479:
demonstrate that he was still in control, particularly because he was interested in usurping the Jin throne. He spread false rumors that
Emperor Fei was impotent and that all his sons were actually sons of his close associates. In 371, he drafted a proposed edict for Empress Dowager Chu and submitted it to her while she was at a Buddhist shrine in her palace. She read his submission and commented that she suspected the same thing, and she signed the edict, although she added several sentences showing her grief:
543:, and his nephew Huan Shixiu (桓石秀). As Huan Chong was loyal to the imperial government, the threat of a Huan usurpation dissipated. After Huan Wen's death, Empress Dowager Chu formally took over as regent. In 376, after Emperor Xiaowu turned 14 and had his rite of passage, Empress Dowager Chu again gave up her regent authorities and was again referred to as Empress Dowager Chongde. She died in 384 and was buried with honors due an empress, with her husband Emperor Kang.
414:, causing Yao to rebel in fear and anger—Huan submitted a petition accusing Yin of crimes, and with popular sentiment against Yin, Sima Yu was forced to exile Yin. From that point on, the imperial government rarely went against Huan's wishes. In 354, Huan attacked Former Qin and enjoyed some initial successes, moving within miles of the Former Qin capital
394:
with major losses, Chu Pou died in humiliation on 1 Jan 350. During the next few years, however, without major campaigns on Jin's part, many of Later Zhao's southern provinces switched their allegiance to Jin, but not firmly so. Huan repeatedly requested permission to march north, but was constantly
336:
As Chu Suanzi herself grew older, she was known for her intelligence and foresight, and she was married to Sima Yue, who had then become the Prince of Langye, as his princess. When
Emperor Cheng chose to pass the throne to his brother rather than his sons at his death in 342, Sima Yue became emperor,
498:
As the niece of
Emperor Jianwen, Empress Dowager Chu had few roles during his reign—particularly because he himself had to negotiate a treacherous path that Huan had laid for him, as Huan himself intended to take the throne. Emperor Jianwen honored her as Empress Dowager Chongde, based on the name
478:
Similarly, because
Emperor Fei was also already an adult at the time he ascended the throne, Empress Dowager Chu did not serve as regent. However, after Huan Wen's major attack on Former Yan in 369 was repelled, at much loss of life, by joint forces of Former Yan and Former Qin, he pondered ways to
489:
Huan was initially apprehensive that
Empress Dowager Chu might not submit to his plan, so he was happy that she agreed despite her tone. Huan then removed Emperor Fei and replaced him with his granduncle Sima Yu the Prince of Kuaiji (as Emperor Jianwen). Empress Dowager Chu initially created the
398:
In 350, when
Empress Dowager Chu was bestowing a greater honor on Cai, Cai repeatedly declined—so much so that, as the emperor, the empress dowager, and the officials waited at the palace for the messengers that the empress dowager sent to his home to return with him, they waited from morning to
366:
was her key advisor. He Chong initially wanted to share that authority with her father Chu Pou, but Chu Pou believed that as the empress dowager's father, it was inappropriate for him to serve in that capacity, and therefore remained a provincial governor. Eventually, in 345, that role went to
358:
After Lady Chu became empress dowager, she received an official petition stating that since her mother Lady Xie had already received a title, the deceased wives of her father, Ladies Xun and Bian, should be granted titles posthumously as well. Empress
Dowager Chu dismissed the petition.
461:
As
Emperor Ai was two years older than Emperor Mu and already 21 at the time of his ascension, Empress Dowager Chu did not serve as regent initially. However, in 364, when Emperor Ai became poisoned by pills given by magicians which he took while trying to seek
523:, and the rumor at the time was that he was going to execute Wang Tanzhi and Xie An, and then take over the throne. However, after Wang and Xie met him, he apparently changed his mind and returned to his defense post at Gushu (姑孰, in modern
490:
former emperor the Prince of
Donghai—a title he had held previous to becoming Prince of Langye and then emperor—but Huan pressured her into demoting him further to Duke of Haixi, a title that he would be known by in many historical accounts.
452:
In 361, Emperor Mu died at the age of 18. As he had no sons, Empress
Dowager Chu ordered that his cousin Sima Pi the Prince of Langye (Emperor Cheng's oldest son) be made emperor, and he took the throne as Emperor Ai.
329:, successively on the staffs of Sima Yang (司馬羕) the Prince of Xiyang and then of Sima Yue the Prince of Wu—the future Emperor Kang. He was respected for the appropriateness of his speech. Her mother was a sister of
511:, officials loyal to the imperial clan and trying to prevent a Huan usurpation, persuaded her to become regent again. She agreed, but did not take official regent capacity initially.
399:
evening, causing the seven-year-old emperor to be drained. Yin used this opportunity to accuse Cai of disrespect and had him excluded from government and reduced to commoner status.
383:
in 347, effectively, the imperial government lost authority over the western provinces, with Huan being only nominally submissive. In response, Sima Yu invited the equally renowned
466:, he fell ill and could not handle matters of state. Empress Dowager Chu again served as regent at that point. After he died sonless in 365, she ordered that his younger brother
1089:
418:, but eventually hesitated when he was close, and Former Qin fought back and forced him to retreat. In 356, Huan marched north again and was able to force Yao out of the
449:(加冠禮)), Empress Dowager Chu officially stripped herself of her role as regent, and moved to Chongde Palace (崇德宮), which would be her residence for the rest of her life.
313:(373–376). Despite the power she held, she appeared to largely yield to the judgement of high-level officials who advised her and rarely made decisions on her own.
484:
This widow has suffered more than a hundred kinds of grief. I consider those who have died and those who still live, and my heart is like being cut by knives.
779:
341:
of Xunyang" (寻阳乡君). That year, she also bore him his only son, Sima Dan. He died just one year later, however, and her infant son Sima Dan, whom he created
1151:
1069:
337:
and he created her empress on 10 February 343, when he was 21 and she was 18. At the same time, Lady Chu's mother Lady Xie was also created "
395:
rebuffed by Sima Yu and Yin, who were concerned that he would be even harder to control if he recovered central and northern China for Jin.
1161:
1146:
410:—and after the second failure, which was caused by Yin's arrogance toward one of the former Later Zhao generals who surrendered to Jin,
1156:
772:
1171:
1105:
1077:
1073:
1186:
1065:
765:
738:
1176:
1166:
17:
1061:
891:
1015:
535:, but Wang and Xie dragged on, and after Huan died later in 373, his territories were divided among his brothers
1101:
1053:
1181:
789:
282:
56:
422:
region, which he had occupied, and this allowed Jin to regain control of the territory south of the
1045:
721:
371:
the Prince of Kuaiji. After He Chong's death in 346, the authority was shared between Sima Yu and
1117:
1113:
1109:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1049:
646:
era of Emperor Cheng's reign. This corresponds to 10 Feb 343 in the Julian calendar. (壬子，立皇后褚氏。)
499:
of her palace. After he died in 372, he was succeeded by his son and crown prince Sima Yao (as
1081:
1057:
570:, vol.79. Their father Xie Kun's epitaph recorded that he had only one daughter, named Zhenshi.
368:
363:
362:
Due to Emperor Mu's young age, Empress Dowager Chu was quickly called upon to serve as regent.
500:
310:
123:
326:
8:
1141:
1136:
757:
286:
200:
932:
817:
812:
467:
434:(段龕) had been a nominal Jin vassal since 351 but was conquered by Former Yan's emperor
119:
306:
302:
212:
207:
115:
111:
532:
503:), and while she initially instinctively thought that Huan should be named regent,
338:
262:
885:
442:
290:
223:
32:
531:), although he continued to pressure the imperial government to grant him the
1130:
1010:
827:
402:
In 352 and 353, Yin made two failed attempts at northern expeditions against
1033:
897:
608:
era of Yao's reign. This corresponds to 5 Jul 384 in the Julian calendar.
583:, she was 61 (by East Asian reckoning) when she died. (太元九年，崩于显阳殿，年六十一...)
524:
423:
342:
28:
1025:
1002:
985:
977:
960:
942:
922:
914:
855:
842:
832:
822:
804:
731:
504:
463:
415:
190:
147:
85:
927:
880:
875:
870:
540:
435:
407:
403:
391:
950:
850:
559:
411:
380:
330:
75:
325:
was a mid-level official during the reign of Emperor Kang's brother
536:
520:
431:
427:
376:
186:
865:
749:
419:
384:
322:
294:
278:
242:
158:
508:
372:
298:
92:
390:
In 348, after he led a failed campaign against the collapsing
528:
273:(康獻皇后, literally "the joyful and wise empress"), at times as
685:
Sima Guang, ed. (1956) . 資治通鑒 . Beijing: Zhonghua Publishing
587:, vol.32. Thus by calculation, her birth year should be 324.
566:
recorded that Chu Suanzi was his niece (时康献皇后临朝，即尚之甥也，...)
787:
316:
345:
just before his death, became emperor (as Emperor Mu).
441:
In 357, as Emperor Mu turned 14 and went through his
470:the Prince of Langye succeed him (as Emperor Fei).
493:
387:to join as a key advisor to the empress dowager.
1128:
514:
694:(太后方在佛屋烧香，内侍启云“外有急奏”，太后乃出。尚倚户前视奏数行，乃曰“我本自疑此”)
773:
642:day of the 12th month of the 8th year of the
473:
289:, and, outliving him by 40 years, she was an
604:day in the 6th month of the 9th year of the
456:
353:
780:
766:
130:Empress consort of the Eastern Jin dynasty
42:Empress dowager of the Eastern Jin Dynasty
579:According to Empress Chu's biography in
1152:Jin dynasty (266–420) empresses dowager
14:
1129:
317:Background and life as empress consort
761:
634:According to Sima Yue's biography in
596:According to Sima Yao's biography in
519:In 373, Huan Wen visited the capital
348:
672:(有司奏，谢夫人既封，荀、卞二夫人亦应追赠，皆后之前母也。太后不许。)
638:, Lady Chu was made empress on the
24:
25:
1198:
138:10 February 343 – 18 November 344
739:Empress of Jin Dynasty (266–420)
1162:Jin dynasty (266–420) Buddhists
1147:Jin dynasty (266–420) empresses
701:
688:
679:
666:
653:
628:
615:
590:
573:
553:
494:During Emperor Jianwen's reign
269:; 324 – 5 July 384), formally
13:
1:
1172:4th-century empresses consort
1157:Jin dynasty (266–420) regents
1090:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
546:
515:During Emperor Xiaowu's reign
66:18 November 344 – 5 July 384
7:
1187:Mothers of Chinese emperors
301:for three of them: her son
10:
1203:
600:, Empress Chu died on the
474:During Emperor Fei's reign
309:(364–366), and her cousin
293:during the reigns of five
95:of the Eastern Jin Dynasty
26:
1177:4th-century Chinese women
1167:4th-century women regents
1042:
1024:
1001:
994:
976:
969:
941:
913:
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803:
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745:
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727:
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457:During Emperor Ai's reign
354:During Emperor Mu's reign
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103:344–357, 364–366, 373–376
99:
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54:
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367:Emperor Mu's granduncle
971:Grand empresses dowager
707:(“未亡人罹此百忧，感念存没，心焉如割。”)
297:, including serving as
275:Empress Dowager Chongde
230:Empress Kangxian (康獻皇后)
55:Empress dowager of the
305:(344–357), her nephew
790:Jin dynasty (266–420)
375:. After the general
283:Jin Dynasty (266–420)
996:Posthumous empresses
621:(时康献皇后临朝，即尚之甥也，...)
430:, where the warlord
321:Chu Suanzi's father
1182:4th-century regents
426:(except for modern
285:. Her husband was
201:Emperor Kang of Jin
57:Eastern Jin Dynasty
349:As empress dowager
18:Empress Chu Suanzi
1124:
1123:
908:Empresses dowager
798:Empresses consort
788:Empresses of the
756:
755:
746:Succeeded by
256:
255:
234:
233:
213:Emperor Mu of Jin
184:(aged 59–60)
16:(Redirected from
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782:
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728:Preceded by
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562:'s biography in
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533:nine bestowments
271:Empress Kangxian
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722:Chinese royalty
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443:rite of passage
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291:empress dowager
277:(崇德太后), was an
224:Posthumous name
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501:Emperor Xiaowu
495:
492:
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318:
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311:Emperor Xiaowu
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124:Emperor Xiaowu
109:
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68:
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64:
60:
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41:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1011:Zhang Chunhua
1009:
1008:
1006:
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987:
984:
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968:
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869:
867:
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862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
848:
846:
844:
840:
834:
831:
829:
828:Yang Xianrong
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
810:
808:
806:
802:
795:
791:
783:
778:
776:
771:
769:
764:
763:
760:
751:
741:
740:
733:
726:
723:
719:
710:
704:
697:
691:
682:
675:
669:
662:
659:(封母谢氏为寻阳乡君。)
656:
649:
645:
641:
637:
631:
624:
618:
611:
607:
603:
599:
593:
586:
582:
576:
569:
565:
561:
556:
552:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
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522:
512:
510:
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502:
491:
485:
482:
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471:
469:
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450:
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444:
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417:
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393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
360:
346:
344:
340:
334:
332:
328:
327:Emperor Cheng
324:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
264:
260:
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58:
53:
46:
38:
34:
30:
19:
1078:N. Dynasties
1074:S. Dynasties
955:
898:Chu Lingyuan
886:Wang Shen'ai
860:
737:
708:
703:
695:
690:
681:
673:
668:
660:
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647:
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635:
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555:
518:
497:
488:
483:
477:
460:
451:
446:
440:
424:Yellow River
401:
397:
389:
361:
357:
343:crown prince
335:
320:
287:Emperor Kang
274:
270:
258:
257:
36:
29:Chinese name
1070:16 Kingdoms
1026:Eastern Jin
1003:Western Jin
986:Li Lingrong
978:Eastern Jin
961:Li Lingrong
943:Eastern Jin
923:Wang Yuanji
915:Western Jin
892:Empress Liu
856:Du Lingyang
843:Eastern Jin
833:Liang Lanbi
823:Jia Nanfeng
805:Western Jin
732:Du Lingyang
636:Book of Jin
598:Book of Jin
581:Book of Jin
564:Book of Jin
505:Wang Tanzhi
464:immortality
252:Xie Zhenshi
191:Eastern Jin
182:(384-07-05)
148:Du Lingyang
143:Predecessor
120:Emperor Fei
86:Li Lingrong
71:Predecessor
33:family name
1142:384 deaths
1137:324 births
1131:Categories
1062:3 Kingdoms
1034:Chen Guinü
1016:Xiahou Hui
956:Chu Suanzi
928:Yang Huiyu
881:Wang Fahui
876:Yu Daolian
871:Wang Muzhi
861:Chu Suanzi
547:References
541:Huan Chong
436:Murong Jun
408:Former Qin
404:Former Yan
392:Later Zhao
379:conquered
307:Emperor Ai
303:Emperor Mu
259:Chu Suanzi
180:5 July 384
116:Emperor Ai
112:Emperor Mu
48:Chu Suanzi
951:Yu Wenjun
851:Yu Wenjun
625:, vol.79.
560:Xie Shang
525:Ma'anshan
447:jiaguanli
438:in 356).
412:Yao Xiang
381:Cheng Han
331:Xie Shang
154:Successor
82:Successor
76:Yu Wenjun
933:Yang Zhi
818:Yang Zhi
813:Yang Yan
748:Empress
743:343–344
730:Empress
711:, vol.32
698:, vol.32
676:, vol.32
663:, vol.32
650:, vol.07
644:Xiankang
612:, vol.09
537:Huan Huo
521:Jiankang
432:Duan Kan
428:Shandong
416:Chang'an
377:Huan Wen
364:He Chong
339:Xiangjun
295:emperors
187:Jiankang
157:Empress
146:Empress
108:Monarchs
74:Empress
27:In this
866:He Fani
750:He Fani
709:Jin Shu
696:Jin Shu
674:Jin Shu
661:Jin Shu
648:Jin Shu
623:Jin Shu
610:Jin Shu
606:Taiyuan
602:guichou
585:Jin Shu
568:Jin Shu
468:Sima Yi
420:Luoyang
385:Yin Hao
369:Sima Yu
323:Chu Pou
299:regents
281:of the
279:empress
263:Chinese
243:Chu Pou
159:He Fani
1102:W. Xia
1044:Xia →
509:Xie An
373:Cai Mo
265::
249:Mother
239:Father
197:Spouse
135:Tenure
93:Regent
63:Tenure
31:, the
1046:Shang
640:renzi
529:Anhui
208:Issue
100:Reign
1118:Qing
1114:Ming
1110:Yuan
1098:Song
1094:Liao
1086:Tang
1050:Zhou
539:and
507:and
406:and
177:Died
169:Born
1106:Jīn
1082:Sui
1066:Jìn
1058:Han
1054:Qin
267:褚蒜子
172:324
50:褚蒜子
37:Chu
35:is
1133::
1116:→
1112:→
1108:→
1104:/
1100:/
1096:/
1092:→
1088:→
1084:→
1080:→
1076:/
1072:→
1068:/
1064:→
1060:→
1056:→
1052:→
1048:→
527:,
333:.
189:,
894:)
890:(
781:e
774:t
767:v
445:(
261:(
39:.
20:)
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