889:
827:
236:. The Great Indian Peninsula Railway approved both schemes, and Calthrop surveyed both lines. In 1887, he registered the Indian Railways Feeder Lines Company in London to promote the construction of feeders to the railway. The Great Indian Peninsula Railway suggested that he either return to his duties as a locomotive inspector or, with their support, resign to further promote branch lines. His health was failing, and so in 1889 Calthrop resigned from the Great Indian Peninsula Railway. Working as a consultant he then supervised the construction of the
760:
920:, with stables and 40 acres (160,000 m) of grounds. It was here that he bred his horses and developed his theories of horse training. Calthrop rejected the cruel methods of breaking horses common in that era, and practiced gentle methods. Such was his concern for his horses that he had them humanely destroyed rather than have them commandeered by the British army at the start of the First World War. After the war he was able to return to his horses, and wrote an authoritative book,
680:. Under the influence of one of the Light Railway Commissioners the company directors commissioned a report on the proposed line from Calthrop in mid-1900. In early December the railway's engineer died, and on 19 December 1900 the Directors sat down to consider both a replacement and Calthrop's report. Calthrop proposed specifications for the line which would result in substantial savings in construction costs, and so he was offered the position of engineer, which he promptly accepted.
865:, and successful tests were completed at the time. An unofficial report offered the opinion that parachutes "might impair the fighting spirit of pilots" and the offer was rejected. Calthrop was encouraged to remain quiet about his invention, but faced with increasing losses of pilots he publicised the parachute in 1917. Despite a campaign by some pilots, the Royal Flying Corps declined to introduce parachutes during World War I, although air forces of most other nations did so.
706:
401:
establishing
Calthrop as one of the leading figures in the field. Calthrop remained consulting engineer until he retired due to poor health two years before his death. The Barsi Light Railway continued to be operated as a privately owned railway until 1954 when it was purchased by the Indian government, and continued to operate as a narrow-gauge railway until conversion to
451:. By 1897, the railway and its rolling stock was in very poor condition. Further, much of the railway had been constructed with rail too light for the locomotives. A new company was established in 1898 to rebuild and operate the railway, and Calthrop was engaged as consulting engineer. Calthrop arranged for the railway to be rebuilt in
931:
Developing and promoting his parachute had left
Calthrop drained, both financially and physically. Failing health forced him to resign his position as consulting engineer for the Barsi Railway in 1925, although he remained a director. Calthrop died at his Paddington, London, home on 30 March 1927, in
900:
During his time in India, Calthrop made occasional trips back to
Britain. On one such trip he married Isabel Mary Earle, the daughter of the Reverend Walter Earle, a friend of his parents. The wedding took place on 19 November 1890 at the Bilton Parish Church, Rugby. They had four children, Everard
868:
Calthrop's "Guardian Angel" parachute received much praise and was used during the war to drop agents behind enemy lines. In
October 1918 an article on use of parachutes stated that the "Guardian Angel" was one of the best known and that "balloonists can take their perilous leap, when attacked by a
382:. The line was constructed with rail inclination, then a new idea, which involves tilting the rail a few degrees to make its surface more nearly parallel with that of the tyre. Inclination is now applied universally to railways. The rolling stock could accept 100-foot (30.48 m) radius curves.
400:
The Barsi Light
Railway opened in 1897, and was extended on a number of occasions until it reached a total length of 202 miles (325 km) in 1927. The line is seen as having revolutionised the narrow-gauge railway system on Indian subcontinent, and the railway was immensely successful,
869:
Hun scout, with real confidence in a safe landing". By 1918 it was known that the
Germans were fully aware of Calthrop's work, and supplied their pilots with a similar design. However, when the Royal Air Force finally adopted parachutes after the war, they chose an American design.
283:, and invited proposals for alternative methods for moving goods. Calthrop proposed a system of narrow-gauge railways linking the two cities, running along streets directly serving factories. His proposal was highly commended, but the proposed street running precluded its adoption.
683:
Calthrop constructed the line for £35,944, £11,000 less than the original estimate. He had Kitson & Co construct two 2-6-4T locomotives, similar in outline but smaller than the Barsi Light
Railway locomotives. Goods rolling stock included four coaches, two
350:
Calthrop had been engaged in negotiations with the Indian government for concessions to build a railway from Barsi Road to Barsi since 1887. In 1895, negotiations reached a satisfactory conclusion, and
Calthrop formed a new company to build the
495:. Calthrop claimed it only took three minutes to transfer wagons, based on his experience on the Barsi Light Railway. However, the order was not made until 8 September 1899, and in early 1900, the proprietors reached agreement with the
208:
Once in India, Calthrop came to see narrow-gauge railways as a way to help develop the country. This led him to chairing a
Government committee to investigate light railways throughout India. He then published a pamphlet entitled
286:
Calthrop was also interested in road transport. He was a member of the Self-Propelled
Traffic Association and in May 1898 was a judge at their trials for "motor vehicles for heavy traffic", held in Liverpool. The winner was a
575:
light railway, construction of which began in 1898. The railway comprised seven, mostly roadside, branch lines with a total length of 97 miles (156 km). The Fayoum Light Railway served an irrigation district south of
696:
wagons. Each station on route had a short section of standard-gauge track where the wagons could be placed. The use of transporter wagons eliminated transshipment, and removed the need for large numbers of goods wagons.
331:. It also allowed the loading of one 20 long tons (20.3 t; 22.4 short tons) capacity 4-wheel standard-gauge wagon to be carried on a single bogie narrow-gauge wagon. Further, he argued that using a track gauge of
814:, to which he had attached plates reading "E.R.Calthrop's System of Narrow Gauge Mountain Railways". Calthrop was an early adopter of the Garratt type, this being the ninth order for Garratts taken by
491:
Calthrop appeared at the Light Railway Inquiry for the Welshpool and Llanfair Light Railway on 3–4 August 1897, and spoke particularly on the proposed open level crossings and the use of
224:
Calthrop requested leave in 1886 to investigate proposals for independent branch lines. He identified two schemes of particular interest, a 5-mile (8 km) tramway connecting the
370:
Calthrop recognised the importance of railways in warfare, and designed the rolling stock to facilitate the movement of troops and equipment. Rolling stock rode on pressed-steel
905:, while Keith, after a stint in the Royal Engineers went on to become Assistant General Manager and Mechanical Engineer of the Barsi Light Railway, a post he held until 1932.
846:
in both directions. On 12 July 1910 Calthrop accompanied him to the Bournemouth International Aviation Meeting, and was present when Rolls died after he lost control of his
850:
and crashed. That and a similar, non-fatal, accident involving his son Tev, led Calthrop to believe that a parachute could be used to save pilots in similar circumstances.
264:
company. Soon Calthrop had entered into a partnership with them and spent much of the next two years designing equipment for feed production. He took out a number of
499:
to build the line. Their engineer, Alfred J. Collins, took charge of the engineering requirements, with consequent conservative 4-wheel wagons and other provisions.
780:
319:, including locomotives, could be equal, allowing a maximum loading of goods wagons. He settled on a loading of 5 long tons (5.1 t; 5.6 short tons) per
925:
638:
The Cleobury Mortimer and Ditton Priors Light Railway was a 12.3-mile (19.8 km) long standard-gauge branch line linking the Great Western Railway at
213:. As a result of this pamphlet, the Indian Government adopted systems of uniformity of gauge and equipment throughout the country, and eventually adopted
901:
Earle (Tev, b. 1892), Keith de Suffield (b. 1894), Isabelle Iris (b. 1895), and Betty Marion (b. 1899). Tev joined the army and became a Colonel in the
633:
397:. The line was opened for inspection by railway officials and journalists, and a number of reports were published in the technical railway press.
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1119:
512:
371:
664:
In the United Kingdom Calthrop is most associated with the Leek and Manifold Valley Light Railway. The line had been promoted under the
1497:
1337:
1512:
363:
The goods rolling stock was constructed on common 25 by 7 feet (7.6 m × 2.1 m) pressed steel underframes, reducing
1507:
650:. Calthrop was appointed Consulting Engineer in 1900, responsible for surveying the route and preparing the construction plans.
1321:
Hughes, H.C. (November 1966). "Garratts in Arakan: The forgotten Buthidaung-Maungdaw Tramway and its articulated locomotives".
659:
135:
417:
With the success of the Barsi Light Railway, Calthrop was in demand as a consultant for other narrow-gauge railway projects.
486:
307:
During his time in India Calthrop developed his ideas on the construction of narrow-gauge railways. He surmised that the
1517:
1449:
154:
Calthrop was born on 3 March 1857, the eldest son of farmer Everard Calthrop. He had six brothers, one of whom was
1502:
159:
89:
963:
516:
347:) gauge railway could be built to four times the length of a standard-gauge railway for the same capital cost.
198:
186:
731:, India, and opened in 1905. Unusually for a railway for which Caltrhrop was consulting engineer, it was of
256:
Returning to the United Kingdom in 1892, Calthrop established a railway engineering consulting practice in
197:, where he rose to assistant manager of the Carriage and Wagon Works. In 1882 he went to India to join the
584:. Calthrop used pictures of rolling stock from the railway to illustrate a chapter he wrote for the book
279:
was concerned future expansion was being limited by the railway companies that linked that city with
359:
T locomotives, with even distribution of axle load, were constructed to Calthrop's specification by
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796:
462:
452:
430:
117:
1412:
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in that colony. Subsequently, on his advice, the gauge of the railways as built was changed from
355:, and employed himself as consulting engineer. The railway became a showcase for his ideas. Five
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953:
888:
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444:
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In 1910 Calthrop was engaged as consulting engineer by the promoters of a new railway between
751:. Calthrop's firm also supplied the wagon stock and the points and crossings for the railway.
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709:
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Calthrop was one of several foreign concessionaires involved with the initial development of
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296:
194:
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113:
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open wagons and one bogie van, once again similar to Barsi stock. He also introduced four
138:. Calthrop has been described as a "railway genius". Later in life he took an interest in
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352:
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131:
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articulated coupled axles to provide a flexible wheelbase, and four were supplied by
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A System of Standard Details as applied to the Construction of Rolling Stock in India
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426:
302:
179:
948:
902:
843:
406:
360:
928:, and received commendations for his stallion, Fitz, at its first show in 1919.
385:
Prior to shipment of the rolling stock to India, Calthrop and the manufacturer (
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progressed he continued to develop his parachute. In 1915 he offered it to the
759:
693:
324:
130:, and was especially prominent in India. His most notable achievement was the
1481:
1149:
909:
873:
835:
815:
740:
620:
375:
339:) gave the greatest capacity as a percentage of capital cost. He estimated a
316:
1231:
From the Caribbean to the Atlantic: a brief history of the Barbados Railway
807:
792:
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328:
167:
155:
127:
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fame. Rolls was a pioneer aviator, being the first man to fly across the
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858:
677:
402:
379:
364:
292:
288:
269:
175:
163:
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with the railway, and a 21-mile (34 km) branch line to the town of
877:
768:
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440:
280:
202:
1180:
Narrow Gauge & Industrial Railway Modelling Review No. 69 Jan 2007
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and then was apprenticed to the London & North Western Railway at
854:
320:
308:
257:
143:
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323:, which was light enough to allow railway lines to be built with 30
917:
916:, Essex, he purchased a permanent home, Goldings, at Clays Lane in
913:
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One of the Garratt locomotives supplied to the Arakan Light Railway
507:
In 1898 Calthrop corresponded with the government of the colony of
448:
139:
109:
105:
1369:"Technology and the First World War, Parachutes and the class war"
847:
547:
Calthrop was appointed to advise on engineering matters for this
102:
1393:"The Problem of the Parachute", The Motor Cycle, 17 October 1918
303:
Development of narrow-gauge concepts and the Barsi Light Railway
728:
390:
265:
261:
1155:
Clarence and Richmond Examiner (Grafton, NSW : 1889–1915)
912:. Following the long-term rental of a villa in Goldings Road,
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685:
577:
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470:
466:
394:
389:) conducted tests on a specially-built test track located at
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233:
229:
225:
221:) gauge as the standard narrow gauge throughout the country.
190:
1298:
Indian Railways Study Group Newsletter issue 8, January 1993
924:, published in 1920. Calthrop was a prominent member of the
717:
312:
409:
conversion program for all metre- and narrow-gauge lines.
653:
511:, Australia, regarding proposals for the construction of
1436:
The buildings of Loughton and notable people of the town
805:) narrow gauge. For this railway Calthrop had built two
502:
932:
the company of his son, Tev. He was seventy years old.
480:
818:, and the smallest Garratt design ever built by them.
134:, but he is best known in his home country for the
668:, and the initial plan was to build a railway of
634:Cleobury Mortimer and Ditton Priors Light Railway
628:Cleobury Mortimer and Ditton Priors Light Railway
112:. Calthrop was a notable promoter and builder of
1479:
1325:. Vol. 112, no. 787. pp. 624–625.
1009:Indian Locomotives Pt. 3, Narrow Gauge 1863-1940
989:Pickled Passengers – The Narrow Gauge number 219
712:locomotive designed by Calthrop and used on the
591:
412:
1402:
1270:The Narrow Gauge Railways of Bosnia-Hercegovina
783:. Calthrop had the proposed gauge changed from
942:
275:While Calthrop was resident in Liverpool, the
101:(3 March 1857 – 30 March 1927) was a British
1055:The Leek & Manifold Valley Light Railway
739:) gauge, with tight curves and 1 in 20 (5%)
260:, where three of his brothers had started a
1236:
1166:– via National Library of Australia.
1098:
1087:
1085:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
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908:Calthrop had a great interest in breeding
830:Calthrops black "Guardian Angel" parachute
295:. Later he was a foundation member of the
1189:
1158:. Grafton, NSW. 16 August 1898. p. 3
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1259:. Australian Railway Historical Society.
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1178:E R Calthrop & the Newlay Exhibition
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1063:
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1001:
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834:Calthrop was a close personal friend of
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758:
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170:, where Calthrop was born, and later at
149:
1301:
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754:
580:, centred on the provincial capital of
536:
367:and maximising potential wagon loads.
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1320:
1288:
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981:
660:Leek and Manifold Valley Light Railway
654:Leek and Manifold Valley Light Railway
136:Leek and Manifold Valley Light Railway
1285:. National Railway Museum New Delhi.
1249:
1170:
1120:"The Leek and Manifold Light Railway"
1060:
994:
718:Leighton Buzzard Narrow Gauge Railway
624:gauge railways in Serbia after 1898.
586:Pioneer Irrigation and Light Railways
503:Victorian Railways narrow-gauge lines
1433:
1218:Indian Narrow Gauge Steam Remembered
1079:, Newton Abbot, David & Charles.
939:on Goldings, unveiled in June 2008.
487:Welshpool and Llanfair Light Railway
481:Welshpool and Llanfair Light Railway
251:
1077:The Leak and Manifold Light Railway
420:
405:began in the late 1990s as part of
142:, patenting some early designs for
13:
1373:History Teachers' Discussion Forum
1283:Matheran Light Railway (1904-2003)
872:In 1916 Calthrop also patented an
743:. Calthrop designed a 0-6-0T with
14:
1529:
1498:Railway officers in British India
1150:"Light Railways for the Colonies"
268:relating to the equipment and to
1309:Garratt Locomotives of the World
991:. Narrow Gauge Railway Society.
922:The Horse, as Comrade and Friend
894:The Horse, as Comrade and Friend
465:build four new locomotives, two
160:London and North Western Railway
1513:British railway civil engineers
1442:
1427:
1396:
1387:
1360:
1329:
1314:
1272:. Frank Setvalls Forlag, Malmo.
1183:
883:
193:in 1874. In 1879 he joined the
90:Leek and Manifold Light Railway
1508:19th-century British inventors
1142:
1111:
935:Calthrop is commemorated by a
853:In 1913 he patented his first
199:Great Indian Peninsula Railway
1:
1011:. Continental Railway Circle.
974:
646:with mineral deposits in the
592:Serbian narrow-gauge railways
413:Involvement in other railways
248:, using his previous survey.
187:Robert Stephenson and Company
1233:. Locomotives International.
1220:Plateway Press, East Harling
1216:Marshall, Lawrence C., 2001
7:
943:Other narrow-gauge pioneers
727:is a mountain railway near
327:(14.9 kilograms per metre)
185:Calthrop started work with
178:. Calthrop was educated at
10:
1534:
1244:The Welshpool and Llanfair
1198:. Indian Railways Fan Club
1093:Light Railway Construction
657:
631:
540:
484:
676:) gauge to be powered by
158:, general manager of the
80:
72:
56:
30:
23:
1518:2 ft 6 in gauge railways
1296:The Arakan Light Railway
798:2 ft 6 in
692:, designed to transport
670:2 ft 6 in
527:2 ft 6 in
463:Baldwin Locomotive Works
454:2 ft 6 in
432:3 ft 6 in
341:2 ft 6 in
333:2 ft 6 in
238:2 ft 6 in
215:2 ft 6 in
119:2 ft 6 in
99:Everard Richard Calthrop
35:Everard Richard Calthrop
1503:English civil engineers
1450:"Blue Heritage Plaques"
1242:Cartwright R.J., 2002,
1255:Downs, Edward A. 1963
1091:Calthrop, E. R., 1997,
1053:Gratton, Robert, 2005,
897:
831:
822:Patents for parachutes
764:
749:Orenstein & Koppel
725:Matheran Light Railway
720:
714:Matheran Light Railway
701:Matheran Light Railway
244:) gauge horse-powered
162:. The family lived at
16:British civil engineer
1454:Loughton Town Council
1409:Ejection seat history
1375:. schoolhistory.co.uk
1342:Spartacus Educational
1294:Parkes, Kevin, 1993,
1281:Bhandari, R. R. 2004
1268:Chester, Keith. 2008
1124:Narrow Gauge Pleasure
892:Image as depicted in
891:
829:
779:, later known as the
762:
708:
439:) gauge railway from
380:double coiled springs
297:Royal Automobile Club
195:Great Western Railway
150:Early life and career
114:narrow-gauge railways
1434:Pond, Chris (2003).
1403:Bennett, Michael C.
1075:Turner, Keith 1980,
781:Arakan Light Railway
755:Arakan Light Railway
543:Fayoum Light Railway
537:Fayoum Light Railway
429:opened in 1883 as a
228:religious centre of
1415:on 22 November 2010
1311:David & Charles
1307:Durrant,A.E. 1981,
1229:Horsford, Jim 2004
1057:, RCL Publications.
896:, published in 1920
876:for aircraft using
812:Garratt locomotives
387:Leeds Forge Company
353:Barsi Light Railway
277:Chamber of Commerce
132:Barsi Light Railway
86:Barsi Light Railway
49:Deeping St Nicholas
1192:"Steam in History"
1007:Hughes, Hugh 1994
959:Abraham Fitzgibbon
926:Arab Horse Society
898:
863:Royal Flying Corps
832:
765:
721:
690:transporter wagons
666:Light Railways Act
513:narrow-gauge lines
493:transporter wagons
1460:on 27 August 2008
1095:, Plateway Press.
969:Carl Abraham Pihl
640:Cleobury Mortimer
497:Cambrian Railways
461:) gauge, and had
252:Move to Liverpool
96:
95:
88:in India and the
1525:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1456:. Archived from
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1411:. Archived from
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1380:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1344:. Archived from
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1323:Railway Magazine
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1196:The IRFCA Server
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1181:
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1167:
1165:
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1146:
1140:
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1137:
1135:
1126:. Archived from
1115:
1109:
1108:12 January 1897.
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1080:
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582:Medinet-el-Fayum
570:
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528:
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433:
427:Barbados Railway
421:Barbados Railway
361:Kitson & Co.
346:
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338:
334:
243:
239:
220:
216:
180:Uppingham School
156:Sir Guy Calthrop
125:
120:
116:, especially of
76:Railway engineer
63:
44:
42:
25:Everard Calthrop
21:
20:
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1190:Bhandari, R R.
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987:Bennett, Paul
986:
982:
977:
949:Paul Decauville
945:
903:Royal Engineers
886:
844:English Channel
824:
806:
802:
797:
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736:
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716:, seen bere at
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619:
612:
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602:2 ft
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555:2 ft
554:
549:
545:
539:
530:
526:
522:
517:
505:
489:
483:
458:
453:
436:
431:
423:
415:
407:Indian Railways
344:
340:
336:
332:
325:pounds per yard
305:
254:
241:
237:
218:
214:
152:
123:
118:
84:Developing the
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61:
52:
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26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1367:Simkin, John.
1359:
1348:on 15 May 2008
1336:Simkin, John.
1328:
1313:
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1257:Speed Limit 20
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993:
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956:
954:Robert Fairlie
951:
944:
941:
910:Arabian horses
885:
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878:compressed air
823:
820:
756:
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702:
699:
694:standard-gauge
658:Main article:
655:
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632:Main article:
629:
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81:Known for
78:
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64:(aged 70)
58:
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53:
47:
34:
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28:
27:
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15:
9:
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3:
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1530:
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1130:on 9 May 2008
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837:
836:Charles Rolls
828:
819:
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816:Beyer-Peacock
813:
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782:
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750:
746:
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622:
621:Bosnian gauge
589:
587:
583:
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437:1,067 mm
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376:Timmis system
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317:rolling stock
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278:
273:
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246:Nasik Tramway
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60:30 March 1927
59:
55:
50:
33:
29:
22:
19:
1475:
1462:. Retrieved
1458:the original
1453:
1444:
1435:
1429:
1417:. Retrieved
1413:the original
1408:
1398:
1389:
1377:. Retrieved
1372:
1362:
1350:. Retrieved
1346:the original
1341:
1338:"Parachutes"
1331:
1322:
1316:
1308:
1303:
1295:
1290:
1282:
1277:
1269:
1264:
1256:
1251:
1243:
1238:
1230:
1225:
1217:
1212:
1200:. Retrieved
1195:
1185:
1177:
1172:
1160:. Retrieved
1153:
1144:
1132:. Retrieved
1128:the original
1123:
1113:
1105:
1100:
1092:
1076:
1054:
1008:
988:
983:
934:
930:
921:
907:
899:
893:
884:Private life
874:ejector seat
871:
867:
852:
833:
793:narrow gauge
766:
745:Klein-Linder
722:
682:
663:
637:
595:
585:
546:
506:
490:
424:
416:
399:
384:
374:, using the
369:
349:
306:
285:
274:
270:refrigerated
255:
223:
210:
207:
184:
168:Lincolnshire
153:
128:narrow gauge
98:
97:
62:(1927-03-30)
45:3 March 1857
18:
1493:1927 deaths
1488:1857 births
1106:Engineering
964:Thomas Hall
937:blue plaque
859:World War I
840:Rolls-Royce
808:0-6-0+0-6-0
803:762 mm
789:610 mm
737:610 mm
678:electricity
674:762 mm
598:760 mm
550:750 mm
531:762 mm
523:610 mm
459:762 mm
403:broad gauge
365:tare weight
345:762 mm
337:762 mm
293:steam wagon
289:Thornycroft
272:transport.
242:762 mm
219:762 mm
205:inspector.
176:Isle of Ely
164:Deeping Fen
124:762 mm
92:in England.
1482:Categories
975:References
769:Buthidaung
648:Clee Hills
644:Shropshire
441:Bridgetown
372:Fox bogies
281:Manchester
203:locomotive
144:parachutes
73:Occupation
67:London, UK
41:1857-03-03
1464:15 August
1162:15 August
855:parachute
785:2 ft
733:2 ft
518:2 ft
473:T and an
445:St Andrew
309:axle load
262:stockfeed
258:Liverpool
918:Loughton
914:Loughton
773:Maungdaw
616: in
573:Egyptian
571:) gauge
569: in
509:Victoria
449:Barbados
140:aviation
110:inventor
106:engineer
1405:"1910s"
848:biplane
710:O&K
611:⁄
564:⁄
469:T's, a
393:, near
315:of all
311:on the
266:patents
174:in the
103:railway
1419:2 June
1379:2 June
1352:2 June
1202:2 June
1134:2 June
741:grades
729:Mumbai
391:Newlay
291:4-ton
172:Sutton
1176:anon
1104:anon
857:. As
838:, of
777:Burma
686:bogie
578:Cairo
525:) to
475:0-6-0
471:2-6-0
467:2-8-2
395:Leeds
357:0-8-4
313:axles
234:Barsi
230:Nasik
226:Hindu
201:as a
191:Crewe
1466:2008
1421:2008
1381:2008
1354:2008
1204:2008
1164:2012
1136:2008
771:and
723:The
425:The
329:rail
321:axle
108:and
57:Died
51:, UK
31:Born
795:to
775:in
642:in
533:).
477:T.
443:to
378:of
1484::
1452:.
1407:.
1371:.
1340:.
1194:.
1152:.
1122:.
1084:^
1062:^
1016:^
996:^
880:.
791:)
618:)
613:16
609:15
588:.
447:,
299:.
182:.
166:,
146:.
126:)
1468:.
1438:.
1423:.
1383:.
1356:.
1206:.
1138:.
801:(
787:(
735:(
672:(
606:+
604:5
600:(
566:2
562:1
559:+
557:5
553:(
529:(
521:(
457:(
435:(
343:(
335:(
240:(
217:(
122:(
43:)
39:(
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