3035:, like French. Indian-English speakers usually speak with a syllabic rhythm. Further, in some Indian languages, stress is associated with a low pitch, whereas in most English dialects, stressed syllables are generally pronounced with a higher pitch. Thus, when some Indian speakers speak, they appear to put the stress accents at the wrong syllables, or accentuate all the syllables of a long English word. Certain Indian accents possess a "sing-song" quality, a feature seen in a few English dialects of Britain, such as
627:
568:
510:
9043:
1214:, of 41,554 surveyed, households reported that 72% of men (29,918) spoke no English, 28% of them (11,635) spoke at least some English, and 5% of them (2,077, roughly 17.9% of those who spoke at least some English) spoke fluent English. Among women, 83% (34,489) spoke no English, 17% (7,064) spoke at least some English, and 3% (1,246, roughly 17.6% of those who spoke at least some English) spoke English fluently. According to statistics from the District Information System for Education (DISE) of the
1409:
5730:: All the adults who participated in this study spoke a Telugu variety of Indian English. Telugu pronunciation of English is heavily influenced by the spelling. Two identical letters in a word are articulated as geminates. The articulation is also mostly rhotic ... In place of the alveolar stops, retroflex sounds are used. Some speakers would also use a retroflex nasal in place of the alveolar nasal, and a retroflex lateral in place of the alveolar lateral.
4398:
74:
4384:
380:
1579:
Amendment Bill declared
English to be an associate language "until such time as all non-Hindi States had agreed to its being dropped." This has not yet occurred, and English is still widely used. For instance, it is the only reliable means of day-to-day communication between the central government and the non-Hindi states.
1233:, 129 million Indians (10.6%) spoke English. 259,678 (0.02%) Indians spoke English as their first language. It concluded that approximately 83 million Indians (6.8%) reported English as their second language, and 46 million (3.8%) reported it as their third language, making English the second-most spoken language in India.
527:
585:
4799:
Knowledge's India estimate of 350 million includes two categories – 'English speakers' and 'English users'. The distinction between speakers and users is that Users only know how to read
English words, while Speakers know how to read English, understand spoken English and form their own sentences to
2219:
are always unaspirated in Indian
English, (aspirated in cultivated form) whereas in RP, General American and most other English accents they are aspirated in word-initial or stressed syllables. Thus "pin" is pronounced in Indian English but in most other dialects. In native Indo-Aryan languages, a
1531:
played a major role in introducing
English and Western concepts into educational institutions in British-India. He supported the replacement of Persian by English as the official language, the use of English as the medium of instruction in all schools, and the training of English-speaking Indians as
5702:. Speakers of these languages tend to use their own retroflex consonants in place of English alveolar /t, d, n/. Although these languages do have non-retroflex stops, these are dental, and it seems that English alveolar stops are perceived as closer to the retroflex stops than to the dental ones.
1578:
and other non-Hindi-speaking states, it was decided to temporarily retain
English for official purposes until at least 1965. By the end of this period, however, opposition from non-Hindi states was still too strong to have Hindi declared the sole language. With this in mind, the English Language
528:
588:
2220:
predominant language family in India, the distinction between aspirated and unaspirated plosives is phonemic, and the
English stops are equated with the unaspirated rather than the aspirated phonemes of the local languages. The same is true of the voiceless postalveolar affricate
3055:
is preferred for digit grouping. When written in words, or when spoken, numbers less than 100,000 are expressed just as they are in
Standard English. Numbers including and beyond 100,000 are expressed in a subset of the Indian numbering system. Thus, the following scale is used:
586:
646:
5209:(2002), page 163: "Some of the words in American English have spelling pronunciation and also pronunciation spelling. These are also characteristic features of Indian English as well. The novels of Mulk Raj Anand, in particular, are full of examples of ..."
1594:
to large parts of the Indian population. The use of outdated teaching methods and the poor grasp of
English exhibited by the authors of many guidebooks disadvantage students who rely on these books, giving India only a moderate proficiency in English.
2521:, especially when plurals are being formed, unlike speakers of other varieties of English, who use for the pluralisation of words ending in a voiceless consonant, for words ending in a voiced consonant or vowel, and for words ending in a sibilant.
2268:
plosives, sometimes even with a tendency to come down to the alveolar region. So a Hindi speaker normally cannot distinguish the difference between their own apical post-alveolar plosives and
English's alveolar plosives. Languages such as Tamil have
6813:
1443:. Idiomatic forms derived from Indian literary languages and vernaculars have been absorbed into Indian English. Nevertheless, there remains general homogeneity in phonetics, vocabulary, and phraseology among various dialects of Indian English.
5235:(2012), page 56: "Not all distributional differences, however, have important consequences for spelling. For instance, the ... Naturally enough, Indian English is heavily influenced by the native language of the area in which it is spoken."
644:
2255:
and the other retroflex. Native speakers of Indian languages prefer to pronounce the
English alveolar plosives sound as more retroflex than dental, and the use of retroflex consonants is a common feature of Indian English. In the
1466:, although lakh and crore are also used to refer to other large numbers such as population sizes. These terms are not used by other English-speakers, who have to learn what they mean in order to read Indian English news articles.
526:
584:
1207:, 12.18% of Indians knew English at that time. Of those, approximately 200,000 reported that it was their first language, 86 million reported that it was their second, and 39 million reported that it was their third.
2901:, so the spelling of a word is a highly reliable guide to its modern pronunciation. Indians' tendency to pronounce English phonetically as well can cause divergence from British English. This phenomenon is known as
5830:
2531:, native languages like Hindi have corresponding affricates articulated from the palatal region, rather than postalveolar, and they have more of a stop component than fricative; this is reflected in their English.
4800:
converse in English. The distinction becomes clear when you consider China's numbers. China has over 200 million people who can read English words but by this definition only a few million are English speakers.
1586:
among many Indians has changed over time. It used to be associated primarily with colonialism; it is now primarily associated with economic progress, and English continues to be an official language of India.
1226:, enrollment in English-medium schools increased by 50% between 2008–09 and 2013–14. The number of English-medium school students in India increased from over 15 million in 2008–09 to 29 million by 2013–14.
5222:(2009), page 116: "So what was Cauvery is now Kaveri. Some residual spellings left by the British do exist such as the use of ee for /i:/ as in Mukherjee. Also, some place names such as Cuddapah and Punjab"
643:
4246:
Numerous other dictionaries ostensibly covering Indian English, though for the most part being merely collections of administratively-useful words from local languages, include (chronologically):
2260:
script of Hindi, all alveolar plosives of English are transcribed as their retroflex counterparts. One good reason for this is that unlike most other native Indian languages, Hindi does not have
1654:
and English. It is often the growing preferred language of the urban and semi-urban educated Indian youth, as well as the Indian diaspora abroad. The Hindi film industry, more popularly known as
6040:
8818:
8683:
5274:- Shapiro is/was an OED employee. The article states: "The opinions and other information contained in the OED blog posts and comments do not necessarily reflect the opinions or positions of
519:
7073:
2075:
respectively). Though the trap-bath split is prevalent in Indian English, it varies greatly. Many younger Indians who read and listen to American English do not have this split. Similar to
3842:: Used to acknowledge and apologise for something that causes problems or difficulties and ask people to accept and adapt to the situation, or used to apologise for causing inconvenience.
529:
3720:
e.g. "Pedestrian trips account for a quarter to a third of all trips in many Indian cities, yet, footpaths are designed as an afterthought to vehicles and commercial establishments." (
3625:: To do that which is necessary or required, with the respectful implication that the other party is trusted to understand what needs doing without being given detailed instructions.
4789:
645:
9023:
5430:
587:
577:
1536:, with most high schools offering English language instruction in some subjects. In 1857, just before the end of East India Company rule, universities that were modeled on the
1768:
North Indians, especially a minority of English students and teachers along with some people in various professions like telephone customer service agents, often speak with a
1215:
4307:
5131:
5106:
6181:
4746:
4282:
1760:
In general, Indian English has fewer peculiarities in its vowel sounds than the consonants, especially as spoken by native speakers of languages like Hindi, the vowel
4695:
6747:
5463:
6104:
4314:
9116:
8670:
7121:
5998:
Indian English has different words for high numbers than British or America English.Note that above a thousand, Indians introduce a comma after every two digits,
2412:
Indian English is variably rhotic; with pronunciations either being non-rhotic due to the traditional influence of RP, or generally rhotic due to the underlying
1544:(1858 to 1947), English-language penetration increased throughout the subcontinent. This was driven in part by the gradually increasing hiring of Indians in the
740:
6717:
An Anglo-Indian dictionary: a glossary of Indian terms used in English, and of such English or other non-Indian terms as have obtained special meanings in India
1590:
While there is an assumption that English is readily available in India, studies show that its usage is actually restricted to the elite, because of inadequate
4921:
6010:
5538:
9016:
8194:
4628:
8134:
6352:
5080:
4411:
1117:
of India, and the additional official language in seven other states and one union territory. Furthermore, English is the sole official language of the
6407:
6048:
4796:. The article explains the difference between the 350 million number mentioned in a previous version of this Knowledge article and the current number:
3031:(where only certain words in a sentence or phrase are stressed) are important features of Received Pronunciation. Indian native languages are actually
2095:
1062:
4769:
4182:
5360:
3929:: used for saying that someone is away. This phrase has its origins in the posting of army officers to particular "stations" during the days of the
1196:
Today, only a few hundred thousand Indians, or less than 0.1% of the total population, speak English as their first language, and around 30% of the
9111:
9009:
8990:
1764:
system having some similarities with that of English. Among the distinctive features of the vowel-sounds employed by some Indian English speakers:
1036:
2442:
as , as opposed to and in more non-rhotic varieties. Speakers with rhotic accents, especially some south Indians, may also pronounce word-final
3361:
1244:. The index gives the country a score of 496 indicating "moderate proficiency". India ranks 6th out of 24 Asian countries included in the index.
6425:
2936:, found in no other English accent (although some Scottish accents come close). This is somewhat similar to the traditional distinction between
1574:
was declared the first official language in the new Indian Republic, and attempts were made to declare Hindi the sole national language. Due to
1528:
5714:, p. 289b: This use of retroflex consonants is very characteristic of Indian English, and the retroflex resonance is very pervasive ...
5030:
4885:
1658:, incorporates considerable amounts of Hinglish as well. Many internet platforms and voice commands on Google also recognise Hinglish. When
9304:
9161:
8391:
8342:
7115:
4786:
1811:, have been gaining influence on Indian English in recent years as cultural and economic ties increase between India and the United States.
6207:
5405:
4785:
For the distinction between "English Speakers" and "English Users", see TESOL-India (Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages),
1533:
3522:(verb): To snatch a gold chain (or sometimes silver chain) from someone and run away, usually perpetrated by two or more criminals on a
8229:
7202:
5258:
1341:
dates from 1696, though the term did not become common until the 19th century. In the colonial era, the most common terms in use were
3923:, etc.). Often resides or spends their working time in a special service space in the office, behind the front desk or in the pantry.
2985:
Use of instead of for the "-ed" ending of the past tense after voiceless consonants, for example "developed" may be instead of RP
6256:
1267:
stated in 2011 that, due to the prominence and usage of the language and the desire for English-language education, "English is the
6791:
4813:
3637:
636:
2759:. Retroflex and dental consonants are not present and only alveolar consonants are used unlike other Indian languages. Similar to
8359:
4431:
4426:
1110:
704:
7133:
9090:
5247:(2002), page 300: "The use of Indian words with English spellings: e.g. 'Mundus,' 'raksha'; 'Ed Cherukka,' 'Chacko Saar Vannu'"
2607:
2406:
1219:
1055:
5947:
4839:
3919:
Usually a person employed to do less important and menial jobs in a business office (such as a messenger, copier maintenance,
1602:
due to the dominance of Indian-style education and teachers in the country after it withdrew from its isolation in the 1960s.
9139:
8985:
8279:
8064:
7034:
6992:
6919:
6896:
6854:
6833:
6650:
6629:
6607:
6577:
6556:
5343:
5050:
4898:
4606:
138:
6725:
4743:
8299:
7372:
7257:
3756:
e.g. "Private institutions can only develop if they are allowed to charge reasonable fees, while also providing need based
110:
9433:
6595:
4658:
967:
7780:
6954:
2647:. A significant portion of Indians thus, even though their native languages do have its nearest equivalent: the unvoiced
2251:, , especially in the north of India. In Indian languages, there are two entirely distinct sets of coronal plosives: one
1575:
489:
7885:
7055:
7105:
4734:, Issue 25, 2003, pp. 8–10, (Feature: Languages of West Bengal in Census and Surveys, Bilingualism and Trilingualism).
3605:
between them. The term is usually used to describe the hatred spread by religious leaders and politicians which cause
117:
7013:
6873:
6669:
6114:
5991:
5840:
2039:
1048:
157:
4357:(2004) delineates how Indian English differs from British English for a large number of specific lexical items. The
9284:
8335:
7684:
6018:
1993:
5964:
Varshney, R.L., "An Introductory Textbook of Linguistics and Phonetics", 15th Ed. (2005), Student Store, Bareilly.
2273:
retroflex plosives, however, wherein the articulation is done with the tongue curved upwards and backwards at the
9080:
7932:
7728:
2163:
1883:
765:
479:
91:
4636:
3888:
e.g. "When I have a job I'll have to begin a whole new search for my better half ... Back to the newspaper
124:
58:, macaronic languages mixing English with Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, Urdu and Nepali, respectively.
9709:
8249:
7689:
7195:
5800:
5776:
4361:
publishing company also produced a range of synchronic general dictionaries for the Indian market, such as the
2155:
1931:
1211:
95:
6344:
2305:). Mostly in north India, some speakers allophonically further change the voiced retroflex plosives to voiced
9032:
8289:
7982:
7944:
7095:
2847:
2790:
are spoken like , a phenomenon that is also apparent in their English. Exactly the opposite is seen for many
2484:
1784:
as , etc. Some South Indians, however, like native Telugu speakers speak with a rhotic accent, but the final
1532:
teachers. Throughout the 1840s and 1850s, primary, middle, and high schools were opened in many districts of
406:
4727:
424:
9825:
9328:
8975:
8284:
7937:
7757:
7574:
7395:
5488:
4766:
3410:
Some examples of words and phrases unique to, or chiefly used in, standard written Indian English include:
2476:
1962:
1907:
1549:
1237:
1166:
797:
745:
292:
106:
3011:
2986:
2979:
2975:
2949:
2945:
2918:
2881:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2840:
2836:
2824:
2816:
2809:
2787:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2710:
2702:
2684:
2672:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2591:
2587:
2563:
2552:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2528:
2525:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2503:
2480:
2472:
2463:
2459:
2447:
2443:
2380:
2376:
2368:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2264:
retroflex plosives (Tiwari, 2001). The so-called retroflexes in Hindi are actually articulated as apical
2244:
2240:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2072:
2068:
2064:
1785:
1540:
and used English as the medium of instruction were established in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. During the
9830:
8970:
8328:
7660:
7650:
7248:
7215:
7211:
4484:
3749:, each tenable for one year and one of which is for the second and the other for the third year class." (
3641:
3323:
2775:
in Assamese. For example; change is pronounced as , vote is pronounced as and English is pronounced as .
2667:
loanwords into Hindi. The probable reason is the confusion created by the use of the Devanagari grapheme
2187:
2123:
1475:
1019:
862:
7127:
6402:
4586:
9339:
9143:
Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority
8244:
7959:
7817:
7228:
6366:
6274:
4479:
4261:
3310:
Larger numbers are generally expressed as multiples of the above (for example, one lakh crores for one
2820:
2663:
sound as and (the latter, especially in the North). This replacement is equally true for Persian and
2195:
2016:
1954:
1567:
1521:
1517:
725:
7180:
8224:
7750:
7708:
7679:
7611:
7579:
7188:
6299:
5438:
5302:"The Official Languages Act, 1963 | Department of Official Language | Ministry of Home Affairs | GoI"
5262:
4666:. Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India. 1 December 2007. pp. 212–267. Archived from
4416:
3785:
2697:
2641:
2605:
2193:
2185:
2161:
2153:
2129:
2121:
2037:
2014:
1991:
1983:
1960:
1952:
1929:
1905:
1881:
1420:
9437:
Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language
6769:
5628:
5009:
2102:
The following are some variations in Indian English resulting from not distinguishing a few vowels:
9725:
9316:
8980:
7949:
7903:
7802:
7775:
7740:
7635:
7506:
7164:
Indian Novels in English: Texts, Contexts and Language Hardcover – 2018 by Jaydeep Sarangi (Author)
3682:
3597:
2491:
for words with either sound, possibly in free variation with and/or depending upon region. Thus,
2364:
1682:, where the former term is used predominantly in modern India and the latter term predominantly in
867:
6159:
9820:
9601:
8161:
7994:
7812:
7787:
7149:
6304:
5275:
4421:
3732:(adjective): Of a person or group of people who has returned home after living abroad for a while
3300:
3279:
3052:
3032:
2488:
2131:
2079:, variability is especially present when the split occurs before nasal clusters in words such as
1440:
360:
297:
242:
232:
222:
84:
3986:(noun, frequently as a single word): A newspaper journalist, a reporter, a member of the press.
9215:
9075:
8536:
8076:
8054:
7858:
7555:
7524:
7402:
6696:
5539:"The Readers' Editor writes: Why is American English becoming part of everyday usage in India?"
3606:
3311:
2902:
2361:
2349:
2265:
1856:
1804:
1290:
992:
977:
699:
7972:
7143:
6907:
6617:
6567:
6451:
5983:
5690:: The comments on retroflex consonants also apply to northern Indian languages such as Hindi,
4991:
3010:
Silent letters may be pronounced. For example, 'salmon' is usually pronounced with a distinct
9653:
9274:
8414:
8396:
8274:
8059:
7954:
7667:
7601:
7355:
7345:
7340:
6884:
6312:
6106:
Indian Englishes in the Twenty-First Century: Unity and Diversity in Lexicon and Morphosyntax
4904:
4101:
4046:
3069:
3024:
2801:
by people of rural backgrounds, as with some Spanish-speakers. This is usually dealt with by
2372:
1571:
1314:
1197:
1106:
987:
872:
8267:
5378:
Chelliah, Shobhana L. (July 2001). "Constructs of Indian English in language 'guidebooks'".
2224:. The local unvoiced aspirated plosives are instead equated with English fricatives, namely
131:
9383:
8893:
8788:
7696:
7589:
7529:
7407:
7380:
7297:
4970:
National Research University Higher School of Economics Journal of Language & Education
4754:
4358:
4293:
4275:
3990:
3531:
3028:
2914:
2417:
1769:
1537:
1459:
1294:
1230:
1204:
317:
237:
17:
5301:
1625:
8:
9782:
9354:
9310:
9187:
9152:
8838:
8294:
8124:
8116:
8014:
7977:
7863:
7848:
7723:
7713:
7640:
7479:
7159:
6692:
4460:
4230:
4091:
4087:
3670:
3650:
3076:
2921:) in other accents, some Indian English speakers supply a murmured version , for example
2894:
2421:
2048:
1667:
1651:
1486:
1223:
1190:
1146:
1137:
1102:
947:
842:
817:
812:
807:
730:
257:
62:
4982:
3621:
3328:
Indian English includes many political, sociological, and administrative terms, such as
8793:
8753:
8646:
8351:
8184:
8151:
8086:
8069:
7924:
7745:
7292:
7282:
6774:
6103:
Leuckert, Sven; Lange, Claudia; Bernaisch, Tobias; Yurchenko, Asya (21 December 2023).
5902:
5606:
5056:
5014:
4860:"EF English Proficiency Index – A comprehensive ranking of countries by English skills"
4268:
3930:
3762:
3587:
2968:
2534:
2353:
2236:
2076:
1817:
1710:
1647:
1591:
1490:
1278:
1259:
1241:
1182:
1126:
1118:
1012:
997:
962:
802:
709:
227:
6082:
Lambert, James (2018). "Anglo-Indian slang in dictionaries on historical principles".
4330:
The first dictionary of Indian English to be published after independence was Hawkins
1516:
English-language public instruction began in the subcontinent in the 1830s during the
457:
9585:
8948:
8743:
8728:
8723:
8631:
8531:
8449:
8439:
8424:
8404:
8189:
8174:
8146:
8106:
7898:
7835:
7584:
7360:
7324:
7167:
7089:
7051:
7030:
7009:
6988:
6915:
6892:
6869:
6850:
6829:
6796:
6665:
6646:
6625:
6603:
6573:
6552:
6110:
5987:
5894:
5836:
5695:
5610:
5598:
5339:
5335:
5060:
5046:
4987:
4894:
4602:
4535:
4451:
3602:
3537:
e.g. "Women are avoiding wearing gold chains due to the concerning rise in number of
3349:
2964:
2898:
2827:
from Persian and Arabic is written by putting a dot beneath the grapheme for native
2798:
2783:
2779:
2732:
2625:
1985:
1860:
1494:
1322:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1114:
1094:
982:
957:
922:
852:
827:
792:
787:
761:
465:
7880:
6293:
5361:"The rise of Hinglish: How the media created a new lingua franca for India's elites"
1497:
in 1600 and the subsequent establishment of trading ports in coastal cities such as
485:
9736:
9704:
9594:
9409:
9239:
8903:
8773:
8758:
8738:
8718:
8698:
8616:
8581:
8571:
8490:
8480:
8465:
8444:
8409:
8309:
8262:
8214:
8141:
8049:
8039:
8034:
8024:
7870:
7843:
7701:
7621:
7566:
7464:
7446:
7433:
7270:
7265:
6970:
6942:
6087:
5976:
Alex's Adventures in Numberland: Dispatches from the Wonderful World of Mathematics
5951:
5884:
5699:
5691:
5588:
5518:
5387:
5331:
5190:
5038:
4977:
4594:
4403:
4100:– A form of divorce practiced in the Indian Muslim community for many generations.
3687:
3426:
3422:
2760:
2680:
2629:
2617:
2579:
2428:
2394:
2383:
for North Indian speakers, whereas it would be pronounced unaspirated in the south.
2333:
2319:
2252:
2173:
2141:
2109:
2025:
2002:
1971:
1940:
1917:
1893:
1869:
1844:
1830:
1720:
1702:
1694:
1639:
1583:
1524:
1122:
1087:
972:
952:
942:
917:
912:
902:
887:
882:
847:
822:
782:
685:
355:
252:
247:
4560:
9746:
8953:
8918:
8878:
8873:
8868:
8848:
8843:
8833:
8808:
8783:
8778:
8693:
8656:
8651:
8641:
8601:
8591:
8586:
8561:
8546:
8505:
8495:
8470:
8459:
8179:
8081:
8019:
7989:
7797:
7672:
7493:
7469:
7441:
7412:
7385:
7350:
7237:
7109:
7045:
7024:
7003:
6982:
6844:
6823:
6640:
6622:
Linguistic Theory and South Asian Languages: Essays in honour of K. A. Jayaseelan
4965:
4793:
4773:
4750:
4731:
4720:
4254:
4247:
4169:
3962:
3633:
3601:: The creation of hatred between different religions and ethnicities which cause
3384:
3357:
3353:
2963:
sound as instead of . This trait is also present in other South Asian dialects (
2706:
2688:
2598:
2357:
1821:
1808:
1730:
1321:
were also awaiting presidential approval to use Hindi alongside English, and the
1248:
1098:
1002:
932:
897:
877:
857:
832:
595:
214:
197:
9676:
9402:
9373:
9290:
9227:
9085:
8933:
8923:
8913:
8908:
8883:
8858:
8853:
8768:
8748:
8733:
8713:
8703:
8636:
8621:
8606:
8596:
8566:
8500:
8419:
8254:
8169:
8029:
7853:
7606:
7511:
7501:
7417:
7219:
7130:: An analysis of Indian language published by the "Language In India" magazine.
6930:
6587:
4667:
4507:
4321:
4240:
3947:(phrase): Graduate from school/college or complete a course at an institution.
3677:
3669:
e.g. "The official and Service atmosphere ... set the tone for almost all
3582:
3432:
e.g. "For 14 years he immersed himself in academics and was a fine achiever." (
2955:
In unstressed syllables, which speakers of American English would realise as a
2791:
2402:
2306:
2213:
1744:
1545:
1463:
1326:
1302:
1133:
907:
837:
735:
344:
322:
312:
202:
5948:"Onset of Rising Pitch in Focused Words in Hindi : an Experimental Study"
5889:
5872:
5593:
5576:
5513:
Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of 'lishes': The nomenclature of hybridity.
4598:
2434:
Many Indians with rhotic accents prefer to pronounce words with as , such as
2431:
is seen as having a large influence on the English language in India recently.
9814:
9322:
9268:
9172:
8943:
8938:
8928:
8898:
8888:
8863:
8798:
8626:
8611:
8541:
8475:
8304:
8219:
7875:
7792:
7733:
7645:
7596:
7474:
7456:
7137:
6752:
5898:
5602:
5406:"To Eat 'Snacks Or Snakes?' Discover The Idiosyncrasies Of Bhutanese English"
4325:
Things India: Being Discursive Notes on Various Subjects connected with India
4300:
4235:
4131:(noun): The enhancement or upgrading of status, value or level of something.
3629:
3574:
3564:
3560:
3296:
3257:
3223:
3040:
2278:
1554:
1306:
1281:
and the history of the emergence of Indian English are deeply inter-related.
1253:
1152:
1007:
603:
544:
302:
7128:"Linguistic and Social Characteristics of Indian English" by Jason Baldridge
7124:, and compare side by side with other English accents from around the World.
6698:
HOBSON-JOBSON: Being a glossary of Anglo-Indian colloquial words and phrases
5391:
5042:
4939:
4370:
A Dictionary of Indian English, with a Supplement on Word-formation Patterns
1827:
Indian English speakers do not necessarily make a clear distinction between
9682:
9527:
9517:
9297:
8828:
7807:
7655:
7534:
7102:
6946:
5979:
5522:
5194:
4389:
4347:
3905:
3473:
3395:. Words that are treated as mass nouns in native forms of English, such as
3373:
3365:
2413:
2398:
2387:
1789:
1455:
1313:
by virtue of special presidential approval. As of 2018, the high courts of
1297:. However, as allowed by the Constitution, Hindi is also used in courts in
927:
351:
5326:
Annamalai, E. (2006). "India: Language Situation". In Brown, Keith (ed.).
5259:"The most distinctive counting system in English? Indian cardinal numbers"
4318:
A Glossary of Indian Terms relating to Religion, Customs, Government, Land
4029:
e.g. "There is an urgent need for setting up an independent authority for
3834:
e.g. Q: "How much is this?" A: "It will be two hundred and seventy rupee."
441:
9624:
9574:
9532:
9396:
9360:
9279:
9192:
9095:
9001:
8551:
6974:
6591:
5005:
4153:
3878:
3845:
e.g. "The store will be closed this afternoon due to staffing shortages.
3739:
3509:
3499:
3337:
2556:
1824:, which perhaps results from a similar pattern used while speaking Hindi.
1679:
1671:
1635:
1541:
1365:
1264:
1170:
653:
540:
536:
307:
5906:
5489:"Decoding the Bollywood poster - National Science and Media Museum blog"
4744:"Family-wise Grouping of the 122 Scheduled and Non-scheduled Languages".
4134:
e.g. "Our Company lays great stress on technical training and knowledge
3007:
as in both the noun and the verb, instead of as a noun and as a verb.
2502:
South Indians tend to curl the tongue (retroflex accentuation) less for
2371:
in the north (it would be unaspirated in the south) and the unaspirated
1408:
9522:
9467:
9261:
8556:
7718:
7210:
6688:
6512:
6494:
6476:
6384:
6091:
4226:
3795:
3578:
3392:
2835:. This substitution is rarer than that for , and in fact in many Hindi
2802:
2257:
669:
615:
556:
6326:
6233:
4883:
3713:(noun) (also Australian English, British English, Hiberno-English): a
9646:
9629:
9608:
9497:
9391:
8454:
8320:
7275:
7122:'Hover & Hear' pronunciations in a Standard Indian English accent
6931:"Beyond Hobson-Jobson: Towards a new lexicography for Indian English"
6730:
6664:. Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles. Cambridge University Press.
6069:
James Lambert (2014). Indian "English slang". In Julie Coleman (ed.)
4844:
4651:
4165:
4161:
3882:
3663:
3523:
3434:
3388:
2601:
whereas other varieties use clear in syllable-initial positions and
2248:
1655:
1310:
657:
599:
450:
434:
416:
398:
6137:
3805:
e.g. "A group of four friends had gone to have dinner at a roadside
2971:), and common for many second-language European speakers of English.
73:
9699:
9619:
9557:
9542:
9462:
9457:
9452:
9348:
9233:
9197:
9181:
8576:
8485:
7302:
7144:
An exploration into linguistic majority-minority relations in India
4474:
4469:
4464:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4397:
4172:
for bribes and/or employment favours given by the particular party.
4148:
4014:
3998:
3920:
3781:
3714:
3489:
3450:
3377:
3341:
2705:. This is common among people without formal English education. In
2633:
1735:
1725:
1715:
1683:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1269:
497:
55:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
6620:. In Bayer, Josef; Bhattacharya, Tanmoy; Babu, M. T. Hany (eds.).
4239:, originally published in 1886 with an expanded edition edited by
2959:, speakers of Indian English would use the spelling vowel, making
1368:
words for Indian English have been used. The earliest of these is
1125:
or legislature mandates the use of a regional language, or if the
9763:
9752:
9507:
9502:
9487:
9482:
9255:
9245:
9208:
8763:
8708:
8434:
8239:
8234:
8044:
7390:
7317:
7312:
6549:
In Search of Indian English: History, Politics and Indigenisation
5132:"Government taking efforts to make Tamil official language in HC"
4724:
4455:
4355:
Indian and British English: A Handbook of Usage and Pronunciation
4018:
3971:(verb): To bring (something) forward to an earlier date or time.
3701:
e.g. "He didn't call even" meaning "He didn't even call" and not
3429:): Academic pursuits in contrast to technical or practical work.
1761:
1510:
1506:
1318:
1275:
In Search of Indian English: History, Politics and Indigenisation
1090:
937:
493:
6041:"Corporate chiefs getting crores in salaries: 100 and counting!"
4304:
A Glossary of Reference, on Subjects connected with the Far East
3799:
2316:
Most major native languages of India lack the dental fricatives
1598:
In addition, many features of Indian English were imported into
1273:
national language of India. It is a bitter truth." In his book,
1129:
has given approval for the use of regional languages in courts.
9758:
9552:
9547:
9512:
9492:
9367:
9250:
9221:
9202:
8526:
7307:
7287:
6102:
4157:
3666:): Of a person or group of people that uses or speaks English.
3369:
3345:
3333:
3329:
3036:
2893:
A number of distinctive features of Indian English are due to "
2815:
Many Indians with lower exposure to English also may pronounce
2664:
2602:
2274:
1675:
1599:
1502:
51:
4265:
The Oriental Interpreter and Treasury of East Indian Knowledge
1920:
1216:
National University of Educational Planning and Administration
9741:
9731:
9714:
9659:
9614:
9537:
9477:
9472:
8803:
8429:
8376:
6912:
Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects
6687:
3852:
e.g.: When asking someone to move along so you can sit down.
3550:
3527:
3274:
3252:
3218:
3201:
3172:
2956:
2575:
2282:
2208:
The following are the standard variations in Indian English:
2112:
1943:
1847:
1659:
1643:
1498:
1451:
1349:, both dating from 1860. Other less common terms in use were
1298:
385:
183:
6182:"UP cinema halls to show Kumbh logo before screening movies"
5810:. Linda J. Ferrier-Reid, Robert MacAuslan and Joel MacAuslan
5733:
5464:"Hinglish gets the most laughs, say Mumbai's standup comics"
4508:"LANGUAGE - INDIA,STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES (Table C-16)"
2932:
may be aspirated as or , resulting in realisations such as
2322:
1446:
Formal written publications in English in India tend to use
9719:
9693:
9687:
8510:
6866:
The Indianisation of English: the English language in India
6645:. Series: Dialects of English. Edinburgh University Press.
5577:"Variation and change in the short vowels of Delhi English"
4922:"Number of children studying in English doubles in 5 years"
4787:"India is World's Second Largest English-Speaking Country".
4536:"POPULATION BY BILINGUALISM AND TRILINGUALISM (Table C-17)"
4059:
3869:
3613:
3463:
3418:
3407:, are frequently treated as count nouns in Indian English.
3155:
3126:
2925:. No other accent of English admits this voiced aspiration.
2651:, often use the voiced palatal affricate (or postalveolar)
2637:
2427:
In recent years, rhoticity has been increasing. Generally,
2336:
1896:
1872:
1663:
1447:
1277:, Ranjan Kumar Auddy shows that the history of the rise of
6714:
6523:
5705:
5431:"The idiosyncrasies of Bhutanese English – Kuensel Online"
5185:. A multitude of 'lishes': The nomenclature of hybridity.
5107:"Haryana to approach guv for promoting use of Hindi in HC"
4181:
Spelling practices in Indian English generally follow the
2996:
ending of the plural after voiced consonants, for example
2679:). A similar thing happens in other Indian languages like
2176:
1833:
1289:
Under the Indian Constitution, English is the language of
1173:
in 1947, English remained an official language of the new
496:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
27:
Class of varieties of the English language spoken in India
6955:"Setting the record straight: An in-depth examination of
6160:"cinema hall Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary"
4859:
3760:
and scholarships for a certain percentage of students." (
2797:
Inability to pronounce certain (especially word-initial)
2375:, or possibly the aspirated version , is substituted for
2144:
2028:
2005:
1974:
5650:
5556:
2897:". Most Indian languages, unlike English, have a nearly
1357:(1912). An item of Anglo-Indian English was known as an
9117:
List of countries where English is an official language
7026:
Structural Nativization in Indian English Lexicogrammar
6624:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 249–267.
5866:
5864:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5665:
4334:(1984). Other efforts include (chronologically): Lewis
2928:
Similarly, especially with Hindi speakers, the digraph
2548:
are usually replaced by the VC clusters , and (as in
2379:. For example, "thin" would be realised as instead of
7172:
5717:
5681:
4657:
4243:
in 1903, widely available in reprint since the 1960s.
2616:
The following are variations in Indian English due to
2405:
based on the influence by the native phonology, or an
1863:, with the target vowel ranging between either option.
1605:
6770:"India Faces a Linguistic Truth: English Spoken Here"
5458:
5456:
5010:"India Faces a Linguistic Truth: English Spoken Here"
4342:(1991), Sengupta's Indian English supplement to the
2401:, but may also be pronounced as a retroflex flap or
6071:
Global English Slang: Methodologies and Perspectives
5913:
5861:
5849:
5745:
5662:
5638:
4966:"English as a Lingua Franca in a Multilingual India"
4690:
4688:
4530:
4528:
4379:
4164:
or a group of communities who always back a certain
3446:: Nothing to be concerned about, everything is fine
1527:
as the official language of the East India Company.
6291:
5832:
Indian Writing in English: Pre to Post Independence
5287:MacKenzie, John (January 2013). "A family empire",
5281:
4884:Desai, Dubey; Joshi, Sen; Sharif, Vanneman (2010).
4412:
Regional differences and dialects in Indian English
3896:(Calcutta), 10 February 1999 (Midweek section) 4/3)
3885:for the purpose of finding a marriageable partner.
3813:(Calcutta), 10 February 1999 (Midweek section) 4/3)
3283:
3227:
3176:
3130:
2944:present in English, however, wherein the former is
2717:are allophones in some cases, so the words such as
2471:Most Indian languages do not differentiate between
2051:of Received Pronunciation, affecting words such as
1485:The English language established a foothold on the
98:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
9042:
6408:Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners
6292:
5932:"Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language".
5453:
5168:: Towards a new lexicography for Indian English",
3636:(VAT) on petro-products to bring down prices, the
1458:and Western numbering for foreign currencies like
7050:. Series: Varieties of English Around the World.
7047:Contemporary Indian English: Variation and Change
6208:"Yogi Accuses Opposition of Ranking Up Inflation"
5877:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
4685:
4525:
4272:A Supplement to the Glossary of Indian Terms: A-J
3965:(British English), gas station (American English)
2597:Indian English uses clear in all instances like
9812:
9112:List of countries by English-speaking population
6792:"The Problem With The English Language In India"
5936:. Cambridge University Press. 1995. p. 360.
5256:
4814:"The Problem With The English Language In India"
4225:The most famous dictionary of Indian English is
3466:): Take advantage of an opportunity or resource.
1236:India ranks 52 out of 111 countries in the 2022
6821:
6011:"Investors lose Rs 4.4 lakh crore in four days"
5205:Mukesh Ranjan Verma and Krishna Autar Agrawal:
4696:"Court language is English, says Supreme Court"
4621:
2846:Many speakers of Indian English do not use the
652:An example of a female news presenter from the
6863:
6846:South Asian English: Structure, Use, and Users
6811:
5934:Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language
4840:"Sanskrit and English: there's no competition"
3829:This is how much it is (quantifying something)
3577:will soon display the newly-unveiled logo for
2671:(for /dʒ/) with a dot beneath it to represent
2566:). Syllable nuclei in words with the spelling
1257:among different regions of India. Writing for
1193:were considered separate from Indian English.
9017:
8336:
7196:
6914:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 536–.
6710:. London & New York: Penguin. p. 10.
6586:
6254:
5739:
5160:
5158:
4251:A Dictionary of Words used in the East Indies
3961:(used in some parts of south India; noun): A
2612:(velarised-L) in coda and syllabic positions.
1056:
9305:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
9162:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
7554:
6618:"Writing Systems and Phonological Awareness"
6598:, in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.),
5973:
5004:
4279:The Zillah Dictionary in the Roman Character
2487:). Instead, many Indians use a frictionless
7160:India Human Development Survey-II 2011–2012
7076:. Archived from the original on 31 May 2013
7043:
6842:
6812:Indian English, English To Bengali (2019),
3482:(interjection) (South India): oh no, yikes.
3288:
3232:
3181:
3135:
3018:
2974:The word "of" is usually pronounced with a
1105:for communication, and is enshrined in the
9031:
9024:
9010:
8343:
8329:
8230:Comparison of American and British English
7203:
7189:
6565:
5774:
5711:
5687:
5328:Encyclopedia of language & linguistics
5155:
3387:, is notable for its treatment of English
2869:, and in some south Indian variants, with
2582:) are also replaced by VC clusters. e.g.,
1063:
1049:
7103:Indian general spoken Problems in English
6843:Baumgardner, Robert Jackson, ed. (1996).
6109:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5888:
5592:
5325:
4981:
4837:
3953:e.g. "I passed out of my school aged 17."
2888:
2397:/r/ is pronounced by most speakers as an
1552:in 1947, English was the only functional
1372:(recorded from 1962), and others include
1364:In the modern era, a range of colloquial
158:Learn how and when to remove this message
7923:
7116:Indian Pronunciation Problems in English
7005:Indian English: Texts and Interpretation
7001:
6566:Ball, Martin J.; Muller, Nicole (2014).
5377:
5207:Reflections on Indian English literature
4963:
3448:(a reference to the famous Indian movie
594:An example of a female speaker from the
535:An example of a female speaker from the
6952:
6928:
6891:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 90–.
6882:
6745:
6705:
6638:
6615:
6529:
5870:
5723:
5626:
5574:
5562:
5358:
4432:Indian States by most popular languages
4427:Languages with official status in India
3950:e.g. "I passed out of college in 2007."
2823:. Again in Hindi Devanagari the loaned
2524:In case of the postalveolar affricates
2513:Sometimes, Indian speakers interchange
490:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
9813:
9091:English in the Commonwealth of Nations
8350:
7022:
6905:
6887:. In Braj Kachru; et al. (eds.).
6883:Gargesh, Ravinder (17 February 2009).
6767:
6726:"What ails English language teaching?"
6724:Rayan, Albert P. (24 September 2017).
5828:
5537:Reddy, C. Rammanohar (6 August 2017).
4940:"EF English Proficiency Index – India"
4502:
4500:
4297:Glossary of Judicial and Revenue Terms
4113:e.g. "Read out the para and copy down
2843:, or the two are used interchangeably.
2839:is used by native speakers instead of
1666:is viewed as a single language called
1518:rule of the British East India Company
1220:Ministry of Human Resource Development
9057:
9005:
8324:
7184:
7171:
6980:
6963:International Journal of Lexicography
6723:
6659:
6569:Phonetics for Communication Disorders
6546:
6426:"You studied so hard you passed out?"
6420:
6418:
5919:
5855:
5762:
5675:
5656:
5644:
5622:
5620:
5536:
5532:
5530:
5037:, Routledge India, pp. 126–144,
5028:
4635:. University of Leeds. Archived from
4585:Bhatt, Rakesh M. (31 December 2020),
4584:
1037:Teaching English as a second language
8300:Non-native pronunciations of English
6825:Register Variation in Indian English
6789:
6313:participating institution membership
5150:A Voyage to Suratt, in the Year 1689
4368:The most recent dictionary is Carls
4344:Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary
4062:): To report back with information.
3644:was aware of the situation and will
3508:(noun) (also Australian English): A
1561:
1403:
96:adding citations to reliable sources
67:
6984:The Syntax of Spoken Indian English
6822:Balasubramanian, Chandrika (2009).
6715:Whitworth, George Clifford (1885).
6355:from the original on 22 March 2022.
5257:Shapiro, Richard (16 August 2012).
4983:10.17323/2411-7390-2019-5-1-103-109
4497:
4110:: previously mentioned, the above.
3454:, which has a song with this title)
3046:
2701:/) usually being used to represent
1747:and English) exist in South India.
1606:Hinglish and other hybrid languages
24:
9041:
7173:Articles Related to Indian English
6680:
6415:
6255:Nidhi Adlakha (29 November 2019).
6234:"English-knowing (adj). Compound,
6017:. 27 November 2010. Archived from
5835:. Nitya Publications. p. 89.
5617:
5527:
4593:, De Gruyter, pp. 2208–2222,
4591:A Handbook of Varieties of English
4363:Macmillan Comprehensive Dictionary
4217:, rather than the American style.
4142:, 8 September 1986 153/1 (advert))
4033:of telecom consumer complaints." (
3911:e.g. "That place is quite far na?"
3514:e.g. "He is allergic to capsicum."
3075:In words (Indian system) (Only in
2409:like in most varieties of English.
1439:Indian English generally uses the
1200:can speak English to some extent.
625:
566:
508:
25:
9842:
9058:
7066:
6768:Joseph, Manu (16 February 2011).
6073:(pp. 126–134). London: Routledge.
5493:blog.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk
5081:"Use of Hindi Language in Courts"
4811:
4069:with the required documentation."
3978:due to a change in the schedule."
3753:(Calcutta) 57/1, 1 February 1893)
3541:cases in many parts of the city."
2696:
2578:in RP and an r-coloured schwa in
1772:accent. Examples of this include
1509:(called Madras before 1996), and
1337:The first occurrence of the term
1284:
207:128 million total speakers (2011)
61:For pre-1947 Indian English, see
9285:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
6849:. University of Illinois Press.
6790:Aula, Sahith (6 November 2014).
5359:Daniyal, Shoaib (18 June 2017).
4396:
4382:
3383:Indian English, like some other
3062:In digits (International system)
2895:the vagaries of English spelling
2348:), although occurs variably as
2332:
2318:
2277:. This also causes (in parts of
2172:
2140:
2108:
2024:
2001:
1970:
1939:
1916:
1892:
1868:
1843:
1829:
1689:Other macaronic hybrids such as
1626:Englishisation § South Asia
1480:
1407:
668:Problems playing this file? See
641:
614:Problems playing this file? See
582:
555:Problems playing this file? See
524:
378:
72:
9081:History of the English language
7150:108 varieties of Indian English
7134:On the future of Indian English
6889:The Handbook of World Englishes
6539:
6505:
6501:(3rd ed.). September 2009.
6487:
6469:
6444:
6395:
6377:
6359:
6337:
6319:
6285:
6267:
6248:
6226:
6200:
6174:
6152:
6130:
6096:
6076:
6063:
6033:
6003:
5967:
5958:
5940:
5925:
5822:
5793:
5768:
5575:Domange, Raphaël (March 2020).
5568:
5507:
5481:
5423:
5398:
5371:
5352:
5319:
5294:
5250:
5238:
5225:
5212:
5199:
5175:
5164:Lambert, James (2012). "Beyond
5142:
5124:
5099:
5073:
5022:
4998:
4957:
4932:
4914:
4877:
4852:
4831:
4805:
4779:
4759:
4220:
4078:confirmation, I understand you.
4040:e.g. "Where does he go for the
3856:I would like to sit down, sir.
3438:(Madras), 6 December 1991 27/2)
2386:The English of Delhi often has
1646:. This typically refers to the
1513:(called Calcutta before 2001).
83:needs additional citations for
8250:English-based creole languages
6244:(3rd ed.). December 2008.
6148:(3rd ed.). December 2011.
5336:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04611-3
5330:. Elsevier. pp. 610–613.
4838:Rukmini S (24 November 2014).
4737:
4714:
4629:"Case Studies - Asian English"
4578:
4553:
4332:Common Indian Words in English
4288:(1853) and its second edition
4037:(India) (Nexis), 2 April 1998)
2624:Most Indian languages (except
2313:to a nasalised retroflex flap.
2293:to allophonically change to (
1792:is used for /r/, resulting in
1212:India Human Development Survey
1132:Before the dissolution of the
13:
1:
8991:Scheduled languages in states
8290:List of English-based pidgins
7044:Sedlatschek, Andreas (2009).
7029:. John Benjamins Publishing.
7008:. John Benjamins Publishing.
6987:. John Benjamins Publishing.
6828:. John Benjamins Publishing.
6349:Oxford Learner's Dictionaries
5974:Bellos, Alex (5 April 2010).
5629:"The Vowels of Delhi English"
5581:Language Variation and Change
4490:
4336:Sahibs, Nabobs and Boxwallahs
4044:of his genuine grievances?" (
3908:) (North India): "isn't it?"
3698:: Added at end of sentence.
3317:
3303:are not commonly used today)
2848:voiced postalveolar fricative
2485:voiced labiovelar approximant
2203:
2094:Most Indians do not have the
1859:(RP), i.e. they may have the
1505:(called Bombay before 1995),
1325:has been taking steps to use
9329:United States Virgin Islands
8285:Linguistic purism in English
6572:. Routledge. pp. 289–.
6547:Auddy, Ranjan Kumar (2020).
6456:Cambridge English Dictionary
5871:Mahanta, Shakuntala (2012).
5801:"Indian English Phonologics"
5029:Auddy, Ranjan Kumar (2019),
4258:Glossary to the Fifth Report
2992:Use of instead of for the
2687:(except Indian varieties of
2477:voiced labiodental fricative
1750:
1238:EF English Proficiency Index
7:
7386:London & Thames Estuary
7002:Mehrotra, Raja Ram (1998).
6868:. Oxford University Press.
6483:(3rd ed.). March 2007.
6391:(3rd ed.). March 2001.
6385:"matrimonial (noun) B. 3b."
6333:(3rd ed.). March 2008.
6257:"India's missing footpaths"
5740:Cardona & Suthar (2003)
5035:In Search of Indian English
4893:. Oxford University Press.
4485:Regional accents of English
4375:
4176:
3974:e.g. "The meeting has been
3715:sidewalk (American English)
3324:Glossary of the British Raj
3284:
3228:
3177:
3131:
3027:. Both syllable stress and
2909:In words where the digraph
2655:. This makes words such as
1816:Many North Indians have an
1803:Features characteristic of
1800:as or and respectively.
1566:After the independence and
1476:Glossary of the British Raj
1399:
1020:List of dialects of English
10:
9847:
9046:English speaking countries
8245:English as a lingua franca
6746:Johnson (27 August 2016).
6371:Oxford Learners Dictionary
6162:. Dictionary.cambridge.org
5775:Spitzbardt, Harry (1976).
5233:Survey of English Spelling
4964:Ishwarya, N. Iyer (2019).
4887:Human development in india
4767:"India and its Languages".
4765:Tropf, Herbert S. (2005).
4480:English as a lingua franca
3774:(noun): A strike, protest.
3321:
2821:voiceless bilabial plosive
2390:after coronals, unlike RP.
1623:
1609:
1568:Partition of British India
1473:
1469:
1113:in seven states and seven
726:English as a lingua franca
60:
29:
9780:
9668:
9638:
9584:
9566:
9445:
9432:
9423:
9382:
9338:
9171:
9151:
9138:
9129:
9125:
9104:
9068:
9064:
9053:
9039:
8966:
8817:
8682:
8669:
8519:
8390:
8369:
8358:
8225:Broad and general accents
8207:
8160:
8135:regional and occupational
8115:
8102:
8095:
8007:
7968:
7916:
7894:
7834:
7766:
7631:
7620:
7565:
7547:
7520:
7492:
7455:
7432:
7371:
7333:
7256:
7247:
7236:
7227:
7178:
7094:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
6639:Sailaja, Pingali (2009).
6616:Sailaja, Pingali (2007).
6517:Oxford English Dictionary
6499:Oxford English Dictionary
6481:Oxford English Dictionary
6389:Oxford English Dictionary
6331:Oxford English Dictionary
6300:Oxford English Dictionary
6242:Oxford English Dictionary
6146:Oxford English Dictionary
5890:10.1017/S0025100312000096
5627:Domange, Raphaël (2023).
5594:10.1017/S0954394520000010
5263:Oxford English Dictionary
5245:Indian English Literature
4660:The Constitution of India
4599:10.1515/9783110197181-133
4417:Indian English literature
3959:petrol pump / petrol bunk
3866:lady finger/lady's finger
3766:(Nexis), 12 October 2006)
3738:(noun): A studentship or
3705:or "Even he didn't call".
3289:
3233:
3182:
3136:
3110:
3107:
3102:
3099:
3094:
3091:
3086:
3083:
3065:In digits (Indian system)
2982:as in most other accents.
2642:voiced alveolar fricative
1755:
1489:with the granting of the
1160:
1101:. English is used by the
476:
464:
448:
432:
414:
396:
391:
373:Official language in
371:
366:
341:
285:
211:
189:
179:
174:
9726:Northern Mariana Islands
9317:Turks and Caicos Islands
7108:16 February 2020 at the
6906:Hickey, Raymond (2004).
6600:The Indo-Aryan Languages
6477:"press (noun), Compound"
6275:"Foreign-returned (adj)"
4587:"Indian English: syntax"
4353:(2003). Nihalani et al.
4286:Kutcherry Technicalities
4050:, 15 September 2002 8/4)
4001:' and a broad smile." (
3632:government could reduce
3628:e.g. "When asked if the
3033:syllable-timed languages
3019:Supra-segmental features
2879:⟨treasure⟩
2864:⟨treasure⟩
2365:voiceless dental plosive
2044:, especially before /l/.
1982:can be more mid central
1807:, such as rhoticity and
1576:protests from Tamil Nadu
1332:
1251:country, English is the
30:Not to be confused with
9602:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
6981:Lange, Claudia (2012).
6953:Lambert, James (2018),
6929:Lambert, James (2012),
6885:"South Asian Englishes"
6864:Braj B. Kachru (1983).
6815:Spoken English Learning
6706:Crystal, David (1990).
6305:Oxford University Press
5829:Rathod, Rakesh (2019).
5728:Indian (Telugu) English
5392:10.1111/1467-971X.00207
5276:Oxford University Press
5085:Business Standard India
5043:10.4324/9780429331602-6
4792:4 December 2010 at the
4749:7 February 2013 at the
4422:Indian numbering system
4340:Words in Indian English
4311:Anglo-Indian Dictionary
4290:Kachahri Technicalities
3364:. It incorporates some
3053:Indian numbering system
2948:, whilst the latter is
2683:, with the letters for
2620:with Indian languages:
2489:labiodental approximant
1441:Indian numbering system
1353:(dating from 1897) and
680:Part of a series on the
361:Unified English Braille
9216:British Virgin Islands
9076:English-speaking world
9047:
9033:English-speaking world
7403:Received Pronunciation
7023:Schilk, Marco (2011).
6947:10.1075/eww.33.3.03lam
6701:. John Murray, London.
5712:Ball & Muller 2014
5688:Ball & Muller 2014
5523:10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam
5195:10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam
4802:
4005:(Nexis), 20 June 2001)
3617:: South Asian, Indian.
2961:⟨sanity⟩
2903:spelling pronunciation
2889:Spelling pronunciation
2807:⟨school⟩
2436:⟨flower⟩
2047:Most Indians have the
1857:Received Pronunciation
1805:North American English
1210:According to the 2005
968:San Andrés–Providencia
700:English-speaking world
630:
571:
513:
478:This article contains
9654:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
9275:Saint Kitts and Nevis
9045:
8397:Constitution of India
7597:Multicultural Toronto
6908:"South Asian English"
6660:Wells, J. C. (1982).
6367:"Kindly adjust (adj)"
5148:Ovington, J. (1696).
4797:
4776:. Siemens AG, Munich.
4102:Triple talaq in India
4047:Sunday Times of India
3703:"He even didn't call"
3673:life, especially the
3322:Further information:
3025:stress-timed language
3005:⟨house⟩
2934:⟨which⟩
2923:⟨ghost⟩
2875:⟨shore⟩
2559:precedes, by (as in
2499:are often homophones.
2373:voiced dental plosive
1572:Modern Standard Hindi
1291:India's Supreme Court
1109:. English is also an
1107:Constitution of India
798:Antiguan and Barbudan
629:
570:
512:
7758:Western Pennsylvania
7156:, 2001 (Volume 500).
7146:, by B. Mallikarjun.
6708:The English Language
6513:"upgradation (noun)"
6279:Cambridge Dictionary
5954:on 1 September 2006.
5289:BBC History Magazine
5031:"Speeches Political"
5008:(17 February 2011).
4928:. 28 September 2015.
4910:on 11 December 2015.
4772:8 March 2008 at the
4755:2001 Census of India
4084:road junction/circle
3751:The Medical Reporter
3745:e.g. "Two permanent
3476:) (South India): ew.
3380:, along with slang.
3122:one hundred thousand
3000:may be instead of .
2998:⟨dogs⟩
2915:voiced velar plosive
2854:). Some Indians use
2661:⟨rosy⟩
2657:⟨zero⟩
2407:alveolar approximant
2295:⟨stop⟩
2036:may be more central
1788:becomes an , and an
1538:University of London
1343:Anglo-Indian English
1295:high courts of India
1144:broadly referred to
705:As a second language
318:Early Modern English
205:speakers: 46 million
200:speakers: 83 million
92:improve this article
9826:Dialects of English
9311:Trinidad and Tobago
9188:Antigua and Barbuda
8819:100,000 – 1 million
8295:Mid-Atlantic accent
7886:Trinidad and Tobago
6693:Arthur Coke Burnell
6532:, pp. 83, 115.
6432:. 13 September 2019
6430:Times of India Blog
6303:(Online ed.).
6051:on 1 September 2014
5726:, p. 252: 1.4
5659:, pp. 627–628.
5441:on 13 February 2019
4730:14 May 2007 at the
4673:on 9 September 2014
4561:"India - Languages"
4461:Bangladeshi English
4098:talaq, talaq, talaq
4090:(British English),
3784:(British English),
3724:, 29 November 2019)
3671:Indian middle-class
3583:the national anthem
3270:one hundred billion
3197:one hundred million
3077:Hindustani language
2786:, all instances of
2440:⟨our⟩
2367:is substituted for
2289:preceding alveolar
2096:hoarse-horse merger
1550:Indian independence
1520:. In 1835, English
1487:Indian subcontinent
1329:alongside English.
1224:Government of India
1191:Bangladeshi English
1147:South Asian English
1138:Indian subcontinent
1121:, unless the state
1103:Government of India
293:Proto-Indo-European
258:South Asian English
63:South Asian English
9831:Languages of India
9048:
8971:Linguistic history
8352:Languages of India
7818:Pennsylvania Dutch
7074:"English in India"
6975:10.1093/ijl/ecy010
6935:English World-Wide
6775:The New York Times
6719:. K. Paul, Trench.
6662:Accents of English
6495:"redressal (noun)"
6138:"academic (noun),
6092:10.1111/weng.12291
6045:The Smart Investor
5515:English World-wide
5495:. 28 February 2013
5468:The Times of India
5187:English World-wide
5170:English World-Wide
5111:The Times of India
5015:The New York Times
4926:The Times of India
4700:The Economic Times
4540:censusindia.gov.in
4512:censusindia.gov.in
4094:(American English)
3931:East India Company
3788:(American English)
3763:The Economic Times
3607:Hindu–Muslim riots
3588:The Times of India
2994:⟨-s⟩
2969:Sri Lankan English
2938:⟨wh⟩
2930:⟨wh⟩
2911:⟨gh⟩
2833:⟨फ़⟩
2799:consonant clusters
2755:are pronounced as
2743:are pronounced as
2677:⟨ज़⟩
2077:Australian English
1951:may be more front
1818:intonation pattern
1733:and English), and
1491:East India Company
1419:. You can help by
1279:Indian nationalism
1260:The New York Times
1242:EF Education First
1183:partition of India
1127:President of India
1119:Judiciary of India
631:
572:
514:
9808:
9807:
9802:
9801:
9798:
9797:
9794:
9793:
9776:
9775:
9772:
9771:
9419:
9418:
8999:
8998:
8962:
8961:
8665:
8664:
8318:
8317:
8203:
8202:
8003:
8002:
7912:
7911:
7830:
7829:
7826:
7825:
7751:Pacific Northwest
7612:Standard Canadian
7543:
7542:
7488:
7487:
7428:
7427:
7036:978-90-272-0351-9
6994:978-90-272-4905-0
6921:978-0-521-83020-1
6898:978-1-4051-8831-9
6856:978-0-252-06493-7
6835:978-90-272-2311-1
6652:978-0-7486-2595-6
6631:978-90-272-9245-2
6609:978-0-415-77294-5
6579:978-1-317-77795-3
6558:978-0-367-35271-4
6345:"hotel (noun) 3."
6311:(Subscription or
6015:Business Standard
5565:, pp. 24–25.
5435:kuenselonline.com
5345:978-0-08-044299-0
5218:Pingali Sailaja:
5052:978-0-429-33160-2
4900:978-0-19-806512-8
4702:. 7 December 2015
4608:978-3-11-019718-1
4452:Pakistani English
3603:communal violence
3591:, 3 January 2018)
3502:(British English)
3308:
3307:
3267:1,00,00,00,00,000
3003:Pronunciation of
2942:⟨w⟩
2899:phonetic spelling
2829:⟨फ⟩
2767:is pronounced as
2693:⟨ज⟩
2669:⟨ज⟩
2275:roof of the mouth
2170:Pronunciation of
2138:Pronunciation of
2106:Pronunciation of
1928:is pronounced as
1904:is pronounced as
1880:is pronounced as
1861:cot-caught merger
1809:r-coloured vowels
1680:code-mixed tongue
1638:of the languages
1562:Republic of India
1548:. At the time of
1495:Queen Elizabeth I
1437:
1436:
1323:Madras High Court
1240:published by the
1229:According to the
1203:According to the
1198:Indian population
1187:Pakistani English
1179:Republic of India
1175:Dominion of India
1115:union territories
1111:official language
1095:Republic of India
1073:
1072:
746:Linguistic purism
731:European language
647:
589:
530:
504:
503:
486:rendering support
482:phonetic symbols.
168:
167:
160:
142:
16:(Redirected from
9838:
9737:Papua New Guinea
9705:Marshall Islands
9595:Christmas Island
9430:
9429:
9426:
9410:Pitcairn Islands
9240:Falkland Islands
9136:
9135:
9132:
9127:
9126:
9066:
9065:
9055:
9054:
9044:
9026:
9019:
9012:
9003:
9002:
8680:
8679:
8520:State-level only
8367:
8366:
8345:
8338:
8331:
8322:
8321:
8215:English language
8100:
8099:
7921:
7920:
7904:Falkland Islands
7803:General American
7776:African-American
7629:
7628:
7563:
7562:
7552:
7551:
7254:
7253:
7245:
7244:
7234:
7233:
7205:
7198:
7191:
7182:
7181:
7169:
7168:
7152:, Dharma Kumar,
7099:
7093:
7085:
7083:
7081:
7061:
7040:
7019:
6998:
6977:
6949:
6925:
6902:
6879:
6860:
6839:
6818:
6808:
6806:
6804:
6786:
6784:
6782:
6764:
6762:
6760:
6742:
6740:
6738:
6720:
6711:
6702:
6675:
6656:
6635:
6612:
6583:
6562:
6533:
6527:
6521:
6520:
6509:
6503:
6502:
6491:
6485:
6484:
6473:
6467:
6466:
6464:
6462:
6448:
6442:
6441:
6439:
6437:
6422:
6413:
6412:
6403:"Out of station"
6399:
6393:
6392:
6381:
6375:
6374:
6363:
6357:
6356:
6341:
6335:
6334:
6323:
6317:
6316:
6308:
6296:
6289:
6283:
6282:
6271:
6265:
6264:
6252:
6246:
6245:
6230:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6219:
6204:
6198:
6197:
6195:
6193:
6178:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6167:
6156:
6150:
6149:
6134:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6123:
6100:
6094:
6086:37(2): 248–260.
6080:
6074:
6067:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6056:
6047:. Archived from
6037:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6021:on 16 March 2012
6007:
6001:
6000:
5971:
5965:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5950:. Archived from
5944:
5938:
5937:
5929:
5923:
5917:
5911:
5910:
5892:
5868:
5859:
5853:
5847:
5846:
5826:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5815:
5805:
5797:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5778:English in India
5772:
5766:
5760:
5743:
5737:
5731:
5721:
5715:
5709:
5703:
5685:
5679:
5673:
5660:
5654:
5648:
5642:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5624:
5615:
5614:
5596:
5572:
5566:
5560:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5549:
5534:
5525:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5485:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5474:
5460:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5437:. Archived from
5427:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5416:
5402:
5396:
5395:
5375:
5369:
5368:
5356:
5350:
5349:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5306:rajbhasha.gov.in
5298:
5292:
5285:
5279:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5254:
5248:
5242:
5236:
5229:
5223:
5216:
5210:
5203:
5197:
5181:Lambert, James.
5179:
5173:
5162:
5153:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5138:. 20 March 2020.
5128:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5077:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5026:
5020:
5019:
5002:
4996:
4995:
4985:
4961:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4903:. Archived from
4892:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4856:
4850:
4849:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4812:Flows, Capital.
4809:
4803:
4783:
4777:
4763:
4757:
4741:
4735:
4718:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4692:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4672:
4665:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4532:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4504:
4406:
4404:Languages portal
4401:
4400:
4392:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4351:Hanklyn-Janklin
4338:(1991), Muthiah
4125:: lunch, snack.
4079:
4026:(noun): Redress
3830:
3730:foreign-returned
3704:
3642:state government
3455:
3427:American English
3292:
3291:
3287:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3059:
3058:
3047:Numbering system
3013:
3006:
2999:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2977:
2962:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2920:
2912:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2819:as an aspirated
2818:
2811:
2808:
2789:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2712:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2686:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2618:language contact
2611:
2593:
2589:
2565:
2554:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2530:
2527:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2505:
2482:
2474:
2465:
2461:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2429:American English
2395:rhotic consonant
2382:
2378:
2370:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2312:
2309:, and the nasal
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2246:
2242:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2199:
2191:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2043:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2020:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1966:
1958:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1935:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1911:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1887:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1787:
1776:pronounced as ,
1584:English language
1582:The view of the
1432:
1429:
1411:
1404:
1150:, also known as
1086:) is a group of
1065:
1058:
1051:
868:Falkland Islands
686:English language
677:
676:
649:
648:
628:
596:Northeast Indian
591:
590:
569:
532:
531:
511:
472:
460:
444:
437:
428:
427:
419:
410:
409:
401:
384:
382:
381:
356:English alphabet
347:
217:
172:
171:
163:
156:
152:
149:
143:
141:
107:"Indian English"
100:
76:
68:
21:
9846:
9845:
9841:
9840:
9839:
9837:
9836:
9835:
9811:
9810:
9809:
9804:
9803:
9790:
9768:
9747:Solomon Islands
9664:
9634:
9580:
9562:
9441:
9424:
9415:
9378:
9334:
9167:
9147:
9130:
9121:
9100:
9060:
9049:
9035:
9030:
9000:
8995:
8981:Multilingualism
8958:
8820:
8813:
8685:
8674:
8672:
8661:
8515:
8395:
8386:
8361:
8354:
8349:
8319:
8314:
8199:
8156:
8111:
8091:
7999:
7995:Solomon Islands
7964:
7908:
7890:
7822:
7813:New York Latino
7788:American Indian
7768:
7762:
7623:
7616:
7557:
7539:
7525:Channel Islands
7516:
7484:
7451:
7424:
7367:
7329:
7239:
7223:
7209:
7174:
7110:Wayback Machine
7087:
7086:
7079:
7077:
7072:
7069:
7064:
7058:
7037:
7016:
6995:
6922:
6899:
6876:
6857:
6836:
6802:
6800:
6780:
6778:
6758:
6756:
6748:"Rue the rules"
6736:
6734:
6683:
6681:Further reading
6678:
6672:
6653:
6632:
6610:
6588:Cardona, George
6580:
6559:
6542:
6537:
6536:
6528:
6524:
6511:
6510:
6506:
6493:
6492:
6488:
6475:
6474:
6470:
6460:
6458:
6450:
6449:
6445:
6435:
6433:
6424:
6423:
6416:
6401:
6400:
6396:
6383:
6382:
6378:
6365:
6364:
6360:
6343:
6342:
6338:
6325:
6324:
6320:
6310:
6290:
6286:
6273:
6272:
6268:
6253:
6249:
6232:
6231:
6227:
6217:
6215:
6206:
6205:
6201:
6191:
6189:
6188:. 22 April 2016
6186:Hindustan Times
6180:
6179:
6175:
6165:
6163:
6158:
6157:
6153:
6136:
6135:
6131:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6101:
6097:
6084:World Englishes
6081:
6077:
6068:
6064:
6054:
6052:
6039:
6038:
6034:
6024:
6022:
6009:
6008:
6004:
5994:
5972:
5968:
5963:
5959:
5946:
5945:
5941:
5931:
5930:
5926:
5918:
5914:
5869:
5862:
5854:
5850:
5843:
5827:
5823:
5813:
5811:
5803:
5799:
5798:
5794:
5784:
5782:
5773:
5769:
5761:
5746:
5738:
5734:
5722:
5718:
5710:
5706:
5686:
5682:
5674:
5663:
5655:
5651:
5643:
5639:
5631:
5625:
5618:
5573:
5569:
5561:
5557:
5547:
5545:
5535:
5528:
5517:, 39(1): 1-32.
5512:
5508:
5498:
5496:
5487:
5486:
5482:
5472:
5470:
5462:
5461:
5454:
5444:
5442:
5429:
5428:
5424:
5414:
5412:
5410:dailybhutan.com
5404:
5403:
5399:
5380:World Englishes
5376:
5372:
5357:
5353:
5346:
5324:
5320:
5310:
5308:
5300:
5299:
5295:
5286:
5282:
5267:
5265:
5255:
5251:
5243:
5239:
5231:Edward Carney:
5230:
5226:
5217:
5213:
5204:
5200:
5180:
5176:
5163:
5156:
5147:
5143:
5130:
5129:
5125:
5115:
5113:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5090:
5088:
5087:. 28 April 2016
5079:
5078:
5074:
5065:
5063:
5053:
5027:
5023:
5003:
4999:
4962:
4958:
4948:
4946:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4907:
4901:
4890:
4882:
4878:
4868:
4866:
4858:
4857:
4853:
4836:
4832:
4822:
4820:
4810:
4806:
4794:Wayback Machine
4784:
4780:
4774:Wayback Machine
4764:
4760:
4751:Wayback Machine
4742:
4738:
4732:Wayback Machine
4721:Census of India
4719:
4715:
4705:
4703:
4694:
4693:
4686:
4676:
4674:
4670:
4663:
4656:
4652:
4642:
4640:
4633:British Library
4627:
4626:
4622:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4583:
4579:
4569:
4567:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4544:
4542:
4534:
4533:
4526:
4516:
4514:
4506:
4505:
4498:
4493:
4402:
4395:
4388:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4223:
4179:
4170:political party
4077:
3828:
3702:
3675:English-knowing
3660:English-knowing
3634:Value Added Tax
3539:chain-snatching
3520:chain-snatching
3447:
3385:World Englishes
3358:scheduled tribe
3354:scheduled caste
3326:
3320:
3277:
3264:100,000,000,000
3255:
3245:10,00,00,00,000
3221:
3049:
3021:
3004:
2997:
2993:
2960:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2910:
2891:
2878:
2874:
2863:
2832:
2828:
2806:
2692:
2676:
2668:
2660:
2656:
2450:, resulting in
2439:
2435:
2360:. Usually, the
2335:
2331:
2321:
2317:
2294:
2206:
2175:
2171:
2143:
2139:
2111:
2107:
2049:trap–bath split
2027:
2023:
2004:
2000:
1973:
1969:
1942:
1938:
1919:
1915:
1895:
1891:
1871:
1867:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1828:
1822:Hiberno-English
1758:
1753:
1628:
1622:
1610:Main articles:
1608:
1564:
1558:in the region.
1483:
1478:
1472:
1456:Indian currency
1433:
1427:
1424:
1417:needs expansion
1402:
1359:Anglo-Indianism
1335:
1293:and of all the
1287:
1163:
1099:Indian diaspora
1069:
718:Advanced topics
675:
674:
666:
664:
663:
662:
661:
650:
642:
639:
632:
626:
621:
620:
612:
610:
609:
608:
607:
592:
583:
580:
573:
567:
562:
561:
553:
551:
550:
549:
548:
533:
525:
522:
515:
509:
484:Without proper
470:
456:
440:
433:
423:
422:
415:
405:
404:
397:
379:
377:
374:
367:Official status
359:
348:
343:
337:
288:
281:
218:
215:Language family
213:
206:
201:
196:
192:
191:Native speakers
164:
153:
147:
144:
101:
99:
89:
77:
66:
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9844:
9834:
9833:
9828:
9823:
9821:Indian English
9806:
9805:
9800:
9799:
9796:
9795:
9792:
9791:
9781:
9778:
9777:
9774:
9773:
9770:
9769:
9767:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9749:
9744:
9739:
9734:
9729:
9722:
9717:
9712:
9707:
9702:
9697:
9690:
9685:
9680:
9677:American Samoa
9672:
9670:
9666:
9665:
9663:
9662:
9657:
9650:
9642:
9640:
9636:
9635:
9633:
9632:
9627:
9622:
9617:
9612:
9605:
9598:
9590:
9588:
9582:
9581:
9579:
9578:
9570:
9568:
9564:
9563:
9561:
9560:
9555:
9550:
9545:
9540:
9535:
9530:
9525:
9520:
9515:
9510:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9490:
9485:
9480:
9475:
9470:
9465:
9460:
9455:
9449:
9447:
9443:
9442:
9440:
9439:
9427:
9421:
9420:
9417:
9416:
9414:
9413:
9406:
9403:Norfolk Island
9399:
9394:
9388:
9386:
9380:
9379:
9377:
9376:
9374:United Kingdom
9371:
9364:
9357:
9352:
9344:
9342:
9336:
9335:
9333:
9332:
9325:
9320:
9313:
9308:
9301:
9294:
9291:Sint Eustatius
9287:
9282:
9277:
9272:
9265:
9258:
9253:
9248:
9243:
9236:
9231:
9228:Cayman Islands
9224:
9219:
9212:
9205:
9200:
9195:
9190:
9185:
9177:
9175:
9169:
9168:
9166:
9165:
9157:
9155:
9149:
9148:
9146:
9145:
9133:
9123:
9122:
9120:
9119:
9114:
9108:
9106:
9102:
9101:
9099:
9098:
9093:
9088:
9086:British Empire
9083:
9078:
9072:
9070:
9062:
9061:
9051:
9050:
9040:
9037:
9036:
9029:
9028:
9021:
9014:
9006:
8997:
8996:
8994:
8993:
8988:
8983:
8978:
8973:
8967:
8964:
8963:
8960:
8959:
8957:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8911:
8906:
8901:
8896:
8891:
8886:
8881:
8876:
8871:
8866:
8861:
8856:
8851:
8846:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8825:
8823:
8815:
8814:
8812:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8736:
8731:
8726:
8721:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8690:
8688:
8684:Over 1 million
8677:
8667:
8666:
8663:
8662:
8660:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8644:
8639:
8634:
8629:
8624:
8619:
8614:
8609:
8604:
8599:
8594:
8589:
8584:
8579:
8574:
8569:
8564:
8559:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8523:
8521:
8517:
8516:
8514:
8513:
8508:
8503:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8401:
8399:
8388:
8387:
8385:
8384:
8379:
8373:
8371:
8364:
8356:
8355:
8348:
8347:
8340:
8333:
8325:
8316:
8315:
8313:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8271:
8270:
8265:
8257:
8255:Englishisation
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8211:
8209:
8205:
8204:
8201:
8200:
8198:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8166:
8164:
8162:Southeast Asia
8158:
8157:
8155:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8138:
8137:
8127:
8121:
8119:
8113:
8112:
8110:
8109:
8103:
8097:
8093:
8092:
8090:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8077:South Atlantic
8074:
8073:
8072:
8067:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8011:
8009:
8005:
8004:
8001:
8000:
7998:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7986:
7985:
7975:
7969:
7966:
7965:
7963:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7941:
7940:
7929:
7927:
7918:
7914:
7913:
7910:
7909:
7907:
7906:
7901:
7895:
7892:
7891:
7889:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7867:
7866:
7859:Cayman Islands
7856:
7851:
7846:
7840:
7838:
7832:
7831:
7828:
7827:
7824:
7823:
7821:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7784:
7783:
7772:
7770:
7769:ethno-cultural
7764:
7763:
7761:
7760:
7755:
7754:
7753:
7748:
7738:
7737:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7706:
7705:
7704:
7694:
7693:
7692:
7687:
7677:
7676:
7675:
7665:
7664:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7638:
7632:
7626:
7618:
7617:
7615:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7593:
7592:
7587:
7577:
7571:
7569:
7560:
7549:
7545:
7544:
7541:
7540:
7538:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7521:
7518:
7517:
7515:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7498:
7496:
7490:
7489:
7486:
7485:
7483:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7461:
7459:
7453:
7452:
7450:
7449:
7444:
7438:
7436:
7430:
7429:
7426:
7425:
7423:
7422:
7421:
7420:
7415:
7405:
7400:
7399:
7398:
7393:
7383:
7377:
7375:
7369:
7368:
7366:
7365:
7364:
7363:
7361:Stoke-on-Trent
7358:
7353:
7343:
7337:
7335:
7331:
7330:
7328:
7327:
7322:
7321:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7279:
7278:
7268:
7262:
7260:
7251:
7242:
7231:
7225:
7224:
7220:Modern English
7208:
7207:
7200:
7193:
7185:
7179:
7176:
7175:
7166:
7165:
7162:
7157:
7147:
7141:
7131:
7125:
7119:
7113:
7100:
7068:
7067:External links
7065:
7063:
7062:
7057:978-9027248985
7056:
7041:
7035:
7020:
7014:
6999:
6993:
6978:
6969:(4): 485–506,
6950:
6941:(3): 292–320,
6926:
6920:
6903:
6897:
6880:
6874:
6861:
6855:
6840:
6834:
6819:
6809:
6787:
6765:
6743:
6721:
6712:
6703:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6676:
6670:
6657:
6651:
6642:Indian English
6636:
6630:
6613:
6608:
6584:
6578:
6563:
6557:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6535:
6534:
6522:
6504:
6486:
6468:
6443:
6414:
6394:
6376:
6358:
6336:
6327:"freeship, 4."
6318:
6284:
6266:
6247:
6225:
6199:
6173:
6151:
6129:
6115:
6095:
6075:
6062:
6032:
6002:
5992:
5966:
5957:
5939:
5924:
5922:, p. 630.
5912:
5883:(2): 217–224.
5860:
5858:, p. 627.
5848:
5841:
5821:
5792:
5767:
5765:, p. 629.
5744:
5742:, p. 665.
5732:
5716:
5704:
5680:
5678:, p. 628.
5661:
5649:
5647:, p. 626.
5637:
5616:
5567:
5563:Sailaja (2009)
5555:
5526:
5506:
5480:
5452:
5422:
5397:
5386:(2): 161–178.
5370:
5351:
5344:
5318:
5293:
5280:
5249:
5237:
5224:
5220:Indian English
5211:
5198:
5174:
5154:
5141:
5123:
5098:
5072:
5051:
5021:
4997:
4976:(1): 103–109.
4956:
4931:
4913:
4899:
4876:
4851:
4830:
4804:
4778:
4758:
4736:
4713:
4684:
4650:
4639:on 27 May 2019
4620:
4607:
4577:
4552:
4524:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4458:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4393:
4377:
4374:
4241:William Crooke
4222:
4219:
4185:, e.g., using
4178:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4160:from a single
4145:
4144:
4143:
4140:Business India
4126:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4105:
4095:
4081:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4038:
4021:
4008:
4007:
4006:
3991:Prime Minister
3981:
3980:
3979:
3966:
3963:petrol station
3956:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3934:
3927:out of station
3924:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3892:on Sundays." (
3879:Advertisements
3872:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3850:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3789:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3754:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3683:Toward Freedom
3678:intelligentsia
3657:
3656:
3655:
3646:do the needful
3640:said that the
3622:do the needful
3618:
3610:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3581:, right after
3554:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3503:
3493:
3483:
3477:
3467:
3457:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3368:words such as
3319:
3316:
3306:
3305:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3242:10,000,000,000
3239:
3238:
3215:
3212:
3211:1,00,00,00,000
3209:
3205:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3063:
3048:
3045:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2990:
2983:
2972:
2953:
2926:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2862:instead, e.g.
2844:
2813:
2795:
2776:
2729:
2614:
2613:
2595:
2532:
2522:
2511:
2500:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2432:
2416:of the native
2410:
2403:alveolar trill
2391:
2384:
2352:allophones in
2344:(spelled with
2314:
2307:retroflex flap
2239:stops English
2233:
2212:The voiceless
2205:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2168:
2136:
2100:
2099:
2092:
2045:
2021:
1998:
1967:
1936:
1912:
1888:
1864:
1825:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1723:and English),
1713:and English),
1705:and English),
1697:and English),
1678:mean the same
1650:hybrid use of
1607:
1604:
1563:
1560:
1546:civil services
1482:
1479:
1471:
1468:
1435:
1434:
1414:
1412:
1401:
1398:
1339:Indian English
1334:
1331:
1303:Madhya Pradesh
1286:
1285:Court language
1283:
1177:and later the
1165:After gaining
1162:
1159:
1153:British Indian
1142:Indian English
1134:British Empire
1097:and among the
1093:spoken in the
1076:Indian English
1071:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
993:South Atlantic
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
777:
776:
772:
771:
770:
769:
756:
755:
751:
750:
749:
748:
743:
738:
736:Modern English
733:
728:
720:
719:
715:
714:
713:
712:
707:
702:
694:
693:
689:
688:
682:
681:
665:
651:
640:
637:Speech example
635:
634:
633:
624:
623:
622:
611:
593:
581:
578:Speech example
576:
575:
574:
565:
564:
563:
552:
534:
523:
520:Speech example
518:
517:
516:
507:
506:
505:
502:
501:
488:, you may see
474:
473:
468:
462:
461:
454:
446:
445:
438:
430:
429:
420:
412:
411:
402:
394:
393:
392:Language codes
389:
388:
375:
372:
369:
368:
364:
363:
349:
345:Writing system
342:
339:
338:
336:
335:
334:
333:
332:
331:
330:
329:
328:
327:
326:
325:
323:Modern English
313:Middle English
298:Proto-Germanic
291:
289:
286:
283:
282:
280:
279:
278:
277:
276:
275:
274:
273:
272:
271:
270:
269:
268:
267:
266:
265:
263:Indian English
221:
219:
212:
209:
208:
193:
190:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
175:Indian English
166:
165:
80:
78:
71:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9843:
9832:
9829:
9827:
9824:
9822:
9819:
9818:
9816:
9788:
9784:
9779:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9754:
9750:
9748:
9745:
9743:
9740:
9738:
9735:
9733:
9730:
9728:
9727:
9723:
9721:
9718:
9716:
9713:
9711:
9708:
9706:
9703:
9701:
9698:
9696:
9695:
9691:
9689:
9686:
9684:
9681:
9679:
9678:
9674:
9673:
9671:
9667:
9661:
9658:
9656:
9655:
9651:
9649:
9648:
9644:
9643:
9641:
9637:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9618:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9610:
9606:
9604:
9603:
9599:
9597:
9596:
9592:
9591:
9589:
9587:
9583:
9577:
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9572:
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9569:
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9556:
9554:
9551:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9521:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9484:
9481:
9479:
9476:
9474:
9471:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9450:
9448:
9444:
9438:
9435:
9434:
9431:
9428:
9422:
9412:
9411:
9407:
9405:
9404:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9389:
9387:
9385:
9381:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9369:
9365:
9363:
9362:
9358:
9356:
9353:
9351:
9350:
9346:
9345:
9343:
9341:
9337:
9331:
9330:
9326:
9324:
9323:United States
9321:
9319:
9318:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9306:
9302:
9300:
9299:
9295:
9293:
9292:
9288:
9286:
9283:
9281:
9278:
9276:
9273:
9271:
9270:
9266:
9264:
9263:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9241:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9229:
9225:
9223:
9220:
9218:
9217:
9213:
9211:
9210:
9206:
9204:
9201:
9199:
9196:
9194:
9191:
9189:
9186:
9184:
9183:
9179:
9178:
9176:
9174:
9170:
9164:
9163:
9159:
9158:
9156:
9154:
9150:
9144:
9141:
9140:
9137:
9134:
9128:
9124:
9118:
9115:
9113:
9110:
9109:
9107:
9103:
9097:
9094:
9092:
9089:
9087:
9084:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9074:
9073:
9071:
9067:
9063:
9059:Further links
9056:
9052:
9038:
9034:
9027:
9022:
9020:
9015:
9013:
9008:
9007:
9004:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8968:
8965:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8855:
8852:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8826:
8824:
8822:
8816:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8727:
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8722:
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8717:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8691:
8689:
8687:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8668:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8568:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8555:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8537:Chhattisgarhi
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8524:
8522:
8518:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8402:
8400:
8398:
8393:
8389:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8374:
8372:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8357:
8353:
8346:
8341:
8339:
8334:
8332:
8327:
8326:
8323:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8275:International
8273:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8260:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8213:
8212:
8210:
8206:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8167:
8165:
8163:
8159:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8136:
8133:
8132:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8122:
8120:
8118:
8114:
8108:
8105:
8104:
8101:
8098:
8094:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8062:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
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8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8012:
8010:
8006:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7984:
7981:
7980:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7970:
7967:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7955:Torres Strait
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7939:
7936:
7935:
7934:
7931:
7930:
7928:
7926:
7922:
7919:
7915:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7896:
7893:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7865:
7862:
7861:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7841:
7839:
7837:
7833:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7782:
7779:
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7777:
7774:
7773:
7771:
7765:
7759:
7756:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7743:
7742:
7739:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7711:
7710:
7707:
7703:
7700:
7699:
7698:
7695:
7691:
7690:North-Central
7688:
7686:
7683:
7682:
7681:
7678:
7674:
7671:
7670:
7669:
7668:New York City
7666:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7643:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7633:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7619:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7602:Ottawa Valley
7600:
7598:
7595:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7582:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7572:
7570:
7568:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7553:
7550:
7546:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7522:
7519:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7499:
7497:
7495:
7491:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7462:
7460:
7458:
7454:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7439:
7437:
7435:
7431:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7410:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7397:
7396:Multicultural
7394:
7392:
7389:
7388:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7378:
7376:
7374:
7370:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7356:Black Country
7354:
7352:
7349:
7348:
7347:
7346:West Midlands
7344:
7342:
7341:East Midlands
7339:
7338:
7336:
7332:
7326:
7323:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7300:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7277:
7274:
7273:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7263:
7261:
7259:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7226:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7206:
7201:
7199:
7194:
7192:
7187:
7186:
7183:
7177:
7170:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7155:
7154:India Seminar
7151:
7148:
7145:
7142:
7139:
7138:Gurcharan Das
7135:
7132:
7129:
7126:
7123:
7120:
7117:
7114:
7111:
7107:
7104:
7101:
7097:
7091:
7075:
7071:
7070:
7059:
7053:
7049:
7048:
7042:
7038:
7032:
7028:
7027:
7021:
7017:
7015:90-272-4716-1
7011:
7007:
7006:
7000:
6996:
6990:
6986:
6985:
6979:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6960:
6958:
6957:Hobson-Jobson
6951:
6948:
6944:
6940:
6936:
6932:
6927:
6923:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6904:
6900:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6881:
6877:
6875:0-19-561353-8
6871:
6867:
6862:
6858:
6852:
6848:
6847:
6841:
6837:
6831:
6827:
6826:
6820:
6817:
6816:
6810:
6799:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6777:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6755:
6754:
6753:The Economist
6749:
6744:
6733:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6718:
6713:
6709:
6704:
6700:
6699:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6685:
6673:
6671:0-521-28541-0
6667:
6663:
6658:
6654:
6648:
6644:
6643:
6637:
6633:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6614:
6611:
6605:
6602:, Routledge,
6601:
6597:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6575:
6571:
6570:
6564:
6560:
6554:
6551:. Routledge.
6550:
6545:
6544:
6531:
6526:
6518:
6514:
6508:
6500:
6496:
6490:
6482:
6478:
6472:
6457:
6453:
6447:
6431:
6427:
6421:
6419:
6410:
6409:
6404:
6398:
6390:
6386:
6380:
6372:
6368:
6362:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6340:
6332:
6328:
6322:
6314:
6306:
6302:
6301:
6295:
6288:
6280:
6276:
6270:
6262:
6258:
6251:
6243:
6239:
6237:
6229:
6214:. 27 May 2018
6213:
6209:
6203:
6187:
6183:
6177:
6161:
6155:
6147:
6143:
6141:
6133:
6118:
6116:9781009323796
6112:
6108:
6107:
6099:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6079:
6072:
6066:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6036:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6006:
5999:
5995:
5993:9781408811146
5989:
5985:
5981:
5980:A&C Black
5977:
5970:
5961:
5953:
5949:
5943:
5935:
5928:
5921:
5916:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5867:
5865:
5857:
5852:
5844:
5842:9788194343271
5838:
5834:
5833:
5825:
5809:
5802:
5796:
5780:
5779:
5771:
5764:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5751:
5749:
5741:
5736:
5729:
5725:
5720:
5713:
5708:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5684:
5677:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5666:
5658:
5653:
5646:
5641:
5630:
5623:
5621:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5571:
5564:
5559:
5544:
5540:
5533:
5531:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5510:
5494:
5490:
5484:
5469:
5465:
5459:
5457:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5426:
5411:
5407:
5401:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5374:
5366:
5362:
5355:
5347:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5322:
5307:
5303:
5297:
5290:
5284:
5277:
5264:
5260:
5253:
5246:
5241:
5234:
5228:
5221:
5215:
5208:
5202:
5196:
5192:
5189:, 39(1): 26.
5188:
5184:
5178:
5171:
5167:
5166:Hobson-Jobson
5161:
5159:
5151:
5145:
5137:
5133:
5127:
5112:
5108:
5102:
5086:
5082:
5076:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5025:
5017:
5016:
5011:
5007:
5001:
4993:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4960:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4927:
4923:
4917:
4906:
4902:
4896:
4889:
4888:
4880:
4865:
4861:
4855:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4834:
4819:
4815:
4808:
4801:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4782:
4775:
4771:
4768:
4762:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4745:
4740:
4733:
4729:
4726:
4725:Indian Census
4722:
4717:
4701:
4697:
4691:
4689:
4669:
4662:
4661:
4654:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4624:
4610:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4581:
4566:
4562:
4556:
4541:
4537:
4531:
4529:
4513:
4509:
4503:
4501:
4496:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4394:
4391:
4380:
4373:
4371:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4298:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4236:Hobson-Jobson
4232:
4228:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4197:(as a verb),
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4183:British style
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4116:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4076:
4073:
4068:
4065:e.g. "Please
4064:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3915:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3859:
3858:Kindly adjust
3855:
3851:
3848:
3847:Kindly adjust
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:kindly adjust
3838:
3833:
3832:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3575:Uttar Pradesh
3572:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3565:movie theatre
3562:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3453:
3452:
3445:
3442:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3315:
3313:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3273:ten thousand
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3254:
3251:one thousand
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3208:1,000,000,000
3207:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3111:ten thousand
3106:
3103:one thousand
3098:
3090:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3044:
3042:
3041:Welsh English
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3023:English is a
3009:
3002:
2991:
2984:
2978:instead of a
2973:
2970:
2966:
2958:
2954:
2927:
2916:
2913:represents a
2908:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2849:
2845:
2822:
2814:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2762:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2708:
2699:
2690:
2682:
2666:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2599:Irish English
2596:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2536:
2533:
2523:
2512:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2478:
2470:
2466:respectively.
2457:
2453:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2374:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2327:
2315:
2308:
2284:
2280:
2279:Uttar Pradesh
2276:
2272:
2267:
2266:post-alveolar
2263:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2238:
2234:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2197:
2189:
2184:ranging from
2181:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2149:
2137:
2133:
2125:
2120:ranging from
2117:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2033:
2022:
2018:
2013:may be lower
2010:
1999:
1995:
1987:
1979:
1968:
1964:
1956:
1948:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1913:
1909:
1901:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1838:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1674:Hinglish and
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1601:
1596:
1593:
1588:
1585:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1555:lingua franca
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1534:British India
1530:
1529:Lord Macaulay
1526:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1481:British India
1477:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1431:
1428:December 2019
1422:
1418:
1415:This section
1413:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1307:Uttar Pradesh
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1263:, journalist
1262:
1261:
1256:
1255:
1254:lingua franca
1250:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
988:South African
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
779:
778:
774:
773:
767:
763:
760:
759:
758:
757:
753:
752:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
723:
722:
721:
717:
716:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
697:
696:
695:
691:
690:
687:
684:
683:
679:
678:
673:
671:
659:
655:
638:
619:
617:
605:
604:Arundhati Roy
601:
597:
579:
560:
558:
546:
545:Vandana Shiva
542:
538:
521:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
481:
475:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
453:
452:
447:
443:
439:
436:
431:
426:
421:
418:
413:
408:
403:
400:
395:
390:
387:
376:
370:
365:
362:
357:
353:
350:
346:
340:
324:
321:
320:
319:
316:
315:
314:
311:
310:
309:
306:
305:
304:
303:Proto-English
301:
300:
299:
296:
295:
294:
290:
284:
264:
261:
260:
259:
256:
255:
254:
251:
250:
249:
246:
245:
244:
243:Anglo-Frisian
241:
240:
239:
236:
235:
234:
233:West Germanic
231:
230:
229:
226:
225:
224:
223:Indo-European
220:
216:
210:
204:
199:
194:
188:
185:
182:
178:
173:
170:
162:
159:
151:
140:
137:
133:
130:
126:
123:
119:
116:
112:
109: –
108:
104:
103:Find sources:
97:
93:
87:
86:
81:This article
79:
75:
70:
69:
64:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
9786:
9783:Dependencies
9751:
9724:
9692:
9683:Cook Islands
9675:
9652:
9645:
9607:
9600:
9593:
9573:
9528:South Africa
9518:Sierra Leone
9436:
9408:
9401:
9366:
9359:
9347:
9327:
9315:
9303:
9298:Sint Maarten
9296:
9289:
9267:
9260:
9238:
9226:
9214:
9207:
9180:
9160:
9142:
8392:8th schedule
8381:
8129:
8060:South Africa
8055:Sierra Leone
7808:Miami Latino
7697:Philadelphia
7685:Inland North
7590:Newfoundland
7408:West Country
7222:by continent
7153:
7078:. Retrieved
7046:
7025:
7004:
6983:
6966:
6962:
6956:
6938:
6934:
6911:
6888:
6865:
6845:
6824:
6814:
6801:. Retrieved
6795:
6779:. Retrieved
6773:
6757:. Retrieved
6751:
6735:. Retrieved
6729:
6716:
6707:
6697:
6661:
6641:
6621:
6599:
6592:Suthar, Babu
6568:
6548:
6540:Bibliography
6530:Sailaja 2009
6525:
6516:
6507:
6498:
6489:
6480:
6471:
6459:. Retrieved
6455:
6446:
6434:. Retrieved
6429:
6406:
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6388:
6379:
6370:
6361:
6348:
6339:
6330:
6321:
6298:
6287:
6278:
6269:
6260:
6250:
6241:
6235:
6228:
6216:. Retrieved
6211:
6202:
6190:. Retrieved
6185:
6176:
6164:. Retrieved
6154:
6145:
6139:
6132:
6120:. Retrieved
6105:
6098:
6083:
6078:
6070:
6065:
6053:. Retrieved
6049:the original
6044:
6035:
6023:. Retrieved
6019:the original
6014:
6005:
5997:
5975:
5969:
5960:
5952:the original
5942:
5933:
5927:
5915:
5880:
5876:
5851:
5831:
5824:
5812:. Retrieved
5807:
5795:
5783:. Retrieved
5781:. p. 31
5777:
5770:
5735:
5727:
5724:Sailaja 2007
5719:
5707:
5683:
5652:
5640:
5587:(1): 49–76.
5584:
5580:
5570:
5558:
5546:. Retrieved
5542:
5514:
5509:
5497:. Retrieved
5492:
5483:
5471:. Retrieved
5467:
5443:. Retrieved
5439:the original
5434:
5425:
5413:. Retrieved
5409:
5400:
5383:
5379:
5373:
5364:
5354:
5327:
5321:
5309:. Retrieved
5305:
5296:
5288:
5283:
5266:. Retrieved
5252:
5244:
5240:
5232:
5227:
5219:
5214:
5206:
5201:
5186:
5182:
5177:
5169:
5165:
5149:
5144:
5135:
5126:
5114:. Retrieved
5110:
5101:
5089:. Retrieved
5084:
5075:
5064:, retrieved
5034:
5024:
5013:
5006:Joseph, Manu
5000:
4973:
4969:
4959:
4947:. Retrieved
4943:
4934:
4925:
4916:
4905:the original
4886:
4879:
4867:. Retrieved
4863:
4854:
4843:
4833:
4821:. Retrieved
4817:
4807:
4798:
4781:
4761:
4739:
4716:
4704:. Retrieved
4699:
4675:. Retrieved
4668:the original
4659:
4653:
4641:. Retrieved
4637:the original
4632:
4623:
4612:, retrieved
4590:
4580:
4568:. Retrieved
4564:
4555:
4543:. Retrieved
4539:
4515:. Retrieved
4511:
4390:India portal
4369:
4367:
4362:
4354:
4350:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4329:
4324:
4320:(1897), and
4317:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4285:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4245:
4234:
4224:
4221:Dictionaries
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4180:
4147:
4139:
4135:
4128:
4122:
4114:
4107:
4097:
4092:intersection
4083:
4074:
4066:
4055:
4045:
4041:
4034:
4030:
4023:
4010:
4002:
3995:presspersons
3994:
3993:greeted the
3983:
3975:
3968:
3958:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3926:
3916:
3906:interjection
3901:
3893:
3890:matrimonials
3889:
3874:
3865:
3857:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3824:
3818:
3810:
3806:
3791:
3777:
3771:
3761:
3757:
3750:
3746:
3735:
3729:
3721:
3710:
3695:
3681:
3674:
3659:
3649:
3645:
3620:
3612:
3596:
3586:
3585:is played" (
3571:Cinema halls
3570:
3556:
3546:
3538:
3519:
3505:
3495:
3485:
3479:
3474:interjection
3469:
3459:
3449:
3443:
3433:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3382:
3374:hill station
3366:Anglo-Indian
3327:
3309:
3294:
3217:one hundred
3194:10,00,00,000
3095:one hundred
3070:short scales
3050:
3022:
2892:
2718:
2695:represents /
2615:
2583:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2549:
2496:
2492:
2455:
2451:
2414:phonotactics
2399:alveolar tap
2388:yod-dropping
2350:intervocalic
2345:
2270:
2261:
2207:
2101:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2060:
2056:
2052:
1990:or open-mid
1797:
1793:
1790:alveolar tap
1781:
1777:
1773:
1759:
1740:
1734:
1724:
1714:
1706:
1698:
1690:
1688:
1672:portmanteaus
1631:
1629:
1597:
1589:
1581:
1565:
1553:
1515:
1484:
1445:
1438:
1425:
1421:adding to it
1416:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1358:
1355:Indo-English
1354:
1351:Indo-Anglian
1350:
1347:Anglo-Indian
1346:
1345:, or simply
1342:
1338:
1336:
1288:
1274:
1268:
1258:
1252:
1249:multilingual
1246:
1235:
1228:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1181:. After the
1167:independence
1164:
1151:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1017:
978:Sierra Leone
892:
667:
654:South Indian
613:
554:
537:North Indian
477:
449:
262:
169:
154:
148:January 2019
145:
135:
128:
121:
114:
102:
90:Please help
85:verification
82:
9625:Philippines
9575:Puerto Rico
9533:South Sudan
9397:New Zealand
9361:Isle of Man
9280:Saint Lucia
9193:The Bahamas
9096:Anglosphere
8370:Union-level
8185:Philippines
7978:New Zealand
7864:Bay Islands
7844:The Bahamas
7767:Social and
7724:New Orleans
7641:New England
7535:Isle of Man
7480:Port Talbot
7381:East Anglia
7298:Northumbria
6461:13 November
6212:The Pioneer
5808:Phonologics
5785:2 September
5445:26 February
5415:26 February
5172:33(3): 294.
4869:29 November
4346:(1996) and
4199:anaesthesia
4136:upgradation
4129:upgradation
3984:pressperson
3917:office boy:
3875:matrimonial
3740:scholarship
3651:The Pioneer
3598:communalism
3557:cinema hall
3510:bell pepper
3500:bus station
3488:(noun): An
3444:all is well
3393:count nouns
3338:eve-teasing
3248:ten billion
3214:one billion
3191:100,000,000
3168:ten million
3165:1,00,00,000
3151:one million
3029:word stress
2987:/dɪˈvɛləpt/
2640:) lack the
2555:), or if a
2424:languages.
2217:/p/,/t/,/k/
1959:or central
1820:similar to
1636:portmanteau
1542:British Raj
1493:charter by
1392:(1985) and
1366:portmanteau
1361:from 1851.
1265:Manu Joseph
1231:2011 Census
1205:2001 Census
1171:British Raj
1140:, the term
948:New Zealand
843:Cameroonian
818:Bay Islands
813:Bangladeshi
541:Uttarakhand
492:instead of
308:Old English
287:Early forms
9815:Categories
9710:Micronesia
9523:Somaliland
9468:The Gambia
9262:Montserrat
8986:Endangered
8789:Rajasthani
8673:unofficial
8632:Rajbangshi
8557:Kamatapuri
8462:(Manipuri)
8125:Bangladesh
8117:South Asia
8070:Cape Flats
8020:The Gambia
7945:Aboriginal
7781:vernacular
7746:California
7719:High Tider
7714:Appalachia
7575:Aboriginal
7507:South-West
7351:Birmingham
7308:Sunderland
7293:Manchester
7283:Lancashire
7080:23 January
6689:Henry Yule
6596:"Gujarati"
6315:required.)
6294:"freeship"
6055:7 November
6025:7 November
5982:. p.
5920:Wells 1982
5873:"Assamese"
5856:Wells 1982
5814:7 November
5763:Wells 1982
5676:Wells 1982
5657:Wells 1982
5645:Wells 1982
4944:www.ef.com
4864:www.ef.com
4565:Ethnologue
4491:References
4262:Stocqueler
4187:travelling
4086:(noun): a
3989:e.g. "The
3825:it will be
3821:Oh really?
3796:restaurant
3794:(noun): A
3780:(noun): A
3579:Kumbh Mela
3559:(noun): A
3549:(noun): A
3498:(noun): A
3492:/aubergine
3480:ayyo, aiyo
3470:ayye, aiye
3318:Vocabulary
3162:10,000,000
3068:In words (
2867:/ˈtrɛzəːr/
2803:epenthesis
2778:Again, in
2557:high vowel
2418:Indo-Aryan
2258:Devanagari
2247:are often
2204:Consonants
1914:Diphthong
1890:Diphthong
1866:Diphthong
1770:non-rhotic
1668:Hindustani
1652:Hindustani
1624:See also:
1474:See also:
1394:Indianlish
1378:Indenglish
1218:under the
1018:see also:
1013:Zimbabwean
998:Sri Lankan
963:Philippine
803:Australian
788:Anguillian
670:media help
616:media help
557:media help
238:Ingvaeonic
118:newspapers
9785:shown in
9647:Gibraltar
9630:Singapore
9609:Hong Kong
9498:Mauritius
9392:Australia
8976:Classical
8794:Surjapuri
8754:Khandeshi
8724:Dhundhari
8675:languages
8647:Sikkimese
8455:Malayalam
8362:languages
8190:Singapore
8152:Sri Lanka
8107:Hong Kong
7933:variation
7925:Australia
7836:Caribbean
7702:Baltimore
7585:Lunenburg
7530:Gibraltar
7447:Highlands
7325:Yorkshire
7288:Liverpool
6731:The Hindu
6452:"prepone"
6436:19 August
6261:The Hindu
5899:0025-1003
5611:216377833
5603:0954-3945
5543:Scroll.in
5365:Scroll.in
5152:, p. 326.
5136:The Hindu
5061:241712224
4845:The Hindu
4614:21 August
4359:Macmillan
4308:Whitworth
4207:catalogue
4166:candidate
4162:community
4088:crossroad
4042:redressal
4035:Statesman
4031:redressal
4024:redressal
4003:The Hindu
3894:Statesman
3883:newspaper
3819:is it so:
3811:Statesman
3758:freeships
3747:freeships
3722:The Hindu
3686:vii. 40,
3664:adjective
3648:." (2018
3524:motorbike
3496:bus stand
3435:The Hindu
3415:academics
3401:equipment
3342:vote bank
3148:10,00,000
3145:1,000,000
2965:Pakistani
2882:/ˈtrɛʃər/
2810:/isˈkuːl/
2592:/ˈmiːʈər/
2588:/ˈmiːtər/
2422:Dravidian
2362:aspirated
2249:retroflex
1751:Phonology
1711:Malayalam
1656:Bollywood
1648:macaronic
1630:The term
1592:education
1374:Indiglish
1311:Rajasthan
1169:from the
983:Singapore
958:Pakistani
923:Malaysian
853:Caribbean
828:Bermudian
793:Antarctic
762:Phonology
754:Phonology
741:Loanwords
658:Karnataka
656:state of
600:Meghalaya
598:state of
539:state of
451:Glottolog
435:ISO 639-3
417:ISO 639-2
399:ISO 639-1
9700:Kiribati
9620:Pakistan
9567:Americas
9558:Zimbabwe
9543:Tanzania
9463:Eswatini
9458:Cameroon
9453:Botswana
9349:Guernsey
9234:Dominica
9198:Barbados
9182:Anguilla
9173:Americas
9069:Articles
8949:Tangkhul
8821:speakers
8744:Haryanvi
8729:Garhwali
8686:speakers
8577:Kokborok
8532:Bhojpuri
8486:Sanskrit
8450:Maithili
8440:Kashmiri
8425:Gujarati
8405:Assamese
8360:Official
8310:Standard
8280:Learning
8268:Nerrière
8259:Globish
8175:Malaysia
8147:Pakistan
8087:Zimbabwe
8015:Cameroon
7849:Barbados
7580:Atlantic
7548:Americas
7465:Abercraf
7434:Scotland
7413:Cornwall
7334:Midlands
7318:Teesside
7313:Tyneside
7303:Pitmatic
7266:Cheshire
7212:Dialects
7118:, ESLAN.
7106:Archived
7090:cite web
6695:(1886).
6594:(2003),
6353:Archived
5907:26351864
5696:Gujarati
5548:18 April
4949:2 August
4790:Archived
4770:Archived
4747:Archived
4728:Archived
4475:Tenglish
4470:Tanglish
4465:Banglish
4447:Manglish
4442:Hinglish
4437:Kanglish
4376:See also
4372:(2017).
4365:(2006).
4327:(1906).
4313:(1885),
4306:(1878),
4299:(1855),
4292:(1877),
4281:(1852),
4274:(1845),
4267:(1844),
4260:(1813),
4253:(1804),
4248:Rousseau
4195:practise
4177:Spelling
4149:votebank
4115:the same
4108:the same
4015:bullying
4013:(noun):
3999:namaskar
3997:with a '
3976:preponed
3921:Chaiwala
3877:(noun):
3868:(noun):
3782:motorway
3736:freeship
3711:footpath
3688:J. Nehru
3506:capsicum
3490:eggplant
3451:3 Idiots
3423:Canadian
3421:) (also
3405:training
3397:evidence
3378:gymkhana
3350:swadeshi
3312:trillion
3119:1,00,000
2805:. e.g.,
2792:Bengalis
2784:Bhojpuri
2780:Assamese
2733:Assamese
2626:Assamese
2564:/ˈliʈil/
2553:/ˈbəʈən/
2535:Syllabic
2460:/wɔːtar/
2438:as and
2354:Gujarati
2237:alveolar
2214:plosives
1741:Tamglish
1736:Tanglish
1726:Tenglish
1716:Kanglish
1707:Manglish
1699:Banglish
1691:Minglish
1684:Pakistan
1632:Hinglish
1620:Tanglish
1616:Tenglish
1612:Hinglish
1522:replaced
1400:Features
1396:(2007).
1388:(1984),
1384:(1984),
1382:Indglish
1380:(1979),
1376:(1974),
1270:de facto
1123:governor
1091:dialects
1029:Teaching
973:Scottish
953:Nigerian
938:Namibian
918:Malawian
913:Liberian
903:Jamaican
888:Gustavia
883:Ghanaian
848:Canadian
823:Belizean
783:American
775:Dialects
498:Help:IPA
458:indi1255
228:Germanic
56:Nenglish
48:Tenglish
44:Kanglish
40:Tanglish
36:Benglish
32:Hinglish
9787:italics
9764:Vanuatu
9753:Tokelau
9669:Oceania
9508:Nigeria
9503:Namibia
9488:Liberia
9483:Lesotho
9384:Oceania
9355:Ireland
9256:Jamaica
9246:Grenada
9209:Bermuda
8904:Ladakhi
8809:Varhadi
8774:Marwari
8764:Lambadi
8759:Kumaoni
8739:Harauti
8719:Bundeli
8709:Bajjika
8699:Bagheli
8617:Mundari
8582:Kurmali
8572:Khortha
8491:Santali
8481:Punjabi
8466:Marathi
8445:Konkani
8435:Kannada
8410:Bengali
8382:English
8240:Engrish
8235:E-Prime
8208:Related
8195:Vietnam
8180:Myanmar
8050:Nigeria
8045:Namibia
8035:Liberia
7917:Oceania
7899:Bermuda
7871:Jamaica
7798:Chicano
7636:Midland
7622:United
7558:America
7494:Ireland
7470:Cardiff
7442:Glasgow
7391:Cockney
7271:Cumbria
7249:England
7240:Britain
7216:accents
6519:. 1993.
6122:4 March
5700:Marathi
5692:Bengali
5499:16 July
5473:16 July
5311:3 April
5116:16 July
5091:16 July
5066:23 July
4992:3381672
4706:16 July
4456:Paklish
4283:Carnegy
4255:Wilkins
4231:Brunell
4211:realise
4019:fagging
4011:ragging
3969:prepone
3786:freeway
3778:highway
3690:, 1941)
3553:or film
3532:scooter
3486:brinjal
3116:100,000
2877:, e.g.
2761:Bengali
2724:become
2722:/fɹɪdʒ/
2681:Bengali
2630:Marathi
2464:/nevar/
2085:Francis
2073:/lɑːst/
2069:/stɑːf/
2065:/klɑːs/
1855:unlike
1762:phoneme
1721:Kannada
1703:Bengali
1695:Marathi
1640:English
1525:Persian
1511:Kolkata
1507:Chennai
1470:History
1460:dollars
1390:Inglish
1370:Indlish
1319:Haryana
1155:English
1136:on the
1088:English
1003:Ugandan
933:Myanmar
878:Gambian
863:England
858:Cornish
833:British
766:History
710:History
494:Unicode
253:English
195:250,000
132:scholar
9759:Tuvalu
9639:Europe
9553:Zambia
9548:Uganda
9513:Rwanda
9493:Malawi
9446:Africa
9425:
9368:Jersey
9340:Europe
9251:Guyana
9222:Canada
9203:Belize
9153:Africa
9131:
8954:Thadou
8919:Mising
8879:Konyak
8874:Kolami
8869:Kodava
8864:Khotta
8849:Dimasa
8844:Badaga
8834:Angami
8784:Nimadi
8779:Mewari
8749:Kangri
8694:Awadhi
8657:Tamang
8652:Sunwar
8642:Sherpa
8622:Newari
8602:Magahi
8592:Lepcha
8587:Kurukh
8562:Kharia
8547:Gurung
8527:Angika
8506:Telugu
8496:Sindhi
8471:Nepali
8460:Meitei
8394:to the
8263:Gogate
8170:Brunei
8082:Uganda
8065:accent
8040:Malawi
8008:Africa
7983:accent
7938:accent
7881:Samaná
7854:Bequia
7673:accent
7646:Boston
7624:States
7607:Quebec
7567:Canada
7556:North
7512:Ulster
7502:Dublin
7418:Dorset
7276:Barrow
7238:Great
7229:Europe
7054:
7033:
7012:
6991:
6918:
6895:
6872:
6853:
6832:
6797:Forbes
6668:
6649:
6628:
6606:
6576:
6555:
6218:28 May
6192:24 May
6166:24 May
6113:
5990:
5905:
5897:
5839:
5698:. and
5609:
5601:
5342:
5268:24 May
5059:
5049:
4990:
4897:
4823:6 June
4818:Forbes
4677:30 May
4643:30 May
4605:
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