32:
1167:
676:
Elections are established at every tier of local government, except the provincial level, where the
Governor is appointed by the national government. Elections are only direct elections by the citizens at the cell level. Members of sector and district councils are elected indirectly from the level
661:
The Senate has 26 members, of which 14 are indirectly elected and 12 are appointed. The 14 indirectly elected members consist of 12 members elected by local councils and two university lecturers elected by university staff. The 12 appointed members include eight appointed by the
President and four
455:
political system. A complicated electoral system was created, which involved several stages of elections to eventually elect the national
Superior Council; notables elected Sub-Chiefdom Councils; sub-chieds and notables elected Chiefdom Councils; sub-chiefs and Chiefdom Council members elected
503:; in the presidential elections voters could vote for or against Kayibanda's candidacy, whilst in the National Assembly elections voters could approve the entire MDR-Parmehutu list or give a preferential vote to one candidate. The
653:) and three members elected by mini-committees, two representing youth (elected by the National Youth Council) and one representing disabled people (elected by the Federation of the Associations of the Disabled.
252:
247:
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527:
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below, with reserved seats for representatives of the interest groups of women and of youth. No candidate at local elections can claim partisan affiliation.
137:
1758:
285:
1133:
1070:
Chemouni, Benjamin (2014-04-03). "Explaining the design of the
Rwandan decentralization: elite vulnerability and the territorial repartition of power".
1728:
1498:
345:
694:
386:
350:
456:
Territorial
Councils, with chiefs and Territorial Councils electing the Superior Council member. Elections were held under this system in
1155:
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57:
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1844:
1944:
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582:
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523:
468:
461:
457:
262:
230:
876:
Beswick, Danielle (2011). "Aiding State
Building and Sacrificing Peace Building? The Rwanda–UK relationship 1994–2011".
557:, the next elections were not held until 2003, by which time the country had reverted to being a multi-party democracy.
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
578:
566:
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515:
213:
174:
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1372:
914:
Four. Imagining a Modern Rwanda: Sociotechnological
Imaginaries, Information Technology, and the Postgenocide State
686:
402:
are manipulated in various ways, which include banning opposition parties, arresting or assassinating critics, and
379:
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723:
1878:
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the sole legal party, and was approved by 89% of voters. Another new constitution was introduced following a
504:
492:
235:
218:
2339:
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1978:
1237:
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427:
132:
75:
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2034:
1993:
1873:
1837:
1810:
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500:
476:
372:
275:
2173:
2078:
1558:
1413:
1141:
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671:
530:(MRND), the sole legal party, win all 64 seats. Habyarimana was re-elected with 99.97% of the vote in
2278:
2200:
2051:
1793:
1668:
1658:
1463:
646:
638:
2098:
2093:
1988:
1973:
1673:
1563:
1493:
642:
634:
87:
2195:
2124:
1983:
1888:
1733:
1653:
1618:
1603:
1588:
1543:
1478:
732:
562:
415:
161:
1784:
2220:
2185:
2039:
2024:
1830:
1608:
52:
45:
1009:& Klaus Landfried (1978) Die Wahl der Parlamente: Band II: Afrika, Zweiter Halbband, p1699
852:
519:
2144:
2044:
1708:
1683:
1533:
1528:
1508:
1473:
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1406:
321:
722:
Waldorf, Lars (2017). "The
Apotheosis of a Warlord: Paul Kagame". In Themnér, Anders (ed.).
496:
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2056:
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1693:
1663:
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1633:
1623:
1613:
1578:
1573:
1523:
1468:
1443:
141:
112:
629:
in a single nationwide constituency, 24 women elected by electoral colleges formed in the
518:
were held in 1978, in which voters could vote for or against the candidacy of coup leader
8:
2258:
2190:
2159:
1961:
1703:
1698:
1593:
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1448:
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569:
with 95% of the vote, whilst the RPF-led coalition won 40 of the 53 elected seats in the
423:
407:
186:
181:
92:
2263:
2225:
2012:
1998:
1917:
1895:
1678:
1628:
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1548:
1538:
1513:
1453:
1095:
981:
940:
893:
773:
610:
22:
756:
Holmes, Georgina (2014). "Gendering the Rwanda
Defence Force: A Critical Assessment".
2302:
2240:
2154:
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1934:
1929:
1910:
1883:
1865:
1688:
1598:
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777:
736:
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99:
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2139:
1951:
1939:
1922:
1121:
1079:
998:
918:
885:
765:
554:
542:, this time with 99.98% of the vote, whilst the MRND won all 70 seats again in the
538:
a week later seeing the MRND win all 70 seats. Habyarimana was re-elected again in
311:
289:
1057:
1045:
1033:
1018:
689:
decided the future of the monarchy, with 80% voting in favour of abolishing it. A
2318:
2283:
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2268:
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2066:
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saw amendments to presidential term limits and length approved by 98% of voters.
488:
431:
411:
403:
119:
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125:
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by the
Belgian colonial authorities introduced an element of democracy to the
2333:
2129:
1900:
1127:
1091:
1006:
977:
791:
499:
was re-elected President unopposed, whilst the party won all 47 seats in the
847:
Waldorf, Lars (2005). "Rwanda's failing experiment in restorative justice".
406:. According to its constitution, Rwanda is a multi-party democracy with a
558:
419:
80:
31:
1046:
General information about the parliamentary chamber: Chamber of Deputies
985:
961:
725:
Warlord Democrats in Africa: Ex-Military Leaders and Electoral Politics
594:
1398:
823:"Rwanda's economic growth could be derailed by its autocratic regime"
581:
with 93% of the vote. The RPF coalition retained its majority in the
472:
1822:
1853:
1166:
650:
452:
1116:
1058:
General information about the parliamentary chamber: Senate
821:
Ph.D, Joseph Sebarenzi; Twagiramungu, Noel (8 April 2019).
528:
National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development
685:
Four national referendums have been held in Rwanda; the
507:
were held under the same system with the same result.
701:
in which it was approved by 93% of voters. A fourth
625:
consisted of 53 directly elected members elected by
487:
Following independence in 1962 the country became a
662:appointed by the Forum of Political Organisations.
467:The first direct elections in Rwanda were held in
945:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2331:
820:
693:in 1978 introduced a constitution that made the
695:National Revolutionary Movement for Development
1838:
1414:
1149:
380:
491:with MDR-Parmehutu as the sole legal party.
434:is indirectly elected and partly appointed.
282:Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation
966:Georgetown Journal of International Affairs
917:. University of Chicago Press. p. 87.
1845:
1831:
1421:
1407:
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373:
962:"Behind the Façade of Rwanda's Elections"
959:
797:Rwanda: From Genocide to Precarious Peace
758:Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding
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875:
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790:
721:
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800:. Yale University Press. p. 185.
755:
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571:September 2003 parliamentary elections
1826:
1402:
1137:
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609:is elected in one round of voting by
565:(RPF) was re-elected as president in
573:. The coalition won 42 seats in the
526:were delayed until 1981 and saw the
482:
437:
1852:
1172:Elections and referendums in Rwanda
588:
442:
13:
1072:Journal of Eastern African Studies
1024:
665:
577:, with Kagame re-elected again in
475:winning 35 of the 44 seats in the
14:
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430:are directly elected, whilst the
410:. In practice, it functions as a
1729:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1499:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1165:
992:
30:
1063:
1051:
1039:
1012:
849:Handbook of Restorative Justice
426:and majority of members of the
58:International Criminal Tribunal
1879:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa
953:
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840:
814:
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1:
1117:National Electoral Commission
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1124:Adam Carr's Election Archive
1084:10.1080/17531055.2014.891800
890:10.1080/01436597.2011.610593
770:10.1080/17502977.2014.964449
600:
583:2013 parliamentary elections
575:2008 parliamentary elections
7:
2231:Water supply and sanitation
627:proportional representation
495:were held in 1965 in which
10:
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1130:African Elections Database
672:Decentralization in Rwanda
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2020:
2011:
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1742:
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960:Reyntjens, Filip (2011).
923:10.7208/9780226276663-004
691:constitutional referendum
656:
1484:Central African Republic
911:Bowman, Warigia (2015).
731:. Bloomsbury Academic /
175:Administrative divisions
1238:Parliamentary elections
925:(inactive 2024-09-12).
733:Nordic Africa Institute
563:Rwandan Patriotic Front
544:parliamentary elections
536:parliamentary elections
524:Parliamentary elections
522:; 99% voted in favour.
416:Rwandan Patriotic Front
1180:Presidential elections
621:The 80 members of the
516:presidential elections
449:Decree of 14 July 1952
300:Diplomatic missions of
1644:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1504:Republic of the Congo
878:Third World Quarterly
851:. Routledge. p.
1430:Elections in Africa
585:, winning 41 seats.
546:the following week.
477:Legislative Assembly
142:Donatille Mukabalisa
2340:Elections in Rwanda
2072:Chamber of Deputies
1719:States with limited
1128:Elections in Rwanda
623:Chamber of Deputies
617:Chamber of Deputies
607:President of Rwanda
553:and the subsequent
520:Juvénal Habyarimana
428:Chamber of Deputies
408:presidential system
400:Elections in Rwanda
133:Chamber of Deputies
2150:Telecommunications
1918:Rwandan Revolution
1906:Colonial residents
1896:German East Africa
703:referendum in 2015
497:Grégoire Kayibanda
23:Politics of Rwanda
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2216:Human trafficking
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2084:Political parties
2035:Foreign relations
2007:
2006:
1935:Rwandan Civil War
1930:Bugesera invasion
1911:Ruzagayura famine
1884:Kingdom of Rwanda
1820:
1819:
1746:other territories
1519:Equatorial Guinea
1396:
1395:
932:978-0-226-27666-3
884:(10): 1911–1930.
862:978-0-203-34682-2
807:978-0-300-23591-3
742:978-1-78360-248-3
597:in Rwanda is 18.
551:Rwandan Civil War
501:National Assembly
493:General elections
483:Post-independence
438:Electoral history
397:
396:
317:Visa requirements
276:Foreign relations
263:Political parties
206:Recent elections
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2079:Decentralization
2018:
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1966:
1952:Second Congo War
1940:Rwandan genocide
1923:Coup of Gitarama
1847:
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1806:(United Kingdom)
1802:Tristan da Cunha
1798:Ascension Island
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1111:External links
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1078:(2): 246–262.
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764:(4): 321–333.
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24:
20:
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16:
2221:Prostitution
2186:Demographics
2040:Human rights
2029:
2025:Constitution
1794:Saint Helena
1765:
1669:South Africa
1659:Sierra Leone
1638:
1464:Burkina Faso
1171:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1053:
1041:
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994:
972:(2): 64–69.
969:
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830:. Retrieved
826:
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675:
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620:
604:
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510:Following a
509:
486:
466:
448:
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399:
398:
199:
53:Human rights
46:Constitution
15:
2045:LGBT rights
1721:recognition
1674:South Sudan
1564:Ivory Coast
1366:Referendums
832:5 September
681:Referendums
567:August 2003
559:Paul Kagame
549:Due to the
514:, the next
420:Paul Kagame
322:Visa policy
212:President:
124:President:
81:Paul Kagame
2264:Literature
2211:Healthcare
2132:(currency)
2062:Parliament
1979:Ecoregions
1776:(Portugal)
1734:Somaliland
1654:Seychelles
1619:Mozambique
1604:Mauritania
1589:Madagascar
1544:The Gambia
1479:Cape Verde
709:References
670:See also:
633:(six from
595:voting age
229:Assembly:
113:Parliament
70:Government
2259:Languages
2191:Education
2160:Transport
2089:President
2030:Elections
1994:Volcanoes
1962:Geography
1609:Mauritius
1100:153603847
1092:1753-1055
978:1526-0054
941:cite book
898:153404360
778:144474675
631:provinces
611:plurality
601:President
512:1973 coup
424:President
337:in Rwanda
304:in Rwanda
200:Elections
187:Districts
182:Provinces
156:Judiciary
76:President
2334:Category
2319:Category
2226:Religion
2057:Military
2013:Politics
1999:Wildlife
1874:Timeline
1858:articles
1800: /
1796: /
1789:(France)
1783: /
1761: /
1757: /
1709:Zimbabwe
1684:Tanzania
1534:Ethiopia
1529:Eswatini
1509:Djibouti
1474:Cameroon
1459:Botswana
986:43133887
794:(2018).
647:Northern
639:Southern
555:genocide
312:Passport
286:Ministry
246:Senate:
2303:Outline
2249:Cuisine
2241:Culture
2174:Society
2155:Tourism
2113:Economy
1866:History
1785:RĂ©union
1781:Mayotte
1772:Madeira
1767:(Spain)
1763:Melilla
1694:Tunisia
1664:Somalia
1649:Senegal
1634:Nigeria
1624:Namibia
1614:Morocco
1579:Liberia
1574:Lesotho
1524:Eritrea
1494:Comoros
1469:Burundi
1444:Algeria
643:Western
635:Eastern
561:of the
534:, with
471:, with
462:1956–57
458:1953–54
453:Rwandan
138:Speaker
100:Cabinet
2206:Health
2140:Mining
2130:Franc
2067:Senate
1974:Cities
1856:
1854:Rwanda
1804:
1787:
1774:
1704:Zambia
1699:Uganda
1639:Rwanda
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1554:Guinea
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1019:Rwanda
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657:Senate
651:Kigali
432:Senate
422:. The
351:UNAMIR
346:UNOMUR
120:Senate
2310:Index
2284:Sport
2274:Music
2269:Media
1984:Lakes
1889:kings
1759:Ceuta
1679:Sudan
1629:Niger
1584:Libya
1569:Kenya
1549:Ghana
1539:Gabon
1514:Egypt
1454:Benin
1096:S2CID
982:JSTOR
894:S2CID
774:S2CID
729:(PDF)
356:UNREO
2254:Flag
1689:Togo
1599:Mali
1489:Chad
1388:2015
1383:2003
1378:1978
1373:1961
1357:2021
1352:2016
1347:2011
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1327:1993
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1301:2018
1296:2013
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1276:1983
1271:1981
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1246:1954
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1223:2017
1218:2010
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1088:ISSN
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974:ISSN
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927:ISBN
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