32:
467:
The constitution provides for a two house parliament, an elected
President serving seven year terms, and multi-party politics. The constitution also sought to prevent Hutu or Tutsi hegemony over political power. Article 54 states that "political organizations are prohibited from basing themselves on
471:
In general it was men who had organised the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi and they were disproportionately the victims. The constitution reserved 24 of the 80 seats for women and this did not preclude other women from competing for the remaining seats in the lower house. This lower house has had
443:
The draft constitution was released in 2003; it was approved by the
Parliament, and was then put to a referendum in May of that year. The government gave the referendum a high profile, which meant that ultimately 95% of eligible adults registered to vote and the turnout on voting day was 87%. The
439:
The
Commission sought to ensure that the draft Constitution was "home-grown", relevant to Rwanda's specific needs and reflected the views of the entire population. They sent questionnaires to civil groups across the country and rejected offers of help from the international community, except for
479:, this clause along with later laws enacted by Parliament effectively make Rwanda a one-party state, as "under the guise of preventing another genocide, the government displays a marked intolerance of the most basic forms of dissent".
436:
set up a
Constitutional Commission to draft a new permanent Constitution. The Constitution was required to adhere to a set of fundamental principles including equitable power sharing and democracy.
444:
constitution was overwhelmingly accepted, with 93% voting in favour. This constitution, among other things, changed the country's official name from "Rwandese
Republic" to "Republic of Rwanda".
1711:
1758:
1754:
252:
247:
459:, as well as shortening presidential terms from seven to five years, although the latter change would not come into effect until 2024. They were approved by around 98% of voters.
1750:
1741:
1737:
1728:
1719:
1715:
137:
1685:
1455:
285:
492:
777:
1379:
345:
432:'s 1991 Constitution, the Arusha Accords, and some additional protocols introduced by the transitional government. As required by the Accords,
1600:
1440:
386:
350:
416:
The
Constitution provides for a presidential system of government, with separation of powers between the three branches. It condemns the
57:
1460:
872:
448:
410:
972:
355:
316:
1372:
1258:
838:
737:
700:
661:
303:
299:
933:
1111:
456:
262:
230:
213:
174:
1475:
468:
race, ethnic group, tribe, clan, region, sex, religion or any other division which may give rise to discrimination".
1365:
1337:
885:
379:
1789:
1767:
906:
1794:
1515:
235:
218:
1625:
1615:
1420:
1177:
1116:
1099:
1006:
792:
132:
75:
1799:
1630:
1520:
1450:
1243:
1062:
1021:
901:
865:
601:
372:
275:
1690:
1610:
1575:
1560:
1545:
1500:
1435:
1201:
1106:
1565:
1306:
1228:
1079:
472:
nearly half of its members being female. Six places are also reserved for women in the upper house.
1665:
1640:
1490:
1485:
1465:
1430:
1415:
1126:
1121:
1016:
1001:
87:
1650:
1620:
1605:
1590:
1580:
1570:
1535:
1530:
1480:
1425:
1400:
1223:
1152:
1011:
916:
589:
161:
1660:
1655:
1550:
1510:
1405:
1248:
1213:
1067:
858:
52:
690:
651:
1635:
1585:
1540:
1525:
1505:
1495:
1470:
1410:
1172:
1072:
321:
1645:
1555:
1445:
1238:
1089:
1084:
141:
112:
812:
8:
1286:
1218:
1187:
1057:
989:
429:
199:
186:
181:
92:
1291:
1253:
1040:
1026:
945:
923:
816:
476:
22:
721:
1330:
1268:
1182:
1140:
962:
957:
938:
911:
893:
696:
657:
99:
428:
Between 1994 and 2003 Rwanda was governed by a set of documents combining
President
1233:
1167:
979:
967:
950:
625:
613:
488:
417:
311:
289:
843:
741:
1346:
1311:
1301:
1296:
1276:
1094:
119:
1281:
788:
334:
125:
1783:
1157:
928:
785:
7th Global Forum for
Reinventing Government, Vienna, Austria, 26–29 June 2007
757:
401:
1357:
736:
Commission
Juridique Et Constitutionnelle Du Rwanda (CJCR) (26 May 2003).
452:
433:
80:
31:
761:
487:
Clause 179 of the constitution is concerned with the aftermath of the
420:
in the preamble, expressing hope for reconciliation and prosperity.
451:
was held on 18 December 2015. The amendments would allow
President
850:
778:"The Constitution Making Process in Rwanda: Lessons to be Learned"
881:
405:
631:
614:
Paul Kagame's third term: Rwanda referendum on 18 December
540:
504:
573:
571:
569:
567:
413:
on May 26, 2003. It replaced the Constitution of 1991.
762:"Rwanda's new constitution: The fear of majority rule"
528:
516:
626:
Rwanda vote 'allows Kagame to extend term in office'
564:
688:
649:
552:
682:
493:National Commission for the Fight against Genocide
1781:
670:
643:
1373:
866:
380:
282:Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation
1387:
1380:
1366:
873:
859:
775:
546:
534:
522:
510:
387:
373:
756:
577:
738:"Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda"
719:
558:
1782:
689:Aimable Twagilimana (1 October 2007).
650:Aimable Twagilimana (1 October 2007).
449:referendum on the Rwandan constitution
1361:
854:
455:to run for a third term in office in
810:
776:Gasamagera, Wellars (22 June 2007).
735:
676:
637:
880:
13:
607:
14:
1811:
832:
1686:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1456:Democratic Republic of the Congo
695:. Scarecrow Press. p. 124.
656:. Scarecrow Press. p. 173.
30:
813:"The power of horror in Rwanda"
811:Roth, Kenneth (11 April 2009).
692:Historical Dictionary of Rwanda
653:Historical Dictionary of Rwanda
619:
58:International Criminal Tribunal
907:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa
722:"Rwanda votes on constitution"
595:
583:
1:
712:
7:
1259:Water supply and sanitation
462:
10:
1816:
628:BBC News, 19 December 2015
423:
1699:
1674:
1393:
1324:
1267:
1209:
1200:
1148:
1139:
1048:
1039:
997:
988:
892:
616:BBC News, 9 December 2015
602:Constitution. Rwanda 2015
590:Constitution. Rwanda 2010
482:
1441:Central African Republic
720:BBC News (26 May 2003).
498:
175:Administrative divisions
1388:Constitutions of Africa
1790:Constitution of Rwanda
839:Constitution of Rwanda
440:financial assistance.
300:Diplomatic missions of
1601:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1461:Republic of the Congo
604:constituteproject.org
592:constituteproject.org
1795:Government of Rwanda
142:Donatille Mukabalisa
1676:States with limited
1100:Chamber of Deputies
491:and it creates the
133:Chamber of Deputies
1800:Politics of Rwanda
1178:Telecommunications
946:Rwandan Revolution
934:Colonial residents
924:German East Africa
817:Human Rights Watch
477:Human Rights Watch
23:Politics of Rwanda
1777:
1776:
1703:other territories
1476:Equatorial Guinea
1355:
1354:
1320:
1319:
1244:Human trafficking
1196:
1195:
1135:
1134:
1112:Political parties
1063:Foreign relations
1035:
1034:
963:Rwandan Civil War
958:Bugesera invasion
939:Ruzagayura famine
912:Kingdom of Rwanda
702:978-0-8108-6426-9
663:978-0-8108-6426-9
397:
396:
317:Visa requirements
276:Foreign relations
263:Political parties
206:Recent elections
1807:
1764:
1763:(United Kingdom)
1759:Tristan da Cunha
1755:Ascension Island
1747:
1734:
1725:
1701:Dependencies and
1394:Sovereign states
1382:
1375:
1368:
1359:
1358:
1340:
1333:
1207:
1206:
1161:
1146:
1145:
1107:Decentralization
1046:
1045:
995:
994:
980:Second Congo War
968:Rwandan genocide
951:Coup of Gitarama
875:
868:
861:
852:
851:
827:
825:
823:
807:
805:
803:
797:
791:. Archived from
782:
772:
770:
768:
753:
751:
749:
744:on 25 March 2009
740:. Archived from
732:
730:
728:
707:
706:
686:
680:
674:
668:
667:
647:
641:
635:
629:
623:
617:
611:
605:
599:
593:
587:
581:
575:
562:
556:
550:
544:
538:
532:
526:
520:
514:
508:
489:Rwandan genocide
418:Rwandan genocide
389:
382:
375:
290:Richard Sezibera
93:Édouard Ngirente
34:
18:
17:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1762:
1745:
1732:
1723:
1704:
1702:
1695:
1679:
1677:
1670:
1389:
1386:
1356:
1351:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1316:
1307:Public holidays
1263:
1229:Gender equality
1192:
1159:
1131:
1080:Law enforcement
1031:
984:
888:
879:
835:
830:
821:
819:
801:
799:
798:on 12 July 2019
795:
780:
766:
764:
760:(29 May 2003).
747:
745:
726:
724:
715:
710:
703:
687:
683:
675:
671:
664:
648:
644:
636:
632:
624:
620:
612:
608:
600:
596:
588:
584:
576:
565:
557:
553:
547:Gasamagera 2007
545:
541:
535:Gasamagera 2007
533:
529:
523:Gasamagera 2007
521:
517:
513:, pp. 1–2.
511:Gasamagera 2007
509:
505:
501:
485:
465:
426:
409:was adopted by
393:
364:
363:
360:
338:
327:
326:
308:
296:
278:
268:
267:
257:
240:
223:
202:
192:
191:
177:
167:
166:
157:
149:
148:
115:
105:
104:
71:
63:
62:
48:
25:
12:
11:
5:
1813:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1768:Western Sahara
1765:
1748:
1735:
1726:
1712:Canary Islands
1708:
1707:
1705:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1682:
1680:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1362:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1273:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1173:Stock Exchange
1170:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1127:Prime Minister
1124:
1122:Vice President
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1017:National parks
1014:
1009:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
985:
983:
982:
977:
976:
975:
973:Initial events
965:
960:
955:
954:
953:
943:
942:
941:
936:
926:
921:
920:
919:
909:
904:
898:
896:
890:
889:
878:
877:
870:
863:
855:
849:
848:
842:Archived from
834:
833:External links
831:
829:
828:
808:
789:United Nations
773:
754:
733:
716:
714:
711:
709:
708:
701:
681:
669:
662:
642:
630:
618:
606:
594:
582:
578:Economist 2003
563:
551:
549:, p. 5–6.
539:
527:
515:
502:
500:
497:
484:
481:
464:
461:
425:
422:
395:
394:
392:
391:
384:
377:
369:
366:
365:
362:
361:
359:
358:
353:
348:
342:
339:
335:United Nations
333:
332:
329:
328:
325:
324:
319:
314:
307:
306:
295:
294:
293:
292:
279:
274:
273:
270:
269:
266:
265:
260:
259:
258:
256:
255:
250:
243:
241:
239:
238:
233:
226:
224:
222:
221:
216:
209:
203:
198:
197:
194:
193:
190:
189:
184:
178:
173:
172:
169:
168:
165:
164:
158:
155:
154:
151:
150:
147:
146:
145:
144:
130:
129:
128:
126:Bernard Makuza
116:
111:
110:
107:
106:
103:
102:
97:
96:
95:
88:Prime Minister
85:
84:
83:
72:
69:
68:
65:
64:
61:
60:
55:
49:
44:
43:
40:
39:
36:
35:
27:
26:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1812:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1769:
1766:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1516:Guinea-Bissau
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1224:Ethnic groups
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1153:National Bank
1151:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
996:
993:
991:
987:
981:
978:
974:
971:
970:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
952:
949:
948:
947:
944:
940:
937:
935:
932:
931:
930:
929:Ruanda-Urundi
927:
925:
922:
918:
915:
914:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
899:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
876:
871:
869:
864:
862:
857:
856:
853:
847:
846:on 2009-03-25
845:
840:
837:
836:
818:
814:
809:
794:
790:
786:
779:
774:
763:
759:
755:
743:
739:
734:
723:
718:
717:
704:
698:
694:
693:
685:
678:
673:
665:
659:
655:
654:
646:
640:, article 54.
639:
634:
627:
622:
615:
610:
603:
598:
591:
586:
579:
574:
572:
570:
568:
560:
559:BBC News 2003
555:
548:
543:
536:
531:
524:
519:
512:
507:
503:
496:
494:
490:
480:
478:
475:According to
473:
469:
460:
458:
454:
450:
445:
441:
437:
435:
431:
421:
419:
414:
412:
408:
407:
403:
390:
385:
383:
378:
376:
371:
370:
368:
367:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
343:
341:
340:
336:
331:
330:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
309:
305:
301:
298:
297:
291:
287:
284:
283:
281:
280:
277:
272:
271:
264:
261:
254:
251:
249:
245:
244:
242:
237:
234:
232:
228:
227:
225:
220:
217:
215:
211:
210:
208:
207:
205:
204:
201:
196:
195:
188:
185:
183:
180:
179:
176:
171:
170:
163:
162:Supreme Court
160:
159:
153:
152:
143:
139:
136:
135:
134:
131:
127:
123:
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121:
118:
117:
114:
109:
108:
101:
98:
94:
91:
90:
89:
86:
82:
79:
78:
77:
74:
73:
67:
66:
59:
56:
54:
51:
50:
47:
42:
41:
38:
37:
33:
29:
28:
24:
20:
19:
16:
1751:Saint Helena
1722:
1626:South Africa
1616:Sierra Leone
1595:
1421:Burkina Faso
1249:Prostitution
1214:Demographics
1068:Human rights
1053:Constitution
1052:
844:the original
841:
820:. Retrieved
800:. Retrieved
793:the original
784:
765:. Retrieved
746:. Retrieved
742:the original
725:. Retrieved
691:
684:
672:
652:
645:
633:
621:
609:
597:
585:
554:
542:
537:, p. 4.
530:
525:, p. 3.
518:
506:
486:
474:
470:
466:
446:
442:
438:
427:
415:
402:Constitution
400:
398:
53:Human rights
46:Constitution
45:
15:
1678:recognition
1631:South Sudan
1521:Ivory Coast
1073:LGBT rights
802:11 February
748:16 February
495:in Kigali.
453:Paul Kagame
434:Paul Kagame
430:Habyarimana
322:Visa policy
212:President:
124:President:
81:Paul Kagame
1784:Categories
1733:(Portugal)
1691:Somaliland
1611:Seychelles
1576:Mozambique
1561:Mauritania
1546:Madagascar
1501:The Gambia
1436:Cape Verde
1292:Literature
1239:Healthcare
1160:(currency)
1090:Parliament
1007:Ecoregions
767:8 February
727:8 February
713:References
411:referendum
229:Assembly:
113:Parliament
70:Government
1566:Mauritius
1287:Languages
1219:Education
1188:Transport
1117:President
1058:Elections
1022:Volcanoes
990:Geography
758:Economist
677:Roth 2009
638:CJCR 2003
337:in Rwanda
304:in Rwanda
200:Elections
187:Districts
182:Provinces
156:Judiciary
76:President
1757: /
1753: /
1746:(France)
1740: /
1718: /
1714: /
1666:Zimbabwe
1641:Tanzania
1491:Ethiopia
1486:Eswatini
1466:Djibouti
1431:Cameroon
1416:Botswana
1347:Category
1254:Religion
1085:Military
1041:Politics
1027:Wildlife
902:Timeline
886:articles
822:26 March
463:Overview
312:Passport
286:Ministry
246:Senate:
1742:RĂ©union
1738:Mayotte
1729:Madeira
1724:(Spain)
1720:Melilla
1651:Tunisia
1621:Somalia
1606:Senegal
1591:Nigeria
1581:Namibia
1571:Morocco
1536:Liberia
1531:Lesotho
1481:Eritrea
1451:Comoros
1426:Burundi
1401:Algeria
1331:Outline
1277:Cuisine
1269:Culture
1202:Society
1183:Tourism
1141:Economy
894:History
424:History
138:Speaker
100:Cabinet
1761:
1744:
1731:
1661:Zambia
1656:Uganda
1596:Rwanda
1551:Malawi
1511:Guinea
1406:Angola
1234:Health
1168:Mining
1158:Franc
1095:Senate
1002:Cities
884:
882:Rwanda
699:
660:
483:Detail
406:Rwanda
351:UNAMIR
346:UNOMUR
120:Senate
1716:Ceuta
1636:Sudan
1586:Niger
1541:Libya
1526:Kenya
1506:Ghana
1496:Gabon
1471:Egypt
1411:Benin
1338:Index
1312:Sport
1302:Music
1297:Media
1012:Lakes
917:kings
796:(PDF)
781:(PDF)
499:Notes
356:UNREO
1646:Togo
1556:Mali
1446:Chad
1282:Flag
824:2012
804:2013
769:2013
750:2012
729:2013
697:ISBN
658:ISBN
457:2017
399:The
253:2019
248:2011
236:2024
231:2018
219:2024
214:2017
404:of
1786::
815:.
787:.
783:.
566:^
447:A
302:/
288::
140::
1381:e
1374:t
1367:v
874:e
867:t
860:v
826:.
806:.
771:.
752:.
731:.
705:.
679:.
666:.
580:.
561:.
388:e
381:t
374:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
