635:(also known as the Infant John), until John made the bold and unexpected decision to seek reconciliation with his brother Peter II, who had been so far on the side of the "Latins", and who had feared the ambition of his nobleman brother. As a result, the Palizzi were exiled from the island and the "Catalans" thus gained the upper hand thanks to their favor with the Sicilian throne. This division among the descendants of King Frederic III of Sicily had thus even split up Elizabeth's family for a time, as Elizabeth remained favorable to the Palizzi faction, yet royal control remained with Duke John through his co-regency in the name of his nephew Louis II, still a minor, and therefore the Catalans remained with the upper hand. However, the opposing "Latin" faction encountered a reversal of their negative fortunes when John succumbed, presumably, to the plague and died in 1348, leaving Elizabeth as the sole regent in the name of her son Louis. Thereupon the "Latin" party allied to the Queen Mother seized control of the Sicilian state and recalled the exiled Palizzi.
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hear calls for the expulsion of the noble families in the "Catalan" faction, "from their castles, their offices, their dignities and their honours", or chants of "May they leave the
Kingdom!". This sentiment was not new, as early as 1342, this popular anti-Catalan feeling found expression in chanting "Viva lu Re et lu Populu" in Messina (Long Live the King and the People: "Long live the King and the People" in the Medieval Sicilian). The success of Elizabeth's chosen faction therefore appeared secure, despite all the challenges presented in internal and foreign intrigues, when Elizabeth died, possibly to the plague, as late as 1352. For a time after her death, there existed a notable unity between the families of the "Latin" faction, yet all this unity was overturned when Louis himself died from the plague in 1355 at the young age of 17, and the pro-Catalan
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social and political conflict between them and the throne. Since the nobility controlled the majority of the military force in the kingdom, their rebellion had severe implications towards the throne. From the 1330s until the 1370s, the aristocracy took increasing control of demesne land and towns. The throne's attempts to reduce the power of the nobility was unsuccessful despite
Elizabeth's efforts. She proposed a peaceful partition of the country among the most powerful magnate houses in 1350, but it failed after six months. A second attempt was made in 1352, but it too failed after only a year. No final settlement dividing Sicily's administration was reached until the 1360s, after Elizabeth's death. The conclusion was a division of power based on military supremacy between a few feudal states, with the throne retaining little practical influence.
581:, along with constructing numerous fortresses. All of Sicily eventually came into contact with the military power of the aristocracy through the duties of military service and the carrying out of justice possessed by the nobility. This influence of local power was, beyond the simple creation or re-establishment of baronies, another way in which the aristocracy gained power and threatened the authority of the Sicilian throne. The two sides of the struggle to come between the baronies and the throne had thus been outlined before the beginning of Elizabeth's regency and continued along the same course during it, eventually flaring up into civil war.
250:. Famine, warfare and plague were widespread in Europe during the mid-fourteenth century, which had a devastating impact on Sicily in particular, due to its economic expansion and prosperity in the two centuries prior. Elizabeth's reign occurred during a period where Italian citizens were disheartened and anxious, which caused tension among the local populace. The island was also marked by turbulent relations between the throne and Sicily's noble families, eventually degenerating into a civil war. These internal rivalries between the noble families required the coming of age of Elizabeth's sons to resolve the fighting.
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of these men were individual nobles who claimed feudal jurisdiction, and in fact it is speculated by historian John Larner that the revolts were brought about by royal incitement. This is possible considering the tension between the royalty and the aristocracy during this period. Elizabeth of
Carinthia's brief rule occurred during a period of social change and economic crisis. It was characterized by conflict between the throne and the aristocracy, and the socioeconomic, ideological and behavioural changes brought about by the devastating effects of the Black Death.
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Sicily. To this end, each family vied for a friendly ear of the queen-regent
Elizabeth. The two groups of families in this war have come to be known respectively as the local "Latin" faction, the Chiaramonte, the Palizzi and the Scaloro degli Uberti, with whom Elizabeth sided, and the "Catalans", whose members included the families of foreign origin, the Peralta, the Alagona and the Ventimigilia. The "Catalans" found favour with Elizabeth's brother in law, the nobleman
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Frederick wanted to integrate the people of Sicily and unite them into a true
Kingdom of Sicily. He attempted to do this by drawing on the people's hate of the Angevins and was largely successful. During this reconstruction process, the Sicilians saw improvement in their fortunes, both culturally and commercially, until around 1312. However, as invasions by the Angevins increased during the 1310s, Sicily was ravaged. Siding with the Ghibellines resulted in a loss of
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Naples hurt Sicily further, and by 1325 its economy was destroyed. Frederick's government became increasingly hated and powerless. The economic burden of constantly being at war had taken its toll on the population. The king had also dispensed the majority of his personal wealth to churches and hospitals, so there was nothing left to give barons or ecclesiastical leaders. If all of this was not bad enough, eruptions of
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particularly low-yielding harvests in 1345 and 1346. Increased military expenditure combined with the negative economic effects of the famine which provoked widespread debt among the aristocracy. The unstable equilibrium between the nobility and the throne characterized both
Elizabeth's and her husband's reign, and resulted in a significant reduction in monarchical power. Economic historian
378:, Beatrice's brother, had taken the Bohemian crown from Elizabeth's uncle and caretaker Henry). The lavish ceremonies of the wedding and coronation served as reminders to Sicilian nobility of the power of the royalty, a struggle the Aragonese family had been battling for years. Elizabeth's reign as regent would be marked by the tensions created over these struggles.
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and confined to one or two towns. 1347 was the first severe case recorded in Sicily, and initiated the pandemic that would become an unfortunate and familiar aspect of
European life for centuries. Elizabeth could do nothing to relieve the people, although she refrained from fleeing the country which was a common trend among those Italians who could afford to.
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John, acted as regent for the first six years of the young king's reign. During this time, Elizabeth kept a power balance with her brother-in-law. When Duke John died of plague in 1348, Elizabeth became the regent for ten-year-old Louis. Elizabeth's regency lasted from 1348, until her death. Her daughter
Constance took over as regent for Louis.
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negotiations with Duke John, her brother-in-law and regent of Louis, helped to maintain the
Kingdom of Sicily. Elizabeth's agency ensured that her children did inherit the Sicilian throne. Elizabeth's action exhibits how queens were able to exert influence, not just as wives, but as mothers of the future generation.
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Upon this success of the "Latin" faction, many urban
Sicilian populations manifested what Henri Bresc has described as an "Anti-Catalan" Vespers, reminiscent of the famous Sicilian Vespers of several decades past. After the recalling of the Palizzi family, it was common, especially around Palermo, to
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Now a civil war between Sicily's aristocratic families took shape and they each formed battle camps under their respective familial flags. Although there was a large factor of personal ambition at play, as already stated, the parties' principal objective was the domination and control of the crown of
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With the death of her husband Peter II in August 1342, Elizabeth lost the influence over the political management of the Kingdom of Sicily. At Elizabeth's insistence, however, Louis, her four-year-old son, was crowned King of Sicily, ensuring his rightful place on the throne. Peter II's brother, Duke
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As it was easy to influence Peter II, Sicily would have been much more negatively impacted by his reign if it were not for Elizabeth. In the struggles between the feuding groups, Elizabeth sided with the Palizzi, who won the favour of the king over Chiaramonte. Further from their home in Messina, the
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There is little evidence of organized, premeditated peasant revolt in Sicily during the period of Elizabeth's reign, though small-scale insurrections did occur. During Peter II's reign in 1337 there was an uprising against the Count of Geraci, and another in 1350 against Scaloro degli Ubertini. Both
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reached Sicily in 1347, before it affected mainland Italy. This was during Elizabeth's reign, and was likely one of her prime concerns throughout the remainder of her time in power. Outbreaks of the Black Death had occurred in Italy before in the thirteenth century, but they were generally localized
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trading partners in northern Italy. It appears that most Sicilians were ambivalent to the Guelph/Ghibelline conflict, which made Frederick's decision seem unreasonable. Various food crises also occurred between 1311 and 1335. After 1321, the economy was in ruins. Constant port blockades by Robert of
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As the queen, Elizabeth's primary occupation was the production of viable heirs for the Sicilian throne, as task she took up soon after marriage. Less than two years after their wedding, Peter II and Elizabeth had a son in Messina in February 1324, whom they named Frederick. Unfortunately, he died a
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population meant lower revenue from domestic taxation. The lower population abroad and in mainland Italy meant that there was a lower demand for Sicilian exports, namely grain. In addition, feudal revenues began to decline significantly in approximately 1330; total feudal revenue dropped from 20691
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Following their four daughters, Elizabeth gave birth to Louis on 4 February 1338. Louis became the heir to Peter II, his father. After successfully producing a male heir, Elizabeth and Peter II had Frederick, later Frederick IV of Sicily and his brother Louis's successor. Peter II and Elizabeth had
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took to the throne after the death of Frederick III of Sicily in 1337, the Palizzi were expelled from Sicily. However his reign lasted for merely five years, as Peter II died in 1342. Thereupon Elizabeth and Peter's son Louis, King of Sicily (Ludovico or Luigi in Italian) took to the throne, Louis
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in 1343. It is probable that the aristocracy pressured Elizabeth and the monarchy to reduce feudal military duties, a pressure which increased after the death of Frederick III in 1337. This pressure likely had numerous contributing factors; Elizabeth's reign was also characterized by famine, with
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Although little information remains on Elizabeth of Carinthia, Queen of Sicily, what little is known makes it clear that she worked to positively impact the decisions of those around her. Her influence over her husband Peter II ensured that the Kingdom of Sicily remain intact. Later, her delicate
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The nobility of this period were highly antagonistic towards each other, and caused problems for Elizabeth and the monarchy. Sicilian magnate families waged a civil war with one another between the 1330s and 1360s. The collective disquiet due to the declining aristocratic incomes culminated in a
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in 1356. Yet the causes of this threat to the throne's rule did not arise, in these families of the Sicilian aristocracy, from factors such as inter-familial agreements and solidarity, but personal ambition and the goal of maintaining it for a family's posterity, through the bestowing of rule to
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class. The death of her father-in-law began the solo reign of Peter II as King of Sicily. King Frederick's reign, which ended in 1337 with the succession of his son Peter, was a tale of two types. The early years were an attempt at reconstruction from the fighting with Naples that ended in 1302.
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Aragonese interest warred the Angevins warred in Greece. With her mother-in-law, Eleanora of Naples, Elizabeth worked to support mediation and reconciliation between the two feuding houses. Although very limited in actual power, Elizabeth used her influences to impact the governance of Sicily.
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in 1329 and 1333 signaled to Sicilians that God was punishing them for Frederick's sins. Once the decline started, it just got worse and worse. When Frederick died in 1337, civil war broke out in Sicily, with the barons feuding for control of the island. Peter II and Elizabeth were left with a
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Sicily's economy in the fourteenth century was turbulent, and marked a drastic departure from its success in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Fiscal revenue in Sicily was concernedly low during Elizabeth's reign, primarily relating to Europe's declining population. Domestically, the low
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Sicily experienced one of the most significant population collapses in Europe in the fourteenth century, falling from approximately 850,000 in 1277 to approximately 350,000 in 1376. The population was therefore at an unusually low point at the time of Elizabeth's reign. The most significant
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kingdom that went from a high point in the early part of Frederick's reign, to a low point at his death when Sicily was in shambles. The decisions made by Frederick may have protected Sicily from the Angevins, but it came at a cost that would be a common theme when Elizabeth became queen.
303:. Otto and Euphemia had no male heirs. Little is known about Elizabeth's early life, prior to her marriage, as is the case with many medieval women, even noble medieval women. Since her father died when she was 12, it is very likely that she spent her teens under the tutelage of her uncle
597:, the Palizzi, the Scaloro degli Uberti, the Peralta, the Alagona and the Ventimiglia. As historian Henri Bresc describes, several dynastic "war cries" were heard from these families around Sicily in the years of Elizabeth's regency and beyond, in places such as
326:, the last Hohenstaufen scion. The connection with the Aragonese rulers in Sicily was thus natural, even though they were too far apart to have a tangible common interest at the time of Elizabeth's betrothal. Perhaps, the marriage was aimed to check the rising
648:, which ravaged Sicily in the second half of the century. Although the lower population due to the bubonic plague undoubtedly benefited the lower class in the long term, its immediate effects were widespread attitudes of defeatism and uneasiness.
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It is unclear when exactly Elizabeth died. Some sources suggest that she died between 1349 and 1350, while others date it later to 1352. She is buried in Messina in St. Francis. Her last son, King Frederick IV (d. 1377), is buried next to her.
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three more children together; Violante, who was born in 1334, died young, John (1342–22 June 1353) and Blanche (1342–1373), who married John, Count of Ampurias. Of their nine children, five daughters and two sons survived into adulthood.
358:(1289–9 August 1341) a little more than a year after his coronation. Speculation by Francesco Testa suggests that Elizabeth was not Frederick III's first choice for a daughter-in-law. Frederick wished to marry his heir to
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their children. As a result, betrayals in this brew of competing families were common, and any agreement or coalition between them had ill-defined borders, easily liable to be crossed breached. When Elizabeth's husband,
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was shared by the competing baronial factions, yet several powerful and power-hungry figures emerged to challenge royal power, serving as the heads of competing family lines. These included the families of the
537:. Yet despite this consolidation of control, Sicily overall experienced an increase of domains under feudal control, either through the creation or the restoration of numerous baronies, such as the domains of
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The death of Frederick III in 1337 sparked the explosion of Sicilian tensions, created from the confluence of strain of political uncertainty, a bad economy and unstable power imbalance between the divided
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were all considered signs that God had abandoned the people. The plague had drastic economic effects on Italy as well, and contributed to the first significant economic crisis in centuries.
660:, an Italian notary in the fourteenth century, recounts an attitude of despondency in Sicily; occurrences such as heavy rainfalls, the birth of Siamese twins, and horses refusing to enter
386:(1324–October 1355), regent of Sicily for her younger brother, Louis, from 1352 to 1354 following the death of her mother, Elizabeth. Constance never married. Their second daughter,
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few months after his birth. Following the death of their first born, Elizabeth and Peter II had seven more children, their first four daughters whom survived to maturity were;
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The period of Elizabeth's regency was marked by a continuing growth in feudalism and a consequent loss of royal control of areas of the island of Sicily. This had begun with
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370:, Frederick's main enemy. In turn, Frederick married his eldest son and heir to Elizabeth of Carinthia, whose family was in fierce rivalry to
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On 23 April 1323, Elizabeth married Peter II of Sicily (Trinacria), son of Frederick III, King of Sicily (Trinacria) (1271–25 June 1337) and
314:, had been staunch supporters of the Emperor in the struggle against the papacy. In the 13th century, they had been loyal allies of the
418:(1330–1359), was regent for her brother Frederick IV of Sicily from 1355 to 1357. Like her sister Constance, Euphemia never married.
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notably passed to the control of the military aristocracy, in 1349, and other barons enclosed within their walls fiefdoms such as
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being only a child of five years of age. He was to be the object of the competing intrigues of Sicily's baronial families.
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in 1323 and became the Queen of Sicily. During her time as Queen, Elizabeth ensured that the royal lineage of the
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The Decline and Fall of Medieval Sicily: Politics, Religion, and Economy in the Reign of Frederick III, 1296–1337
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In this atmosphere of increasing feudalisation, the goal of the Sicilian throne to maintain the dynasty from the
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2142:. The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 6. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 488–514.
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came to the throne, along with the Neapolitan invasion to restore Angevin influence on the island in 1354.
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dukes of Carinthia who had sided with the papacy. Elizabeth's father and uncle were half-brothers of
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refers to mid-to-late-fourteenth-century Sicily as a period of aristocratic hegemony.
235:. Elizabeth was the regent for her young son Louis from 1348 until her death in 1352.
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after the death of Frederick III in 1337 was soon to deteriorate. Elizabeth's
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Elizabeth of Carinthia, born in 1298, was the second daughter to
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in Sicily continued. Two sons eventually ascended the throne,
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and that her marriage was arranged through his help.
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2380:Elizabeth of Carinthia, Queen of Sicily
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2352:Tramontana, Salvatore (1963).
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535:Polizza and Monte San Giuliano
16:For the Queen of Germany, see
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2300:. MA: Addison-Wesley Longman.
2217:. Cambridge University Press.
2165:Backman, Clifford R. (1995).
2148:10.1017/CHOL9780521362900.023
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299:(1274-1347), the daughter of
291:. Her mother was Euphemia of
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240:Frederick III, King of Sicily
146:Blanche, Countess of Ampurias
55:25 June 1337 – 15 August 1342
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644:contributor to this was the
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179:Euphemia of Silesia-Liegnitz
75:1352 (aged 53–54)
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835:Meinhard I of Gorizia-Tyrol
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408:Rupert II, Elector Palatine
246:who had the backing of the
127:Beatrice, Countess Palatine
117:Constance, Regent of Sicily
10:
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2774:14th-century Italian women
2238:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2229:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2178:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2174:Bisson, Thomas N. (1986).
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1274:
1232:
1210:
1202:
1174:
1152:
1148:
1112:
1090:
1082:
1054:
1032:
1028:
988:
969:
961:
936:
929:Albert IV, Count of Tyrol
914:
910:
874:
852:
844:
816:
800:
175:
165:
153:
107:
79:
71:
63:
59:
51:
44:
35:
30:
2784:Royal consorts of Sicily
2578:Helena Angelina Doukaina
2563:Isabella II of Jerusalem
2472:Royal consorts of Sicily
2243:Kelly, Samantha (2003).
2234:Housley, Norman (1986).
2195:Davies, Stephen (1998).
1760:
1466:27. Irmgard of Thuringia
1413:Henry I, Count of Anhalt
1073:Otto II, Duke of Bavaria
1047:Louis I, Duke of Bavaria
394:, and was the mother of
310:Elizabeth's family, the
301:Henry V, Duke of Legnica
122:Eleanor, Queen of Aragon
2633:Eleanor of Alburquerque
2421:Queen consort of Sicily
1193:Agnes of the Palatinate
344:Anjou allies in Croatia
342:, especially since the
142:Frederick IV the Simple
46:Queen consort of Sicily
25:Queen consort of Sicily
2799:Sicilian queen mothers
2718:Maria Amalia of Saxony
2693:Marie Louise d'Orléans
2608:Elizabeth of Carinthia
2309:. NJ: Chartwell Books.
1489:3. Euphemia of Legnica
1251:Elizabeth of Carinthia
633:John, Duke of Randazzo
565:. During her regency,
233:Frederick IV of Sicily
186:Elizabeth of Carinthia
31:Elizabeth of Carinthia
2698:Maria Anna of Neuburg
2648:Isabella I of Castile
2305:Martin, Sean (2009).
2296:Larner, John (1980).
1225:Agnes of Hohenstaufen
1007:Otto III of Carinthia
893:Meinhard of Carinthia
390:(1325–1375), married
265:Otto III of Carinthia
198:Louis, King of Sicily
170:Otto III of Carinthia
2708:Anne Marie d'Orléans
2658:Isabella of Portugal
2623:Blanche I of Navarre
2588:Margaret of Burgundy
2583:Beatrice of Provence
2573:Elisabeth of Bavaria
2494:Eremburga of Mortain
1437:13. Hedwig of Anhalt
1131:Elizabeth of Bavaria
738:improve this section
338:'s ascension to the
2779:People from Gorizia
2683:Elisabeth of France
2678:Margaret of Austria
2668:Elisabeth of Valois
2613:Constance of Aragon
2593:Isabella of Castile
2568:Isabella of England
2558:Constance of Aragon
2538:Margaret of Navarre
2528:Sibylla of Burgundy
2433:Constance of Aragon
2281:. Greenwood Press.
2264:Kos, Milko (1933).
2211:Epstein, Stephan R.
1612:Elisabeth of Kalisz
1105:Ludmilla of Bohemia
693:Death and aftermath
531:Corleone and Biovna
461:Elizabeth's regency
2688:Mariana of Austria
2628:Margaret of Prades
2533:Beatrice of Rethel
2499:Adelaide del Vasto
2114:, pp. 806–807
2102:, pp. 805–806
2051:, pp. 316–318
1904:, pp. 804–805
1889:, pp. 798–800
1648:BĂ©la IV of Hungary
1554:Bolesław the Pious
1377:Henry V of Legnica
1293:Henry II the Pious
867:Matilda of Andechs
672:in 1336, to 14405
624:Peter II of Sicily
586:House of Barcelona
392:Peter IV of Aragon
376:John of Luxembourg
221:Peter II of Sicily
207:, the penultimate
194:Peter II of Sicily
86:Peter II of Sicily
2789:Regents of Sicily
2731:
2730:
2663:Mary I of England
2548:Sibylla of Acerra
2523:Elvira of Castile
2514:Kingdom of Sicily
2504:Elvira of Castile
2439:
2438:
2430:Succeeded by
2157:978-0-521-36290-0
1875:Tramontana (1963)
1757:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1674:Yolanda of Poland
1319:Bolesław the Bald
774:
773:
766:
658:Gabriel de Mussis
412:Rupert of Germany
400:Martin the Humane
248:papacy in Avignon
209:duke of Carinthia
183:
182:
137:Louis I the Child
2806:
2794:House of Gorizia
2653:Germaine of Foix
2638:Maria of Castile
2603:Eleanor of Anjou
2598:Blanche of Anjou
2480:County of Sicily
2465:
2458:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2414:Eleanor of Anjou
2411:Preceded by
2401:
2394:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2357:
2348:
2339:
2333:
2329:
2327:
2319:
2310:
2301:
2292:
2280:
2277:History of Italy
2269:
2260:
2248:
2247:. Boston: Brill.
2239:
2230:
2218:
2206:
2191:
2179:
2170:
2161:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1989:Killinger (2002)
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1941:Killinger (2002)
1938:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1851:
1850:, pp. 75–77
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1818:
1813:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1528:Władysław Odonic
786:
785:
777:
776:
769:
762:
758:
755:
749:
718:
710:
396:John I of Aragon
368:Robert of Naples
356:Eleanor of Anjou
340:Hungarian throne
312:House of Gorizia
305:Henry of Bohemia
275:, Tyrol and the
244:Robert of Naples
217:House of Gorizia
213:lord of Carniola
203:The daughter of
188:(1298–1352) was
101:
99:
40:
28:
27:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2673:Anna of Austria
2618:Antonia of Baux
2543:Joan of England
2508:
2489:Judith d'Évreux
2474:
2469:
2435:
2427:15 August 1342
2426:
2425:25 June 1337 –
2424:
2416:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2359:
2358:
2331:
2330:
2321:
2320:
2318:. Vol. 42.
2307:The Black Death
2289:
2223:Housley, Norman
2158:
2129:Abulafia, David
2123:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2098:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1987:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1914:Abulafia (2000)
1912:
1908:
1900:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1873:
1869:
1861:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1706:Maria Laskarina
1351:Anne of Bohemia
770:
759:
753:
750:
735:
719:
708:
695:
679:Stephan Epstein
641:
463:
410:, and they had
352:
261:
256:
229:Louis of Sicily
192:by marriage to
190:Queen of Sicily
149:
103:
95:
91:
88:
26:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2812:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2643:Juana EnrĂquez
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2553:Irene Angelina
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2476:
2475:
2468:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2445:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2428:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2382:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2349:
2340:
2311:
2302:
2293:
2287:
2270:
2261:
2249:
2240:
2231:
2219:
2207:
2192:
2180:
2171:
2162:
2156:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2104:
2089:
2085:Epstein (1992)
2077:
2065:
2061:Epstein (1992)
2053:
2049:Epstein (1992)
2041:
2037:Epstein (1992)
2029:
2025:Epstein (1992)
2017:
2013:Epstein (1992)
2005:
2001:Epstein (1992)
1993:
1981:
1969:
1957:
1945:
1930:
1926:Backman (1995)
1918:
1906:
1891:
1879:
1867:
1852:
1848:Backman (1995)
1840:
1838:, pp. 4–5
1836:Backman (1995)
1828:
1819:
1801:
1789:
1777:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
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1685:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1546:
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1537:
1536:
1534:
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1512:
1510:
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1506:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1003:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
993:
990:
989:
987:
984:
983:
980:
977:
976:
973:
972:
970:
968:
966:
963:
962:
960:
957:
956:
954:
951:
948:
947:
944:
943:
941:
938:
937:
935:
932:
931:
925:
922:
921:
918:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
904:
903:
901:
898:
897:
895:
889:
886:
885:
882:
881:
879:
876:
875:
873:
870:
869:
863:
860:
859:
856:
855:
853:
851:
849:
846:
845:
843:
840:
839:
837:
831:
828:
827:
824:
823:
821:
818:
817:
815:
812:
811:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
782:
781:
775:
772:
771:
722:
720:
713:
707:
704:
694:
691:
646:bubonic plague
640:
637:
519:Castrogiovanni
462:
459:
351:
348:
332:Central Europe
260:
257:
255:
252:
219:, she married
181:
180:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
157:
151:
150:
148:
147:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
113:
111:
105:
104:
93:
89:
84:
83:
81:
77:
76:
73:
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
42:
41:
33:
32:
24:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2811:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2454:
2452:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2434:
2423:
2422:
2415:
2409:
2406:Royal titles
2404:
2399:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2377:
2369:
2363:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2325:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2288:9780313314834
2284:
2279:
2278:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2113:
2108:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2086:
2081:
2075:, p. 172
2074:
2073:Larner (1980)
2069:
2063:, p. 319
2062:
2057:
2050:
2045:
2039:, p. 400
2038:
2033:
2027:, p. 316
2026:
2021:
2015:, p. 315
2014:
2009:
2003:, p. 376
2002:
1997:
1990:
1985:
1978:
1977:Martin (2009)
1973:
1966:
1965:Martin (2009)
1961:
1954:
1953:Martin (2009)
1949:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1927:
1922:
1916:, p. 505
1915:
1910:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1888:
1883:
1877:, p. 557
1876:
1871:
1865:, p. 207
1864:
1863:Davies (1998)
1859:
1857:
1849:
1844:
1837:
1832:
1823:
1817:
1816:Rugolo (1993)
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1799:, p. 189
1798:
1793:
1787:, p. 164
1786:
1781:
1775:, p. 287
1774:
1769:
1765:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1417:
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754:December 2020
747:
743:
739:
733:
732:
728:
723:This section
721:
717:
712:
711:
703:
701:
690:
686:
682:
680:
675:
671:
665:
663:
659:
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625:
620:
617:in 1354, and
616:
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572:
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560:
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520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
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484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
467:Frederick III
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
439:
434:
429:
423:
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417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
379:
377:
373:
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365:
361:
357:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
330:influence in
329:
325:
321:
317:
316:Hohenstaufens
313:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
271:), who ruled
270:
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87:
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66:
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58:
54:
50:
47:
43:
39:
34:
29:
23:
19:
2607:
2419:
2397:
2390:
2385:Meinhardiner
2383:
2353:
2344:
2315:
2306:
2297:
2276:
2265:
2256:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2214:
2197:
2187:
2184:Bresc, Henri
2175:
2166:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2112:Bresc (1986)
2107:
2100:Bresc (1986)
2087:, p. 80
2080:
2068:
2056:
2044:
2032:
2020:
2008:
1996:
1991:, p. 66
1984:
1979:, p. 18
1972:
1967:, p. 24
1960:
1948:
1943:, p. 67
1928:, p. 35
1921:
1909:
1902:Bresc (1986)
1887:Bresc (1986)
1882:
1870:
1843:
1831:
1822:
1797:Testa (1775)
1792:
1780:
1768:
1250:
760:
751:
736:Please help
724:
700:Frederick IV
696:
687:
683:
673:
669:
666:
650:
642:
629:
603:Fontanarossa
590:coat of arms
583:
464:
455:
451:
447:
443:
424:
420:
380:
353:
318:against the
309:
262:
237:
202:
185:
184:
22:
2749:1352 deaths
2744:1298 births
2516:(1130–1816)
2482:(1071–1130)
2332:|work=
1955:, p. 7
653:Black Death
595:Chiaramonte
523:Caltagirone
277:margravates
2738:Categories
2356:. Messina.
2253:Kos, Milko
2121:References
1785:Kos (1933)
1773:Kos (1985)
438:Mount Etna
259:Early life
2362:cite book
2334:ignored (
2324:cite book
725:does not
613:in 1353,
609:in 1349,
605:in 1349,
601:in 1348,
559:Collesano
487:Terranova
384:Constance
350:Queenship
336:Charles I
273:Carinthia
254:Biography
225:Aragonese
215:from the
2255:(1985).
2225:(1982).
2213:(1992).
2186:(1986).
706:Ancestry
575:Pettineo
511:Randazzo
495:Taormina
416:Euphemia
404:Beatrice
372:Beatrice
360:Beatrice
324:Conradin
320:Spanheim
297:Liegnitz
281:Carniola
2136:1300 –
746:removed
731:sources
662:Messina
615:Polizzi
611:Vizzini
599:Palermo
579:Luppino
571:Buscemi
563:Augusta
507:Nicosia
503:Termini
499:Milazzo
491:Lentini
479:Sciacca
475:Marsala
471:Trapani
388:Eleanor
328:Angevin
293:Silesia
285:Savinja
160:Gorizia
102:
94:
90:
2396:
2285:
2154:
567:Alcamo
555:Aidone
551:Adernò
547:Modica
539:Geraci
515:Troina
483:Licata
433:Guelph
428:feudal
334:after
242:, and
176:Mother
166:Father
80:Spouse
52:Tenure
2398:Died:
2391:Born:
1761:Notes
543:Mineo
364:Henry
289:Henry
269:Tyrol
155:House
109:Issue
96:(
92:
2400:1352
2393:1298
2368:link
2336:help
2283:ISBN
2152:ISBN
2140:1415
1704:31.
1672:15.
1646:30.
1584:29.
1552:14.
1526:28.
1411:26.
1349:25.
1317:12.
1291:24.
1223:23.
1191:11.
1165:22.
1103:21.
1071:10.
1045:20.
927:18.
865:17.
807:16.
729:any
727:cite
674:onze
670:onze
651:The
619:Naso
607:Noto
577:and
561:and
527:Noto
517:and
501:and
398:and
374:'s (
283:and
231:and
211:and
205:Otto
72:Died
67:1298
64:Born
2203:PhD
2144:doi
1610:7.
1375:6.
1249:1.
1129:5.
1005:2.
891:4.
833:8.
740:by
279:of
2740::
2364:}}
2360:{{
2328::
2326:}}
2322:{{
2150:.
2138:c.
2134:c.
2092:^
1933:^
1894:^
1855:^
1804:^
573:,
557:,
553:,
549:,
545:,
541:,
533:,
529:,
525:,
521:,
513:,
509:,
497:,
493:,
489:,
485:,
481:,
477:,
473:,
402:.
98:m.
2464:e
2457:t
2450:v
2370:)
2338:)
2291:.
2201:(
2160:.
2146::
767:)
761:(
756:)
752:(
748:.
734:.
295:-
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
