2428:
2334:
2304:
2249:
2201:
499:
2801:
2771:
2440:
2314:
1913:
1795:
886:
Cantor 1982a, p.18 suggests an English population of 4 million; Jordan, p.12, suggests 5 million.
636:
393:; royal forests from the late 12th century onwards; poorer lands in the north, south-west and in
1720:
Lee, John. (2001) "The Trade of Fifteenth Century Cambridge and its Region," in Hicks (ed) 2001.
643:, one of nearly 1,500 medieval villages abandoned after the agrarian crisis of the 14th century.
3158:
2914:
2688:
2457:
2369:
2239:
2104:
2099:
370:
208:. The biggest change in the years after the invasion was the rapid reduction in the number of
2977:
2869:
2826:
2506:
2501:
2445:
2254:
1563:
Cantor, Leonard. (1982a) "Introduction: the English Medieval Landscape," in Cantor (ed) 1982.
424:
3196:
3138:
2934:
2841:
2811:
2796:
2602:
2462:
2416:
2319:
2244:
2171:
2154:
2130:
620:
481:
260:
43:
1699:
Keen, Laurence. (1989) "Coastal Salt Production in Norman England," in Brown R. (ed) 1989.
1645:
Hatcher, John. (1996) "Plague, Population and the English Economy," in Anderson (ed) 1996.
543:
against children, although these last reports are usually considered to be exaggerations.
8:
3082:
3062:
3042:
3007:
2939:
2851:
2718:
2423:
2376:
2215:
2166:
1994:
1989:
1898:
485:
477:
692:
The precise mortality figures for the Black Death have debated at length for many years.
435:
monasteries built in the medieval period with wealth derived from agriculture and trade.
3186:
3022:
2997:
2899:
2776:
2728:
2723:
2713:
2651:
2569:
2411:
2268:
2227:
2196:
2135:
2014:
1946:
1847:
1827:
408:
cloth. Improved ways of running estates began to be circulated and were popularised in
1479:
Money, Markets and Trade in Late Medieval Europe: Essays in Honour of John H. A. Munro
3182:
2924:
2894:
2884:
2874:
2791:
2781:
2766:
2633:
2381:
2114:
2109:
2009:
1961:
1776:
1761:
1746:
1731:
1710:
1689:
1671:
1656:
1635:
1617:
1602:
1577:
1553:
1538:
1520:
1502:
1484:
1466:
1448:
603:
562:
540:
461:
176:
161:
51:
1494:
Bailey, Mark. (1996) "Population and Economic Resources," in Given-Wilson (ed) 1996.
271:
93:, with 15% covered by woodlands and the remaining 25% predominantly being moorland,
3143:
3092:
3087:
3027:
2992:
2904:
2861:
2831:
2753:
2671:
2641:
2578:
2518:
2403:
2324:
2094:
1566:
Cantor, Leonard. (1982b) "Forests, Chases, Parks and Warrens," in Cantor (ed) 1982.
409:
121:
31:
593:
dramatically affect English agriculture for the remainder of the medieval period.
357:
The Normans retained and reinforced the manorial system with its division between
3153:
3067:
3037:
2761:
2678:
2511:
2309:
1999:
1951:
1872:
1725:
1683:
1650:
1596:
1571:
1532:
1514:
1478:
1460:
1443:
626:
607:
472:
465:
456:
428:
386:
3057:
3002:
2956:
2909:
2889:
2733:
2656:
2583:
2364:
2354:
1956:
500:
Mid-medieval economic crisis - the Great Famine and the Black Death (1290-1350)
304:
289:
3221:
2816:
2284:
2140:
2047:
2042:
1984:
1903:
640:
394:
323:
224:
201:
156:
117:
1651:
The Fifteenth Century 2: Revolution and Consumption in Late Medieval England
1204:
Jordan, p.12; Bailey, p.46; Aberth, p26-7; Cantor 1982a, p.18; Jordan, p.12.
2982:
2879:
2683:
2538:
2393:
2019:
2004:
1979:
1971:
448:
382:
353:, shown here c. 1250, became increasingly important to English agriculture.
327:
3133:
2836:
2743:
2625:
2294:
2037:
2029:
581:
575:
547:
509:
493:
440:
432:
366:
241:
180:
86:
65:
70:
2708:
2594:
2550:
2289:
1614:
The Military Orders from the Twelfth to the Early Fourteenth Centuries.
3017:
2786:
2052:
1923:
1597:
Making a Living in the Middle Ages: The People of Britain, 850 - 1520
444:
398:
300:
192:
22:
15th-century hay-making, depicted in an English stained glass window.
1213:
Postan 1972, pp26-7; Aberth, p.26; Cantor 1982a, p.18; Jordan, p.12.
504:
3052:
2929:
2806:
1787:
1461:
British Population History: From the Black Death to the Present Day
536:
390:
346:
331:
1515:
Anglo-Norman Studies XI: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1988
2693:
1908:
1818:
1684:
The Great Famine: Northern Europe in the Early Fourteenth Century
652:
532:
443:
first arrived in England in 1128, establishing around eighty new
405:
358:
312:
276:
184:
125:
90:
35:
2329:
1726:
The Agrarian History of England and Wales, Volume III: 1348-1500
1476:
Armstrong, Lawrin, Ivana Elbl and Martin M. Elbl. (eds) (2007)
612:
209:
205:
137:
106:
74:
59:
1198:
627:
Collapse of the demesne and the creation of the farming system
596:
535:
sickness amongst sheep and oxen between 1319–21 and the fatal
350:
285:
217:
169:
133:
129:
98:
47:
1341:
1339:
293:
145:
141:
110:
2523:
1336:
102:
94:
484:
ordered their properties to be seized and passed to the
419:
266:
78:
2074:
Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)
1589:
William the Conqueror: the Norman Impact upon England.
1499:
England under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075-1225.
66:
English agriculture at the time of the Norman Invasion
969:
967:
252:, those who worked, in particular the peasantry; and
116:
In the more fertile parts of the country such as the
2079:
Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)
1533:
Monastic and Religious Orders in Britain, 1000-1300
341:
28:
economics of English agriculture in the Middle Ages
1182:
1180:
1125:
1123:
964:
231:
101:formed the single most important arable crop, but
1668:A Social and Economic History of Medieval Europe.
1389:
1387:
789:
787:
3219:
1632:An Illustrated History of Late Medieval England.
1401:
1399:
516:
1177:
1120:
164:, central to many medieval English communities.
1413:
1411:
1384:
846:
844:
784:
460:impact on the landscape, such as the monks of
2610:
1803:
1396:
635:The ruined church in the deserted village of
1569:Danziger, Danny and John Gillingham. (2003)
1302:
1300:
948:
946:
299:In some locations, such as Lincolnshire and
1408:
841:
814:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
714:
712:
710:
597:Late medieval economic recovery (1350-1509)
376:
2617:
2603:
1810:
1796:
1634:Manchester: Manchester University Press.
1591:Berkeley: University of California Press.
1297:
943:
934:
2624:
730:
707:
630:
503:
423:
345:
270:
155:
69:
17:
1775:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1730:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1688:Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1537:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1465:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1372:Fryde and Fryde, p.753; Bailey, pp46-7.
805:
3220:
1129:Forey, p.111, 230; Postan 1972, p.102.
464:, responsible for the draining of the
58:controlled by the rising class of the
2598:
1791:
674:Economy of England in the Middle Ages
447:over the next few years; the wealthy
420:The role of the Church in agriculture
267:English agriculture and the landscape
248:, those who fought, or the nobility;
1817:
512:reached England in 1348 from Europe.
471:The military crusading order of the
3202:
2647:Decline of the Western Roman Empire
50:, were superimposed on an existing
13:
2739:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire
175:These new villages had adopted an
151:
113:were also cultivated extensively.
14:
3249:
3233:History of agriculture in England
3169:Historiography in the Middle Ages
1758:The Medieval Economy and Society.
1630:Given-Wilson, Chris (ed). (1996)
1501:Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1165:Cantor 1982a, p.20; Aberth, p.14.
3201:
3192:
3191:
3181:
1743:England in the Late Middle Ages.
1681:Jordan, William Chester. (1997)
1258:Dyer, p.271, 274; Hatcher, p.37.
1156:Danziger and Gillingham, pp41-2.
829:Bartlett, p.319; Douglas, p.311.
342:Development of estate management
2667:Christianity in the Middle Ages
2662:Decline of Hellenistic religion
1601:London: Yale University Press.
1587:Douglas, David Charles. (1962)
1550:The English Medieval Landscape.
1458:Anderson, Michael. (ed) (1996)
1434:
1420:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1327:
1318:
1309:
1288:
1279:
1270:
1261:
1252:
1243:
1234:
1225:
1222:Aberth, p.34; Jordan, p.17, 19.
1216:
1207:
1189:
1186:Jordan, p.38, 54; Aberth, p.20.
1168:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1021:
1012:
1003:
994:
985:
976:
955:
925:
916:
907:
898:
889:
880:
871:
862:
853:
832:
823:
686:
232:Mid-medieval growth (1100-1290)
2945:Crisis of the late Middle Ages
1117:Danziger and Gillingham, p.38.
1081:Burton, p.55, 69; Dyer, p.114.
1054:Danziger and Gillingham, p.47.
1036:Danziger and Gillingham, p.45.
1027:Danziger and Gillingham, p.44.
973:Bartlett, p.368; Bailey, p.44.
796:
775:
766:
757:
748:
721:
569:
1:
3119:Disability in the Middle Ages
2792:Rise of the Republic of Genoa
2724:Rise of the Venetian Republic
1709:Glasgow, UK: HarperCollins.
1648:Hicks, Michael (eds). (2001)
1572:1215: The Year of Magna Carta
1548:Cantor, Leonard (ed). (1982)
1512:Brown, R. Allen. (ed) (1989)
1405:Hodgett, p.206; Bailey, p.46.
1249:Jordan, p.78; Hodgett, p.201.
699:
517:The Great Famine of 1315–1317
1760:Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.
1745:Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.
1723:Miller, Edward. (ed) (1991)
1707:The Normans and their World.
468:to create new pasture land.
7:
3228:Economy of medieval England
2350:English language in England
2345:Innovations and discoveries
2069:Postwar Britain (1945–1979)
1267:Dyer, p.272, Hatcher, p.25.
667:
10:
3254:
2920:Rise of the Ottoman Empire
1773:Medieval Economic Thought.
1594:Dyer, Christopher. (2009)
1345:Hatcher, p.36; Lee, p.127.
1072:Bailey, p.44; Dyer, p.128.
961:Bailey, p.53; Keen, p.134.
573:
520:
3177:
3106:
2965:
2860:
2847:Mongol invasion of Europe
2752:
2632:
2563:
2487:
2402:
2280:
2276:
2267:
2223:
2214:
2162:
2153:
2123:
2087:
2061:
2028:
1970:
1939:
1891:
1835:
1826:
1670:Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
1655:Woodbridge, UK: Boydell.
1519:Woodbridge, UK: Boydell.
1497:Bartlett, Robert. (2000)
523:Great Famine of 1315–1317
279:at work digging, c. 1170.
124:and the east of England,
42:in 1066, to the death of
2429:The Football Association
1666:Hodgett, Gerald. (2006)
1530:Burton, Janet E. (1994)
679:
377:Agricultural development
2802:Investiture Controversy
2772:Second Bulgarian Empire
1914:History of Anglo-Saxons
1576:London: Coronet Books.
1240:Fryde and Fryde, p.754.
558:complicating recovery.
3159:Post-classical history
2915:Fall of Constantinople
2822:Capet–Plantagenet feud
2689:First Bulgarian Empire
2240:Elizabethan government
2105:Kingdom of East Anglia
2100:Kingdom of Northumbria
1705:Lindsay, Jack. (1974)
727:Cantor 1982a, pp17-18.
644:
513:
436:
414:Le Dite de Hosebondrie
354:
322:, particularly in the
280:
165:
132:were also cultivated.
82:
23:
2446:Rugby Football League
1929:Settlement of Britain
1756:Postan, M. M. (1972)
1441:Aberth, John. (2001)
634:
507:
427:
349:
274:
159:
73:
52:system of open fields
38:agriculture from the
21:
3238:Medieval agriculture
3139:Medieval reenactment
2935:Renaissance Humanism
2842:Medieval Warm Period
2812:Republic of Florence
2626:European Middle Ages
2463:Rugby Football Union
2131:House of Plantagenet
1771:Wood, Diana. (2002)
1741:Myers, A. R. (1971)
1612:Forey, Alan. (1992)
1552:London: Croom Helm.
621:Renaissance humanist
261:Medieval Warm Period
2852:Kingdom of Portugal
2719:Old Church Slavonic
2704:Anglo-Saxon England
2015:Union with Scotland
1995:English Reformation
1990:English Renaissance
1919:Anglo-Saxon England
1616:London: Macmillan.
1447:London: Routledge.
1045:Cantor 1982a, p.19.
1018:Postan 1972, p.111.
1009:Postan 1972, p.107.
982:Cantor 1982b, p.83.
478:Philip IV of France
3033:In popular culture
2998:Crusading movement
2870:Hundred Years' War
2729:Civitas Schinesghe
2714:Carolingian Empire
2699:Kingdom of Croatia
2652:Barbarian kingdoms
2544:Saint George's Day
2136:House of Lancaster
1947:Kingdom of England
1848:History of England
922:Bartlett, p.288-9.
645:
514:
437:
355:
281:
166:
83:
24:
3215:
3214:
3124:Basic topics list
2925:Swiss mercenaries
2875:Wars of the Roses
2782:Kingdom of Poland
2767:Holy Roman Empire
2634:Early Middle Ages
2592:
2591:
2559:
2558:
2483:
2482:
2389:Science education
2382:Church of England
2263:
2262:
2210:
2209:
2149:
2148:
2115:Kingdom of Sussex
2110:Kingdom of Mercia
1962:Wars of the Roses
1781:978-0-521-45893-1
1736:978-0-521-20074-5
1715:978-0-246-10500-4
1694:978-0-691-05891-7
1676:978-0-415-37707-2
1661:978-0-85115-832-7
1640:978-0-7190-4152-5
1607:978-0-300-10191-1
1582:978-0-7432-5778-7
1558:978-0-7099-0707-7
1543:978-0-521-37797-3
1525:978-0-85115-526-5
1507:978-0-19-925101-8
1489:978-90-04-15633-3
1471:978-0-521-57884-4
1363:Wood, p.120, 173.
1333:Kowaleski, p.233.
991:Bailey, p.44, 48.
604:Hundred Years War
431:, one of the new
223:By 1086 when the
177:open field system
162:open field system
89:land, 25% put to
3245:
3205:
3204:
3195:
3194:
3185:
3144:Medieval studies
2988:Church and State
2862:Late Middle Ages
2754:High Middle Ages
2672:Christianization
2642:Migration Period
2619:
2612:
2605:
2596:
2595:
2572:
2534:Royal supporters
2335:Landscape garden
2305:Country clothing
2278:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2221:
2220:
2160:
2159:
2095:Kingdom of Essex
1858:Local government
1833:
1832:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1427:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1406:
1403:
1394:
1391:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1334:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1295:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1148:
1147:Bartlett, p.321.
1145:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1001:
1000:Bartlett, p.315.
998:
992:
989:
983:
980:
974:
971:
962:
959:
953:
950:
941:
938:
932:
929:
923:
920:
914:
913:Bartlett, p.288.
911:
905:
902:
896:
893:
887:
884:
878:
875:
869:
866:
860:
857:
851:
848:
839:
836:
830:
827:
821:
818:
812:
809:
803:
800:
794:
793:Bartlett, p.313.
791:
782:
779:
773:
770:
764:
761:
755:
752:
746:
743:
728:
725:
719:
716:
693:
690:
441:Cistercian order
412:'s famous book,
410:Walter de Henley
32:economic history
3253:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3173:
3154:Neo-medievalism
3102:
3038:Itinerant court
2961:
2856:
2777:Georgian Empire
2762:Norman Conquest
2748:
2694:Frankish Empire
2628:
2623:
2593:
2588:
2575:
2568:
2555:
2529:Royal standards
2479:
2398:
2259:
2206:
2145:
2119:
2083:
2057:
2024:
2000:Elizabethan era
1966:
1952:Norman Conquest
1935:
1887:
1873:English society
1822:
1816:
1786:
1483:Leiden: BRILL.
1437:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:Hodgett, p.206.
1416:
1409:
1404:
1397:
1393:Hodgett, p.205.
1392:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1178:
1174:Aberth, pp13-4.
1173:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1004:
999:
995:
990:
986:
981:
977:
972:
965:
960:
956:
951:
944:
939:
935:
930:
926:
921:
917:
912:
908:
903:
899:
894:
890:
885:
881:
877:Lindsay, p.280.
876:
872:
868:Lindsay, p.279.
867:
863:
858:
854:
850:Douglas, p.312.
849:
842:
837:
833:
828:
824:
820:Douglas, p.310.
819:
815:
810:
806:
801:
797:
792:
785:
780:
776:
772:Dyer, p.19, 22.
771:
767:
763:Dyer, p.27, 29.
762:
758:
753:
749:
744:
731:
726:
722:
717:
708:
702:
697:
696:
691:
687:
682:
670:
629:
608:Peasants Revolt
606:to produce the
599:
578:
572:
525:
519:
502:
473:Knights Templar
466:Somerset Levels
445:monastic houses
429:Fountains Abbey
422:
387:Somerset Levels
379:
344:
269:
234:
154:
152:Manorial system
68:
40:Norman invasion
12:
11:
5:
3251:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3199:
3189:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3149:Misconceptions
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2957:Little Ice Age
2954:
2953:
2952:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2910:Western Schism
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2866:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2758:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2664:
2659:
2657:Late antiquity
2654:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2622:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2599:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2574:
2573:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2504:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2408:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2362:
2357:
2355:Middle England
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2088:Prior Kingdoms
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1957:Angevin Empire
1954:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1883:United Kingdom
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821: articles
1815:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1792:
1785:
1784:
1769:
1754:
1739:
1721:
1718:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1679:
1664:
1646:
1643:
1628:
1625:
1610:
1592:
1585:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1546:
1528:
1510:
1495:
1492:
1474:
1456:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1426:Aberth, p27-8.
1419:
1407:
1395:
1383:
1374:
1365:
1356:
1354:Dyer, pp300-1.
1347:
1335:
1326:
1317:
1315:Hatcher, p.61.
1308:
1296:
1287:
1285:Dyer, pp272-3.
1278:
1269:
1260:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1176:
1167:
1158:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1119:
1110:
1108:Dyer, pp156-7.
1101:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1065:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1011:
1002:
993:
984:
975:
963:
954:
942:
933:
924:
915:
906:
897:
888:
879:
870:
861:
852:
840:
831:
822:
813:
804:
795:
783:
781:Dyer, pp19-21.
774:
765:
756:
747:
729:
720:
705:
704:
703:
701:
698:
695:
694:
684:
683:
681:
678:
677:
676:
669:
666:
651:Revenues from
628:
625:
598:
595:
574:Main article:
571:
568:
521:Main article:
518:
515:
501:
498:
421:
418:
378:
375:
343:
340:
305:Great Yarmouth
268:
265:
233:
230:
153:
150:
67:
64:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3250:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3208:
3200:
3198:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2817:Scholasticism
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2679:Rise of Islam
2677:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2615:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2512:national flag
2510:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2468:national team
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2451:national team
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2434:national team
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2417:national team
2415:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
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2286:
2285:Afternoon tea
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2256:
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2141:House of York
2139:
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2134:
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2128:
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2116:
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2111:
2108:
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2077:
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2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2048:Edwardian era
2046:
2044:
2043:Victorian era
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1985:Stuart period
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1904:Roman Britain
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1878:British Isles
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
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1801:
1799:
1794:
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1790:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1766:0-14-020896-8
1763:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1751:0-14-020234-X
1748:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1708:
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1701:
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1662:
1658:
1654:
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1637:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1622:0-333-46235-1
1619:
1615:
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1608:
1604:
1600:
1598:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1579:
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1472:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1453:0-415-92715-3
1450:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1423:
1414:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1381:Bailey, p.47.
1378:
1369:
1360:
1351:
1342:
1340:
1330:
1321:
1312:
1306:Fryde, p.753.
1303:
1301:
1291:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1255:
1246:
1237:
1231:Jordan, p.17.
1228:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1195:Jordan, p.54.
1192:
1183:
1181:
1171:
1162:
1153:
1144:
1138:Forey, p.230.
1135:
1126:
1124:
1114:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1078:
1069:
1060:
1051:
1042:
1033:
1024:
1015:
1006:
997:
988:
979:
970:
968:
958:
952:Bailey, p.53.
949:
947:
940:Bailey, p.51.
937:
928:
919:
910:
901:
892:
883:
874:
865:
859:Dyer, pp81-2.
856:
847:
845:
838:Dyer, p.36-8.
835:
826:
817:
808:
799:
790:
788:
778:
769:
760:
751:
745:Bailey, p.44.
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
724:
718:Bailey, p.41.
715:
713:
711:
706:
689:
685:
675:
672:
671:
665:
661:
657:
654:
649:
642:
641:County Durham
638:
633:
624:
622:
616:
614:
609:
605:
594:
590:
586:
583:
577:
567:
564:
559:
555:
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538:
534:
530:
524:
511:
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489:
487:
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469:
467:
463:
458:
452:
450:
446:
442:
434:
430:
426:
417:
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
396:
395:Welsh Marches
392:
388:
384:
374:
372:
368:
363:
360:
352:
348:
339:
335:
333:
329:
325:
324:Welsh borders
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
290:basket making
287:
278:
273:
264:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
238:
229:
226:
225:Domesday Book
221:
219:
213:
211:
207:
203:
197:
194:
191:Around 6,000
189:
186:
182:
178:
173:
171:
163:
158:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
118:Thames valley
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
80:
77:at work with
76:
72:
63:
61:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
20:
16:
2978:Architecture
2950:Great Famine
2940:Universities
2880:Hussite Wars
2797:Great Schism
2684:Papal States
2539:Saint George
2502:Coat of arms
2441:Rugby league
2394:Sunday Roast
2315:Demographics
2245:Independence
2062:Contemporary
2020:Georgian era
2005:Jacobean era
1980:Tudor period
1972:Early Modern
1772:
1757:
1742:
1724:
1706:
1682:
1667:
1649:
1631:
1613:
1595:
1588:
1570:
1549:
1531:
1513:
1498:
1477:
1459:
1442:
1435:Bibliography
1422:
1377:
1368:
1359:
1350:
1329:
1324:Dyer, p.278.
1320:
1311:
1294:Dyer, p.273.
1290:
1281:
1276:Dyer, p.274.
1272:
1263:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1170:
1161:
1152:
1143:
1134:
1113:
1104:
1099:Dyer, p.156.
1095:
1090:Dyer, p.115.
1086:
1077:
1068:
1063:Dyer, p.131.
1059:
1050:
1041:
1032:
1023:
1014:
1005:
996:
987:
978:
957:
936:
931:Myers, p.55.
927:
918:
909:
900:
895:Burton, p.8.
891:
882:
873:
864:
855:
834:
825:
816:
807:
798:
777:
768:
759:
750:
723:
688:
662:
658:
650:
646:
617:
600:
591:
587:
579:
560:
556:
552:
545:
529:Great Famine
526:
490:
470:
453:
449:Augustinians
438:
413:
403:
397:. The first
383:Romney Marsh
380:
364:
356:
336:
328:Lincolnshire
317:
298:
282:
258:
253:
249:
245:
239:
235:
222:
214:
202:Welsh border
198:
190:
181:common lands
174:
167:
115:
97:and heaths.
84:
56:
27:
25:
15:
3207:WikiProject
3134:Medievalism
2973:Agriculture
2837:Manorialism
2832:Communalism
2827:Monasticism
2744:Reconquista
2734:Kievan Rus'
2458:Rugby union
2290:Anglophilia
2233:Middle Ages
2038:Regency era
2030:Late Modern
1940:Middle Ages
1899:Prehistoric
904:Wood, p.15.
811:Dyer, p.14.
802:Dyer, p.26.
754:Dyer, p.25.
582:Black Death
576:Black Death
570:Black Death
548:food prices
541:cannibalism
510:Black Death
494:Magna Carta
486:Hospitaller
462:Glastonbury
367:the Anarchy
311:, with the
309:Scarborough
275:An English
250:laboratores
242:the Anarchy
3222:Categories
3129:Land terms
3083:Technology
3063:Philosophy
3043:Literature
3008:Demography
2709:Viking Age
2551:Tudor rose
2255:Parliament
700:References
623:theories.
433:Cistercian
193:watermills
3114:Dark Ages
3023:Household
3018:Hastilude
2787:Feudalism
2475:Wimbledon
2320:Education
2172:Districts
2155:Geography
2053:The Blitz
2010:Civil War
1924:Heptarchy
1853:Education
1836:Overviews
482:Edward II
399:windmills
301:Droitwich
296:cutting.
75:Ploughmen
44:Henry VII
3197:Category
3164:Timeline
3053:Minstrel
3048:Medicine
2930:Chivalry
2885:Burgundy
2807:Crusades
2579:Category
2524:Oak tree
2519:Heraldry
2424:Football
2377:Religion
2340:Identity
2325:Folklore
2250:Monarchy
2216:Politics
2187:Parishes
2167:Counties
1868:Military
1863:Maritime
1843:Timeline
668:See also
637:Embleton
537:ergotism
391:the Fens
332:Pennines
330:and the
254:oratores
122:Midlands
3107:Related
3093:Warfare
3088:Theatre
3078:Slavery
3073:Science
3028:Hunting
2993:Cuisine
2966:Culture
2905:Castile
2900:England
2570:Outline
2489:Symbols
2412:Cricket
2360:Museums
2310:Cuisine
2300:Castles
2269:Culture
2228:Economy
2197:Regions
2182:Islands
2177:Gardens
2124:Related
1909:Lloegyr
1892:Ancient
1828:History
1819:England
653:demesne
533:murrain
406:fulling
359:demesne
313:herring
246:ordines
204:and in
185:demesne
126:legumes
91:pasture
48:serfdom
36:English
30:is the
3187:Portal
3068:Poetry
2895:France
2584:Portal
2497:Anthem
2365:People
2192:Places
1779:
1764:
1749:
1734:
1713:
1692:
1674:
1659:
1638:
1620:
1605:
1580:
1556:
1541:
1523:
1505:
1487:
1469:
1451:
613:gentry
457:grange
385:, the
210:slaves
206:Sussex
170:thegns
138:cattle
120:, the
107:barley
87:arable
60:gentry
3098:Women
3058:Music
3013:Domes
3003:Dance
2890:Milan
2507:Flags
2404:Sport
2202:Towns
680:Notes
351:Sheep
286:Weald
218:serfs
134:Sheep
130:beans
99:Wheat
2370:list
2330:FĂŞte
1777:ISBN
1762:ISBN
1747:ISBN
1732:ISBN
1711:ISBN
1690:ISBN
1672:ISBN
1657:ISBN
1636:ISBN
1618:ISBN
1603:ISBN
1578:ISBN
1554:ISBN
1539:ISBN
1521:ISBN
1503:ISBN
1485:ISBN
1467:ISBN
1449:ISBN
580:The
527:The
508:The
389:and
371:John
320:wool
307:and
294:peat
292:and
277:serf
259:The
160:The
146:pigs
144:and
142:oxen
128:and
111:oats
109:and
95:fens
79:oxen
26:The
2983:Art
2295:Art
563:war
103:rye
34:of
3224::
1410:^
1398:^
1386:^
1338:^
1299:^
1179:^
1122:^
966:^
945:^
843:^
786:^
732:^
709:^
639:,
615:.
480:,
326:,
140:,
136:,
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62:.
54:.
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2611:t
2604:v
1811:e
1804:t
1797:v
1783:.
1768:.
1753:.
1738:.
1728:.
1717:.
1696:.
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1678:.
1663:.
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1642:.
1624:.
1609:.
1599:.
1584:.
1574:.
1560:.
1545:.
1535:.
1527:.
1517:.
1509:.
1491:.
1481:.
1473:.
1463:.
1455:.
81:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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