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On the other hand, they are also slower than horses, which has both advantages and disadvantages; their pulling style is steadier, but they cannot cover as much ground in a given period of time. For agricultural purposes, oxen are more suitable for heavy tasks such as breaking sod or plowing in wet,
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of about three years of age would be bought for the team and trained with the older animals. The pair would be kept for about four years, then sold at about seven years old to be fattened for beef – thus covering much of the cost of buying that year's new pair. Use of oxen for plowing survived in
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Pairs of oxen were always hitched the same way round, and they were often given paired names. In southern
England it was traditional to call the near-side (left) ox of a pair by a single-syllable name and the off-side (right) one by a longer one (for example: Lark and Linnet, Turk and Tiger).
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In Italy, where oxen may be very large, shoeing is accomplished using a massive framework of beams in which the animal can be partly or completely lifted from the ground by slings passed under the body; the feet are then lashed to lateral beams or held with a rope while the shoes are fitted.
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Ox trainers favor larger animals for their ability to do more work. Oxen are therefore usually of larger breeds, and are usually males because they are generally larger. Females can also be trained as oxen, but as well as being smaller, are often more valued for producing
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In
England, shoeing was accomplished by throwing the ox to the ground and lashing all four feet to a heavy wooden tripod until the shoeing was complete. A similar technique was used in Serbia and, in a simpler form, in India, where it is still practiced.
605:, which allowed the horse to engage the pushing power of its hindquarters in moving a load, horses could not pull with their full strength because the yoke was incompatible with their anatomy (yokes press on their chest, inhibiting their breathing).
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in pairs. Light work such as carting household items on good roads might require just one pair, while for heavier work, further pairs would be added as necessary. A team used for a heavy load over difficult ground might exceed nine or ten pairs.
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Such devices were made of wood in the past, but may today be of metal. Similar devices are found in France, Austria, Germany, Spain, Canada and the United States, where they may be called ox slings, ox presses or shoeing stalls.
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When hauling freight, oxen can move very heavy loads in a slow and steady fashion. They are at a disadvantage compared to horses when it is necessary to pull a plow or load of freight relatively quickly.
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of different sizes for each animal as it grows. The steers are normally considered fully trained at the age of four and only then become known as oxen.
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787:, Agricultural Engineering Branch, Agricultural Support Systems Division, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations
412:) as dual-purpose animals: for draft and beef. A plowing team of eight oxen normally consisted of four pairs aged a year apart.
468:, and are fitted in symmetrical pairs to the hooves. Unlike horses, oxen are not easily able to balance on three legs while a
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Verbal commands for draft animals vary widely throughout the world. In North
America, the most common commands are:
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John C Barret (1991), "The
Economic Role of Cattle in Communal Farming Systems in Zimbabwe", to be published in
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601:, which was designed to work best with the neck and shoulder anatomy of cattle. Until the invention of the
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shows an ox being shod standing, tied to a post by the horns and balanced by supporting the raised hoof.
343:). In pre-industrial times, most teamsters were known for their loud voices and forthright language.
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Working oxen usually require shoes, although in
England not all working oxen were shod. Since their
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and are painstakingly trained from a young age. Their teamster makes or buys as many as a dozen
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and aggression, which makes the males docile and safer to work with. Cows (adult females) or
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The system was sometimes adopted in
England also, where the device was called a
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Oxen are thought to have first been harnessed and put to work around 4000 BC.
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For millennia, oxen also could pull heavier loads because of the use of the
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880:"Well Trained to the Yoke: Working Oxen on the Village's Historical Farms"
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are cloven, two shoes are required for each hoof, as opposed to a single
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grain by trampling, and for powering machines that grind grain or supply
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Oxen can pull heavier loads, and pull for a longer period of time than
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1150:. World Association for Transport Animal Welfare and Studies (TAWS).
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A Song for Every Season: A Hundred Years of a Sussex
Farming Family
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561:, Austria; a pair of ox shoes is attached to the near left column.
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tradition, young castrated cattle selected for draft are known as
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or a long pole (which also serves as a measure of length: see
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678:"BULLOCK | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary"
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Working oxen are taught to respond to the signals of the
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logs in forests, particularly in low-impact, select-cut
728:. North Adams, Massachusetts, USA: Storey Publishing.
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A single left-hand ox shoe of the type used for large
373:, contractions for "get thee up" or "get ye up"): go
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1080:
937:"Blacksmith shoeing a Bullock, Calcutta, India"
266:among other purposes. Oxen may be also used to
243:(intact males) may also be used in some areas.
160:by George H. Harvey, Nova Scotia, Canada, 1881
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1148:Ox Yokes: Culture, Comfort and Animal Welfare
907:"Shoeing oxen and horses at a Servian smithy"
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491:or trevis; one example is recorded in the
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699:"History of the domestication of animals"
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
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882:. Old Sturbridge Village. Archived from
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810:Williams, Michael (17 September 2004).
313:A team of ten pair of oxen in Australia
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705:from the original on November 24, 2012
680:. Dictionary.cambridge.org. 2022-05-25
557:Ox shoeing sling in the Dorfmuseum of
424:) until the early twentieth century.
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16:Common bovine draft and riding animal
1110:"On Small Farms, Hoof Power Returns"
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1052:Wet/Dry Routes Chapter Newsletter
905:Schomberg, A. (7 November 1885).
822:from the original on 3 March 2011
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785:Draught Animal Power, an Overview
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864:from the original on 2014-06-12.
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965:. Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
52:needs additional citations for
940:(stereoscope card (half only))
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168:Oxen used in farms for plowing
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850:. Princes Risborough: Shire.
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590:heavy, or clay-filled soil.
567:Uses and comparison to horses
1444:List of domesticated animals
1108:Taylor, Tess (May 3, 2011).
1021:(in Italian and Sardinian).
404:A tradition in southeastern
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911:The Illustrated London News
764:Zimbabwe Veterinary Journal
752:(pp 95–100), Heinemann 1971
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542:Karel Dujardin, 1622–1678:
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176:Boy on an ox-drawn cart in
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1019:"Tradizioni - Serramanna"
963:"Restraining and Shoeing"
250:, for transport (pulling
942:. Stereo-Travel Co. 1908
726:Oxen, A Teamster's Guide
223:, trained and used as a
26:Not to be confused with
1006:The shoeing of the oxen
990:"La ferratura dei buoi"
637:Ox in Chinese mythology
408:was to use oxen (often
1035:Serramanna: traditions
878:Baker, Andrew (1989).
844:Watts, Martin (1999).
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1439:Human uses of animals
1316:Search and rescue dog
1081:John Singer Sargent.
724:Conroy, Drew (2007).
628:(ox-driver, teamster)
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544:A Smith Shoeing an Ox
505:A Smith Shoeing an Ox
415:Each year, a pair of
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1306:Military working dog
1188:at Wikimedia Commons
886:on 26 September 2011
812:"The Living Tractor"
227:. Oxen are commonly
61:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
497:John Singer Sargent
472:shoes the fourth.
359:: turn to the right
203:), also known as a
158:Ploughing with Oxen
21:Ox (disambiguation)
1114:The New York Times
988:Tacchini, Alvaro.
792:2010-07-01 at the
771:2012-09-18 at the
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379:: turn to the left
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1485:Pack animals
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1373:Riding horse
1159:. Retrieved
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931:
919:. Retrieved
915:the original
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888:. Retrieved
884:the original
847:Working oxen
846:
824:. Retrieved
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672:
620:Bullock cart
603:horse collar
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225:draft animal
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59:Please help
54:verification
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1459:Pack animal
1378:Stock horse
1358:Guide horse
1353:Draft horse
1331:Therapy dog
1321:Service dog
1296:Hunting dog
1291:Herding dog
1276:Draught dog
1239:Bali cattle
1161:21 February
1058:(4). 1997.
632:Ox (zodiac)
422:South Downs
391:New England
231:adult male
1474:Categories
1363:Pack horse
1311:Police dog
684:2022-05-31
664:References
658:Boeuf gras
264:irrigation
254:, hauling
213:Australian
87:newspapers
1449:Livestock
1301:Mercy dog
1286:Guide dog
1281:Guard dog
1254:Dromedary
1093:18 August
622:(ox-cart)
462:horseshoe
353:: back up
329:ox-driver
305:bronze ox
260:threshing
229:castrated
1400:Reindeer
1368:Pit pony
1326:Sled dog
1152:Archived
1118:Archived
1087:Archived
1060:Archived
1023:Archived
994:Archived
967:Archived
862:Archived
820:Archived
790:Archived
769:Archived
703:Archived
642:Ox-wagon
626:Bullocky
609:See also
559:Mönchhof
527:oxen in
525:Chianina
503:, while
466:caulkins
324:bullocky
319:teamster
294:Training
219:), is a
187:Ox skull
146:oxen in
117:May 2019
1124:19 June
766:, p 10.
615:Aurochs
529:Tuscany
470:farrier
452:Shoeing
406:England
389:In the
371:giddyap
367:giddyup
272:logging
248:plowing
209:British
205:bullock
101:scholar
28:Aurochs
1480:Cattle
1338:Donkey
1066:22 May
1029:22 May
1000:22 May
973:22 May
946:22 May
921:22 May
890:22 May
854:
826:22 May
732:
648:Oxtail
584:horses
458:hooves
446:Africa
434:calves
417:steers
385:: stop
365:(also
363:Get up
256:wagons
233:cattle
221:bovine
215:, and
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
32:Muskox
1385:Llama
1348:Horse
1343:Gayal
1244:Camel
1155:(PDF)
1144:(PDF)
489:crush
399:yokes
279:yoked
252:carts
241:bulls
178:Niger
108:JSTOR
94:books
1390:Mule
1186:Oxen
1163:2012
1141:"Dr"
1126:2011
1095:2016
1068:2011
1031:2011
1002:2011
975:2011
948:2011
923:2011
892:2011
852:ISBN
828:2011
730:ISBN
711:2012
599:yoke
444:and
442:Asia
438:milk
436:and
383:Whoa
351:Back
337:whip
333:goad
268:skid
207:(in
201:oxen
144:Zebu
80:news
76:"Ox"
1410:Yak
1261:Dog
507:by
377:Haw
369:or
357:Gee
341:rod
327:or
197:pl.
191:An
63:by
30:or
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1395:Ox
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