1157:. Edward reportedly told an acquaintance, "After the war is over and Hitler will crush the Americans ... we'll take over ... They don't want me as their king, but I'll be back as their leader." He was reported as saying that "it would be a tragic thing for the world if Hitler was overthrown". Comments like these reinforced the belief that the Duke and Duchess held Nazi sympathies and the effect of the abdication crisis of 1936 was to force off the throne a man with extreme political opinions. Claims that Edward would have been a threat or that he was removed by a political conspiracy to dethrone him remain speculative and "persist largely because since 1936 the contemporary public considerations have lost most of their force and so seem, wrongly, to provide insufficient explanation for the King's departure".
250:: "We hope that he is aware of his need. Some of us wish that he gave more positive signs of his awareness." The press took this for the first public comment by a notable person on the crisis and it became front-page news on 3 December. When asked about it later, however, the bishop claimed he had not heard of Simpson at the time he wrote the speech, and that it was an expression of disappointment at the King's conspicuous failure to attend church services regularly. Acting on the advice of Edward's staff, Simpson left Britain for the south of France two days later in an attempt to escape intense press attention. Both she and the King were devastated by the separation. At a tearful departure, the King told her, "I shall never give you up."
200:
141:
835:
881:. Though the British government, hoping for expediency and to avoid embarrassment, wished the Dominions to accept the actions of the "home" government, the Dominions held that Edward's abdication required the consent of each Commonwealth state. According to the Statute of Westminster, the act passed by the UK parliament could become law in other Dominions at their request. This was duly given by the Parliament of Australia, which was at the time in session, and by the governments of Canada, South Africa, and New Zealand, whose parliaments were in recess.
1027:
3801:
827:
944:
970:
33:
212:, wrote to him on 13 November, warning: "The silence in the British Press on the subject of Your Majesty's friendship with Mrs Simpson is not going to be maintained ... Judging by the letters from British subjects living in foreign countries where the Press has been outspoken, the effect will be calamitous." Senior British ministers knew that Hardinge had written to the King and may have helped him draft the letter.
508:
679:. In early December, rumours circulated that the King's supporters would join in a "King's Party", led by Churchill. However, there was no concerted effort to form an organised movement and Churchill had no intention of leading one. Nevertheless, the rumours damaged the King and Churchill severely, as members of parliament were horrified at the idea of the King interfering in politics.
408:, saying he could not do so because he was in mourning for his father and delegated the task to his brother Albert despite the logical inconsistency in doing so since it was less than a year since the death of their father, George V. The day after the opening, he was pictured in newspapers on holiday: he had turned down the public event in favour of meeting Simpson.
814:
up so that he could remain king. It was, however, too late; the King had already made up his mind to go, even if he could not marry
Simpson. Indeed, as the belief that the abdication was inevitable gathered strength, Goddard stated that: " client was ready to do anything to ease the situation but the other end of the wicket was determined".
371:
180:, who produced reports on the nature of their relationship and their investigations into Wallis Simpson's private life that included the "pursuit of vicious gossip" and the identification of a "secret lover". The prospect of having an American divorcée with a questionable past having such sway over the
750:
Baldwin blocked the speech, saying that it would shock many people and would be a grave breach of constitutional principles. By modern convention, the sovereign could only act with the advice and counsel of ministers. In seeking the people's support against the government, Edward was opting to oppose
745:
Neither Mrs
Simpson nor I have ever sought to insist that she should be queen. All we desired was that our married happiness should carry with it a proper title and dignity for her, befitting my wife. Now that I have at last been able to take you into my confidence, I feel it is best to go away for a
267:
Government ministers and the royal family found Wallis
Simpson's background and behaviour unacceptable for a potential queen. Rumours and innuendo about her circulated in society. The King's mother, Queen Mary, was even told that Simpson might have held some sort of sexual control over Edward, as she
896:
might refuse to either give its request and consent to
British legislation or to pass its own. Legal experts discussed whether an abdication would have force in the Irish Free State, regardless, or if Edward VIII might remain king of that country while George VI reigned elsewhere. In the end, it was
258:
Opposition to the King and his marriage came from several directions. Edward's desire to modernise the monarchy and make it more accessible, though appreciated by many of the public, was distrusted by the
British Establishment. Edward upset the aristocracy by treating their traditions and ceremonies
932:
wrote in his diary on 8 December 1936 that Edward's "sense of right or wrong has been largely obliterated by the jazz of life he has led for years" and, upon receiving news of Edward's final decision to abdicate, "if that is the kind of man he is it is better he should not be longer on the Throne."
813:
Upon his arrival, Goddard warned his client that a citizen's intervention, should it arise, was likely to succeed. It was, according to
Goddard, his duty to advise her to withdraw her divorce petition. Simpson refused, but they both telephoned the King to inform him that she was willing to give him
195:
in favour of a holiday with
Simpson in the eastern Mediterranean that was widely covered in the American and continental European press, but not by the British press, which maintained a self-imposed silence. Nevertheless, Canadians and expatriate Britons, who had access to the foreign reports, were
473:
As a result of these rumours and arguments, the belief strengthened among the
British establishment that Simpson could not become a royal consort. The British prime minister, Stanley Baldwin, explicitly advised Edward that the majority of people would be opposed to his marrying Simpson, indicating
222:
to
Buckingham Palace the following Monday (16 November) and informed him that he intended to marry Simpson. Baldwin replied that such a marriage would not be acceptable to the people, stating: "... the Queen becomes the Queen of the country. Therefore in the choice of a Queen the voice of the
801:
of his adultery so that she could marry someone else. On Monday 7 December 1936, the King heard that
Goddard planned to fly to the south of France to see Wallis Simpson. The King summoned him and expressly forbade him to make the journey, fearing that the visit might put doubts in Simpson's mind.
207:
By October, it was rumoured in high society and abroad that Edward intended to marry Simpson as soon as she was free to do so. At the end of that month, the crisis came to a head when she filed for divorce and the American press announced that marriage between her and the King was imminent. The
627:
newspaper, Churchill suggested that a delay would be beneficial because, given time, the King might fall out of love with Simpson. Baldwin rejected the request for delay, presumably because he preferred to resolve the crisis quickly. Supporters of the King alleged a conspiracy between Baldwin,
817:
Goddard had a weak heart and had never flown before, so he asked his doctor, William Kirkwood, to accompany him on the trip. As Kirkwood was a resident at a maternity hospital, his presence led to false speculation that Simpson was pregnant, and even that she was having an abortion. The press
457:, which revealed his strong view that opposition to the marriage was motivated by the wish "to defeat those Germanophile forces which had been working through Mrs Simpson". It was rumoured that Simpson had access to confidential government papers sent to Edward, which he left unguarded at his
1099:
of 13 December 1966 the Duke wrote that in 1937 Hitler persuaded him "it was in Britain's interest and in Europe's too, that Germany be encouraged to strike east and smash Communism forever ... I thought the rest of us could be fence-sitters while the Nazis and the Reds slogged it out."
287:
Police detectives following Simpson reported back that, while involved with Edward, she was also involved with a married car mechanic and salesman named Guy Trundle. This may well have been passed on to senior figures in the establishment, including members of the royal family.
164:, had ended in divorce in 1927. It is generally accepted that Wallis Simpson and Edward became lovers in 1934, while Lady Furness (who was also in a relationship with the prince) was visiting relatives in the United States. However, Edward adamantly insisted to his father, King
338:, held that the king, as the head of the Church of England, could not marry a divorcée. If Edward married Wallis Simpson, a divorcée who would soon have two living ex-husbands, in a civil ceremony, it would directly conflict with Church teaching and his role as the Church's
103:
in church if their ex-spouses were still alive. For this reason, it was widely believed that Edward could not marry Simpson and remain on the throne. As a twice-divorced woman, Simpson was perceived to be politically, morally and socially unsuitable as a prospective
751:
binding ministerial advice and instead act as a private individual. Edward's British ministers felt that, in proposing the speech, Edward had revealed his disdainful attitude towards constitutional conventions and threatened the political neutrality of the Crown.
400:, wrote of the King's comments: "These escapades should be limited. They are an invasion into the field of politics and should be watched constitutionally." Although Edward's comments had made him popular in Wales, he became extremely unpopular with the public in
590:
country, the Irish Free State did not recognise divorce. He supposed that if the British people would not accept Wallis Simpson then abdication was the only possible solution. On 24 November, Baldwin consulted the three leading opposition politicians in Britain:
1055:
that denied her the style of Her Royal Highness. The couple settled in France, and the Duke received a tax-free allowance from his brother, which Edward supplemented by writing his memoirs and by illegal currency trading. He also profited from the sale of
768:
On 5 December, having in effect been told that he could not keep the throne and marry Simpson, and having had his request to broadcast to the Empire to explain "his side of the story" blocked on constitutional grounds, Edward chose the third option.
578:) rejected option 1 and thought that option 2 "might be possible ... if some solution along these lines were found to be practicable", but "would be guided by the decision of the Home government". In communications with the British government,
617:, against the divorce, but his advice was ignored. As soon as the affair became public knowledge, Churchill started to pressure Baldwin and the King to delay any decisions until parliament and the people had been consulted. In a private letter to
3476:
314:. At the time, some members of the British upper class looked down on Americans with disdain and considered them socially inferior. In contrast, the American public was clearly in favour of the marriage, as was most of the American press.
478:. The King responded, according to his own later account, "I intend to marry Mrs Simpson as soon as she is free to marry ... if the Government opposed the marriage, as the Prime Minister had given me reason to believe it would,
307:(then Chancellor of the Exchequer) wrote in his diary that she was "an entirely unscrupulous woman who is not in love with the King but is exploiting him for her own purposes. She has already ruined him in money and jewels ..."
168:, that he was not physically intimate with Simpson and that it was inappropriate to describe her as his mistress. Edward's relationship with Simpson further weakened his poor relationship with his parents. Although King George and
962:
741:', I serve." In the proposed speech, Edward indicated his desire to remain on the throne or to be recalled to it if forced to abdicate, while marrying Simpson morganatically. In one section, Edward proposed to say:
345:
Wallis's first divorce (in the United States on the grounds of "emotional incompatibility") was not recognised by the Church of England and, if challenged in the English courts, might not have been recognised under
112:
that she was driven by love of money or position rather than love for the King. Despite the opposition, Edward declared that he loved Simpson and intended to marry her as soon as her second divorce was finalised.
2277:"Edward, Mrs Simpson and the Divorce Law: Stephen Cretney Investigates Whether the Government Colluded in the Suppression of Evidence That Might Have Prevented Wallis Simpson's Divorce and Royal Marriage"
937:, had told Baldwin as early as 1927: "I can't help thinking that the best thing that could happen to him, and to the country, would be for him to break his neck." Lascelles resigned in 1929 "in despair".
563:) opposed options 1 and 2. Mackenzie King told Edward to do "what he believed in his own heart was right" and the Canadian government appealed to the King to put his duty before his feelings for Simpson.
326:
forbade the remarriage of divorced people in church while a former spouse was still living. The monarch was required by law to be in communion with the Church of England, and was its nominal head or
682:
The letters and diaries of working-class people and ex-servicemen generally demonstrate support for the King, while those from the middle and upper classes tend to express indignation and distaste.
960:
781:, became concerned that there would be a "patriotic" citizen's intervention (a legal device to block the divorce), and that such an intervention would be successful. The courts could not grant a
737:. The proposed text invoked the "ancient custom" for a King to "address his public utterances to his people". Edward proposed to remind his listeners: "I am still the same man whose motto was '
765:(which controlled British telephone services) to intercept "telephone communications between Fort Belvedere and Buckingham Palace on the one hand and the continent of Europe on the other".
730:, respectively, appeared to support a morganatic marriage. The King estimated that the newspapers in favour had a circulation of 12.5 million, and those against had 8.5 million.
3610:
422:
as "cranks" and made speeches counter to government policy. During his reign as king, his refusal to accept the advice of ministers continued: he opposed the imposition of sanctions on
392:, his comment that "something must be done" led to concerns among elected politicians that he would interfere in political matters, traditionally avoided by constitutional monarchs.
961:
2276:
3780:
789:
brought against Ernest Simpson, with Wallis Simpson as the innocent, injured party. The divorce action would fail if the citizen's intervention showed that the Simpsons had
928:
Edward's supporters felt that he had "been hounded from the throne by that arch humbug Baldwin", but many members of the establishment were relieved by Edward's departure.
235:. On the same day that Hardinge wrote to the King, Bruce met Hardinge and then wrote to Baldwin, expressing horror at the idea of a marriage between the King and Simpson.
187:
Edward VIII succeeded his father on 20 January 1936, after which Simpson attended more official functions as the King's guest. Despite her name appearing regularly in the
570:
told Buckingham Palace and Baldwin that Canadians held deep affection for the King, but also that Canadian public opinion would be outraged if Edward married a divorcée.
1002:
as "His Royal Highness Prince Edward". The official address had been polished by Churchill and was moderate in tone, speaking about Edward's inability to do his job "as
922:
310:
Relations between the United Kingdom and the United States were strained during the inter-war years and the majority of Britons were reluctant to accept an American as
2580:
1988:
583:
974:
3452:
1042:
on 12 December 1936. On 3 May the following year, the Simpsons' divorce was made final. The case was handled quietly and it barely featured in some newspapers.
1072:
640:
was possibly involved in a plan to force the prime minister to retire on the grounds of heart disease, but he eventually accepted, on the evidence of an early
846:, on 10 December, Edward signed his written abdication notices, witnessed by his three younger brothers: Prince Albert, Duke of York (who succeeded Edward as
3467:
1629:
1239:, but remained unrecognized by the Church. A person with an annulment has not been legally married, whereas a person with a divorce has been married already.
2785:
330:. In 1935 the Church of England reaffirmed that, "in no circumstances can Christian men or women re-marry during the lifetime of a wife or a husband". The
276:, who wrote that he suspected the King "is sexually abnormal which may account for the hold Mrs S. has over him". Even Edward VIII's official biographer,
3457:
3437:
3374:
1199:
863:
925:, which declared that the abdication took effect there on 10 December, meaning abdications took place on three separate dates across the Commonwealth.
1248:
There were 15, including one for each Dominion, India, the British House of Commons, the House of Lords, and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
1068:. Both estates are private property and not part of the Royal Estate, and were therefore inherited and owned by Edward, regardless of the abdication.
2516:
917:, leading to a 24-hour period wherein Edward was king in the Irish Free State and his brother was king of the UK and other Dominions. In Canada, the
818:
excitedly reported that the solicitor had flown to Simpson accompanied by a gynaecologist and an anaesthetist (who was actually the lawyer's clerk).
354:
to be the only grounds for divorce. Consequently, under this argument, her second marriage, as well as her marriage to Edward, would be considered
3933:
524:
3414:
877:
for the entire empire had been replaced by multiple crowns, one for each Dominion, worn by a single monarch in an organisation then-known as the
2337:
1007:
2812:
671:
also supported the King despite disliking Simpson. He was, however, unable to take any active role in the crisis because he was on holiday in
4117:
3289:
1735:
733:
On 3 December, Edward had a "tense" meeting with Baldwin. Backed by Churchill and Beaverbrook, Edward proposed to broadcast a speech via the
17:
4079:
3386:
798:
503:
for Edward and any potential heirs he might father, allowing him to make any marital decisions without further constitutional implications.
3893:
3887:
3447:
2290:
482:." Under pressure from the King, and "startled" at the suggested abdication, Baldwin agreed to take further soundings on three options:
727:
268:
had released him from an undefined sexual dysfunction through practices learnt in a Chinese brothel. This view was partially shared by
3757:
592:
191:, the name of her husband was conspicuously absent. In the summer of that year, the King eschewed the traditional prolonged stay at
2492:
1051:
Edward married Wallis in France on 3 June 1937. She became the Duchess of Windsor, but, much to Edward's disgust, George VI issued
910:
906:
888:, the British parliamentary counsel and one of the principal framers of the Statute of Westminster, expressed to Attorney-General
3996:
901:
to legislate. The government of the Irish Free State, taking the opportunity presented by the crisis and in a major step towards
647:
Political support for the King was scattered and comprised politicians alienated from the mainstream parties such as Churchill,
3432:
3364:
2703:
1839:
1488:
953:
2461:
3217:
3187:
3069:
2962:
2471:
2023:
1139:
902:
490:
461:
residence. While Edward was abdicating, the personal protection officers guarding Simpson in exile in France sent reports to
132:, following his abdication, and he married Simpson the following year. They remained married until his death 35 years later.
1048:
printed a single sentence below a separate, and seemingly unconnected, report announcing the Duke's departure from Austria.
897:
the possibility of the latter, and, consequently, Simpson becoming Queen of the Irish Free State, that was used to push the
176:
in 1935, they later refused to receive her. Edward and Simpson were secretly followed by members of the Metropolitan Police
3938:
3853:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
1235:—rather than ended by divorce as such. Divorce—the dissolution of a valid marriage—became a regular legal process with the
216:
177:
1146:
that the Duke "is well-known to be pro-Nazi and he may become a centre of intrigue". Churchill threatened the Duke with a
3790:
3381:
3344:
1166:
3169:
785:(a dissolution of marriage consented to by both parties), and so the case was being handled as if it were an undefended
156:
on 10 January 1931, when Edward was Prince of Wales. Ernest Simpson was Wallis's second husband; her first marriage, to
4102:
3943:
3094:
1108:
2425:
610:. Sinclair and Attlee agreed that options 1 and 2 were unacceptable, and Churchill pledged to support the government.
4107:
3307:
3154:
3121:
3112:
3048:
3021:
3003:
2975:
2797:
2761:
2650:
1707:
1473:
1268:
1116:
918:
116:
The widespread unwillingness to accept Simpson as the King's consort and Edward's refusal to give her up led to his
4054:
3616:
3324:
3295:
2228:
851:
664:
362:, which was passed shortly after Edward and Wallis's marriage, would allow for numerous other grounds for divorce.
45:
199:
4012:
3980:
1006:
would have wished to do" without the support of "the woman I love". Edward's reign had lasted 327 days, the
2545:
4112:
1765:
870:
560:
3750:
575:
397:
1347:
3693:
243:
2313:
3869:
3301:
2586:
1994:
1236:
855:
696:
552:
540:
512:
427:
359:
232:
148:
Edward had been introduced to Wallis Simpson, an American citizen and wife of British shipping executive
140:
49:
3545:
1721:
G. I. T. Machin, "Marriage and the Churches in the 1930s: Royal abdication and divorce reform, 1936–7."
3963:
3399:
3235:
2745:
564:
445:
became further dismayed by the proposed marriage after being told that Wallis Simpson was an agent of
3683:
3210:
652:
613:
Churchill did not support the government, however. In July, he had advised the King's legal counsel,
3569:
3564:
3559:
2345:
4074:
4069:
3988:
3743:
3670:
3491:
2953:
Williamson, Philip (2007), Olechnowicz, Andrzej (ed.), "The monarchy and public values 1910–1953",
1015:
633:
544:
405:
331:
273:
1935:
1743:
1138:, plotted unsuccessfully to persuade the Duke to leave Portugal, and contemplated kidnapping him.
4059:
3785:
2520:
2496:
1154:
3574:
1083:
retreat. The visit was much publicised by the German media. During the visit the Duke gave full
746:
while, so that you may reflect calmly and quietly, but without undue delay, on what I have said.
303:
wrote that she would eventually leave him, "having secured the cash". The future prime minister
3688:
3665:
3622:
2697:
2404:
1119:, claimed that Edward had leaked the Allied war plans for the defence of Belgium. When Germany
914:
843:
806:
to see Baldwin, as a result of which he was provided with an aeroplane to take him directly to
603:
458:
454:
374:
149:
2015:
2009:
474:
that if he did, in direct contravention of his ministers' advice, the government would resign
246:, gave a speech to his diocesan conference on 1 December, which alluded to the King's need of
3660:
3552:
3442:
3409:
1833:
1697:
1203:
1089:
782:
778:
571:
532:
57:
3875:
2683:
2384:
1463:
527:, but it had no parallel in British constitutional history. The prime ministers of the five
259:
with disdain, and many were offended by his abandonment of accepted social norms and mores.
4028:
3953:
3928:
3523:
3507:
3203:
1813:
Redmayne, Sharon (1993), "Matrimonial Causes Act 1937: A Lesson in the Art of Compromise",
878:
834:
88:
8:
3650:
3078:
1651:
1224:
1135:
762:
706:
539:) were consulted, and the majority agreed that there was "no alternative to course (3)".
494:
304:
76:
who was divorced from her first husband and was in the process of divorcing her second.
4020:
4004:
3678:
3515:
3499:
3477:
I've danced with a man, who's danced with a girl, who's danced with the Prince of Wales
3329:
3170:
Digital reproduction of the Abdication Act 1936 on the Parliamentary Archives catalogue
2688:
2528:
2504:
2389:
1482:
1039:
668:
641:
599:
442:
378:
1972:
1198:
The instrument of abdication was signed on 10 December, and given legislative form by
579:
3905:
3483:
3394:
3339:
3183:
3150:
3129:
3108:
3090:
3065:
3044:
3017:
2999:
2958:
2793:
2757:
2646:
2467:
2019:
1703:
1469:
1186:
1061:
859:
803:
790:
676:
672:
629:
607:
523:
The second option had European precedents, including Edward's own great-grandfather,
453:
obtained leaked dispatches from the German Reich's Ambassador to the United Kingdom,
435:
416:
335:
323:
224:
173:
109:
96:
2722:, Tuesday, 4 May 1937, p. 5, col. C; "The Duke of Windsor: Departure from Austria",
4064:
3243:
3175:
3144:
2842:
1822:
1296:
1207:
1120:
1104:
893:
889:
786:
757:
files released in 2013 show that on or before 5 December 1936, the Home Secretary,
723:
690:
556:
536:
431:
423:
393:
385:
327:
65:
3911:
3899:
3766:
3655:
3599:
3593:
2979:
2817:
2599:
1580:
1131:
1095:
1057:
1035:
1014:
over 380 years earlier. The day following the broadcast he left Britain for
637:
618:
614:
567:
516:
412:
281:
219:
192:
125:
92:
2604:
In Royal Service: Letters & Journals of Sir Alan Lascelles from 1920 to 1936
284:
relationship ... relished the contempt and bullying she bestowed on him."
3800:
3265:
3140:
2846:
2749:
1547:
1228:
1189:
decided to allow divorced people to remarry in church under certain conditions.
1065:
1052:
1011:
999:
995:
934:
929:
758:
754:
660:
595:
587:
462:
450:
419:
289:
277:
188:
129:
80:
69:
61:
2834:
1699:
The Church of England and Divorce in the Twentieth Century: Legalism and Grace
826:
4096:
3628:
3604:
3539:
3239:
2991:
2830:
2281:
1147:
1026:
885:
712:
656:
648:
311:
228:
209:
181:
105:
2920:
2185:
1826:
1206:
retroactively approved the abdication with effect from 10 December, and the
3881:
3698:
3645:
3334:
3277:
3133:
3082:
3057:
1940:
1080:
909:
on 11 December to remove references to the Crown and abolish the office of
701:
548:
489:
Edward and Simpson marry, but she not become queen, instead receiving some
446:
293:
247:
239:
169:
153:
3948:
3226:
1084:
347:
161:
37:
2229:"Ministers ordered bugging of King Edward VIII's phones, records reveal"
91:. Religious, legal, political, and moral objections were raised. As the
2524:
2500:
2424:
Twomey, Anne (2017), Lagassé, Philippe; MacDonald, Nicholas A. (eds.),
2410:
Professor Anne Twomey – Succession to the Crown: foiled by Canada?
1220:
986:
898:
794:
777:
Following Simpson's divorce hearing on 27 October 1936, her solicitor,
718:
500:
370:
117:
3723:
3283:
2718:
1537:
The Duke of Windsor, p. 301; Beaverbrook, p. 14; Williams, pp. 70–71.
1232:
1143:
1112:
1044:
874:
847:
684:
623:
157:
121:
120:
in December 1936. He was succeeded by his brother Albert, who became
84:
73:
41:
292:, the American ambassador, described her as a "tart", and his wife,
238:
Nevertheless, the British press remained quiet on the subject until
32:
3716:
3611:
The Duke and Duchess of Windsor in conversation with Kenneth Harris
3271:
1766:"How Queen Elizabeth II Will Step Down—Without Giving Up Her Title"
738:
528:
401:
355:
351:
269:
223:
people must be heard". Baldwin's view was shared by the Australian
165:
3735:
969:
507:
486:
Edward and Simpson marry and she become queen (a royal marriage);
300:
100:
2014:, Montreal and London: McGill-Queen's University Press, p.
1231:, those marriages were annulled—that is, declared invalid under
2835:"Edward VIII, later Prince Edward, duke of Windsor (1894–1972)"
1124:
1076:
807:
3195:
2408:
1398:
Beaverbrook, pp. 28–33; Windsor, p. 314; Ziegler, pp. 292–295.
1123:
the north of France in May 1940, the Duke and Duchess fled to
299:
Wallis was perceived to be pursuing Edward for his money; his
389:
1789:
Phillips, Roderick (July 1993), "Divorced, Beheaded, Died",
994:
On 11 December 1936, Edward made a BBC radio broadcast from
4036:
3531:
2435:, Royal Succession, Abdication, and Regency in the Realms,
921:
symbolically confirmed the abdication. South Africa passed
184:
led to anxiety among government and establishment figures.
2606:, quoted in Vickers, Hugo. "The courtier's spiky tongue".
913:; the King's abdication was recognised a day later in the
584:
President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State
734:
203:
Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson in the Mediterranean, 1936
2955:
The monarchy and the British nation, 1780 to the present
1075:, against the advice of the British government, and met
923:
His Majesty King Edward the Eighth's Abdication Act 1937
2311:
1223:
remarried within the lifetimes of two of his ex-wives,
2226:
350:. At that time, the Church and English law considered
99:, which at this time did not allow divorced people to
2792:, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, pp. 331–332,
1933:
2439:(1), Edmonton: Centre for Constitutional Studies: 48
1861:
Ramsay MacDonald's diary, quoted in Williams, p. 60.
3105:
The People's King: The True Story of the Abdication
2312:Norton-Taylor, Richard; Evans, Rob (2 March 2000),
2158:
Beaverbrook, p. 68; Broad, p. 188; Ziegler, p. 308.
79:The marriage was opposed by the governments of the
2952:
2413:(Digital video), London: University College London
1465:The Routledge Dictionary of Modern British History
2861:Series D, Volume VIII, quoted in Bradford, p. 434
2517:Executive Authority (External Relations) Act 1936
1934:Bowcott, Owen; Bates, Stephen (30 January 2003),
1658:, London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd, p. 574
1346:Bowcott, Owen; Bates, Stephen (30 January 2003),
1034:George VI granted his elder brother the title of
280:, noted that: "There must have been some sort of
4094:
1200:His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936
1064:to George VI, for a "colossal sum" according to
864:His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936
2640:
2466:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 29,
1030:The Duke of Windsor, formerly Edward VIII, 1945
710:, opposed the marriage. On the other hand, the
434:, and would not support a strengthening of the
2849:, retrieved 1 May 2010 (subscription required)
2833:(September 2004; online edition January 2008)
2570:David Lloyd George quoted in Williams, p. 241.
1348:"Car dealer was Wallis Simpson's secret lover"
1107:in September 1939, Edward was assigned to the
3751:
3290:Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood
3211:
3077:
2631:The Duke of Windsor, p. 413; Ziegler, p. 331.
2167:Ziegler, p. 308; The Duke of Windsor, p. 373.
1650:
1111:. In February 1940, the German ambassador in
465:suggesting that she might "flit to Germany".
2859:Documents on German Foreign Policy 1918–1945
1936:"Fear that Windsors would 'flit' to Germany"
1924:Williams, pp. 196–197; Ziegler, pp. 273–274.
1578:
1345:
858:. The following day, it was given effect by
830:"The Year of the Three Kings", postcard 1936
404:following his refusal to open a new wing of
3894:Arthur Baldwin, 3rd Earl Baldwin of Bewdley
3888:Oliver Baldwin, 2nd Earl Baldwin of Bewdley
2957:, Cambridge University Press, p. 225,
2618:
2616:
2539:
2537:
2455:
2453:
3758:
3744:
3218:
3204:
2914:
2912:
2582:The Diaries of William Lyon Mackenzie King
2314:"Edward and Mrs Simpson cast in new light"
2270:
2268:
2266:
1990:The Diaries of William Lyon Mackenzie King
933:Edward's own Assistant Private Secretary,
4080:1924 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours
2784:
1793:, vol. 43, no. 7, pp. 9–12
1763:
1461:
1210:recognised the abdication on 12 December.
1202:the following day. The parliament of the
998:; having abdicated, he was introduced by
892:on 23 November 1936 the concern that the
884:Before the crisis had become public, Sir
3638:
2879:Bloch, pp. 86, 102; Ziegler, pp. 430–432
2824:
2682:
2622:Pope-Hennessy & Vickers, pp. 17, 18.
2613:
2543:
2534:
2493:Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936
2450:
2383:
2183:
2149:See, for example, Williams, pp. 138–144.
1983:
1981:
1812:
1788:
1025:
911:Governor-General of the Irish Free State
833:
825:
506:
369:
198:
139:
31:
3997:Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years
2909:
2839:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2813:Windsor Helpless as World Drifts to War
2744:
2274:
2263:
2007:
1959:
1957:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
14:
4095:
3546:Christmas special: "The London Season"
2918:
2756:, London: Cassell and Co, p. 53,
2553:, House of Commons Library, p. 35
2459:
2423:
2227:Norton-Taylor, Richard (23 May 2013),
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
1150:if he did not return to British soil.
317:
3739:
3199:
2645:, London: Collins, pp. 192–193,
2365:Beaverbrook, p. 81; Williams, p. 217.
2217:Beaverbrook, p. 71; Williams, p. 156.
2184:Casciani, Dominic (30 January 2003),
1978:
1294:
903:its eventual transition to a republic
468:
196:largely scandalised by the coverage.
95:, Edward was the nominal head of the
27:1936 constitutional crisis in Britain
4118:Royal scandals in the United Kingdom
2544:Torrance, David (8 September 2022),
1954:
1764:Laliberte, Marissa (19 March 2020),
1728:
1702:, Taylor & Francis, p. 44,
1632:'s diary, quoted in Ziegler, p. 234.
1301:, Vancouver: Simon Fraser University
1277:
1172:
1073:the Duke and Duchess visited Germany
3934:Power without responsibility speech
3765:
3345:Thelma Furness, Viscountess Furness
3182:, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson,
3016:, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson,
2998:, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson,
2726:, Tuesday, 4 May 1937, p. 5, col. C
2275:Cretney, Stephen (September 2003),
2170:
1550:'s diary quoted in Williams, p. 40.
1167:Abandoned coronation of Edward VIII
1153:In July 1940, Edward was appointed
838:Abdication statement of Edward VIII
772:
515:(left) and his British counterpart
262:
36:Instrument of abdication signed by
24:
3944:British Empire Economic Conference
3799:
3163:
2984:The Abdication of King Edward VIII
2919:Walker, Andrew (29 January 2003),
2702:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
2344:, 21 December 1936, archived from
2186:"King's abdication appeal blocked"
2064:Williams, p. 173; Ziegler, p. 291.
1870:See, for example, Williams, p. 59.
1838:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
1487:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
1109:British Military Mission in France
1021:
1008:shortest of any monarch in Britain
942:
644:, that Baldwin's heart was sound.
415:, Edward had publicly referred to
25:
4129:
2664:The Duke of Windsor, pp. 409–413.
2260:The Duke of Windsor, pp. 386–387.
2251:The Duke of Windsor, pp. 378–379.
1879:Vickers, p. 140; Ziegler, p. 288.
1723:Journal of Ecclesiastical History
1686:Williams, p. 90; Ziegler, p. 296.
1117:Count Julius von Zech-Burkersroda
1087:. In an article for the New York
919:Succession to the Throne Act 1937
531:(Australia, Canada, New Zealand,
430:, refused to receive the deposed
3296:Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester
2946:
2937:
2900:
2891:
2882:
2873:
2864:
2852:
2805:
2778:
2769:
2738:
2729:
2716:"Mrs Ernest Simpson's Divorce".
2710:
2692:, 15 December 1936, p. 8115
2676:
2667:
2658:
2433:Review of Constitutional Studies
2393:, 15 December 1936, p. 8117
1579:Jones, Chris (29 January 2003),
985:Problems playing this file? See
968:
958:
907:an amendment to its constitution
869:Under changes introduced by the
852:Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester
665:Communist Party of Great Britain
124:. Edward was given the title of
3225:
2634:
2625:
2593:
2573:
2564:
2510:
2486:
2426:"The Crown in the 21st Century"
2417:
2397:
2377:
2368:
2359:
2330:
2305:
2254:
2245:
2220:
2211:
2202:
2161:
2152:
2143:
2134:
2125:
2116:
2107:
2098:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2001:
1966:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1891:
1882:
1873:
1864:
1855:
1846:
1815:Oxford Journal of Legal Studies
1806:
1797:
1782:
1757:
1715:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1662:
1644:
1635:
1623:
1614:
1605:
1596:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1495:
1455:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1401:
1392:
1383:
1374:
1242:
1213:
2589:, 9 December 1936, p. 561
2463:Monarchy and the End of Empire
2095:, London: David Rendel, p. 219
1997:, 8 December 1936, p. 555
1742:, 20 July 1981, archived from
1407:Broad, p. 56; Williams, p. 85.
1365:
1339:
1330:
1321:
1312:
1261:
1192:
1179:
871:Statute of Westminster in 1931
561:Prime Minister of South Africa
13:
1:
3149:, New York: Alfred A. Knopf,
2906:Bloch, pp. 93–94, 98–103, 119
2641:Stuart, Charles, ed. (1975),
1255:
821:
576:Prime Minister of New Zealand
525:Duke Alexander of Württemberg
398:Lord President of the Council
253:
18:Edward VIII abdication crisis
3694:Prince of Wales Country Club
2374:The Duke of Windsor, p. 407.
2208:The Duke of Windsor, p. 361.
1963:The Duke of Windsor, p. 332.
1888:The Duke of Windsor, p. 253.
1852:The Duke of Windsor, p. 338.
1528:The Duke of Windsor, p. 136.
1010:since the disputed reign of
365:
296:, refused to dine with her.
7:
3325:Lady Rosemary Leveson-Gower
3302:Prince George, Duke of Kent
3062:Elizabeth, the Queen Mother
2841:, Oxford University Press,
2610:, Thursday, 26 January 1989
2587:Library and Archives Canada
2113:Williams, pp. 139, 179–181.
1995:Library and Archives Canada
1975:quoted in Bradford, p. 188.
1237:Matrimonial Causes Act 1857
1160:
1134:, Nazi agents, principally
856:Prince George, Duke of Kent
553:Prime Minister of Australia
541:William Lyon Mackenzie King
513:William Lyon Mackenzie King
360:Matrimonial Causes Act 1937
233:prime minister of Australia
108:. It was widely assumed by
10:
4134:
3266:Wallis, Duchess of Windsor
3236:King of the United Kingdom
3128:, London: Cassell and Co,
3089:, Hodder & Stoughton,
3034:, London: Frederick Muller
1736:"A Historic Barrier Drops"
1696:Ann Sumner Holmes (2016),
1103:After the outbreak of the
700:, and newspapers owned by
565:Governor General of Canada
322:In Edward's lifetime, the
208:King's private secretary,
135:
56:In early December 1936, a
4103:Abdication of Edward VIII
4047:
3989:Edward & Mrs. Simpson
3972:
3959:Abdication of Edward VIII
3921:
3862:
3846:
3810:
3797:
3773:
3711:
3684:Prince of Wales tea blend
3585:
3492:Edward & Mrs. Simpson
3466:
3425:
3357:
3317:
3258:
3251:
3233:
3107:, London: Penguin Books,
3039:Howarth, Patrick (1987),
2996:The Duke of Windsor's War
2986:, London: Hamish Hamilton
802:Goddard went straight to
653:British Union of Fascists
480:then I was prepared to go
4108:1936 in British politics
4075:1921 Bewdley by-election
4070:1908 Bewdley by-election
3375:Instrument of Abdication
3122:Windsor, HRH The Duke of
3103:Williams, Susan (2003),
3087:The Quest for Queen Mary
3012:Bradford, Sarah (1989),
2821:, 13 December 1966, p. 2
2093:Journey to Harley Street
1468:, Routledge, p. 1,
1462:Plowright, John (2006),
667:. Former prime minister
634:archbishop of Canterbury
593:Leader of the Opposition
545:Prime Minister of Canada
511:Canadian prime minister
406:Aberdeen Royal Infirmary
377:, Edward's residence in
332:archbishop of Canterbury
274:Archbishop of Canterbury
231:, who was also a former
40:and his three brothers,
4060:Earl Baldwin of Bewdley
3487:(1965 documentary film)
3438:Official overseas trips
3064:, London: Arrow Books,
2460:Murphy, Philip (2013),
2302:(subscription required)
2289:: 26 ff, archived from
2008:Hubbard, R. H. (1977),
1582:Profile: Wallis Simpson
1270:Divorce in Christianity
1155:Governor of the Bahamas
3804:
3689:Prince of Wales Trophy
3666:King Edward VIII Falls
3565:S2 E6: "Vergangenheit"
3043:, London: Hutchinson,
2921:"Profile: Edward VIII"
2847:10.1093/ref:odnb/31061
2547:The Death of a Monarch
2140:Williams, pp. 199–200.
2131:Williams, pp. 181–182.
2122:Williams, pp. 198–199.
2073:Williams, pp. 173–176.
2046:Williams, pp. 130–131.
1510:Williams, pp. 149–151.
1295:Heard, Andrew (1990),
1031:
947:
915:External Relations Act
839:
831:
799:staging the appearance
748:
636:. The royal physician
604:Sir Archibald Sinclair
520:
455:Joachim von Ribbentrop
381:
375:Fort Belvedere, Surrey
204:
150:Ernest Aldrich Simpson
145:
53:
4113:Constitutional crises
3803:
3661:Edward VIII Ice Shelf
3570:S3 E8: "Dangling Man"
3443:Prince of Wales riots
3410:1936 Birthday Honours
3030:Broad, Lewis (1961),
2775:Ziegler, pp. 376–378.
2527:. Retrieved from
2503:. Retrieved from
2407:(18 September 2014),
1906:Ziegler, pp. 271–272.
1827:10.1093/ojls/13.2.183
1298:Canadian Independence
1204:Union of South Africa
1029:
946:
837:
829:
783:collaborative divorce
779:John Theodore Goddard
743:
628:Geoffrey Dawson, and
586:) remarked that as a
572:Michael Joseph Savage
510:
373:
202:
143:
58:constitutional crisis
35:
3929:Carlton Club meeting
3508:Bertie and Elizabeth
3453:1937 Tour of Germany
3382:Abandoned coronation
3079:Pope-Hennessy, James
2943:Ziegler, pp. 434 ff.
2754:The House of Windsor
2338:"Duchess of Windsor"
1668:Williams, pp. 40–41.
1652:Pope-Hennessy, James
1602:Williams, pp. 96–97.
1425:Williams, pp. 93–94.
1371:Ziegler, pp. 231–234
1130:Under the code name
879:British Commonwealth
428:invasion of Ethiopia
384:When Edward visited
89:British Commonwealth
4021:Wallis & Edward
4013:The Gathering Storm
3981:The Gathering Storm
3973:Cultural depictions
3939:National Government
3651:Edward VIII Plateau
3516:Wallis & Edward
3468:Cultural depictions
3180:The Crown in Crisis
2531: on 2 May 2010.
2507: on 2 May 2010.
1897:Beaverbrook, p. 20.
1746:on 13 December 2007
1519:Williams, pp. 8–11.
1273:, BBC, 23 June 2009
1225:Catherine of Aragon
1136:Walter Schellenberg
763:General Post Office
707:The Daily Telegraph
495:morganatic marriage
432:Emperor of Ethiopia
388:mining villages in
318:Religious and legal
305:Neville Chamberlain
4005:The Woman He Loved
3805:
3679:Prince Edward Road
3625:(Surrey residence)
3619:(London residence)
3500:The Woman He Loved
3495:(1978 T.V. series)
3330:Marguerite Alibert
2786:Donaldson, Frances
2689:The London Gazette
2529:Irish Statute Book
2505:Irish Statute Book
2390:The London Gazette
2348:on 7 November 2011
2091:Evans, W. (1968),
1725:42.1 (1991): 68–81
1546:See, for example,
1040:His Royal Highness
1032:
948:
840:
832:
761:, had ordered the
675:with his mistress
669:David Lloyd George
642:electrocardiograph
521:
469:Options considered
443:British government
420:county councillors
382:
379:Windsor Great Park
272:, Chaplain to the
244:Bishop of Bradford
205:
146:
68:proposed to marry
54:
52:, 10 December 1936
4088:
4087:
4029:The King's Speech
3906:Aurelian Ridsdale
3811:General elections
3733:
3732:
3707:
3706:
3631:(Paris residence)
3524:The King's Speech
3458:Death and funeral
3415:Privy Counsellors
3387:Special addresses
3353:
3352:
3340:Freda Dudley Ward
3240:British Dominions
3189:978-0-147-46125-4
3176:Larman, Alexander
3071:978-0-09-947662-7
2976:Beaverbrook, Lord
2964:978-0-521-84461-1
2831:Matthew, H. C. G.
2643:The Reith Diaries
2473:978-0-19-921423-5
2082:Williams, p. 177.
2055:Williams, p. 113.
2037:Williams, p. 130.
2025:978-0-7735-0310-6
1803:Bradford, p. 241.
1677:Williams, p. 266.
1501:Williams, p. 146.
1452:Williams, p. 134.
1443:Williams, p. 101.
1187:Church of England
1173:Explanatory notes
1071:In October 1937,
1062:Sandringham House
973:The full text of
963:
954:Abdication speech
860:Act of Parliament
793:by, for example,
677:Frances Stevenson
630:Cosmo Gordon Lang
608:Winston Churchill
436:League of Nations
358:and invalid. The
336:Cosmo Gordon Lang
324:Church of England
225:High Commissioner
215:The King invited
174:Buckingham Palace
110:the Establishment
97:Church of England
16:(Redirected from
4125:
4065:Wilden Ironworks
3954:Hoare–Laval Pact
3908:(brother-in-law)
3760:
3753:
3746:
3737:
3736:
3636:
3635:
3575:S5 E3: "Mou Mou"
3560:S1 E3: "Windsor"
3256:
3255:
3244:Emperor of India
3220:
3213:
3206:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3159:
3146:King Edward VIII
3136:
3117:
3099:
3074:
3053:
3035:
3026:
3008:
2987:
2968:
2967:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2916:
2907:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2828:
2822:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2742:
2736:
2735:Ziegler, p. 529.
2733:
2727:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2701:
2693:
2680:
2674:
2673:Ziegler, p. 336.
2671:
2665:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2611:
2600:Hart-Davis, Duff
2597:
2591:
2590:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2552:
2541:
2532:
2514:
2508:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2457:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2430:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2293:on 21 April 2019
2272:
2261:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2181:
2168:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2096:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1985:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1837:
1829:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1732:
1726:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1648:
1642:
1641:Ziegler, p. 312.
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1620:Vickers, p. 185.
1618:
1612:
1611:Vickers, p. 163.
1609:
1603:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1559:Ziegler, p. 236.
1557:
1551:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1486:
1478:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1343:
1337:
1336:Bradford, p. 142
1334:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1292:
1275:
1274:
1265:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1217:
1211:
1208:Irish Free State
1196:
1190:
1183:
1105:Second World War
972:
965:
964:
945:
894:Irish Free State
890:Donald Somervell
787:at-fault divorce
773:Legal manoeuvres
724:Lord Beaverbrook
691:The Morning Post
621:, the editor of
557:J. B. M. Hertzog
537:Irish Free State
394:Ramsay MacDonald
328:Supreme Governor
263:Social and moral
66:King Edward VIII
21:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4084:
4043:
3968:
3917:
3912:Julian Ridsdale
3900:Rudyard Kipling
3858:
3842:
3806:
3795:
3769:
3767:Stanley Baldwin
3764:
3734:
3729:
3703:
3673:Prince of Wales
3656:Edward VIII Bay
3634:
3600:Operation Willi
3594:Duke of Windsor
3581:
3462:
3421:
3365:Prime ministers
3349:
3313:
3247:
3229:
3224:
3190:
3174:
3166:
3164:Further reading
3157:
3141:Ziegler, Philip
3139:
3120:
3115:
3102:
3097:
3072:
3056:
3051:
3038:
3029:
3024:
3011:
3006:
2990:
2980:A. J. P. Taylor
2974:
2971:
2965:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2929:
2927:
2917:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2888:Ziegler, p. 434
2887:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2829:
2825:
2818:Chicago Tribune
2810:
2806:
2800:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2746:Roberts, Andrew
2743:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2715:
2711:
2695:
2694:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2614:
2598:
2594:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2542:
2535:
2523:). Act of the
2515:
2511:
2499:). Act of the
2491:
2487:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2458:
2451:
2442:
2440:
2428:
2422:
2418:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2351:
2349:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2322:
2320:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2273:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2237:
2235:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2194:
2192:
2182:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2006:
2002:
1987:
1986:
1979:
1973:Éamon de Valera
1971:
1967:
1962:
1955:
1946:
1944:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1915:Howarth, p. 62.
1914:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1831:
1830:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1787:
1783:
1774:
1772:
1770:Reader's Digest
1762:
1758:
1749:
1747:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1588:
1586:
1576:
1572:
1568:Howarth, p. 61.
1567:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1357:
1355:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:Windsor, p. 255
1326:
1322:
1318:Ziegler, p. 233
1317:
1313:
1304:
1302:
1293:
1278:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1218:
1214:
1197:
1193:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1163:
1132:Operation Willi
1096:Chicago Tribune
1058:Balmoral Castle
1038:with the style
1036:Duke of Windsor
1024:
1022:Post-abdication
992:
991:
983:
981:
980:
979:
978:
966:
959:
956:
949:
943:
824:
775:
728:Lord Rothermere
651:(leader of the
638:Bertrand Dawson
619:Geoffrey Dawson
615:Walter Monckton
580:Éamon de Valera
568:Lord Tweedsmuir
517:Stanley Baldwin
471:
441:Members of the
413:Prince of Wales
368:
320:
282:sadomasochistic
265:
256:
220:Stanley Baldwin
172:met Simpson at
138:
126:Duke of Windsor
93:British monarch
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4131:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4033:
4025:
4017:
4009:
4001:
3993:
3985:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3909:
3903:
3897:
3891:
3885:
3879:
3876:Louisa Baldwin
3873:
3870:Alfred Baldwin
3866:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3763:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3740:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3720:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3642:
3640:
3633:
3632:
3626:
3623:Fort Belvedere
3620:
3614:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3536:
3528:
3520:
3512:
3504:
3496:
3488:
3484:A King's Story
3480:
3472:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3400:Postage stamps
3397:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3367:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3305:
3299:
3293:
3287:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3262:
3260:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3223:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3172:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3137:
3126:A King's Story
3118:
3113:
3100:
3096:978-1529330625
3095:
3075:
3070:
3054:
3049:
3036:
3032:The Abdication
3027:
3022:
3014:King George VI
3009:
3004:
2992:Bloch, Michael
2988:
2970:
2969:
2963:
2945:
2936:
2908:
2899:
2890:
2881:
2872:
2863:
2851:
2823:
2804:
2798:
2777:
2768:
2762:
2750:Antonia Fraser
2737:
2728:
2709:
2675:
2666:
2657:
2651:
2633:
2624:
2612:
2592:
2572:
2563:
2533:
2521:No. 58 of 1936
2509:
2497:No. 57 of 1936
2485:
2472:
2449:
2416:
2396:
2376:
2367:
2358:
2329:
2304:
2262:
2253:
2244:
2219:
2210:
2201:
2169:
2160:
2151:
2142:
2133:
2124:
2115:
2106:
2104:Evans, p. 221.
2097:
2084:
2075:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2039:
2030:
2024:
2000:
1977:
1965:
1953:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1890:
1881:
1872:
1863:
1854:
1845:
1821:(2): 183–200,
1805:
1796:
1781:
1756:
1727:
1714:
1708:
1688:
1679:
1670:
1661:
1643:
1634:
1622:
1613:
1604:
1595:
1570:
1561:
1552:
1548:Virginia Woolf
1539:
1530:
1521:
1512:
1503:
1494:
1474:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1338:
1329:
1320:
1311:
1276:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1241:
1229:Anne of Cleves
1212:
1191:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1159:
1140:Lord Caldecote
1066:Alan Lascelles
1053:letters patent
1023:
1020:
1012:Lady Jane Grey
1005:
1000:Sir John Reith
996:Windsor Castle
982:
967:
957:
952:
951:
950:
941:
940:
939:
935:Alan Lascelles
930:Mackenzie King
844:Fort Belvedere
823:
820:
804:Downing Street
774:
771:
759:Sir John Simon
755:Cabinet Office
661:Walton Newbold
596:Clement Attlee
588:Roman Catholic
505:
504:
498:
491:courtesy title
487:
470:
467:
463:Downing Street
459:Fort Belvedere
451:Foreign Office
367:
364:
319:
316:
290:Joseph Kennedy
278:Philip Ziegler
264:
261:
255:
252:
217:Prime Minister
189:Court Circular
178:Special Branch
144:Edward in 1932
137:
134:
130:Royal Highness
81:United Kingdom
72:, an American
70:Wallis Simpson
62:British Empire
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4130:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4091:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3802:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3761:
3756:
3754:
3749:
3747:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3630:
3629:Villa Windsor
3627:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3606:
3605:Marburg Files
3603:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3540:Downton Abbey
3537:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3479:" (1927 song)
3478:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3406:Appointments
3405:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3216:
3214:
3209:
3207:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3191:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3158:
3156:0-394-57730-2
3152:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3114:0-7139-9573-4
3110:
3106:
3101:
3098:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3083:Vickers, Hugo
3080:
3076:
3073:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3058:Vickers, Hugo
3055:
3052:
3050:0-09-171000-6
3046:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3025:
3023:0-297-79667-4
3019:
3015:
3010:
3007:
3005:0-297-77947-8
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2940:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2913:
2903:
2894:
2885:
2876:
2867:
2860:
2855:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2801:
2799:0-297-76787-9
2795:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2772:
2765:
2763:0-304-35406-6
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2732:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2713:
2705:
2699:
2698:cite magazine
2691:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2670:
2661:
2654:
2652:0-00-211174-8
2648:
2644:
2637:
2628:
2619:
2617:
2609:
2605:
2602:, ed. (1989)
2601:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2576:
2567:
2549:
2548:
2540:
2538:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2475:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2456:
2454:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2371:
2362:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2282:History Today
2278:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2257:
2248:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2214:
2205:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2137:
2128:
2119:
2110:
2101:
2094:
2088:
2079:
2070:
2061:
2052:
2043:
2034:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1982:
1974:
1969:
1960:
1958:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1930:
1921:
1912:
1903:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1858:
1849:
1841:
1835:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1800:
1792:
1791:History Today
1785:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1724:
1718:
1711:
1709:9781315408491
1705:
1701:
1700:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1638:
1631:
1626:
1617:
1608:
1599:
1584:
1583:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1549:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1507:
1498:
1490:
1484:
1477:
1475:9781134739035
1471:
1467:
1466:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1434:Broad, p. 75.
1431:
1422:
1416:Broad, p. 71.
1413:
1404:
1395:
1389:Broad, p. 47.
1386:
1380:Broad, p. 37.
1377:
1368:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1333:
1324:
1315:
1300:
1299:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1272:
1271:
1264:
1260:
1245:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1188:
1185:In 2002, the
1182:
1178:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1148:court-martial
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1028:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1003:
1001:
997:
990:
988:
977:at Wikisource
976:
971:
955:
938:
936:
931:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
895:
891:
887:
886:Maurice Gwyer
882:
880:
876:
872:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
836:
828:
819:
815:
811:
809:
805:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
770:
766:
764:
760:
756:
752:
747:
742:
740:
736:
731:
729:
725:
721:
720:
715:
714:
713:Daily Express
709:
708:
703:
699:
698:
693:
692:
687:
686:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
657:Harry Pollitt
654:
650:
649:Oswald Mosley
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
626:
625:
620:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
594:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
519:(right), 1926
518:
514:
509:
502:
499:
496:
492:
488:
485:
484:
483:
481:
477:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
380:
376:
372:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
315:
313:
312:queen consort
308:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
260:
251:
249:
245:
241:
236:
234:
230:
229:Stanley Bruce
226:
221:
218:
213:
211:
210:Alec Hardinge
201:
197:
194:
190:
185:
183:
182:heir apparent
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
142:
133:
131:
128:, and styled
127:
123:
119:
114:
111:
107:
106:queen consort
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
4090:
4040:(Film, 2011)
4035:
4032:(Film, 2010)
4027:
4019:
4011:
4003:
3995:
3987:
3979:
3958:
3882:Lucy Baldwin
3847:Constituency
3774:Premierships
3722:
3715:
3699:Princes Pier
3672:
3646:Windsor knot
3609:
3553:
3538:
3530:
3522:
3514:
3506:
3498:
3490:
3482:
3369:
3335:Pinna Nesbit
3278:Mary of Teck
3179:
3145:
3125:
3104:
3086:
3061:
3040:
3031:
3013:
2995:
2983:
2954:
2948:
2939:
2928:, retrieved
2924:
2902:
2897:Bloch, p. 93
2893:
2884:
2875:
2870:Bloch, p. 91
2866:
2858:
2854:
2838:
2826:
2816:
2807:
2789:
2780:
2771:
2753:
2740:
2731:
2723:
2717:
2712:
2687:
2678:
2669:
2660:
2642:
2636:
2627:
2607:
2603:
2595:
2581:
2575:
2566:
2555:, retrieved
2546:
2512:
2488:
2477:, retrieved
2462:
2441:, retrieved
2436:
2432:
2419:
2409:
2399:
2388:
2379:
2370:
2361:
2350:, retrieved
2346:the original
2341:
2332:
2321:, retrieved
2318:The Guardian
2317:
2307:
2295:, retrieved
2291:the original
2286:
2280:
2256:
2247:
2236:, retrieved
2233:The Guardian
2232:
2222:
2213:
2204:
2193:, retrieved
2189:
2163:
2154:
2145:
2136:
2127:
2118:
2109:
2100:
2092:
2087:
2078:
2069:
2060:
2051:
2042:
2033:
2010:
2003:
1989:
1968:
1945:, retrieved
1941:The Guardian
1939:
1929:
1920:
1911:
1902:
1893:
1884:
1875:
1866:
1857:
1848:
1834:cite journal
1818:
1814:
1808:
1799:
1790:
1784:
1773:, retrieved
1769:
1759:
1748:, retrieved
1744:the original
1739:
1730:
1722:
1717:
1698:
1691:
1682:
1673:
1664:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1625:
1616:
1607:
1598:
1587:, retrieved
1581:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1542:
1533:
1524:
1515:
1506:
1497:
1464:
1457:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1421:
1412:
1403:
1394:
1385:
1376:
1367:
1356:, retrieved
1352:The Guardian
1351:
1341:
1332:
1323:
1314:
1303:, retrieved
1297:
1269:
1263:
1244:
1215:
1194:
1181:
1152:
1129:
1102:
1094:
1088:
1085:Nazi salutes
1081:Obersalzberg
1070:
1050:
1043:
1033:
993:
984:
927:
883:
868:
841:
816:
812:
795:conniving in
776:
767:
753:
749:
744:
732:
717:
711:
705:
702:Lord Kemsley
697:Daily Herald
695:
689:
683:
681:
646:
622:
612:
549:Joseph Lyons
533:South Africa
522:
479:
475:
472:
447:Nazi Germany
440:
410:
383:
344:
339:
321:
309:
298:
286:
266:
257:
248:divine grace
240:Alfred Blunt
237:
214:
206:
186:
154:Lady Furness
147:
115:
78:
55:
29:
4055:Astley Hall
3949:Appeasement
3724:George VI →
3535:(2012 film)
3527:(2010 film)
3519:(2005 film)
3511:(2002 film)
3503:(1988 film)
3433:Investiture
3391:Depictions
3308:Prince John
3227:Edward VIII
2790:Edward VIII
2684:"No. 34350"
2405:Anne Twomey
2385:"No. 34350"
2011:Rideau Hall
873:, a single
722:, owned by
348:English law
227:in London,
162:Win Spencer
64:arose when
38:Edward VIII
4097:Categories
4024:(TV, 2005)
4016:(TV, 2002)
4008:(TV, 1988)
4000:(TV, 1981)
3992:(TV, 1978)
3984:(TV, 1974)
3717:← George V
3617:York House
3370:Abdication
2525:Oireachtas
2501:Oireachtas
1656:Queen Mary
1577:Quoted in
1256:References
1221:Henry VIII
1090:Daily News
987:media help
975:the speech
899:Oireachtas
822:Abdication
719:Daily Mail
704:, such as
535:, and the
501:Abdication
426:after its
340:ex officio
254:Opposition
170:Queen Mary
118:abdication
3791:1935–1937
3786:1924–1929
3781:1923–1924
3639:Namesakes
3596:" (title)
3554:The Crown
3310:(brother)
3304:(brother)
3298:(brother)
3286:(brother)
3284:George VI
3041:George VI
2724:The Times
2719:The Times
2608:The Times
1630:John Aird
1483:cite book
1233:canon law
1219:Although
1144:Churchill
1113:The Hague
1045:The Times
905:, passed
848:George VI
685:The Times
624:The Times
529:Dominions
386:depressed
366:Political
158:U.S. Navy
122:George VI
85:Dominions
74:socialite
4048:See also
3914:(nephew)
3902:(cousin)
3878:(mother)
3872:(father)
3318:Romances
3292:(sister)
3280:(mother)
3274:(father)
3272:George V
3238:and the
3178:(2020),
3143:(1991),
3124:(1951),
3081:(2018),
3060:(2006),
2994:(1982),
2978:(1966),
2925:BBC News
2788:(1974),
2748:(2000),
2479:28 April
2190:BBC News
1654:(1959),
1354:, London
1161:See also
791:colluded
739:Ich Dien
716:and the
476:en masse
402:Scotland
356:bigamous
352:adultery
270:Alan Don
193:Balmoral
166:George V
83:and the
3964:Honours
3854:Bewdley
3586:Related
3448:Wedding
3134:1903717
3085:(ed.),
2982:(ed.),
2752:(ed.),
2557:1 March
1142:warned
1121:invaded
1079:at his
1016:Austria
673:Jamaica
663:of the
655:), and
602:leader
600:Liberal
555:), and
301:equerry
136:Prelude
101:remarry
87:of the
60:in the
3922:Career
3884:(wife)
3863:Family
3426:Events
3268:(wife)
3259:Family
3252:People
3246:(1936)
3186:
3153:
3132:
3111:
3093:
3068:
3047:
3020:
3002:
2961:
2796:
2760:
2649:
2470:
2443:2 June
2238:23 May
2022:
1775:1 July
1706:
1472:
1125:Lisbon
1077:Hitler
854:; and
808:Cannes
632:, the
606:, and
449:. The
417:Labour
342:head.
160:pilot
50:George
42:Albert
3896:(son)
3890:(son)
3395:Coins
3358:Reign
2930:2 May
2551:(PDF)
2429:(PDF)
2352:2 May
2323:2 May
2297:2 May
2195:2 May
1947:2 May
1750:2 May
1589:2 May
1585:, BBC
1358:1 May
1305:6 May
875:Crown
497:); or
424:Italy
390:Wales
152:, by
46:Henry
4037:W.E.
3838:1935
3833:1931
3828:1929
3823:1924
3818:1923
3671:HMS
3532:W.E.
3184:ISBN
3151:ISBN
3130:OCLC
3109:ISBN
3091:ISBN
3066:ISBN
3045:ISBN
3018:ISBN
3000:ISBN
2959:ISBN
2932:2010
2794:ISBN
2758:ISBN
2704:link
2647:ISBN
2559:2023
2481:2023
2468:ISBN
2445:2023
2354:2010
2342:Time
2325:2010
2299:2010
2240:2013
2197:2010
2020:ISBN
1949:2010
1840:link
1777:2020
1752:2010
1740:Time
1704:ISBN
1591:2010
1489:link
1470:ISBN
1360:2010
1307:2009
1227:and
1093:and
1060:and
726:and
659:and
294:Rose
48:and
2843:doi
2815:",
2016:187
1823:doi
850:);
842:At
797:or
735:BBC
547:),
493:(a
411:As
4099::
3242:,
2923:,
2911:^
2837:,
2700:}}
2696:{{
2686:,
2615:^
2585:,
2536:^
2452:^
2437:22
2431:,
2387:,
2340:,
2316:,
2287:53
2285:,
2279:,
2265:^
2231:,
2188:,
2172:^
2018:,
1993:,
1980:^
1956:^
1938:,
1836:}}
1832:{{
1819:13
1817:,
1768:,
1738:,
1485:}}
1481:{{
1350:,
1279:^
1127:.
1115:,
1018:.
866:.
862::
810:.
694:,
688:,
598:,
438:.
396:,
334:,
242:,
44:,
3759:e
3752:t
3745:v
3592:"
3475:"
3219:e
3212:t
3205:v
2845::
2811:"
2706:)
2519:(
2495:(
1842:)
1825::
1491:)
1004:I
989:.
582:(
574:(
559:(
551:(
543:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
