238:
951:
921:
912:
883:
567:
einkorn with intact seed heads was easier for early human harvesters, who could then manually break apart the seed heads and scatter any kernels not eaten. Over time and through selection, conscious or unconscious, the human preference for intact seed heads created the domestic variety, which also has slightly larger kernels than wild einkorn. Domesticated einkorn thus requires human planting and harvesting for its continuing existence. This process of domestication might have taken only 20 to 200 years with the end product a wheat easier for humans to harvest.
1072:
933:
251:
55:
2094:
42:
897:
874:
1720:
716:
Einkorn wheat is low-yielding but can survive on poor, dry, marginal soils where other varieties of wheat will not. It is primarily eaten boiled in whole grains or in porridge. As with other ancient varieties of wheat, Einkorn is grouped with "the covered wheats" as its kernels do not break free from
561:
The principal difference between wild einkorn and cultivated einkorn is the method of seed dispersal. In the wild variety the seed head usually shatters and drops the kernels (seeds) of wheat onto the ground. This facilitates a new crop of wheat. In the domestic variety, the seed head remains intact.
566:
may occasionally occur in the wild, it is not viable there in the long term: the intact seed head will only drop to the ground when the stalk rots, and the kernels will not scatter but form a tight clump which inhibits germination and makes the mutant seedlings susceptible to disease. But harvesting
617:
An important characteristic facilitating the domestication of einkorn and other annual grains is that the plants are largely self-pollinating. Thus, the desirable (for human management) traits of einkorn could be perpetuated at less risk of cross-fertilization with wild plants which might have
950:
490:
and the seeds are larger. The domestic form is known as "petit épeautre" in French, "Einkorn" in German, "einkorn" or "littlespelt" in
English, "piccolo farro" in Italian and "escanda menor" in Spanish. The name refers to the fact that each
1166:
Anderson, Patricia C. (1991). "Harvesting of Wild
Cereals During the Natufian as seen from Experimental Cultivation and Harvest of Wild Einkorn Wheat and Microwear Analysis of Stone Tools". In Bar-Yosef, Ofer (ed.).
920:
1181:
Arranz-Otaegui, A., Carretero, L. G., Ramsey, M. N., Fuller, D. Q., & Richter, T. (2018). "Archaeobotanical evidence reveals the origins of bread 14,400 years ago in northeastern Jordan."
237:
629:, the other domesticated wheat. Cultivation of einkorn in the Middle East began to decline in favor of emmer wheat around 2000 BC. Cultivation of einkorn was never extensive in
1305:
Heun, M.; Schäfer-Pregl, R.; Klawan, D.; Castagna, R.; Accerbi, M.; Borghi, B.; Salamini, F. (1997). "Site of
Einkorn Wheat Domestication Identified by DNA Fingerprinting".
1424:
Stallknecht, G. F., Gilbertson, K. M., and Ranney, J.E. (1996), "Alternative Wheat
Cereals as Food Grains: Einkorn, Emmer, Spelt, Kamut, and Triticale" in J. Janick, ed.,
1126:
1227:
2802:
1182:
2867:
1278:
Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of
Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin
1064:
2919:
558:. It is a short variety of wild wheat, usually less than 70 centimetres (28 in) tall and is not very productive of edible seeds.
1799:
590:. Although gathered from the wild for thousands of years, einkorn wheat was first domesticated approximately 10,000 years BP in the
2737:
2828:
2763:
777:
and has a higher percentage of protein than modern red wheats and is considered more nutritious because it has higher levels of
1397:
Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of
Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley
1136:
1447:
1353:
1085:
Weiss, Ehud; Zohary, Daniel (October 2011). "The
Neolithic Southwest Asian Founder Crops: Their Biology and Archaeobotany".
2833:
2698:
1784:
3001:
2128:
1535:
1404:
1289:
932:
3011:
3006:
2872:
2789:
1637:
2937:
2854:
2617:
2008:
839:
586:
may have started harvesting einkorn as early as 30,000 years ago, according to archaeological evidence from
2729:
2716:
1789:
3036:
2815:
2651:
2646:
2768:
2932:
2384:
911:
606:
in southeast Turkey, an area in which a number of PPNB farming villages have been found. One theory by
882:
823:
610:
suggests that the domestication of einkorn was linked to intensive agriculture to support the nearby
250:
54:
1071:
3016:
2407:
2071:
2018:
1998:
487:
3026:
2924:
896:
2724:
2469:
2402:
1600:
1281:
1195:
625:, the Balkans, and central Europe. Einkorn wheat was more commonly grown in cooler climates than
595:
591:
571:
519:
17:
3021:
2807:
2711:
2579:
2517:
2412:
1739:
1171:. International Monographs in Prehistory. Ann Arbor, Michigan, US: Berghahn Books. p. 523.
704:
621:
From the northern part of the
Fertile Crescent, the cultivation of einkorn wheat spread to the
506:. The earliest clear evidence of the domestication of einkorn dates from 10,600 to 9,900 years
2960:
2121:
1809:
377:
181:
2846:
618:
traits – e.g. smaller seeds, shattering seed heads, as less desirable for human management.
2898:
2672:
2512:
1774:
1316:
1087:
1005:
8:
2552:
2377:
2370:
2342:
1977:
1630:
1131:
1320:
1221:
Allaby, Robin; Stevens, Chris; Lucas, Leilani; Maeda, Osamu; Fuller, Dorian (Oct 2017).
1009:
2968:
2911:
2562:
2557:
1582:
1504:
1488:
1253:
1222:
1104:
599:
499:
396:
245:
205:
49:
2893:
2659:
1654:
1586:
1541:
1531:
1496:
1443:
1400:
1359:
1349:
1307:
1285:
1258:
1236:
1056:
1029:
1021:
843:
758:
721:) with threshing and it is, therefore, difficult to separate the husk from the seed.
689:
663:
641:. Einkorn continued to be cultivated in some areas of northern Europe throughout the
607:
1508:
1108:
990:
2973:
2664:
2547:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2464:
2434:
2114:
2076:
1868:
1572:
1480:
1324:
1248:
1240:
1096:
1013:
583:
539:
515:
3031:
2755:
1328:
903:
538:
Einkorn wheat commonly grows wild in the hill country in the northern part of the
2880:
2628:
2485:
2003:
1911:
1896:
1804:
1049:"El poblamiento neolítico en la Isla de Chipre: el establecimiento de Khirokitia"
831:
811:
288:
92:
2859:
1552:
611:
2996:
2906:
2474:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2171:
2097:
2051:
2046:
1972:
1952:
1734:
1704:
1677:
1672:
1623:
1577:
1560:
1304:
1017:
961:
507:
275:
79:
1484:
1399:(3rd ed.). Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. pp. 33–43.
511:
2990:
2841:
2703:
2602:
2542:
2507:
2352:
2013:
1901:
1779:
1667:
1500:
1492:
1363:
1060:
1025:
794:
301:
197:
105:
2820:
2106:
1545:
603:
2950:
2454:
2329:
2320:
2270:
2245:
2141:
1746:
1682:
1662:
1262:
1244:
1033:
827:
503:
435:
2885:
1343:
2776:
2638:
2611:
2250:
2066:
2056:
1993:
1906:
1887:
1845:
1769:
1761:
1751:
1689:
1463:
Zaharieva, Maria; Monneveux, Philippe (2014). "Cultivated einkorn wheat (
738:
642:
626:
314:
118:
1524:
Rust diseases of wheat : concepts and methods of disease management
2742:
2537:
2479:
2081:
2061:
1967:
1921:
1825:
1794:
1348:. Translated by Purcell, John (First U.S. ed.). New York: Harper.
790:
782:
41:
2781:
1561:"Genetic and genomic approaches for breeding rust resistance in wheat"
926:
Associations of wild cereals and other wild grasses in northern Israel
810:
Einkorn is the source of many potential introgressions for immunity –
2750:
2685:
2502:
2426:
2337:
2216:
2211:
2041:
1957:
1856:
786:
2573:
989:
Brown, Terence; Jones, Martin; Powell, Wayne; Allaby, Robin (2009).
2945:
2596:
2361:
1947:
1916:
1127:"5,300 Years Ago, Ötzi t'he Iceman Died. Now We Know His Last Meal"
1100:
1048:
991:"The complex origins of domesticated crops in the Fertile Crescent"
942:
730:
622:
563:
555:
543:
492:
344:
148:
2794:
2690:
426:, literally "single grain") can refer either to a wild species of
2391:
2201:
754:
547:
467:
334:
138:
2677:
1530:(International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center). p. 81.
527:
2397:
2181:
2161:
2149:
2137:
2023:
1926:
1891:
1861:
1527:
1223:"Geographic mosaics and changing rates of cereal domestication"
873:
774:
762:
742:
734:
634:
551:
523:
324:
128:
486:. The cultivated form is similar to the wild, except that the
2459:
2298:
2293:
2280:
2230:
2176:
2166:
1962:
1942:
1850:
1830:
1719:
1709:
1699:
1646:
1112:
859:
750:
746:
718:
638:
630:
587:
575:
483:
475:
427:
404:
354:
262:
158:
66:
711:
2206:
2191:
1840:
1835:
938:
888:
479:
2196:
2186:
778:
1615:
1479:(3). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 677–706.
1220:
546:
although it has a wider distribution reaching into the
526:. Remnants of einkorn were found with the iceman mummy
988:
1196:"Crops evolving ten millennia before experts thought"
1522:
Roelfs, Alan P.; Singh, R. P.; Saari, E. E. (1992).
1515:
1471:): the long life of a founder crop of agriculture".
1379:
First
Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies
1342:
Harari, Yuval N.; Watzman, Haim (10 February 2015).
1462:
1381:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. p. 46-49.
814:called it an "accumulator of complex immunities."
1390:
1388:
1276:Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria; Weiss, Ehud (2012).
1228:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
984:
982:
980:
2988:
1521:
498:Einkorn wheat was one of the first plants to be
2229:
1275:
1183:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1420:
1418:
1416:
1385:
977:
645:and until the early part of the 20th century.
474:= 14 chromosomes) of hulled wheat, with tough
2136:
2122:
1631:
1341:
602:suggests einkorn was first domesticated near
1269:
1065:Centre national de la recherche scientifique
1601:"World Breakthrough On Salt-Tolerant Wheat"
1413:
1345:Sapiens : a brief history of humankind
1084:
2129:
2115:
1638:
1624:
1394:
236:
40:
1576:
1456:
1428:, Alexandria, VA: ASHA Press, pp. 156-170
1252:
1040:
712:Einkorn vs. common modern wheat varieties
1558:
1376:
1298:
1165:
2360:
1046:
768:
14:
2989:
1437:
849:
2578:
2577:
2110:
1619:
1214:
959:, Japanese agricultural encyclopedia
805:
729:Einkorn is a common food in northern
1473:Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution
834:worldwide. It is also the source of
530:, dated the late 4th millenium BCE.
24:
25:
3048:
1611:
1395:Hopf, M.; Zohary, Daniel (2000).
998:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
522:archaeological sites in southern
2938:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:425811-1
2093:
2092:
1718:
1070:
949:
931:
919:
910:
895:
881:
872:
452:), and the domesticated form is
249:
53:
1603:. ScienceDaily. March 11, 2012.
1593:
1431:
1370:
1335:
1188:
1175:
1169:Natufian Culture in the Levant
1159:
1156:Weiss and Zohary, p. S239-S242
1150:
1119:
1078:
854:The salt-tolerance feature of
733:(France). It is also used for
724:
598:(PPNB) periods. Evidence from
582:). Hunter gatherers in the
13:
1:
2009:non-celiac gluten sensitivity
1329:10.1126/science.278.5341.1312
1185:. doi:10.1073/pnas.1801071115
970:
1135:. 2018-07-12. Archived from
1129:. Science & Innovation.
570:Einkorn wheat is one of the
510:(8650 BCE to 7950 BCE) from
482:') that tightly enclose the
7:
1790:International Wheat Council
800:
648:
10:
3053:
1819:Plant parts and their uses
1578:10.1007/s10681-022-03111-y
1018:10.1016/j.tree.2008.09.008
1004:(2). Cell Press: 103–109.
533:
488:ear stays intact when ripe
2586:
2495:
2447:
2425:
2351:
2328:
2319:
2279:
2241:
2225:
2157:
2148:
2090:
2034:
1987:Associated human diseases
1986:
1935:
1877:
1818:
1760:
1727:
1716:
1653:
1645:
1559:Baranwal, Deepak (2022).
1485:10.1007/s10722-014-0084-7
865:
824:stem rust resistance gene
572:earliest cultivated forms
495:contains only one grain.
402:
395:
383:
376:
246:Scientific classification
244:
235:
230:
211:
204:
187:
180:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
34:
3002:Plants described in 1753
2019:dermatitis herpetiformis
1999:Gluten-related disorders
1377:Bellwood, Peter (2005).
741:in mountainous areas of
3012:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
2470:Intermediate wheatgrass
1282:Oxford University Press
1047:Le Brun, Alain (1992).
765:, and other countries.
592:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
520:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
3007:History of agriculture
2518:History of agriculture
1770:Australian Wheat Board
1245:10.1098/rstb.2016.0429
1053:Treballs d'Arqueologia
1810:Wheat pools in Canada
1800:Production statistics
1426:Progress in New Crops
2513:Neolithic Revolution
2448:Emerging grain crops
1775:Canadian Wheat Board
1088:Current Anthropology
769:Nutrition and gluten
574:of wheat, alongside
2618:Triticum monococcum
2588:Triticum monococcum
2553:Genetic engineering
1465:Triticum monococcum
1321:1997Sci...278.1312H
1315:(5341): 1312–1314.
1284:(OUP). p. 38.
1280:(Fourth ed.).
1132:National Geographic
1010:2009TEcoE..24..103B
858:has been bred into
850:Salt-tolerance gene
683:Triticum monococcum
669:Triticum monococcum
438:. The wild form is
406:Triticum monococcum
214:Triticum monococcum
191:Triticum monococcum
3037:Grasses of Lebanon
2563:Crop wild relative
2558:Selective breeding
2385:A. hypochondriacus
1438:Payany, E (2011).
806:Disease resistance
657:Triticum boeoticum
600:DNA fingerprinting
387:Triticum boeoticum
173:T. monococcum
2984:
2983:
2894:Open Tree of Life
2580:Taxon identifiers
2571:
2570:
2443:
2442:
2421:
2420:
2403:Pitseed goosefoot
2343:Tartary buckwheat
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2104:
2103:
1878:Basic preparation
1449:978-2-84221-283-4
1440:Le Petit Épeautre
1355:978-0-06-231609-7
1237:The Royal Society
1202:. 23 October 2017
1095:(S4): S239–S240.
818:is the source of
773:Einkorn contains
759:former Yugoslavia
608:Yuval Noah Harari
436:domesticated form
417:
416:
369:T. boeoticum
224:
223:
16:(Redirected from
3044:
2977:
2976:
2964:
2963:
2954:
2953:
2941:
2940:
2928:
2927:
2915:
2914:
2902:
2901:
2889:
2888:
2876:
2875:
2863:
2862:
2860:NBNSYS0200003390
2850:
2849:
2837:
2836:
2824:
2823:
2811:
2810:
2798:
2797:
2785:
2784:
2772:
2771:
2759:
2758:
2746:
2745:
2733:
2732:
2720:
2719:
2707:
2706:
2694:
2693:
2681:
2680:
2668:
2667:
2655:
2654:
2642:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2575:
2574:
2548:Green Revolution
2533:Tell Abu Hureyra
2528:Fertile Crescent
2523:Natufian culture
2465:Indian ricegrass
2358:
2357:
2326:
2325:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2226:
2155:
2154:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2108:
2107:
2096:
2095:
2077:Tell Abu Hureyra
2035:Related concepts
1936:As an ingredient
1722:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1617:
1616:
1605:
1604:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1580:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1435:
1429:
1422:
1411:
1410:
1392:
1383:
1382:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1256:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1192:
1186:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1139:on July 13, 2018
1123:
1117:
1116:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1044:
1038:
1037:
995:
986:
953:
935:
923:
914:
899:
885:
876:
702:
701:
685:
684:
676:
675:
659:
658:
584:Fertile Crescent
540:Fertile Crescent
466:). Einkorn is a
389:
254:
253:
240:
228:
227:
193:
58:
57:
44:
32:
31:
21:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3017:Wheat cultivars
2987:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2972:
2967:
2959:
2957:
2949:
2944:
2936:
2931:
2923:
2918:
2910:
2905:
2897:
2892:
2884:
2881:Observation.org
2879:
2871:
2866:
2858:
2853:
2845:
2840:
2832:
2827:
2819:
2814:
2806:
2801:
2793:
2788:
2780:
2775:
2767:
2762:
2754:
2749:
2741:
2736:
2728:
2723:
2715:
2710:
2702:
2697:
2689:
2684:
2676:
2671:
2663:
2658:
2650:
2645:
2637:
2635:
2627:
2625:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2582:
2572:
2567:
2491:
2486:Oryza coarctata
2439:
2417:
2347:
2303:
2275:
2232:
2221:
2144:
2135:
2105:
2100:
2086:
2030:
2004:coeliac disease
1982:
1931:
1873:
1814:
1805:Protein premium
1756:
1723:
1714:
1649:
1644:
1614:
1609:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1557:
1553:
1538:
1526:. Mexico, D.F:
1520:
1516:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1436:
1432:
1423:
1414:
1407:
1393:
1386:
1375:
1371:
1356:
1340:
1336:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1274:
1270:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1180:
1176:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1142:
1140:
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1124:
1120:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1045:
1041:
993:
987:
978:
973:
966:
954:
945:
936:
927:
924:
915:
906:
900:
891:
886:
877:
868:
852:
840:resistance gene
826:which has been
812:Nikolai Vavilov
808:
803:
771:
727:
717:its seed coat (
714:
693:
692:
682:
681:
667:
666:
656:
655:
651:
536:
391:
385:
372:
248:
200:
195:
189:
176:
52:
28:
27:Primitive wheat
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3050:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
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3009:
3004:
2999:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2974:wfo-0000906149
2965:
2955:
2942:
2929:
2916:
2903:
2890:
2877:
2864:
2851:
2838:
2825:
2812:
2799:
2786:
2773:
2760:
2747:
2734:
2721:
2708:
2695:
2682:
2669:
2656:
2643:
2633:
2623:
2608:
2592:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2569:
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904:Mount Karadağ
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847:
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795:beta-carotene
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451:
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437:
433:
429:
425:
422:(from German
421:
420:Einkorn wheat
413:
412:
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388:
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379:
378:Binomial name
375:
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276:Tracheophytes
274:
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257:
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231:Wild einkorn
229:
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186:
183:
182:Binomial name
179:
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80:Tracheophytes
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71:
68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3027:Göbekli Tepe
2587:
2484:
2455:Canary grass
2390:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2330:Polygonaceae
2288:
2177:Maize (Corn)
1978:Wheat gluten
1747:Wheat mildew
1694:
1683:Winter wheat
1595:
1568:
1564:
1554:
1523:
1517:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1439:
1433:
1425:
1396:
1378:
1372:
1344:
1337:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1277:
1271:
1239:: 20160429.
1232:
1226:
1216:
1204:. Retrieved
1200:ScienceDaily
1199:
1190:
1177:
1168:
1161:
1152:
1141:. Retrieved
1137:the original
1130:
1121:
1111:– via
1092:
1086:
1080:
1055:(2): 51–67.
1052:
1042:
1001:
997:
960:
956:
855:
853:
835:
828:introgressed
819:
815:
809:
772:
728:
715:
705:domesticated
698:
694:
680:
672:
668:
654:
620:
616:
612:Göbekli Tepe
579:
569:
560:
537:
518:, two Early
500:domesticated
497:
471:
463:
459:
454:
453:
449:
445:
441:T. boeoticum
440:
439:
434:) or to its
431:
423:
419:
418:
409:
405:
403:
386:
384:
368:
367:
355:
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225:
217:
213:
212:
190:
188:
172:
171:
159:
112:
99:
86:
73:
29:
2777:iNaturalist
2612:Wikispecies
2378:A. cruentus
2371:A. caudatus
2172:Job's tears
2067:Whole grain
2057:Staple food
1994:Anaphylaxis
1752:Hessian fly
1442:. LaPlage.
844:yellow rust
739:animal feed
725:Current use
643:Middle Ages
633:, southern
627:emmer wheat
580:T. dicoccum
516:Cafer Höyük
341:Subfamily:
315:Commelinids
289:Angiosperms
145:Subfamily:
119:Commelinids
93:Angiosperms
2991:Categories
2912:kew-448821
2907:Plant List
2538:Tell Aswad
2480:Nipa grass
2233:(Triticum)
2082:Tell Aswad
2072:Shattering
2062:Wheatpaste
2042:Bread riot
1968:Wheat beer
1922:Parboiling
1795:Peak wheat
1469:monococcum
1467:L. subsp.
1206:23 October
1143:2019-07-31
1000:(Review).
971:References
791:pyridoxine
783:phosphorus
699:monococcum
604:Karaca Dağ
594:(PPNA) or
504:cultivated
470:species (2
464:monococcum
218:monococcum
2751:GrassBase
2730:200026446
2717:200026446
2503:Triticeae
2427:Lamiaceae
2338:Buckwheat
2217:Wild rice
2212:Triticale
1958:Flatbread
1912:Middlings
1857:Endosperm
1587:252973250
1565:Euphytica
1501:0925-9864
1493:1573-5109
1364:896791508
1067:(França).
1061:1134-9263
1026:0169-5347
943:spikelets
832:hexaploid
787:potassium
673:boeoticum
554:near the
450:boeoticum
410:boeoticum
363:Species:
259:Kingdom:
167:Species:
63:Kingdom:
2951:25510038
2946:Tropicos
2808:10203224
2795:425811-1
2756:imp10692
2636:BioLib:
2597:Wikidata
2499:See also
2362:Amaranth
2266:Norin 10
2261:Red Fife
2256:Khorasan
2098:Category
1948:Couscous
1917:Semolina
1728:Agronomy
1705:Khorasan
1678:Red Fife
1673:Norin 10
1546:26827677
1509:16551824
1263:29061901
1235:(1735).
1109:83924400
1034:19100651
801:Genetics
731:Provence
649:Taxonomy
623:Caucasus
564:mutation
556:Dead Sea
544:Anatolia
493:spikelet
432:Triticum
397:Synonyms
356:Triticum
345:Pooideae
331:Family:
302:Monocots
206:Synonyms
160:Triticum
149:Pooideae
135:Family:
106:Monocots
2961:5414925
2743:2706410
2678:1115242
2603:Q161397
2408:Cañihua
2392:Celosia
2289:Einkorn
2202:Sorghum
2182:Millets
2150:Cereals
2138:Cereals
1953:Cracker
1897:Milling
1888:Berries
1869:Sprouts
1785:Exports
1695:Einkorn
1668:Marquis
1317:Bibcode
1308:Science
1254:5665816
1006:Bibcode
941:inside
939:Kernels
862:wheat.
755:Morocco
697:subsp.
671:subsp.
578:wheat (
548:Balkans
534:History
468:diploid
462:subsp.
448:subsp.
424:Einkorn
351:Genus:
335:Poaceae
321:Order:
263:Plantae
216:subsp.
155:Genus:
139:Poaceae
125:Order:
67:Plantae
18:Einkorn
2958:uBio:
2925:TRMO22
2920:PLANTS
2886:134684
2847:172116
2821:117665
2782:363139
2769:410367
2704:192583
2652:434511
2626:APDB:
2413:Djulis
2398:Quinoa
2271:Winter
2231:Wheat
2162:Barley
2024:ataxia
1927:Bulgur
1902:Farina
1892:groats
1862:Gluten
1853:(husk)
1663:Common
1585:
1571:(11).
1544:
1534:
1528:CIMMYT
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1362:
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1107:
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1024:
965:(1804)
866:Images
793:, and
775:gluten
763:Turkey
757:, the
743:France
737:or as
735:bulgur
677:(wild)
637:, and
635:France
614:site.
552:Jordan
524:Turkey
512:Çayönü
484:grains
476:glumes
458:(syn.
444:(syn.
325:Poales
129:Poales
2997:Wheat
2899:31940
2834:42241
2803:IRMNG
2699:EUNIS
2691:TRZMO
2665:594CW
2639:42541
2629:52200
2460:Drinn
2299:Spelt
2294:Emmer
2281:Farro
2251:Durum
2246:Bread
2167:Fonio
1963:Pasta
1943:Bread
1907:Flour
1851:Chaff
1831:Straw
1826:Stalk
1762:Trade
1710:Spelt
1700:Emmer
1690:Durum
1655:Types
1647:Wheat
1583:S2CID
1505:S2CID
1489:eISSN
1113:JSTOR
1105:S2CID
994:(PDF)
860:durum
830:into
751:Italy
747:India
719:glume
639:Spain
631:Italy
588:Syria
576:emmer
480:husks
460:T. m.
446:T. m.
428:wheat
408:ssp.
309:Clade
296:Clade
283:Clade
270:Clade
113:Clade
100:Clade
87:Clade
74:Clade
3032:Ötzi
2933:POWO
2873:4568
2868:NCBI
2842:IUCN
2829:ITIS
2790:IPNI
2764:GRIN
2738:GBIF
2686:EPPO
2647:BOLD
2435:Chia
2207:Teff
2192:Rice
2187:Oats
2140:and
1884:None
1846:Germ
1841:Bran
1836:Seed
1740:list
1542:OCLC
1532:ISBN
1497:ISSN
1444:ISBN
1401:ISBN
1360:OCLC
1350:ISBN
1286:ISBN
1259:PMID
1208:2017
1057:ISSN
1030:PMID
1022:ISSN
889:MHNT
842:for
838:, a
836:Yr34
822:, a
820:Sr21
690:syn.
664:syn.
542:and
528:Ötzi
514:and
502:and
2969:WFO
2855:NBN
2816:ISC
2725:FoC
2712:FNA
2673:EoL
2660:CoL
2197:Rye
1890:or
1573:doi
1569:218
1481:doi
1325:doi
1313:278
1249:PMC
1241:doi
1233:372
1097:doi
1014:doi
779:fat
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