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519:. All three, after ejection, would be propelled by small turbojet engine developed for target drones. With the exception of the Kaman design, the pilot would still be required to parachute to the ground after reaching a safety-point for rescue. The AERCAB project was terminated in the 1970s with the end of the Vietnam War. The Kaman design, in early 1972, was the only one which was to reach the hardware stage. It came close to being tested with a special landing-gear platform attached to the AERCAB ejection seat for first-stage ground take offs and landings with a test pilot.
912:), specifically from aircraft cockpits. The zero-zero capability was developed to help aircrews escape upward from unrecoverable emergencies during low-altitude and/or low-speed flight, as well as ground mishaps. Parachutes require a minimum altitude for opening, to give time for deceleration to a safe landing speed. Thus, prior to the introduction of zero-zero capability, ejections could only be performed above minimum altitudes and airspeeds. If the seat was to work from zero (aircraft) altitude, the seat would have to lift itself to a sufficient altitude.
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away from the stricken craft on a guide rail. Some operate like a standard ejector seat, by jettisoning the canopy, then deploying a drag chute into the airflow. That chute pulls the occupant out of the aircraft, either with the seat or following release of the seat straps, who then rides off the end of a rail extending far enough out to help clear the structure. In the case of the Space
Shuttle, the astronauts would have ridden a long, curved rail, blown by the wind against their bodies, then deployed their chutes after free-falling to a safe altitude.
807:", strikes the underside of the canopy and shatters it. The A-10 Thunderbolt II is equipped with canopy breakers on either side of its headrest in the event that the canopy fails to jettison. The T-6 is also equipped with such breakers if the MDC fails to detonate. In ground emergencies, a ground crewman or pilot can use a breaker knife attached to the inside of the canopy to shatter the transparency. The A-6 Intruder and EA-6B Prowler seats were capable of ejecting through the canopy, with canopy jettison a separate option if there is enough time.
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503:(AERCAB) ejection seats (both terms have been used by the US military and defence industry), where after the pilot ejected, the ejection seat would fly them to a location far enough away from where they ejected to where they could safely be picked up. A Request for Proposals for concepts for AERCAB ejection seats were issued in the late 1960s. Three companies submitted papers for further development: A
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secondary handle in the front of the seat to allow ejection even when pilots weren't able to reach upwards because of high g-force. Later (e.g. in Martin Baker's MK9) the top handle was discarded because the lower handle had proven easier to operate and the technology of helmets had advanced to also protect from the air blast.
752:. In order to make this work, the pilot was equipped with "spurs" which were attached to cables that would pull the legs inward so the pilot could be ejected. Following this development, some other egress systems began using leg retractors as a way to prevent injuries to flailing legs, and to provide a more stable
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supersonic bombers. These seats were enclosed in an air-operated clamshell, which permitted the aircrew to escape at airspeeds and altitudes high enough to otherwise cause bodily harm. These seats were designed to allow the pilot to control the plane even with the clamshell closed, and the capsule
831:
Drag
Extraction is the lightest and simplest egress system available, and has been used on many experimental aircraft. Halfway between simply "bailing out" and using explosive-eject systems, Drag Extraction uses the airflow past the aircraft (or spacecraft) to move the aviator out of the cockpit and
705:
The "standard" ejection system operates in two stages. First, the entire canopy or hatch above the aviator is opened, shattered, or jettisoned, and the seat and occupant are launched through the opening. In most earlier aircraft this required two separate actions by the aviator, while later egress
600:
K-36DM ejection seat and the pilot is wearing the КО-15 protective gear, they are able to eject at airspeeds from 0 to 1,400 kilometres per hour (870 mph) and altitudes of 0 to 25 km (16 mi or about 82,000 ft). The K-36DM ejection seat features drag chutes and a small shield that
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Similarly, two of the six ejection seats on the B-52 Stratofortress fire downward, through hatch openings on the bottom of the aircraft; the downward hatches are released from the aircraft by a thruster that unlocks the hatch, while gravity and wind remove the hatch and arm the seat. The four seats
618:
As of 20 June 2011 – when two
Spanish Air Force pilots ejected over San Javier airport – the number of lives saved by Martin-Baker products was 7,402 from 93 air forces. The company runs a club called the "Ejection Tie Club" and gives survivors a unique tie and lapel pin. The total figure
443:
was the first aircraft to be fitted with a rocket-propelled seat. Martin-Baker developed a similar design, using multiple rocket units feeding a single nozzle. The greater thrust from this configuration had the advantage of being able to eject the pilot to a safe height even if the aircraft was on
771:
line of aircraft) use Canopy
Destruct systems, which have an explosive cord (MDC – Miniature Detonation Cord or FLSC – Flexible Linear Shaped Charge) embedded within the acrylic plastic of the canopy. The MDC is initiated when the eject handle is pulled, and shatters the canopy over the seat a few
729:
The ACES II ejection seat is used in most
American-built fighters. The A-10 uses connected firing handles that activate both the canopy jettison systems, followed by the seat ejection. The F-15 has the same connected system as the A-10 seat. Both handles accomplish the same task, so pulling either
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at an altitude of 80,000 ft (24,000 m). The pilot was recovered successfully, but the launch control officer drowned after a water landing. Despite these records, most ejections occur at fairly low speeds and altitudes, when the pilot can see that there is no hope of regaining aircraft
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canopy quickly for a successful parachute descent, so that proper deployment of the parachute no longer relies on airspeed and altitude. The seat cannon clears the seat from the aircraft, then the under-seat rocket pack fires to lift the seat to altitude. As the rockets fire for longer than the
434:
Early seats used a solid propellant charge to eject the pilot and seat by igniting the charge inside a telescoping tube attached to the seat. As aircraft speeds increased still further, this method proved inadequate to get the pilot sufficiently clear of the airframe. Increasing the amount of
622:
Early models of the ejection seat were equipped with only an overhead ejection handle which doubled in function by forcing the pilot to assume the right posture and by having them pull a screen down to protect both their face and oxygen mask from the subsequent air blast. Martin Baker added a
595:
The minimal ejection altitude for ACES II seat in inverted flight is about 140 feet (43 m) above ground level at 150 KIAS, while the
Russian counterpart – K-36DM has the minimal ejection altitude from inverted flight of 100 feet (30 m) AGL. When an aircraft is equipped with the
313:
C tugs in a heavy snow-shower. At 7,875 ft (2,400 m), Schenk found he had no control, jettisoned his towline, and ejected. The He 280 was never put into production status. The first operational type built anywhere to provide ejection seats for the crew was the
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in 1940. One of the He 280 test pilots, Helmut Schenk, became the first person to escape from a stricken aircraft with an ejection seat on 13 January 1942 after his control surfaces iced up and became inoperative. The fighter was being used in tests of the
359:
shells, were placed in the bottom of the pipes, facing upward. When fired, the gases would fill the pipes, "popping" the caps off the end, and thereby forcing the seat to ride up the pipes on its wheels and out of the aircraft. By the end of the war, the
447:
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on the forward upper deck (two of them, EWO and Gunner, facing the rear of the airplane) fire upwards as usual. Any such downward-firing system is of no use on or near the ground if aircraft is in level flight at the time of the ejection.
422:
Air
Pageant in 1948, ejecting from a Meteor. Martin-Baker ejector seats were fitted to prototype and production aircraft from the late 1940s, and the first emergency use of such a seat occurred in 1949 during testing of the jet-powered
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became concerned about its pilots ejecting over hostile territory and those pilots either being captured or killed and the losses in men and aircraft in attempts to rescue them. Both services began a program titled
515:; and a mini-conventional fixed wing aircraft employing a Princeton Wing (i.e. a wing made of flexible material that rolls out and then becomes rigid by means of internal struts or supports etc. deploying) by
259:. Prior to this, the only means of escape from an incapacitated aircraft was to jump clear ("bail out"), and in many cases this was difficult due to injury, the difficulty of egress from a confined space,
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needed over the very short length on the cannon barrel within the seat. This limited the total energy, and thus the additional height possible, as otherwise the high forces needed would crush the pilot.
470:. Six pilots have ejected at speeds exceeding 700 knots (1,300 km/h; 810 mph). The highest altitude at which a Martin-Baker seat was deployed was 57,000 ft (17,400 m) (from a
780:
aircraft as ejection may be necessary while the aircraft was in the hover, and jettisoning the canopy might result in the pilot and seat striking it. This system is also used in the
763:
Aircraft designed for low-level use sometimes have ejection seats which fire through the canopy, as waiting for the canopy to be ejected is too slow. Many aircraft types (e.g., the
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had ditched on launch and been cut in two by the carrier on 13 October 1954. Documented evidence also exists that pilots of the US and Indian navies have also performed this feat.
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351:, featured a new type of ejection seat, this time fired by an explosive cartridge. In this system, the seat rode on wheels set between two pipes running up the back of the
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Pilots have successfully ejected from underwater in a handful of instances, after being forced to ditch in water. The first recorded case was Lt. B. D. Macfarlane of the
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cannon, they do not require the same high forces. Zero-zero rocket seats also reduced forces on the pilot during any ejection, reducing injuries and spinal compression.
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located at the aft end of the fuselage presenting a hazard to a normal "bailout" escape—and a few late-war prototype aircraft were also fitted with ejection seats.
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on 27 February 1944, and the first real use occurred by Lt. Bengt
Johansson on 29 July 1946 after a mid-air collision between a J 21 and a J 22.
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A warning applied on the cockpit side of some aircraft using an ejection seat system intended especially for the maintenance and emergency crews
870:. In this system, very powerful rockets are used, and multiple large parachutes are used to bring the capsule down, in a manner similar to the
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jet. Shortly afterward, on 17 August 1946, 1st Sgt. Larry
Lambert was the first live U.S. ejectee. Lynch demonstrated the ejection seat at the
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After World War II, the need for such systems became pressing, as aircraft speeds were getting ever higher, and it was not long before the
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Modern zero-zero technology use small rockets to propel the seat upward to an adequate altitude and a small explosive charge to open the
866:, do not have individual ejection seats, but instead, the entire section of the airframe containing the crew can be ejected as a single
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one suffices. The F-16 has only one handle located between the pilot's knees, since the cockpit is too narrow for side-mounted handles.
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of an aircraft (usually military) in an emergency. In most designs, the seat is propelled out of the aircraft by an explosive charge or
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No real life land vehicle has ever been fitted with an ejection seat, though it is a common trope in fiction. A notable example is the
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A zero-zero ejection seat is designed to safely extract upward and land its occupant from a grounded stationary position (i.e., zero
355:. When lowered into position, caps at the top of the seat fitted over the pipes to close them. Cartridges, basically identical to
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In the early 1960s, deployment of rocket-powered ejection seats designed for use at supersonic speeds began in such planes as the
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96:
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The first live flight test of the Martin-Baker system took place on 24 July 1946, when fitter
Bernard Lynch ejected from a
959:. However, the seats were present in the prototype only, and were only available for the crew and not the passengers. The
68:
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system designs, such as the Advanced Concept Ejection Seat model 2 (ACES II), perform both functions as a single action.
558:. Western seats usually impose lighter loads on the pilots; 1960s–70s era Soviet technology often goes up to 20–22
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were planned to be fitted with K-36RB (K-36M-11F35) seats, but as the program was canceled, the seats were never used.
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were equipped with ejection seats which were automatically activated during at least some part of the flight envelope.
245:
1902:
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115:
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system is used to cushion the landing, and this also acts as a flotation device if the Crew Capsule lands in water.
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Non-standard egress systems include Downward Track (used for some crew positions in bomber aircraft, including the
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Through-Canopy Penetration is similar to Canopy Destruct, but a sharp spike on the top of the seat, known as the "
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The purpose of an ejection seat is pilot survival. The pilot typically experiences an acceleration of about 12–14
871:
236:(a dischargeable chair from an aircraft or other vehicle). It was successfully tested on 25 August 1929 at the
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1053:– discusses the 1949 Geneva Conventions on War, declaring it illegal to attack ejecting aircrew until they land
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It was theorised early on that ejection at supersonic speeds would be unsurvivable; extensive tests, including
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82:
53:
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with an ejection seat. The system is similar to that of a conventional fixed-wing aircraft; however the main
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277:. Early models were powered by compressed air and the first aircraft to be fitted with such a system was the
20:
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737:), Canopy Destruct (CD) and Through-Canopy Penetration (TCP), Drag Extraction, Encapsulated Seat, and even
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In Sweden, a version using compressed air was tested in 1941. A gunpowder ejection seat was developed by
64:
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As the first operational military jet in late 1944 to ever feature one, the winner of the German
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when he successfully ejected under water using his Martin-Baker Mk.1 ejection seat after his
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An Aviation Structural Mechanic works on an ejection seat removed from the cockpit of an
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CD and TCP systems cannot be used with canopies made of flexible materials, such as the
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2446:
2441:
2415:
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970:, (LLRV) and its successor Lunar Landing Training Vehicle (LLTV), used ejection seats.
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352:
237:
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940:, which entered limited service with Russian forces in 1995, was the first production
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1249:"flight july | expressat gatwick | a/r d/wl | 1948 | 1092 |"
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bomber in 1958). Following an accident on 30 July 1966 in the attempted launch of a
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2004:
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Nouveau système de montage des parachutes dans les appareils de locomotion aérienne
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285:
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202:
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1690:
Space Shuttle – The History of Developing the National Space Transportation System
1280:", Wings of Fame, Volume 8, AIRtime Publishing Inc., Westport, Connecticut, 1997,
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The modern layout for an ejection seat was first introduced by Romanian inventor
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2655:
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2541:
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1949:
1021:
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These early seats were fired from the aircraft with a cannon, providing the high
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825:
581:
387:
294:
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2074:
1006:), but the seats were disabled and then removed as the crew size was increased.
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as it rolls into the carrier's catwalk after a brake failure on the deck of the
343:"people's fighter" home defense jet fighter design competition; the lightweight
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The first ejection seats were developed independently during World War II by
252:. Dragomir patented his "catapult-able cockpit" at the French Patent Office.
1481:
955:
The only commercial jetliner ever fitted with ejection seats was the Soviet
772:
milliseconds before the seat is launched. This system was developed for the
619:
for all types of ejection seats is unknown, but may be considerably higher.
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2717:
2680:
2660:
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2625:
2590:
2371:
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2147:
2014:
1984:
1944:
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851:
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were equipped with a Downward Track ejection seat due to the hazard of the
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165:
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Bull, John O.; Serocki, Edward L.; McDowell, Howard L. (September 1966).
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Pilot ejecting from A-6 Intruder after failed aircraft carrier landing
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1999:
1969:
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ejected on 6 May 1968, following Joe Algranti and Stuart M. Present.
924:
804:
756:. Some models of the F-104 were equipped with upward-ejecting seats.
491:
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propellant risked damaging the occupant's spine, so experiments with
249:
218:
169:
636:
31:
2697:
2670:
2645:
2411:
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2252:
2182:
2099:
2024:
1994:
1930:
1808:"A History of Military Aircraft Egress Systems (Part One of Three)"
909:
905:
764:
508:
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was broken. Manual escape at such speeds would be impossible. The
172:. Ejection seats are common on certain types of military aircraft.
137:
977:
The only spacecraft ever flown with installed ejection seats were
577:
test subjects, were undertaken to determine that it was feasible.
128:
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2122:
2104:
2029:
718:
555:
356:
333:
329:
274:
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1372:"History of Research in Space Biology and Biodynamics 1946–1958"
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rises between the pilot's legs to deflect air around the pilot.
2177:
2084:
2059:
1989:
1798:
1039:
894:
875:
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Encapsulated Seat egress systems were developed for use in the
749:
697:
401:
325:
213:-assisted escape from an aircraft took place in 1910. In 1916,
191:
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2202:
2054:
1615:"The history and developments of Martin-Baker escape systems"
1003:
999:
998:, were with a crew of two, both provided with ejector seats (
898:
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241:
821:
777:
714:
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experimented with downward-ejecting systems operated by a
168:) Once clear of the aircraft, the ejection seat deploys a
160:, carrying the pilot with it. The concept of an ejectable
1620:. Martin-Baker. pp. 4, 17, 19, 36–37. Archived from
1470:
ejection-history.org.uk Aircraft by Type: Westland Wyvern
963:
was a production model, and did not have ejection seats.
952:
to jettison the blades moments before the seat is fired.
1870:"Compilation of Data on Crew Emergency Escape Systems"
566:
of vertebrae are a recurrent side effect of ejection.
542:
on 2 July 1970. The pilot was recovered by helicopter.
562:(with SM-1 and KM-1 gunbarrel-type ejection seats).
367:—primarily from it having a rear-mounted engine (of
266:, the airflow past the aircraft, and other factors.
1917:
1867:
1376:
Historical Division, Office of Information Services
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
19:"Ejector seat" redirects here. For other uses, see
1717:Terry, Gerard (August–November 1984). "Talkback".
1857:"In Pictures: A Potted History Of Ejection Seats"
1820:"IN PICTURES: Lethbridge CF-18 jet fighter crash"
1038:Further information on the flight simulator:
961:Tu-144 that crashed at the Paris Air Show in 1973
2852:
490:Late in the Vietnam War, the U.S. Air Force and
1710:
1369:
1305:. Hearst Magazines. September 1969. p. 90.
992:Early flights of the Space Shuttle, which used
1903:
1692:. Dennis R. Jenkins Publishing. p. 272.
872:Launch Escape System of the Apollo spacecraft
1830:
1278:Lockheed's Blackbirds: A-12, YF-12 and SR-71
1127:He later changed his surname to Järkenstedt.
713:Capt. Christopher Stricklin ejects from his
592:fighters ejected after a mid-air collision.
301:turbojets removed, and was towed aloft from
795:The ACES II Ejection seat commonly used on
665:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1910:
1896:
1796:
881:
1561:"PARIS: Martin-Baker seats save in Spain"
1151:. Ejection-history.org.uk. Archived from
685:Learn how and when to remove this message
584:were unintentionally demonstrated at the
531:Lt. (j.g.) William Belden ejects from an
232:in the late 1920s. The design featured a
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1505:
1382:, Air Research and Development Command,
1317:"1972 | 0502 | Flight Archive"
1270:
1177:. New York: Galahad Books. p. 363.
1035:, which had an ejecting passenger seat.
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1760:Martin Baker Mk 1 ejection seat drawing
1749:Martin Baker Mk 1 ejection seat drawing
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1681:
859:would float in case of water landings.
588:on 24 July 1993 when the pilots of two
487:control before impact with the ground.
2853:
1875:. Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory
1806:Kalei, Kalikiano (February 27, 2008).
1417:"The Mig-29 crash at Fairford Airbase"
721:ejection seat on 14 September 2003 at
332:. The first test in the air was on a
307:central test facility of the Luftwaffe
1891:
1805:
1716:
1484:. The Ejection Site. April 15, 1997.
1172:
1115:Patent no. 678566, of April 2, 1930,
1380:Air Force Missile Development Center
1166:
1102:
663:adding citations to reliable sources
630:
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
862:Some aircraft designs, such as the
725:, Idaho. Stricklin was not injured.
501:Aerial Escape and Rescue Capability
148:is a system designed to rescue the
13:
1530:"Navy's first underwater ejection"
14:
2892:
1736:
931:
824:naval fighter planes such as the
626:
497:Air Crew Escape/Rescue Capability
221:, patented an ejector seat using
1754:
1563:. Flight Global. June 21, 2011.
1319:. Flightglobal.com. 1972-03-02.
1255:. Flightglobal.com. 1948-07-15.
1175:The Warplanes of the Third Reich
1020:fitted with ejection seats. The
635:
371:powering the design) powering a
255:The design was perfected during
30:
16:Emergency aircraft escape system
1670:from the original on 2013-04-03
1656:
1645:from the original on 2012-12-28
1639:"Watch Neil Armstrong Narrowly"
1631:
1607:
1596:from the original on 2016-11-02
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1567:from the original on 2016-10-31
1553:
1542:from the original on 2016-10-31
1522:
1499:
1488:from the original on 2012-04-07
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1452:from the original on 2016-10-31
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1423:from the original on 2018-02-06
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1398:from the original on 2015-05-01
1363:
1352:from the original on 2016-10-31
1334:
1323:from the original on 2012-11-02
1309:
1259:from the original on 2012-11-06
1230:from the original on 2011-09-27
1205:from the original on 2012-07-16
522:
297:development. It had its usual
41:needs additional citations for
2820:In-flight entertainment system
2517:Horizontal situation indicator
1831:Bennett, Michael (1980–2014).
1291:
1241:
1216:
1191:
1141:
1121:
1109:
968:Lunar Landing Research Vehicle
1:
1506:Pasricha, Vinod (June 1986).
384:United States Army Air Forces
21:Ejector seat (disambiguation)
2800:Environmental control system
1786:"Safety for Service Aircrew"
1711:General and cited references
1134:
7:
1723:. No. 25. p. 79.
1688:Jenkins, Dennis R. (1999).
1044:
328:and tested in 1943 for the
201:ejection seat test using a
10:
2897:
2866:Aircraft emergency systems
2477:Course deviation indicator
2168:Electro-hydraulic actuator
1797:Coyne, Kevin (1996–2003).
1037:
507:design by Bell Systems; a
441:Convair F-102 Delta Dagger
425:Armstrong Whitworth A.W.52
175:
164:has also been tried. (See
18:
2767:
2746:
2708:Conventional landing gear
2679:
2575:
2410:
2276:
2113:
1929:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1442:"Ejection seat К-36D-3,5"
893:DM Ejection seat used on
817:canopy used on the F-16.
444:or very near the ground.
390:, but it was the work of
2492:Flight management system
1370:Bushnell, David (1958).
1097:
580:The capabilities of the
482:crew members ejected at
468:Convair F-106 Delta Dart
309:in Germany by a pair of
305:Erprobungsstelle Rechlin
2795:Emergency oxygen system
2557:Turn and slip indicator
2352:Leading-edge droop flap
2322:Drag-reducing aerospike
2297:Adaptive compliant wing
2292:Active Aeroelastic Wing
1384:Holloman Air Force Base
1346:Naval Historical Center
1173:Green, William (1986).
1051:Attacks on parachutists
882:Zero-zero ejection seat
797:United States Air Force
774:Hawker Siddeley Harrier
321:night fighter in 1942.
244:and in October 1929 at
217:, an early inventor of
196:United States Air Force
2835:Passenger service unit
2636:Self-sealing fuel tank
2532:Multi-function display
1535:The New Indian Express
1419:. Sirviper.com. 2006.
1062:Dynamic response index
1018:Space Shuttle orbiters
901:
864:General Dynamics F-111
847:
800:
726:
702:
551:
543:
463:
409:
206:
188:
133:
132:Various ejection seats
2815:Ice protection system
2733:Tricycle landing gear
2723:Landing gear extender
1940:Aft pressure bulkhead
1508:"Aircraft Underwater"
1482:"Underwater Ejection"
889:
838:
794:
712:
700:
564:Compression fractures
549:
530:
450:
439:began. In 1958, the
414:Gloster Meteor Mk III
404:
398:that proved crucial.
194:
183:
131:
2780:Auxiliary power unit
2188:Flight control modes
1790:Flight International
1778:Flight International
1538:. 4 September 2009.
1276:Crickmore, Paul F. "
1072:Launch escape system
1022:Buran-class orbiters
744:Early models of the
659:improve this section
311:Messerschmitt Bf 110
187:WY6AM ejection seat.
50:improve this article
2876:Romanian inventions
2759:Escape crew capsule
2666:War emergency power
2537:Pitot–static system
2382:Variable-sweep wing
2090:Vertical stabilizer
1799:"The Ejection Site"
1792:. 16 December 1965.
1780:. 14 November 1952.
1664:"The Ejection Site"
1586:"Ejection Tie Club"
1342:"Photo #: NH 90350"
735:B-52 Stratofortress
405:Seat on display at
162:escape crew capsule
2467:Attitude indicator
2447:Airspeed indicator
2442:Aircraft periscope
1833:"Ejection History"
1824:The Globe and Mail
1774:"Up, Out and Down"
1641:. 27 August 2012.
1016:were the only two
948:are equipped with
902:
848:
801:
727:
703:
552:
544:
464:
410:
407:RAF Museum Cosford
238:Paris-Orly Airport
207:
189:
134:
2848:
2847:
2775:Aircraft lavatory
2512:Heading indicator
2457:Annunciator panel
2437:Air data computer
2347:Leading-edge cuff
1769:
1768:
1348:. 16 April 2001.
1303:Popular Mechanics
1103:Explanatory notes
1092:Ejection Tie Club
1077:Airborne lifeboat
874:. On landing, an
786:F-35 Lightning II
754:center of gravity
746:F-104 Starfighter
723:Mountain Home AFB
717:aircraft with an
695:
694:
687:
586:Fairford Air Show
437:rocket propulsion
293:impulse jets for
230:Anastase Dragomir
126:
125:
118:
100:
2888:
2830:Navigation light
2810:Hydraulic system
2785:Bleed air system
2713:Drogue parachute
2387:Vortex generator
2005:Interplane strut
1912:
1905:
1898:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1874:
1864:
1852:
1847:. Archived from
1836:
1827:
1826:. July 23, 2010.
1815:
1802:
1793:
1781:
1758:
1757:
1741:
1740:
1732:
1704:
1703:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1619:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1514:. Archived from
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1478:
1472:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1295:
1289:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1145:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1057:Caterpillar Club
1033:James Bond films
1029:Aston Martin DB5
690:
683:
679:
676:
670:
639:
631:
517:Fairchild Hiller
394:and his company
373:pusher propeller
369:the twin engines
215:Everard Calthrop
203:Crash test dummy
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2840:Ram air turbine
2805:Flight recorder
2763:
2742:
2675:
2656:Thrust reversal
2580:
2571:
2542:Radar altimeter
2507:Head-up display
2417:
2406:
2302:Anti-shock body
2284:
2272:
2133:Artificial feel
2115:Flight controls
2109:
1975:Fabric covering
1925:
1921:components and
1916:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1863:. Oct 28, 2016.
1855:
1839:
1818:
1784:
1772:
1755:
1739:
1713:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1686:
1682:
1673:
1671:
1662:
1661:
1657:
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1646:
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1636:
1632:
1624:
1617:
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1612:
1608:
1599:
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1579:
1570:
1568:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1545:
1543:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1504:
1500:
1491:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1464:
1455:
1453:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1426:
1424:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1401:
1399:
1368:
1364:
1355:
1353:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1326:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1275:
1271:
1262:
1260:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1233:
1231:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1208:
1206:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1171:
1167:
1158:
1156:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1047:
1042:
950:explosive bolts
934:
884:
826:Yakovlev Yak-38
691:
680:
674:
671:
656:
640:
629:
613:Westland Wyvern
582:NPP Zvezda K-36
525:
459:John C. Stennis
316:Heinkel He 219
295:V-1 flying bomb
234:parachuted cell
178:
122:
111:
105:
102:
65:"Ejection seat"
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2894:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2861:Ejection seats
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2825:Landing lights
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2747:Escape systems
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2685:arresting gear
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2641:Splitter plate
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
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2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2288:
2286:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1960:Cruciform tail
1957:
1955:Crack arrestor
1952:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1927:
1926:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1865:
1853:
1851:on 2007-10-07.
1837:
1828:
1816:
1812:Authorsden.com
1803:
1794:
1782:
1767:
1766:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1744:External image
1738:
1737:External links
1735:
1734:
1733:
1720:Air Enthusiast
1712:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1698:
1680:
1655:
1630:
1627:on 2013-09-03.
1606:
1577:
1552:
1521:
1518:on 2014-09-23.
1512:Bharat Rakshak
1498:
1473:
1462:
1433:
1408:
1386:. p. 56.
1378:. New Mexico:
1362:
1333:
1308:
1290:
1269:
1240:
1215:
1190:
1183:
1165:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1120:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1046:
1043:
972:Neil Armstrong
957:Tupolev Tu-144
933:
932:Other vehicles
930:
883:
880:
841:escape capsule
693:
692:
643:
641:
634:
628:
627:Egress systems
625:
571:Project Whoosh
524:
521:
513:Kaman Aircraft
362:Dornier Do 335
345:Heinkel He 162
299:Heinkel HeS 8A
279:Heinkel He 280
223:compressed air
177:
174:
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2893:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:Other systems
2766:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2754:Ejection seat
2752:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2698:Arrestor hook
2696:
2694:
2693:Aircraft tire
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2497:Glass cockpit
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2432:Air data boom
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
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2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2213:Rudder pedals
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2070:Trailing edge
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2050:Stressed skin
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1861:Aviation Week
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1764:Flight Global
1761:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1701:
1699:0-9633974-4-3
1695:
1691:
1684:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1623:
1616:
1610:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1466:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1287:
1286:1-880588-23-4
1283:
1279:
1273:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1186:
1184:0-88365-666-3
1180:
1176:
1169:
1155:on 2010-11-22
1154:
1150:
1144:
1140:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1108:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1087:Pressure suit
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1052:
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1036:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
996:
990:
988:
987:Space Shuttle
984:
980:
975:
973:
969:
964:
962:
958:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
929:
926:
921:
918:
913:
911:
907:
900:
896:
892:
888:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
860:
857:
856:B-70 Valkyrie
853:
846:
842:
837:
833:
829:
827:
823:
818:
816:
815:polycarbonate
813:
808:
806:
798:
793:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
770:
766:
761:
757:
755:
751:
747:
742:
740:
736:
731:
724:
720:
716:
711:
707:
699:
689:
686:
678:
668:
664:
660:
654:
653:
649:
644:This section
642:
638:
633:
632:
624:
620:
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609:Fleet Air Arm
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480:Lockheed M-21
477:
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453:EA-6B Prowler
449:
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427:experimental
426:
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419:Daily Express
415:
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380:sound barrier
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67: –
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61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
2790:Deicing boot
2753:
2718:Landing gear
2661:Townend ring
2651:Thrust lever
2626:NACA cowling
2591:Autothrottle
2583:fuel systems
2581:devices and
2372:Stall strips
2342:Krueger flap
2312:Channel wing
2258:Wing warping
2248:Stick shaker
2243:Stick pusher
2163:Dual control
2148:Centre stick
2015:Leading edge
1985:Flying wires
1945:Cabane strut
1877:. Retrieved
1860:
1849:the original
1845:Martin-Baker
1823:
1811:
1789:
1777:
1718:
1689:
1683:
1672:. Retrieved
1658:
1647:. Retrieved
1633:
1622:the original
1609:
1598:. Retrieved
1590:Martin-Baker
1580:
1569:. Retrieved
1555:
1544:. Retrieved
1533:
1524:
1516:the original
1501:
1490:. Retrieved
1476:
1465:
1454:. Retrieved
1436:
1425:. Retrieved
1411:
1400:. Retrieved
1375:
1365:
1354:. Retrieved
1336:
1325:. Retrieved
1311:
1302:
1299:"A Hot Seat"
1293:
1277:
1272:
1261:. Retrieved
1252:
1243:
1232:. Retrieved
1226:. Canit.se.
1218:
1207:. Retrieved
1201:. Canit.se.
1193:
1174:
1168:
1157:. Retrieved
1153:the original
1143:
1123:
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1111:
1026:
1012:
1007:
994:
991:
976:
965:
954:
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922:
914:
903:
861:
852:B-58 Hustler
849:
845:B-58 Hustler
830:
819:
809:
802:
782:T-6 Texan II
762:
758:
743:
739:Crew Capsule
732:
728:
704:
681:
672:
657:Please help
645:
621:
617:
603:
594:
579:
568:
559:
553:
538:
533:A-4E Skyhawk
523:Pilot safety
505:Rogallo wing
500:
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465:
458:
433:
417:
411:
396:Martin-Baker
392:James Martin
377:
364:
348:
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317:
304:
291:Argus As 014
268:
261:
257:World War II
254:
233:
227:
208:
185:Martin-Baker
166:B-58 Hustler
158:rocket motor
146:ejector seat
145:
141:
135:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
2738:Tundra tire
2621:Intake ramp
2552:Transponder
2337:Gurney flap
2278:Aerodynamic
2193:Fly-by-wire
2075:Triple tail
1841:"Mk10 seat"
938:Kamov Ka-50
839:Crewmember
805:shell tooth
429:flying wing
283:jet-engined
2855:Categories
2728:Oleo strut
2616:Inlet cone
2611:Gascolator
2577:Propulsion
2567:Yaw string
2562:Variometer
2418:instrument
2397:Wing fence
2332:Gouge flap
2307:Blown flap
2263:Yaw damper
2238:Stabilator
2223:Side-stick
2158:Dive brake
2045:Stabilizer
2020:Lift strut
2010:Jury strut
1674:2013-05-15
1649:2013-05-15
1600:2016-10-31
1571:2016-10-31
1546:2016-10-31
1492:2012-04-20
1456:2016-10-31
1446:NPP Zvezda
1427:2018-11-18
1402:2014-05-17
1392:B0019QSQ1E
1356:2016-10-31
1327:2012-10-30
1263:2012-10-30
1234:2012-10-30
1209:2012-10-30
1159:2012-10-30
1067:Escape pod
1013:Enterprise
985:, and the
942:helicopter
776:family of
606:Royal Navy
598:NPP Zvezda
575:chimpanzee
539:Shangri-La
511:design by
509:gyrocopter
476:D-21 drone
341:Volksjäger
281:prototype
219:parachutes
199:F-15 Eagle
76:newspapers
2703:Autobrake
2631:NACA duct
2606:Fuel tank
2596:Drop tank
2579:controls,
2462:Astrodome
2452:Altimeter
2317:Dog-tooth
2282:high-lift
2233:Spoileron
2218:Servo tab
2198:Gust lock
2153:Deceleron
2138:Autopilot
2095:Wing root
2080:Twin tail
2065:Tailplane
2000:Hardpoint
1970:Empennage
1933:structure
1729:0143-5450
1288:, page 90
1135:Citations
1031:from the
925:parachute
908:and zero
646:does not
537:USS
492:U.S. Navy
484:Mach 3.25
457:USS
250:Bucharest
170:parachute
152:or other
2871:Rocketry
2671:Wet wing
2646:Throttle
2392:Vortilon
2253:Trim tab
2183:Flaperon
2173:Elevator
2128:Airbrake
2100:Wing tip
2025:Longeron
1995:Fuselage
1931:Airframe
1919:Aircraft
1668:Archived
1643:Archived
1594:Archived
1565:Archived
1540:Archived
1486:Archived
1450:Archived
1421:Archived
1396:Archived
1350:Archived
1321:Archived
1257:Archived
1228:Archived
1203:Archived
1082:Lifeboat
1045:See also
1008:Columbia
995:Columbia
910:airspeed
906:altitude
767:and the
765:BAE Hawk
675:May 2013
472:Canberra
138:aircraft
106:May 2013
2681:Landing
2472:Compass
2420:systems
2412:Avionic
2402:Winglet
2285:devices
2228:Spoiler
2123:Aileron
2105:Wingbox
2030:Nacelle
1980:Fairing
1923:systems
1879:1 April
1224:"Moved"
1199:"Moved"
1149:"1910s"
917:impulse
868:capsule
843:from a
820:Soviet
769:Harrier
719:ACES II
667:removed
652:sources
455:aboard
357:shotgun
353:cockpit
334:Saab 17
330:Saab 21
286:fighter
271:Heinkel
248:, near
246:Băneasa
176:History
90:scholar
2416:flight
2377:Strake
2208:Rudder
2178:Elevon
2143:Canard
2085:V-tail
2060:T-tail
1990:Former
1950:Canopy
1727:
1696:
1390:
1284:
1253:Flight
1181:
1040:G-seat
983:Gemini
979:Vostok
946:rotors
895:MiG-29
876:airbag
750:T-tail
590:MiG-29
478:, two
388:spring
326:Bofors
264:forces
211:bungee
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
2881:Seats
2601:FADEC
2487:EICAS
2362:Slats
2203:HOTAS
2055:Strut
1873:(PDF)
1625:(PDF)
1618:(PDF)
1098:Notes
1004:STS-4
1000:STS-1
899:Su-30
812:Lexan
573:with
365:Pfeil
349:Spatz
242:Paris
240:near
150:pilot
140:, an
97:JSTOR
83:books
2683:and
2547:TCAS
2527:ISIS
2482:EFIS
2427:ACAS
2414:and
2367:Slot
2327:Flap
2280:and
2268:Yoke
2040:Spar
1965:Dope
1881:2023
1725:ISSN
1694:ISBN
1388:ASIN
1282:ISBN
1179:ISBN
1010:and
966:The
936:The
891:K-36
854:and
822:VTOL
799:jets
784:and
778:VTOL
715:F-16
650:any
648:cite
303:the
275:SAAB
273:and
154:crew
69:news
2522:INS
2502:GPS
2357:LEX
2035:Rib
1762:by
1002:to
661:by
499:or
318:Uhu
144:or
136:In
52:by
2857::
1859:.
1843:.
1822:.
1810:.
1788:.
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989:.
981:,
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431:.
347:A
225:.
209:A
1911:e
1904:t
1897:v
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560:g
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94:·
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23:.
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