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454:
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71:
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1907:
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913:. As of 2009, roughly 60% of Encyclopædia Britannica's revenue came from online operations, of which around 15% came from subscriptions to the consumer version of the websites. As of 2006, subscriptions were available on a yearly, monthly or weekly basis. Special subscription plans are offered to schools, colleges and libraries; such institutional subscribers constitute an important part of Britannica's business. Beginning in early 2007, the
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8625:
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1423:, believes in the "transformative power of education" and set steering the company toward solidifying its place among leaders in educational technology and supplemental curriculum. Krishnan aimed at providing more useful and relevant solutions to customer needs, extending and renewing Britannica's historical emphasis on "utility", which had been the watchword of its first edition in 1768.
8382:
2650:
2486:
2791:) provoked a "firestorm of criticism" of the initial 15th edition. In response, the 15th edition was completely reorganized and indexed for a re-release in 1985. This second version of the 15th edition continued to be published and revised through the release of the 2010 print version. The official title of the 15th edition is the
757:
had dropped to 40,000 per annum by 1996. There were 12,000 sets of the 2010 edition printed, of which 8,000 had been sold by March 2012. By late April 2012, the remaining copies of the 2010 edition had sold out at
Britannica's online store. As of 2016, a replica of Britannica's 1768 first edition is available via the online store.
2701:; in 1936, he began the policy of continuous revision. This was a departure from earlier practice, in which the articles were not changed until a new edition was produced, at roughly 25-year intervals, some articles unchanged from earlier editions. Powell developed new educational products that built upon the
3751:
Vol. I has (viii), 697, (i) pages, but 10 unpaginated pages are added between pages 586 and 587. Vol. II has (iii), 1009, (ii) pages, but page numbers 175–176 as well as page numbers 425–426 were used twice; additionally page numbers 311–410 were not used. Vol. III has (iii), 953, (i) pages, but page
2834:
was bought by Jacqui Safra at well below its estimated value, owing to the company's financial difficulties. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Incorporated split in 1999. One part retained the company name and developed the print version, and the other, Britannica.com Incorporated, developed digital versions.
2373:
With regard to errors in general, whether falling under the denomination of mental, typographical or accidental, we are conscious of being able to point out a greater number than any critic whatever. Men who are acquainted with the innumerable difficulties attending the execution of a work of such an
1411:
The product was quickly followed by
Britannica School Insights, which provided similar content for subscribers to Britannica's online classroom solutions, and a partnership with YouTube in which verified Britannica content appeared on the site as an antidote to user-generated video content that could
2860:
was also printed in 2010, containing 30 volumes and 18,251 pages, with 8,500 photographs, maps, flags, and illustrations in smaller "compact" volumes, as well as over 40,000 articles written by scholars from across the world, including Nobel Prize winners. Unlike the 15th edition, it did not contain
1407:
First was
Britannica Insights, a free, downloadable software extension to the Google Chrome browser that served up edited, fact-checked Britannica information with queries on search engines such as Google, Yahoo, and Bing. Its purpose, the company said, was to "provide trusted, verified information"
1399:
was appointed global chief executive officer of the
Encyclopædia Britannica Group. Krishnan brought a varied perspective to the role based on several high-level positions in digital media, including RELX (formerly known as Reed Elsevier, and one of the constituents of the FTSE 100 Index) and Rodale,
2465:
below). The 5th and 6th editions were reprints of the 4th, and the 10th edition was only a supplement to the 9th, just as the 12th and 13th editions were supplements to the 11th. The 15th underwent massive reorganization in 1985, but the updated, current version is still known as the 15th. The 14th
1780:
contributors are experts in their field—some are Nobel laureates. By contrast, the articles of
Knowledge are written by people of unknown degrees of expertise: most do not claim any particular expertise, and of those who do, many are anonymous and have no verifiable credentials. It is for this lack
953:
website will have to register under their real name and address prior to editing or submitting their content. All edits submitted will be reviewed and checked and will have to be approved by the encyclopaedia's professional staff. Contributions from non-academic users will sit in a separate section
756:
In March 2012, the company announced that the 2010 edition would be the last printed version. This was part of a move by the company to adapt to the times and focus on its future using digital distribution. The peak year for the printed encyclopaedia was 1990, when 120,000 sets were sold, but sales
326:
since 1768, although the company has changed ownership seven times. The encyclopaedia is maintained by about 100 full-time editors and more than 4,000 contributors. The 2010 version of the 15th edition, which spans 32 volumes and 32,640 pages, was the last printed edition. Since
4416:
edition. A new edition typically begins with strong sales that decay as the encyclopaedia becomes outdated. When work on a new edition is begun, sales of the old edition stop, just when fiscal needs are greatest: a new editorial staff must be assembled, articles commissioned. Elkan
Harrison Powell
2193:
has been criticized for its editorial choices. Given its roughly constant size, the encyclopaedia has needed to reduce or eliminate some topics to accommodate others, resulting in controversial decisions. The initial 15th edition (1974–1985) was faulted for having reduced or eliminated coverage of
1101:
With a temerity almost appalling, ranges over nearly the whole field of
European history, political, social, ecclesiastical... The grievance is that lacks authority. This, too—this reliance on editorial energy instead of on ripe special learning—may, alas, be also counted an "Americanizing": for
716:
has been revised on a regular schedule, with at least 10% of the articles considered for revision each year. According to one
Britannica website, 46% of the articles in the 2007 edition were revised over the preceding three years; however, according to another Britannica website, only 35% of the
2685:
sales. The
American owners gradually simplified articles, making them less scholarly for a mass market. The 10th edition was an eleven-volume supplement (including one each of maps and an index) to the 9th, numbered as volumes 25–35, but the 11th edition was a completely new work, and is still
1796:
chose articles from both websites in a wide range of science topics and sent them to what it called "relevant" field experts for peer review. The experts then compared the competing articles—one from each site on a given topic—side by side, but were not told which article came from which site.
2956:, President of the United States of America." The order of the dedications has changed with the relative power of the United States and Britain, and with relative sales; the 1954 version of the 14th edition is "Dedicated by Permission to the Heads of the Two English-Speaking Peoples,
752:
as the ruler of Great Britain and Ireland. (That is, they are alphabetized as if their titles were "Charles, France, 3" and "Charles, Great Britain and Ireland, 1".) Similarly, places that share names are organized alphabetically by country, then by ever-smaller political divisions.
1359:; Yannias assumed the role of CEO in the new company, while his former position at the parent company remained vacant for two years. Yannias' tenure at Britannica.com Incorporated was marked by missteps, considerable lay-offs, and financial losses. In 2001, Yannias was replaced by
740:" are alphabetized as if the number had been written out ("Eighteen-twelve, War of"). Articles with identical names are ordered first by persons, then by places, then by things. Rulers with identical names are organized first alphabetically by country and then by chronology; thus,
554:
articles are meant as authoritative, well-written commentaries on their subjects, as well as storehouses of information not covered elsewhere. The longest article (310 pages) is on the subject of the United States, and it resulted from merging separate articles on the individual
1188:
Paul T. Armstrong remains the longest working employee of Encyclopædia Britannica. He began his career there in 1934, eventually earning the positions of treasurer, vice president, and chief financial officer in his 58 years with the company, before retiring in 1992.
376:
In March 2012, it announced it would no longer publish printed editions and would focus instead on the online version. Britannica has been assessed as being more politically centrist compared to Knowledge, which is considered to have a more left-leaning orientation.
3638:
The first CD-ROM edition was issued in 1994. At that time also an online version was offered for paid subscription. In 1999 this was offered free, and no revised print versions appeared. The experiment was ended in 2001 and a new printed set was issued in 2001.
342:, in three volumes. The encyclopaedia grew in size; the second edition was 10 volumes, and by its fourth edition (1801–1810), it had expanded to 20 volumes. Its rising stature as a scholarly work helped recruit eminent contributors, and the 9th (1875–1889) and
1055:. Most (approximately 98%) contribute to only a single article; however, 64 contributed to three articles, 23 contributed to four articles, 10 contributed to five articles, and 8 contributed to more than five articles. An exceptionally prolific contributor is
2806:
entered an opinion and order enjoining Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. from using: a) deceptive advertising practices in recruiting sales agents and obtaining sales leads, and b) deceptive sales practices in the door-to-door presentations of its sales agents.
3297:
Some carry-over from 8th edition, but mostly a new work; high point of scholarship; 10,000 sets sold by Britannica and 45,000 authorized sets made in the US by Little, Brown in Boston and Schribners' Sons in NY, but pirated widely (500,000 sets) in the US.
3038:
Largely the work of one editor, Smellie; An estimated 3,000 sets were eventually sold, priced at £12 apiece; 30 articles longer than three pages. The pages were bound in three equally sized volumes covering Aa–Bzo, Caaba–Lythrum, and Macao–Zyglophyllum.
2725:, then a vice president of the university, provided the working capital for its operation. The stock was divided between Benton and the university, with the university holding an option on the stock. Benton became chairman of the board and managed the
2617:
reputation. The contributors often came from other countries and included the world's most respected authorities in their fields. A general index of all articles was included for the first time in the 7th edition, a practice maintained until 1974.
1725:
has been criticized for being biased towards United States audiences; the United Kingdom-related articles are updated less often, maps of the United States are more detailed than those of other countries, and it lacks a UK dictionary. Like the
938:), with editorial oversight from Britannica staff, was announced. Approved contributions would be credited, though contributing automatically grants Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated perpetual, irrevocable license to those contributions.
2360:
sales department had previously made a well-known claim in 1962 regarding the 14th edition that "t is truth. It is unquestionable fact." The sentiment of the 2006 statement was also reflected in the introduction to the first edition of the
3616:
articles were further consolidated into fewer, larger ones (for example, the previously separate articles about the 50 US states were all included into the "United States of America" article), with some medium-length articles moved to the
1533:
The Internet tends to provide more current coverage than print media, due to the ease with which material on the Internet can be updated. In rapidly changing fields such as science, technology, politics, culture and modern history, the
4823:
1403:
Taking the reins of the company as it was preparing to mark its 250th anniversary and define the next phase of its digital strategy for consumers and K–12 schools, Krishnan launched a series of new initiatives in his first year.
6823:
The sheer volume of content is partly responsible for the site's dominance as an online reference. When compared to the top 3,200 educational reference sites in the US, Knowledge is No. 1, attracting 24.3% of all visits to the
3779:
10,000 sets sold by Britannica plus 45,000 genuine American reprints by Scribner's Sons, and "several hundred thousand sets of mutilated and fraudulent 9th editions were sold..." Most sources estimate there were 500,000 pirated
8147:
6199:
2908:, and Compton's by Britannica. Written by international experts and scholars, the articles in this collection reflect the standards that have been the hallmark of the leading English-language encyclopedia for over 240 years.
1804:
The journal found just eight serious errors, such as general misunderstandings of vital concepts: four from each site. It also discovered many factual errors, omissions or misleading statements: 162 in Knowledge and 123 in
7744:
1760:; their respective style sheets and editorial policies; relative ages; the number of subjects treated; the number of languages in which articles are written and made available; and their underlying economic models: unlike
2056:
3567:
the new volumes, constituting, in combination with the existing volumes of the 9th ed., the 10th ed. ... and also supplying a new, distinctive, and independent library of reference dealing with recent events and
4036:
4734:
3588:
Annual revisions were published every year between 1974 and 2007 with the exceptions of 1996, 1999, 2000, 2004 and 2006. The 15th edition (introduced as "Britannica 3") was published in three parts: a 10-volume
631:
articles for the student wishing to learn a topic in depth. However, libraries have found that it is scarcely used for this purpose, and reviewers have recommended that it be dropped from the encyclopaedia. The
2278:, and its editors delay for as long as fiscally sensible (usually about 25 years). For example, despite continuous revision, the 14th edition became outdated after 35 years (1929–1964). When American physicist
8000:
1220:
had an editorial board of advisors, which included a number of distinguished figures, primarily scholars from a variety of disciplines. Past and present members of the board have included: non-fiction author
5688:
2847:, announced that it would not produce any new print editions of the encyclopaedia, with the 2010 15th edition being the last. The company will focus only on the online edition and other educational tools.
8656:
MDZ-Reader | Band | Encyclopaedia Britannica; or, a dictionary of arts, sciences, and miscellaneous literature | Encyclopaedia Britannica; or, a dictionary of arts, sciences, and miscellaneous literature
2779:
sought not only to be a good reference work and educational tool, but to systematize all human knowledge. The absence of a separate index and the grouping of articles into parallel encyclopaedias (the
2202:; editorial mistakes were also alleged, such as inconsistent sorting of Japanese biographies. Its elimination of the index was condemned, as was the apparently arbitrary division of articles into the
1614:—and letter grades of A–D or F were awarded in four categories: coverage, accuracy, clarity, and recency. In all four categories and for all three encyclopaedias, the four average grades fell between
5461:
4681:
2940:
from 1788 to 1901 and then, upon its sale to an American partnership, to the British monarch and the President of the United States. Thus, the 11th edition is "dedicated by Permission to His Majesty
4707:
5493:
6260:
3770:
According to Smellie, it was 10,000, as quoted by Robert Kerr in his "Memoirs of William Smellie." Archibald Constable was quoted as saying the production started at 5,000 and concluded at 13,000.
2126:
found that geography accounted for 25% of articles, science 18%, social sciences 17%, biography 17%, and all other humanities 25%. Writing in 1992, one reviewer judged that the "range, depth, and
5192:
6150:"Ilan Yeshua Named Britannica CEO. Veteran Executive to Consolidate Operations of Encyclopædia Britannica and Britannica.com" (Press release). Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated. 16 May 2001.
2771:. Under Mortimer J. Adler (member of the Board of Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica since its inception in 1949, and its chair from 1974; director of editorial planning for the 15th edition of
8669:
MDZ-Reader | Band | The Encyclopaedia Britannica, or Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature | The Encyclopaedia Britannica, or Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature
8231:
2473:
has had two aims: to be an excellent reference book, and to provide educational material. In 1974, the 15th edition adopted a third goal: to systematize all human knowledge. The history of the
2894:. Developed specifically to provide comprehensive and global coverage of the world around us, this unique product contains thousands of timely, relevant, and essential articles drawn from the
2348:
chief editor George Gleig observed that "perfection seems to be incompatible with the nature of works constructed on such a plan, and embracing such a variety of subjects." In March 2006, the
6883:
Online encyclopedia Knowledge has added about 20 million unique monthly visitors in the past year, making it the top online news and information destination, according to Nielsen//NetRatings.
864:
is named in terms of the year of its publication, though the edition actually covers the events of the previous year. The company also publishes several specialized reference works, such as
6713:
8487:
6230:
1867:. My job is to create more awareness of our very different approaches to publishing in the public mind. They're a chisel, we're a drill, and you need to have the correct tool for the job.
1495:
was widely considered to have the greatest authority of any general English-language encyclopaedia, especially because of its broad coverage and eminent authors. The print version of the
6320:
4827:
4593:
3814:
2621:
Production of the 9th edition was overseen by Thomas Spencer Baynes, the first English-born editor-in-chief. Dubbed the "Scholar's Edition", the 9th edition is the most scholarly of all
2120:), biography (14%), biology and medicine (11%), literature (7%), physics and astronomy (6%), religion (5%), art (4%), Western philosophy (4%), and law (3%). A complementary study of the
895:
The package includes a range of supplementary content including maps, videos, sound clips, animations and web links. It also offers study tools and dictionary and thesaurus entries from
8209:
357:
became the first encyclopaedia to adopt "continuous revision", in which the encyclopaedia is continually reprinted, with every article updated on a schedule. In the 21st century, the
8140:
7461:
6191:
5025:
1660:
In 2013, the President of Encyclopædia Britannica announced that after 244 years, the encyclopaedia would cease print production and all future editions would be entirely digital.
7754:
1344:, who serves as its current chair of the board. In 1997, Don Yannias, a long-time associate and investment advisor of Safra, became CEO of Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated.
1510:, has grown into a common source of information for many people, and provides easy access to reliable original sources and expert opinions, thanks in part to initiatives such as
7801:
962:
scholars. Articles written by users, if vetted and approved, will also only be available in a special section of the website, separate from the professional articles. Official
6587:
5347:
3358:
Another high point of scholarship and writing; more articles than the 9th, but shorter and simpler; financial difficulties for owner, Horace Everett Hooper; EB rights sold to
2542:
4022:
2214:. Summing up, one critic called the initial 15th edition a "qualified failure... cares more for juggling its format than for preserving." More recently, reviewers from the
1764:, Knowledge is a not-for-profit, does not carry advertising on its site, and is not connected with traditional profit- and contract-based publishing distribution networks.
5524:
4738:
8261:
8105:
5554:
934:
On 3 June 2008, an initiative to facilitate collaboration between online expert and amateur scholarly contributors for Britannica's online content (in the spirit of a
7627:, for 'little knowledge', and little knowledge is what it provides. It has proved to be grotesquely inadequate as an index, radically constricting the utility of the
7721:
6984:
5126:
4800:
3964:
2967:
Consistent with this tradition, the 2007 version of the current 15th edition was "dedicated by permission to the current President of the United States of America,
7560:
makes it necessary to consult another volume in the majority of cases; indeed, it was our experience that even simple searches might involve eight or nine volumes.
5672:
5429:
4562:
1717:
contained 66,000 articles, a user-friendly Visual Browser, interactive maps, math, language and homework tools, a US and UK dictionary, and a youth edition. Like
6953:
6837:
2606:
was managed by the Edinburgh publishing firm A & C Black. Although some contributors were again recruited through friendships of the chief editors, notably
4849:
1694:
was the top-selling multimedia encyclopaedia, based on total US retail sales from January 2000 to February 2006. Both occupied the same price range, with the
8005:
6688:
5056:
4935:
2916:, an encyclopaedia aimed primarily at younger readers, covering major topics. The encyclopedia was widely praised for bringing back the print format. It was
1196:
included five Senior Editors and nine Associate Editors, supervised by Dale Hoiberg and four others. The editorial staff helped to write the articles of the
346:(1911) are landmark encyclopaedias for scholarship and literary style. Starting with the 11th edition and following its acquisition by an American firm, the
7104:
5451:
2334:, which incorrectly described it as having been fought between the north and south of Ireland, was discussed in the Irish press following a decision by the
5484:
5283:
6749:
5713:
The Cult of the Amateur: How Blogs, MySpace, YouTube, and the Rest of Today's User-generated Media are Destroying Our Economy, Our Culture, and Our Values
4615:
1929:
has enjoyed a popular and critical reputation for general excellence. The 3rd and 9th editions were pirated for sale in the United States, beginning with
6252:
5183:
4059:
3993:
981:
market. On 20 July 2011, Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated announced that Concentric Sky had ported the Britannica Kids product line to Intel's
2437:
and Knowledge have reduced the demand for print encyclopaedias. To remain competitive, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. has stressed the reputation of the
2082:
1696:
8177:
3585:
began almost annual revisions. New revisions of the 14th edition appeared every year between 1929 and 1973 with the exceptions of 1931, 1934 and 1935.
931:
28,000-article concise encyclopaedia to return an answer to the query. Daily topical features sent directly to users' mobile phones were also planned.
8223:
638:
contains color transparencies of human anatomy and several appendices listing the staff members, advisors, and contributors to all three parts of the
4871:
3548:"Supplement to the fourth, fifth, and sixth editions of the Encyclopædia Britannica. With preliminary dissertations on the history of the sciences."
2167:
accords non-Western cultural, social, and scientific developments more notice than any general English-language encyclopedia currently on the market.
1270:
437:
8455:
4685:
6651:
5395:
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4124:
2068:, an American businessman who read the 11th and 14th editions, devoting roughly three hours per night for four and a half years to read the 11th.
7269:
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6870:
6222:
5905:
4585:
536:
has roughly 65,000 articles, the vast majority (about 97%) of which contain fewer than 750 words, no references, and no named contributors. The
338:
was the longest-running in-print encyclopaedia in the English language. It was first published between 1768 and 1771 in the Scottish capital of
6800:
6312:
3806:
1773:
s articles either have known authorship or a set of possible authors (the editorial staff). With the exception of the editorial staff, most of
608:
is its "Outline of Knowledge", which aims to provide a logical framework for all human knowledge. Accordingly, the Outline is consulted by the
6120:
5849:
3572:"Vols. 30–32 ... the New volumes constituting, in combination with the twenty-nine volumes of the eleventh edition, the twelfth edition"
2738:
2433:
Recent advances in information technology and the rise of electronic encyclopaedias such as Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite,
1983:
586:; these are sparse, however, averaging one cross-reference per page. Readers are instead recommended to consult the alphabetical index or the
8200:
7083:
7016:
6771:
2290:
current: one 1994 critic writes, "it is not difficult to find articles that are out-of-date or in need of revision", noting that the longer
999:
In March 2012, it was announced that the company would cease printing the encyclopaedia set, and that it would focus on its online version.
905:
Online is a website with more than 120,000 articles and is updated regularly. It has daily features, updates and links to news reports from
7688:
7041:
6903:"Internet encyclopaedias go head to head: Jimmy Wales' Knowledge comes close to Britannica in terms of the accuracy of its science entries"
3708:
2286:, the encyclopaedia was provoked to produce the 15th edition, which required 10 years of work. Editors have struggled at times to keep the
1420:
6093:
5646:
2567:—to a 20-volume set written by numerous authorities. Several other encyclopaedias competed throughout this period, among them editions of
2410:, Scotland-based printers Colin Macfarquhar and Andrew Bell, Scottish bookseller Archibald Constable, Scottish publisher A & C Black,
2096:
was awarded a spot as one of "Top Ten Superbrands in the UK" by a panel of more than 2,000 independent reviewers, as reported by the BBC.
657:
comprise roughly 40 million words and 24,000 images. The two-volume index has 2,350 pages, listing the 228,274 topics covered in the
5033:
2466:
and 15th editions were edited every year throughout their runs, so that later printings of each were entirely different from early ones.
949:
website from the public. The published edition of the encyclopaedia will not be affected by the changes. Individuals wishing to edit the
7874:
5727:
3341:
530:
has 699 in-depth articles, ranging in length from two pages to 310 pages, with references and named contributors. In contrast, the 2007
343:
8674:
3209:
Reprint of the 4th and 5th editions with modern font. Constable went bankrupt on 19 January 1826; EB rights eventually secured by
432:
has remained steady, with about 40 million words on half a million topics. Though published in the United States since 1901, the
8733:
5757:
5343:
4461:
1824:
s study flawed and misleading and called for a "prompt" retraction. It noted that two of the articles in the study were taken from a
6613:
6579:
6290:
5584:
3535:
Unlike the 15th edition, it did not contain Macro- and Micropedia sections, but ran A through Z as all editions up to the 14th had.
3044:
2984:
2384:
1919:
8713:
6480:
6071:
4096:
3094:
3068:
3063:
Largely the work of one editor, Tytler; 150 long articles; pagination errors; all maps under "Geography" article; 1,500 sets sold
3021:
2262:'s articles on religion in the 9th edition, particularly his article stating that the Bible was not historically accurate (1875).
1996:
has a reputation for summarizing knowledge. To further their education, some people have devoted themselves to reading the entire
917:
made articles freely available if they are hyperlinked from an external site. Non-subscribers are served pop-ups and advertising.
8723:
7918:
7130:
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in conjunction with search results that were thought to be increasingly unreliable in the era of misinformation and "fake news."
5879:
5516:
4909:
3866:
3836:
8748:
5369:
5321:
834:
70:
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3516:
articles merged; slightly longer overall; new versions were issued every few years. This edition is the last printed edition.
2151:
covers 50,479 biographies, 5,999 of them about women, with 11.87% being British citizens and 25.51% US citizens. However, the
8753:
8544:
8520:
8477:
7928:
7664:
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7384:
7354:
7253:
6362:
5218:
5156:
4773:
4361:
4262:
4206:
4187:
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has received criticism, particularly as editions become outdated. It is expensive to produce a completely new edition of the
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biased of general Encyclopaedias marketed to Western readers and praised for its biographies of important women of all eras.
2087:
1556:
has been compared with other print encyclopaedias, both qualitatively and quantitatively. A well-known comparison is that of
1515:
240:
8253:
8095:
7889:
5546:
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for 18 years (1920–1923, 1928–1943). In 1932, the vice-president of Sears, Elkan Harrison Powell, assumed presidency of the
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extensive nature will make proper allowances. To these we appeal, and shall rest satisfied with the judgment they pronounce.
2015:
3rd edition; after reading the complete set, he extended his royal title to include "Most Formidable Lord and Master of the
1538:
has struggled to stay up to date, a problem first analysed systematically by its former editor Walter Yust. Eventually, the
7823:
7711:
7543:
Cole, Dorothy Ethlyn (June 1974). "Britannica 3 as a Reference Tool: A Review". Wilson Library Bulletin. pp. 821–825.
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5118:
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4789:
1377:
was appointed President of Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated. Cauz is the senior executive and reports directly to the
34:
6531:
5257:
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4417:
identified this fluctuation of income as a danger to any encyclopaedia, one he hoped to overcome with continuous revision.
3761:
Archibald Constable estimated in 1812 that there had been 3,500 copies printed, but revised his estimate to 3,000 in 1821.
3577:
The three new supplementary volumes constituting, with the volumes of the latest standard edition, the thirteenth edition.
2971:, and Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth II", while the 2010 version of the current 15th edition is "dedicated by permission to
920:
On 20 February 2007, Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated announced that it was working with mobile phone search company
627:. The Outline can also be used as a study guide, as it puts subjects in their proper perspective and suggests a series of
2515:
was managed and published by its founders, Colin Macfarquhar and Andrew Bell, by Archibald Constable, and by others. The
878:
479:, respectively. The last three volumes are the 2002 Book of the Year (black spine) and the two-volume index (cyan spine).
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5421:
4554:
1618:, chiefly because none of the encyclopaedias had an article on sexual harassment in 1994. In the accuracy category, the
1363:, who reunited the leadership of the two companies. Yannias later returned to investment management, but remains on the
7350:
3311:
11 volumes, plus the 24 volumes of the 9th. Volume 34 containing 124 detailed country maps with index of 250,000 names
3135:
Authors first allowed to retain copyright. Material in the supplement to 3rd not incorporated due to copyright issues.
1889:
responded by calling Knowledge "an impressive achievement" but argued that critics should avoid "false comparisons" to
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magazine, read the entire 2002 version of the 15th edition, describing his experiences in the well-received 2004 book
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were special advisors on science. However, by the close of the 19th century, the 9th edition was outdated, and the
1861:
Knowledge is a fun site to use and has a lot of interesting entries on there, but their approach wouldn't work for
1250:
924:
to launch a mobile encyclopaedia. Users will be able to send a question via text message, and AskMeNow will search
8026:
7321:
5064:
5003:
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3870:
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969:
On 14 September 2010, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. announced a partnership with mobile phone development company
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1006:, "Britannica Insights", which shows snippets of information from Britannica Online whenever the user performs a
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5291:
4737:[Naming by authority: the cases of Google and the Vietnamese Britannica] (in Vietnamese). Archived from
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1842:
defended its story and declined to retract, stating that, as it was comparing Knowledge with the web version of
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7568:
6562:
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2941:
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article, whereas 14 articles are devoted to Christianity, comprising nearly half of all religion articles. The
7314:
Banquet at Guildhall in the City of London, Tuesday 15 October 1968: Celebrating the 200th Anniversary of the
8728:
8173:
7462:"Nor da nor Lur Hiztegi Entziklopedikoan? Euskarazko lehenengo entziklopediaren demografia digital alderatua"
4027:
3898:
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428:
outline to understand a subject's context and to find more detailed articles. Over 70 years, the size of the
4097:
reviews by the Editorial Board of Reference Books Bulletin; revised introduction by Sandy Whiteley. (1996).
3565:
The 10th edition included a maps volume and a cumulative index volume for the 9th and 10th edition volumes:
2580:
1469:
275:
8636:
8491:
7745:"Are they taking the Mick? It's the encyclopedia that thinks the Civil War was between the north and south"
5782:(1911). "The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information".
4349:
3723:
2215:
1527:
1506:
has faced new challenges from digital information sources. The Internet, facilitated by the development of
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1234:
524:, which encompass 12 and 17 volumes, respectively, each volume having roughly one thousand pages. The 2007
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can be divided into five eras, punctuated by changes in management, or reorganization of the dictionary.
55:
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1931:
1756:. The key differences between the two lie in accessibility; the model of participation they bring to an
1400:
in which he was responsible for "driving business and cultural transformation and accelerating growth".
3359:
2555:
of this period was primarily a Scottish enterprise, and it is one of the most enduring legacies of the
2538:
1274:
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material would carry a "Britannica Checked" stamp, to distinguish it from the user-generated content.
542:
articles are intended for quick fact-checking and to help in finding more thorough information in the
7277:
7245:
Dobson's Encyclopaedia: The Publisher, Text, and Publication of America's First Britannica, 1789–1803
7164:
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1475:
1296:. Roughly half of these advisors have since died, including some of the Outline's chief architects –
849:
30:
6810:
6449:
2590:
1676:, now discontinued, a modern multimedia encyclopaedia that incorporated three print encyclopaedias:
1435:
is a general encyclopaedia, it does not seek to compete with specialized encyclopaedias such as the
1185:
as Executive Editor. Prior Executive Editors include John V. Dodge (1950–1964) and Philip W. Goetz.
6223:"Google results aren't always accurate. Encyclopaedia Britannica's new Chrome extension could help"
6128:
5857:
3318:
3130:
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2722:
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has been issued in 15 editions, with multi-volume supplements to the 3rd and 4th editions (see the
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editor-in-chief Robert McHenry noted his belief in 2004 that Knowledge could not hope to rival the
1119:
7080:
7009:
3154:
Reprint of the 4th edition. Financial losses by Millar and Andrew Bell's heirs; EB rights sold to
3085:£42,000 profit on 10,000 copies sold; first dedication to monarch; pirated by Moore in Dublin and
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6354:
4074:
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1709:
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brand to new educational and reference products, continuing the strategy pioneered by former CEO
1003:
8668:
8655:
7680:
7052:
7010:"Fatally Flawed – Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal Nature"
6435:
Lawrence, S.; Giles, C. (1999). "Searching the Web: general and scientific information access".
4826:[Stories from contributors to the Vietnamese Britannica] (in Vietnamese). Archived from
3742:
According to Kister, the initial 15th edition (1974) required over $ 32 million to produce.
2314:
article(s), mainly because of the failure to update one or the other. The bibliographies of the
1460:
6555:
Kister's best encyclopedias : a comparative guide to general and specialized encyclopedias
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6097:
5638:
5456:
2556:
1960:
1915:
1591:
1570:
1481:
1048:
790:
131:
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praised for excellence; its owner, Horace Hooper, lavished enormous effort on its perfection.
778:
was first published in 1934 as 12 volumes. It was expanded to 15 volumes in 1947, and renamed
7868:
7590:
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5711:
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history and early spin-off products, this article also describes the life-cycle of a typical
3330:
3265:
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2718:
2411:
1971:
1595:
1389:
1154:
1118:, editor of the 9th edition. This portrait, painted in 1888, hangs in the Senate Room of the
1115:
8654:
3rd edition, (1797, first volume, use search facility for others) at Bavarian State Library
7772:
6192:"Encyclopaedia Britannica Group Appoints Karthik Krishnan as Global Chief Executive Officer"
2250:, the chief editor of the 3rd edition (1788–1797), who wrote that gravity was caused by the
1384:
Board of Directors. Cauz has been pursuing alliances with other companies and extending the
8667:
8th edition (1860, index volume, use search facility for others) at Bavarian State Library
8630:
8308:
8025:
7769:
Supplement to the Encyclopædia or Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and Miscellaneous Literature
7749:
7615:
7534:
7442:
6916:
6898:
6683:
6391:
6313:"Exclusive Interview: Encyclopædia Britannica CEO Karthik Krishnan | Asia Outlook Magazine"
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6020:
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1975:
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was revealed as the more accurate encyclopaedia, with fewer errors, in its rebuttal called
1615:
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1230:
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Senior Vice President and editor-in-chief. Among his predecessors as editors-in-chief were
1060:
993:
745:
5749:
4473:
3274:; authorized American sets printed by Little, Brown in Boston; 8,000 sets sold altogether
8:
8690:
A handbook containing sixty-six courses of systematic study or occasional reading. (1913)
8536:
Kister's Best Encyclopedias: A Comparative Guide to General and Specialized Encyclopedias
8512:
7996:
6282:
6094:"Encyclopædia Britannica Announces Appointment of Don Yannias As Chief Executive Officer"
6067:
5779:
5576:
5547:"Encyclopædia Britannica's new Chrome extension is a simple fix to Google misinformation"
4179:
Kister's Best Encyclopedias: A Comparative Guide to General and Specialized Encyclopedias
3555:
3155:
2953:
2655:
2630:
2195:
2029:
2025:
2001:
1873:
1416:
1348:
1094:
1010:, in a box to the right of Google's results. Britannica Insights was also available as a
838:
328:
165:
135:
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7446:
6920:
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6395:
6176:
6053:
6024:
5965:
5835:
5624:
5370:"Encyclopædia Britannica to supply world-leading educational apps to Intel AppUp center"
4510:
4428:"Encyclopædia Britannica: School & Library Site, promotional materials for the 2007
4332:
4294:
2873:
sections, but ran A through Z as all editions up through the 14th had. The following is
2525:
Encyclopædia Britannica, or, A Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, compiled upon a New Plan
2218:
were surprised to find that most educational articles had been eliminated from the 1992
1700:
CD or DVD costing US$ 40–50 and the Microsoft Encarta Premium 2007 DVD costing US$ 45.
453:
8100:
7653:
7479:
6462:
6417:
6347:
5799:
5577:"Britannica Insights Firefox extension missing · Issue #6081 · mozilla/addons-frontend"
4118:
3969:
3401:
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2320:
articles have been criticized for being more out-of-date than the articles themselves.
2050:
1979:
1956:
1678:
1519:
1374:
1352:
1305:
1266:
1150:
1035:
has 4,411 contributors, many eminent in their fields, such as Nobel laureate economist
741:
350:
shortened and simplified articles to broaden its appeal to the North American market.
7069:
3336:
American partnership bought EB rights on 9 May 1901; high-pressure sales methods
2823:
In the fifth era (1994–present), digital versions have been developed and released on
1757:
8648:
8566:
8540:
8534:
8516:
8473:
7949:
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7852:. Vol. 18 (15th ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2007. pp. 257–286.
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4098:
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Began continuous revision in 1936: every article revised at least twice every decade
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has also staunchly defended a scientific approach to cultural topics, as it did with
2243:
2199:
1911:
1603:
1293:
362:
315:
235:
155:
139:
8600:
8201:"The new Children's Britannica: a fantastic voyage through the history of the world"
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6466:
6096:(Press release). Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated. 4 March 1997. Archived from
5373:
5372:(Press release). Encyclopædia_Britannica, Incorporated. 20 July 2011. Archived from
5087:
1734:
was available online by subscription, although some content could be accessed free.
8610:
8465:
7914:
7648:
7602:
Waite, Dennis V. (21 June 1976). "Encyclopædia Britannica: EB 3, Two Years Later".
7469:
7380:
7318:
and the 25th Anniversary of the Honorable William Benton as its Chair and publisher
6924:
6907:
6454:
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5791:
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3938:
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21 volumes, 17,957 pages, 402 plates; plus a 239-page index volume, published 1861
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3182:
2949:
2937:
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until 1996, and whose sole beneficiary was the University of Chicago. In 1968, the
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2279:
2065:
1455:
1447:, which can devote much more space to their chosen topics. In its first years, the
1396:
1254:
1246:
1222:
1166:
1064:
1056:
670:
259:
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8508:
The Know-It-All: One Man's Humble Quest to Become the Smartest Person in the World
5226:
4257:. New Providence, New Jersey: R. R. Bowker (A Reed Reference Publishing Company).
4214:
2975:, President of the United States of America, and Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II."
2127:
2057:
The Know-It-All: One Man's Humble Quest to Become the Smartest Person in the World
1102:
certainly nothing has so cheapened the scholarship of our American encyclopaedias.
945:, announced that the company would be accepting edits and additions to the online
705:. Common alternative spellings are provided with cross-references such as "Color:
8459:
8048:
7815:
7087:
7076:
6805:
4356:. Revised introduction by Sandra Whiteley (4th ed.). Chicago, IL: Booklist.
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3245:
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1967:
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1044:
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366:
109:
81:
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Many long articles were copied from the 7th edition; 344 contributors including
2729:
until his death in 1973. Benton set up the Benton Foundation, which managed the
2529:
2028:
claimed to have read the complete 9th edition, except for the science articles;
1047:. Roughly a quarter of the contributors are deceased, some as long ago as 1947 (
8530:
7965:
1st edition is described as "deplorably inaccurate and unscientific" in places.
7474:
7460:
Gonzalez Larrañaga, Galder; Perez de Viñaspre Garralda, Olatz (16 March 2023).
7276:. Vol. XIV, no. 13. 23 September 1929. pp. 66–69. Archived from
6523:
5452:"Britannica ImageQuest: One image database to rule them all | Reference Online"
4765:
4524:
4381:. Vol. 3 (15th ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2007. p. 957.
4173:
3674:
3502:
3407:
Replaced 12th edition volumes; improved perspective of the events of 1910–1926
3237:
2968:
2585:
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moved from being a three-volume set (1st edition) compiled by one young editor—
2446:
2441:, reduced its price and production costs, and developed electronic versions on
2172:
2061:
1557:
1523:
1309:
1238:
1178:
970:
853:, is aimed at 10- to 17-year-olds and consists of 26 volumes and 11,000 pages.
311:
222:
32 volumes, hardbound (15th edition, 2010); print editions discontinued in 2012
202:
145:
8506:
5219:"Britannica looking to give Knowledge a run for its money with online editing"
4023:"Encyclopaedia Britannica: After 244 years in print, only digital copies sold"
2330:
entries on Poland and wildlife in Eastern Europe. In 2010, an entry about the
2323:
In 2005, a 12-year-old schoolboy in Britain found several inaccuracies in the
2060:. Only two people are known to have read two independent editions: the author
8697:
8437:
7863:
7410:(5th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: American Library Association. p. 34.
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3443:
3322:
2694:
2634:
2607:
2534:
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2005:
1944:
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1301:
1278:
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1226:
1170:
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1146:
1007:
413:
319:
208:
151:
7459:
7358:
3610:
In 1985, the system was modified by adding a separate two-volume index; the
3471:
2449:. Since the early 1930s, the company has promoted spin-off reference works.
2163:
It can be stated without fear of contradiction that the 15th edition of the
1906:
996:. In 2010, Britannica released Britannica ImageQuest, a database of images.
833:; there are authorized translations in languages such as Chinese created by
736:
marks and non-English letters are ignored, while numerical entries such as "
389:
8554:
8502:
6938:
6580:"Encyclopædia Britannica's President on Killing Off a 244-Year-Old Product"
6413:
5346:(Press release). Encyclopædia_Britannica, Incorporated. 14 September 2010.
4439:
3999:
3688:
3178:
3111:
3058:
2972:
2961:
2839:, who has continued Powell's strategy of introducing new products with the
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2682:
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2423:
2247:
2045:
1587:
1575:
1511:
1341:
1258:
1131:
1090:
1086:
403:
5987:
2914:
Britannica All New Children's Encyclopedia: What We Know and What We Don't
2653:
An advertisement for the 11th edition, published in the May 1913 issue of
1951:
was "beyond comparison because there is no competitor". References to the
793:
was issued in London in 1960. Its contents were determined largely by the
765:
361:
suffered first from competition with the digital multimedia encyclopaedia
8686:
3559:
2836:
2753:
introduced its 15th edition, which was reorganized into three parts: the
1599:
1360:
1322:
also lists just under 4,000 advisors who were consulted for the unsigned
1158:
1093:, some have been criticized for lack of expertise. In 1911 the historian
1082:
1015:
989:
and on 26 October 2011 that it had launched its encyclopaedia as an
794:
737:
8254:"Britannica All New Children's Encyclopedia edited by Christopher Lloyd"
5026:"Encyclopædia Britannica Selects AskMeNow to Launch Mobile Encyclopedia"
4462:"Australian Encyclopædia Britannica, promotional materials for the 2007
1340:
was purchased from the Benton Foundation by billionaire Swiss financier
1181:(1992–1997). As of 2007 Anita Wolff was listed as the Deputy Editor and
1111:
397:
8010:
7878:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 377.
7596:
This arrangement has nothing to recommend it except commercial novelty.
6664:
Sales figures for January 2000 – February 2006 as provided by the
5939:. Vol. 14. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2007. pp. 1007–1030.
5803:
5396:"About | Mobile, Web and Enterprise | Design and Development"
4991:
3682:
3210:
2844:
2225:
2037:
1943:
the "Patriarch of the Library". In a related advertisement, naturalist
1611:
1297:
1040:
982:
942:
280:
150:
10th through 14th editions (1901–1973): American businesses, including
6458:
4936:"Q&A: Ian Grant of Encyclopædia Britannica UK [interview]"
3426:
Publication just before Great Depression was financially catastrophic
1574:. For the quantitative analysis, ten articles were selected at random—
8224:"Why printed encyclopedias for children are more important than ever"
7948:. Vol. 9. New York: Macmillan Educational Company. p. 135.
6665:
6647:
4103:(5th ed.). Booklist Publications, American Library Association.
3595:(which contained short articles and served as an index), a 19-volume
3423:
James Louis Garvin in London, Franklin Henry Hooper in New York City
2520:
2407:
1809:, an average of 3.86 mistakes per article for Knowledge and 2.92 for
1753:
1743:
1292:
were produced by dozens of editorial advisors under the direction of
733:
386:
of short articles (generally fewer than 750 words), a 17-volume
380:
The 15th edition (1974–2010) has a three-part structure: a 12-volume
370:
339:
8680:
7867:
7588:
McCracken, Samuel (February 1976). "The Scandal of 'Britannica 3'".
6929:
6902:
5795:
3383:
Summarized state of the world before, during, and after World War I
2235:-appointed contributors are mistaken. A notorious instance from the
8619:
8615:
5485:"Encyclopaedia Britannica stops printing after more than 200 years"
5029:
3223:
21 volumes, 17,101 pages, 506 plates, plus a 187-page index volume
2138:
1135:
1052:
986:
978:
921:
910:
856:
Since 1938, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. has published annually a
556:
8424:(15th ed.). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. interior flap.
7990:
7094:. As of 20 November 2021, the PDF creation date is 2 August 2019))
6404:
6379:
3554:
The 9th edition featured articles by notables of the day, such as
2130:
of coverage are unsurpassed by any other general Encyclopaedia."
866:
Shakespeare: The Essential Guide to the Life and Works of the Bard
8442:
Everything Explained That Is Explainable: On the Creation of the
7566:
Davis, Robert Gorham (1 December 1974). "Subject: The Universe".
6842:
6002:
5517:"Encyclopædia Britannica halts print publication after 244 years"
4032:
3186:
2815:
2137:
does not cover topics in equal detail; for example, the whole of
1560:, who gave a qualitative and quantitative comparison of the 1993
1011:
130:
1st through 6th editions (1768–1826): private publishers such as
8651:, currently including the 1st–13th editions in multiple formats.
8570:
8393:. Vol. 8 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
8036:. Vol. 1 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
7953:
7248:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.
7228:
6349:
A Position to Command Respect: Women and the Eleventh Britannica
3380:
Hugh Chisholm in London, Franklin Henry Hooper in New York City
3355:
Hugh Chisholm in London, Franklin Henry Hooper in New York City
2649:
2485:
1853:
website. Interviewed in February 2009, the managing director of
2442:
974:
797:
standardized tests given in Britain. Britannica introduced the
7613:
Wolff, Geoffrey (November 1976). "Britannica 3, Failures of".
7521:
Baker, John F. (14 January 1974). "A New Britannica Is Born".
7500:
Prescott, Peter S. (8 July 1974). "The Fifteenth Britannica".
7299:. Vol. XIV, no. 12. 16 September 1929. pp. 2–3.
2960:, President of the United States of America, and Her Majesty,
2356:
is error-free; we have never made such a claim". However, the
1828:
yearbook and not the encyclopaedia, and another two were from
782:
in 1963. It was taken off the market after the 1984 printing.
8594:
8347:
8335:
7548:
is difficult to use ... the division of content between
7105:"Knowledge: an old-fashioned corner of truth on the internet"
4586:"After 244 Years, Encyclopaedia Britannica Stops the Presses"
3994:"Encyclopaedia Britannica Goes Out of Print, Won't Be Missed"
3965:"After 244 Years, Encyclopaedia Britannica Stops the Presses"
2415:
2086:, received the 2004 Distinguished Achievement Award from the
1713:(US only), and offers Primary and Secondary School editions.
8297:
Goetz, Philip W. (1991). "The New Encyclopædia Britannica".
7431:
Goetz, Philip W. (2007). "The New Encyclopædia Britannica".
6283:"NYU Stern – Karthik Krishnan – Adjunct Assistant Professor"
6161:
Goetz, Philip W. (2007). "The New Encyclopædia Britannica".
6038:
Goetz, Philip W. (2007). "The New Encyclopædia Britannica".
6009:
Goetz, Philip W. (2007). "The New Encyclopædia Britannica".
5950:
Goetz, Philip W. (2007). "The New Encyclopædia Britannica".
5820:
Goetz, Philip W. (2007). "The New Encyclopædia Britannica".
5609:
Goetz, Philip W. (2007). "The New Encyclopædia Britannica".
5088:"Encyclopædia Britannica To Follow Modified Knowledge Model"
4495:
Goetz, Philip W. (2007). "The New Encyclopædia Britannica".
4348:
4317:
Goetz, Philip W. (2007). "The New Encyclopædia Britannica".
4281:
Goetz, Philip W. (2007). "The New Encyclopædia Britannica".
4060:"Knowledge Or Encyclopædia Britannica: Which Has More Bias?"
3807:"After 244 Years, Encyclopædia Britannica Stops the Presses"
1885:
had gone bankrupt in 1996. In a January 2016 press release,
871:
8128:
A Guidebook to Learning: for the lifelong pursuit of wisdom
7890:"Encyclopaedia Britannica | History, Editions, & Facts"
7351:"2004 Distinguished Achievement Awards Winners: Technology"
6893:
6891:
6253:"YouTube now displays facts below conspiracy theory videos"
5943:
5604:
5602:
4344:
4342:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4084:
3551:
The 7th to 14th editions included a separate index volume.
3468:
Introduced three-part structure; division of articles into
3285:
24 volumes, plus a 499-page index volume labeled Volume 25
990:
935:
661:, together with 474,675 subentries under those topics. The
615:
editors to decide which articles should be included in the
8330:
Propædia: Outline of Knowledge and Guide to the Britannica
6189:
5880:"History of Encyclopædia Britannica and Britannica Online"
4790:"Britannica Concise Encyclopedia rendered into Vietnamese"
3837:"History of Encyclopædia Britannica and Britannica Online"
3396:
3 volumes with own index, plus the 29 volumes of the 11th
3375:
3 volumes with own index, plus the 29 volumes of the 11th
2890:, the world standard in reference since 1768, present the
1663:
829:
has 28,000 short articles condensing the larger 32-volume
260:
7532:
Wolff, Geoffrey (June 1974). "Britannica 3, History of".
4735:"Tên theo chủ: Qua vụ Google và vụ Britannica tiếng Việt"
4656:. 1960. Encyclopædia Britannica Limited. London, England.
2602:
During the second era (7th–9th editions, 1827–1901), the
2296:
articles are more likely to be outdated than the shorter
1877:
published two opinion pieces which compared Knowledge to
1089:, as well as notable independent encyclopaedists such as
818:
is for children aged three to six (issued 1974 to 1991).
6888:
6154:
6121:"Look Under "M" for Mess—Company Business and Marketing"
5599:
5184:"Encyclopaedia Britannica fights back against Knowledge"
4929:
4927:
4339:
4081:
2548:(first edition 1728). It went on sale 10 December.
2499:
article on Egypt, which included the translation of the
2000:, taking anywhere from three to 22 years to do so. When
1781:
of institutional vetting, or certification, that former
860:
covering the past year's events. A given edition of the
291:
6481:"Electronic publishing takes journals into a new realm"
6031:
5149:"Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated, Corporate Site"
4824:"Chuyện kể từ người tham gia làm Britannica tiếng Việt"
4201:
4199:
3867:"History of Encyclopædia Britannica and Britannica.com"
2406:
Past owners have included, in chronological order, the
1499:
was significantly more expensive than its competitors.
1473:. In the 20th century, successful competitors included
394:
of long articles (two to 310 pages), and a single
8559:
The Great EB: The Story of the Encyclopædia Britannica
8141:"In the Matter of Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. et al"
8130:. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1986, p. 88.
7408:
Reference Sources for Small and Medium-Sized Libraries
7215:
The Great EB: The Story of the Encyclopædia Britannica
6742:"Amazon.com: Microsoft Encarta Premium 2007: Software"
4710:. Encyclopædia Britannica (UK) Limited. Archived from
4684:. Encyclopædia Britannica (UK) Limited. Archived from
2673:
In the third era (10th–14th editions, 1901–1973), the
2527:. In part, it was conceived in reaction to the French
2519:
was first published between December 1768 and 1771 in
1846:, it used whatever relevant material was available on
883:
contains over 100,000 articles. This includes regular
8639:, first ten editions (and supplements) in PDF format.
8006:
A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature
7015:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated. March 2006.
5422:"Encyclopaedia Britannica App Now Available for iPad"
4924:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4388:
3236:
Widening network of famous contributors, such as Sir
801:
to the US market in 1988, aimed at ages seven to 14.
7681:"Schoolboy spots errors in Encyclopaedia Britannica"
7161:
Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated Corporate Site
4906:
Encyclopædia Britannica Incorporated, Corporate Site
4815:
4196:
3650:
3442:
Franklin Henry Hooper until 1938; then Walter Yust,
2912:
In 2020, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. released the
2666:
A wooden shipping crate for the 14th edition of the
2511:
In the first era (1st–6th editions, 1768–1826), the
2044:
read it during a sailing expedition. More recently,
847:, first published in 2007, incorporating the former
8687:
The reader's guide to the Encyclopaedia Britannica.
8579:
Techdirt Interviews Britannica President Jorge Cauz
7968:
7836:
Sales plummeted from 100,000 a year to just 20,000.
7308:
7306:
6708:
6706:
6070:. University of Chicago Chronicle. 4 January 1996.
5674:
The Renaissance of Jewish Culture in Weimar Germany
4312:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4304:
2677:was managed by American businessmen who introduced
2184:
2036:as reading material for his five-month stay at the
1896:
697:). There are some exceptions to this rule, such as
8486:Greenstein, Shane, and Michelle Devereux (2006). "
8199:
8059:(9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
7652:
7577:Hazo, Robert G. (9 March 1975). "The Guest Word".
7513:
7511:
7212:
7092:Encyclopaedia Britannica and Nature a response.pdf
7004:
7002:
6346:
5872:
5483:
5182:
5119:"Encyclopaedia Britannica dips toe in Wiki waters"
4726:
4488:
4385:
3992:
3934:"Knowledge Is the Last Best Place on the Internet"
3897:
3575:This supplement replaced the previous supplement:
3404:in London, Franklin Henry Hooper in New York City
2856:final print edition was in 2010, a 32-volume set.
2689:When Hooper fell into financial difficulties, the
2629:. No biographies of living persons were included.
2541:(published 1751–1772), which had been inspired by
1491:. Nevertheless, from the 9th edition onwards, the
467:; the red-spined and black-spined volumes are the
7804:to the 1st edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica
7495:
7493:
7424:
7042:"Encyclopaedia Britannica and Nature: a response"
5815:
5813:
4682:"Britannica Discovery Library (issued 1974–1991)"
4354:Purchasing an Encyclopedia: 12 Points to Consider
4100:Purchasing an Encyclopedia: 12 Points to Consider
2835:Since 2001, the two companies have shared a CEO,
2308:is sometimes inconsistent with the corresponding
1634:received an average score of 92% for accuracy to
1454:main competitor was the general encyclopaedia of
1271:Stewart Sutherland, Baron Sutherland of Houndwood
461:; the initial volume with the green spine is the
54:"Britannica" redirects here. For other uses, see
8695:
8174:"Encyclopedia Britannica to stop printing books"
7841:
7303:
6736:
6734:
6703:
6679:"Digital encyclopedia has wealth of information"
6671:
5032:, Incorporated. 21 February 2007. Archived from
4760:Jiangshan, Wang; Yi, Tian, eds. (October 2020).
4555:"Encyclopaedia Britannica to end print editions"
4301:
4276:
4274:
3984:
3719:List of encyclopedias by language § English
3488:Outline of Knowledge; separate index eliminated
2920:'s first encyclopaedia for children since 1984.
2495:included influential, original research such as
2141:and most other religions is covered in a single
2083:Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite
7508:
7206:
7204:
7202:
6999:
6607:
6605:
5928:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4154:
3899:"Knowledge Didn't Kill Britannica. Windows Did"
1316:(d. 1982) and Mortimer J. Adler (d. 2001). The
808:was issued for children just learning to read.
8539:(2nd ed.). Phoenix, Arizona: Oryx Press.
8417:
8415:
8353:
8341:
7974:
7788:A History of Information Storage and Retrieval
7490:
7322:Encyclopædia Britannica International, Limited
7200:
7198:
7196:
7194:
7192:
7190:
7188:
7186:
7184:
7182:
7051:(Press release). 23 March 2006. Archived from
6863:"Knowledge remains go-to site for online news"
6614:"Encyclopedia face-off: Encarta vs Britannica"
6340:
6338:
5882:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from
5810:
5284:"Britannica 2.0 shows Knowledge how it's done"
4246:
4244:
4182:(2nd ed.). Phoenix, Arizona: Oryx Press.
4152:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4134:
3958:
3956:
2948:and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas,
2104:Topics are chosen in part by reference to the
327:2016, it has been published exclusively as an
8319:
7816:"Encyclopaedia Britannica changes to survive"
7466:Uztaro. Giza Eta Gizarte-zientzien Aldizkaria
6731:
6434:
6377:
4762:Imperial China: The Definitive Visual History
4271:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4224:
2843:name. In March 2012, Britannica's president,
814:is aimed at children ages six to 12, and the
8009:. London: J. M. Dent & Sons – via
7975:Kafker, Frank; Loveland, Jeff, eds. (2009).
6977:"Study: Knowledge as accurate as Britannica"
6602:
5344:"New Britannica Kids Apps Make Learning Fun"
5250:"Encyclopædia Britannica takes on Knowledge"
5176:
5174:
4123:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3709:List of encyclopedias by branch of knowledge
3288:55,000 authorized plus 500,000 pirated sets
3003:
1672:among CD/DVD-ROM digital encyclopaedias was
1542:turned to focus more on its online edition.
941:On 22 January 2009, Britannica's president,
717:articles were revised over the same period.
8412:
8408:. Vol. 8 (14th ed.). p. 376.
8387:Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878). "Encyclopedia".
8370:. Vol. 8 (14th ed.). p. 374.
8302:
8290:
8046:
7628:
7622:
7555:
7549:
7436:
7179:
6483:. American Chemical Society. Archived from
6335:
6166:
6043:
6014:
5955:
5825:
5614:
5085:
4782:
4759:
4616:"1768 Encyclopaedia Britannica Replica Set"
4500:
4322:
4131:
3953:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3611:
3602:
3596:
3590:
3540:
3483:
3477:
3469:
3177:Famous contributors recruited, such as Sir
2895:
2885:
2868:
2862:
2786:
2780:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2712:
2490:
2397:
2396:The title page of the first edition of the
2341:Writing about the 3rd edition (1788–1797),
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2219:
2209:
2203:
2142:
2121:
2115:
2105:
2091:
2016:
1893:in terms of differing models and purposes.
1871:For the 15th anniversary of Knowledge, the
1862:
1551:
1323:
1317:
1203:
1197:
1021:
1014:extension but this was taken down due to a
887:articles, as well as others drawn from the
821:There have been, and are, several abridged
760:
727:
721:
652:
646:
633:
622:
616:
603:
587:
581:
575:
549:
543:
537:
531:
525:
519:
513:
500:
494:
488:
474:
468:
462:
423:
417:
407:
395:
387:
381:
303:
160:15th edition (2010): Benton Foundation and
15:
8599:
8096:"Deal Is Set for Encyclopaedia Britannica"
7944:Krapp, Philip; Balou, Patricia K. (1992).
7943:
7709:
6644:"Microsoft Encarta—Premium 2007: Overview"
6504:
6502:
5980:"Encyclopædia Britannica Board of Editors"
4962:"Britannica Online Store—BT Click&Buy"
4250:
4221:
2906:Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions
1710:Merriam-Webster's Dictionary and Thesaurus
958:content, as will content submitted by non-
314:for 'British Encyclopaedia') is a
101:Several; initial engravings by Andrew Bell
69:
51:General knowledge encyclopaedia since 1768
16:
8607:Works by or about Encyclopædia Britannica
8464:
8165:
7647:
7587:
7473:
6928:
6448:
6403:
6380:"Accessibility of information on the web"
5772:
5171:
5057:"Collaboration and the Voices of Experts"
4664:
4662:
3925:
3800:
3798:
3796:
2819:An 1898 advertisement for the 9th edition
872:Optical disc, online, and mobile versions
563:contained approximately 40,000 articles.
8276:
8171:
7862:
7499:
7339:. Vol. 9. 3 March 1934. p. 17.
6854:
6118:
6048: ed.). Chicago, Illinois: 675–744.
6019: ed.). Chicago, Illinois: 524–530.
5619: ed.). Chicago, Illinois: 531–674.
5514:
5277:
5275:
4933:
4872:"Britannica 2012 Ultimate Reference DVD"
4254:Encyclopedias, Atlases, and Dictionaries
3000:
2814:
2795:, although it has also been promoted as
2661:
2648:
2484:
2391:
2352:wrote, "we in no way mean to imply that
2282:detailed its failings in his 1964 book,
2110:"Outline of Knowledge". The bulk of the
1905:
1110:
1051:), while another quarter are retired or
764:
452:
24:This is an accepted version of this page
7920:How the Scots Invented the Modern World
7710:Cunningham, Grainne (3 February 2010).
6951:
6860:
6838:"Knowledge, Search and School Homework"
6611:
6499:
5935:"Biochemical Components of Organisms".
5670:
5281:
5217:Hunt, Samantha Rose (23 January 2009).
4020:
3990:
3895:
3465:Warren E. Preece, then Philip W. Goetz
3012:
1664:Digital encyclopaedias on optical media
1630:received one "D" and seven "A"s; thus,
1545:
720:The alphabetization of articles in the
14:
8696:
8529:
8501:
8449:Celebrated Eleventh Edition, 1910–1911
8386:
8094:Feder, Barnaby J. (19 December 1995).
8023:
7995:
7913:
7742:
6835:
6798:
6792:
6552:
6534:from the original on 28 September 2018
6344:
6068:"Britannica sold by Benton Foundation"
5677:. Yale University Press. p. 117.
5432:from the original on 12 September 2016
5350:from the original on 17 September 2010
5247:
5116:
4852:. Encyclopædia Britannica (UK) Limited
4708:"2003 Britannica Concise Encyclopedia"
4659:
4583:
4565:from the original on 24 September 2015
4505:preface ed.). Chicago, Illinois.
4405:Aside from providing a summary of the
4289:preface ed.). Chicago, Illinois.
4172:
3962:
3804:
3793:
3291:Thomas Spencer Baynes (1875–80); then
1935:. On the release of the 14th edition,
1373:In 2003, former management consultant
1331:
1077:authors have included writers such as
1002:On 7 June 2018, Britannica released a
835:Encyclopedia of China Publishing House
144:7th through 9th editions (1827–1901):
8553:
8488:The Crisis at Encyclopædia Britannica
8299:Encyclopaedia Britannica Incorporated
8296:
8264:from the original on 14 December 2021
8212:from the original on 11 January 2022.
8093:
7785:
7612:
7601:
7565:
7531:
7520:
7433:Encyclopaedia Britannica Incorporated
7430:
7387:from the original on 17 February 2022
7355:Association of Educational Publishers
7241:
7210:
6897:
6873:from the original on 21 November 2007
6773:Encarta's Encyclopedia Article Center
6557:(2nd ed.). Phoenix: Oryx Press.
6163:Encyclopaedia Britannica Incorporated
6160:
6074:from the original on 29 December 2021
6040:Encyclopaedia Britannica Incorporated
6037:
6011:Encyclopaedia Britannica Incorporated
6008:
5952:Encyclopaedia Britannica Incorporated
5949:
5822:Encyclopaedia Britannica Incorporated
5819:
5691:from the original on 17 February 2022
5666:
5664:
5611:Encyclopaedia Britannica Incorporated
5608:
5587:from the original on 17 December 2020
5557:from the original on 22 November 2018
5272:
5212:
5210:
5180:
4934:Charlton, Graham (10 February 2009).
4764:(First American ed.). New York:
4644:Britannica Junior Encyclopædia, 1984.
4497:Encyclopaedia Britannica Incorporated
4494:
4319:Encyclopaedia Britannica Incorporated
4316:
4283:Encyclopaedia Britannica Incorporated
4280:
3931:
3162:supplement to 4th, 5th, and 6th
3146:20 volumes, 16,017 pages, 582 plates
3124:20 volumes, 16,033 pages, 581 plates
3076:18 volumes, 14,579 pages, 542 plates
2625:. After 1880, Baynes was assisted by
2099:
2088:Association of Educational Publishers
1697:2007 Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate
1211:
8234:from the original on 10 January 2021
8172:Pepitone, Julianne (13 March 2012).
8153:from the original on 25 October 2015
7807:
7712:"Britannica errors spark unholy row"
7576:
7542:
7405:
7022:from the original on 2 December 2018
6974:
6952:McHenry, Robert (15 November 2004).
6945:
6752:from the original on 8 February 2007
6691:from the original on 1 February 2016
6590:from the original on 24 January 2021
6577:
6323:from the original on 3 December 2018
6263:from the original on 3 December 2018
6233:from the original on 3 December 2018
6202:from the original on 3 December 2018
5830: ed.). Chicago, Illinois: 745.
5778:
5709:
5649:from the original on 8 February 2022
5527:from the original on 3 December 2017
5496:from the original on 11 January 2022
5216:
5195:from the original on 11 January 2022
5054:
4821:
4732:
4596:from the original on 24 January 2022
4327: ed.). Chicago, Illinois: 5–8.
4057:
4021:Kearney, Christine (14 March 2012).
3052:10 volumes, 8,595 pages, 340 plates
2462:
2114:is devoted to geography (26% of the
1564:with two comparable encyclopaedias,
1520:release of its educational materials
93:As of 2008, 4,411 named contributors
7813:
7743:Sheehy, Clodagh (4 February 2010).
7691:from the original on 15 August 2021
7068:(nature.com's own archive is under
6612:Seymour, Ursula (9 November 2006).
6524:"Britannica ends its print edition"
6293:from the original on 6 October 2021
6220:
5398:. Concentricsky.com. Archived from
5314:"Britannica reaches out to the web"
5282:Sweeney, Claire (22 January 2009).
4912:from the original on 3 October 2019
4561:. Associated Press. 14 March 2012.
3932:Cooke, Richard (17 February 2020).
3168:6 volumes, 4,933 pages, 125 plates
3082:Colin Macfarquhar and George Gleig
3029:3 volumes, 2,391 pages, 160 plates
2749:In the fourth era (1974–1994), the
2489:The early 19th-century editions of
2336:Department of Education and Science
2265:
2008:in 1797, he was given a set of the
1974:". The tale was highlighted by the
1707:disc contains 100,000 articles and
1668:The most notable competitor of the
1355:to develop digital versions of the
893:Britannica Elementary Encyclopædia.
879:Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite
422:; readers are advised to study the
48:
8430:
8307: ed.). Chicago, Illinois: 3.
8180:from the original on 14 March 2012
7848:"Encyclopedias and Dictionaries".
7826:from the original on 12 April 2006
7724:from the original on 13 April 2010
7081:Press release archives (zip): 2006
6987:from the original on 9 August 2012
6654:from the original on 31 March 2007
6171: ed.). Chicago, Illinois: 2.
5960: ed.). Chicago, Illinois: 5.
5661:
5539:
5207:
5181:Moore, Matthew (23 January 2009).
5098:from the original on 12 April 2009
5086:Van Buskirk, Eliot (9 June 2008).
5006:from the original on 15 March 2007
4251:Sader, Marian; Lewis, Amy (1995).
3817:from the original on 14 March 2012
3562:(who became Lord Kelvin) on heat.
3558:on electricity and magnetism, and
3446:, Warren E. Preece, William Haley
3102:2 volumes, 1,624 pages, 50 plates
2978:
1126:As of 2007 in the 15th edition of
825:encyclopaedias. The single-volume
49:
8765:
8586:
8286:(11th ed.). 1910. p. 3.
7291:"A Completely New Encyclopaedia (
7163:. 20 January 2016. Archived from
7131:"How Knowledge changed the world"
6512:(14th ed.). 1954. p. 3.
5912:. 20 January 2001. Archived from
5324:from the original on 31 July 2020
5260:from the original on 28 July 2011
5248:Akhtar, Naved (25 January 2009).
5129:from the original on 20 June 2015
4992:"Instructions for linking to the
4822:Long, Nguyễn Việt (9 July 2015).
4733:Quân, Phạm Hoàng (25 July 2015).
4470:Encyclopædia Britannica Australia
3349:28 volumes, plus volume 29 index
2946:King of Great Britain and Ireland
2365:, written by its original editor
1645:92%. In the timeliness category,
1622:received one "D" and seven "A"s,
1063:, who contributed 24 articles on
443:
436:has for the most part maintained
164:(as a separate entity, alongside
8734:Publications established in 1768
8623:
8616:Works by Encyclopædia Britannica
8397:
8380:
8374:
8359:
8246:
8216:
8192:
8133:
8120:
8108:from the original on 21 May 2020
8087:
8075:
8063:
8047:Baynes, T. S., ed. (1875–1889).
8040:
8017:
7989:
7983:
7937:
7907:
7882:
7856:
7794:
7779:
7761:
7736:
7703:
7673:
7641:
7453:
7399:
7373:
7343:
7328:
7284:
7262:
7235:
7149:
7123:
7097:
7034:
6968:
6829:
6378:Lawrence, S.; Giles, C. (1999).
6190:Encyclopaedia Britannica Group.
6119:Abramson, Ronna (9 April 2001).
5937:Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th ed
5856:. 26 August 1940. Archived from
5760:from the original on 21 May 2020
5730:from the original on 21 May 2020
5464:from the original on 15 May 2021
5159:from the original on 8 July 2011
4803:from the original on 5 July 2015
4039:from the original on 31 May 2019
3991:McArdle, Megan (15 March 2012).
3773:
3764:
3755:
3745:
3736:
3703:Great Books of the Western World
3681:
3667:
3653:
3508:Restored two-volume index; some
2242:early years is the rejection of
2185:Criticism of editorial decisions
1897:Critical and popular assessments
1688:New Merit Scholar's Encyclopedia
1251:Carnegie Corporation of New York
1192:The 2007 editorial staff of the
566:Information can be found in the
448:
334:Printed for 244 years, the
8714:1768 establishments in Scotland
8326:The New Encyclopædia Britannica
7814:Day, Peter (17 December 1997).
7441: ed.). Chicago, Illinois.
7381:"Top Ten Superbrands 2009–2010"
7357:. 1 August 2003. Archived from
6764:
6636:
6571:
6546:
6516:
6473:
6428:
6371:
6305:
6275:
6245:
6214:
6183:
6143:
6112:
6086:
6060:
5972:
5898:
5842:
5742:
5703:
5631:
5569:
5515:McCarthy, Tom (13 March 2012).
5508:
5476:
5444:
5414:
5388:
5362:
5336:
5306:
5241:
5141:
5110:
5079:
5048:
5018:
4984:
4954:
4894:
4864:
4842:
4753:
4700:
4674:
4647:
4638:
4608:
4584:Bosman, Julie (13 March 2012).
4577:
4547:
4535:from the original on 7 May 2021
4517:
4454:
4420:
4370:
3963:Bosman, Julie (13 March 2012).
3805:Bosman, Julie (13 March 2012).
2902:Britannica Concise Encyclopedia
2810:
2610:, others were attracted by the
1834:Britannica Student Encyclopedia
1748:The main online alternative to
1026:
889:Britannica Student Encyclopædia
827:Britannica Concise Encyclopædia
8724:English-language encyclopedias
8673:Scribner's 9th Edition (1878)
8027:"Editor's Advertisement"
7580:The New York Times Book Review
7569:The New York Times Book Review
6954:"The Faith-Based Encyclopedia"
5117:Turton, Stuart (9 June 2008).
4938:. Econsultancy. Archived from
4850:"2007 Compton's by Britannica"
4436:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
4051:
4014:
3896:Carmody, Tim (14 March 2012).
3889:
3859:
3829:
3752:numbers 679–878 were not used.
2923:
2641:faced financial difficulties.
2076:The CD/DVD-ROM version of the
1947:was quoted as saying that the
1426:
1277:, and cultural anthropologist
806:Young Children's Encyclopaedia
780:Britannica Junior Encyclopædia
512:articles are contained in the
505:, and a two-volume index. The
13:
1:
8749:American online encyclopedias
8679:9th and 10th (1902) editions
7157:"Our Letter to the Telegraph"
6861:Woodson, Alex (8 July 2007).
6836:Tancer, Bill (1 March 2007).
4902:"Webmaster and Blogger Tools"
4620:Encyclopædia Britannica Store
4211:Encyclopædia Britannica Store
4028:The Christian Science Monitor
3871:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
3841:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
3787:
3714:List of encyclopedias by date
3697:Encyclopædia Britannica Films
2302:articles. Information in the
1901:
1444:Dictionary of the Middle Ages
559:. A 2013 "Global Edition" of
487:consisted of four parts: the
324:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
180:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
162:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
8754:British online encyclopedias
8637:National Library of Scotland
8492:Kellogg School of Management
8354:Kafker & Loveland (2009)
8342:Kafker & Loveland (2009)
6801:"Look Who's Using Knowledge"
6578:Cauz, Jorge (1 March 2013).
6437:IEEE Communications Magazine
4350:American Library Association
3724:List of online encyclopedias
2900:itself, as well as from the
2744:
2644:
2597:
2480:
2224:, along with the article on
2216:American Library Association
1801:got back 42 usable reviews.
1737:
1528:National Library of Medicine
1438:Encyclopaedia of Mathematics
1235:Council on Foreign Relations
1169:(1964–1968, 1969–1975), Sir
816:Britannica Discovery Library
365:, and later with the online
7:
8622:(public domain audiobooks)
8581:, Techdirt.com, 2 June 2008
8563:University of Chicago Press
8024:Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878).
7221:University of Chicago Press
6799:Tancer, Bill (1 May 2007).
6553:Kister, Kenneth F. (1994).
5850:"Milestones, Aug. 26, 1940"
5055:Cauz, Jorge (3 June 2008).
4207:"Britannica Global Edition"
3646:
3229:Macvey Napier, assisted by
2793:New Encyclopædia Britannica
2711:In 1943, Sears donated the
2452:
2177:Kister's Best Encyclopedias
1925:Since the 3rd edition, the
1836:on the company's website).
1502:Since the early 1990s, the
1349:Britannica.com Incorporated
322:. It has been published by
230:32,640 (15th edition, 2010)
191:1768–2010 (printed version)
56:Britannica (disambiguation)
10:
8770:
8503:Jacobs, Arnold Stephen Jr.
8470:The Myth of the Britannica
7979:. Oxford University Press.
7655:The Myth of the Britannica
7475:10.26876/uztaro.124.2023.2
5784:American Historical Review
4525:"Change: It's OK. Really."
2982:
2962:Queen Elizabeth the Second
2581:Encyclopædia Metropolitana
2382:
2378:
2338:to pay for online access.
2284:The Myth of the Britannica
1741:
1470:Encyclopædia Metropolitana
1275:Royal Society of Edinburgh
954:from the expert-generated
406:outline of knowledge. The
53:
8472:. New York: Grove Press.
7242:Arner, Robert D. (1991).
7219:. Chicago, Illinois: The
5716:. Doubleday. p. 44.
5671:Brenner, Michael (1998).
3505:, currently Dale Hoiberg
3453:
3015:
3009:
3006:
2892:Britannica Global Edition
2880:description of the work:
2858:Britannica Global Edition
2426:, a Swiss billionaire of
2252:classical element of fire
2071:
1959:, most notably in one of
1881:and falsely claimed that
1626:received eight "A"s, and
1415:Krishnan, an educator at
1245:, Physics Nobel laureate
1202:and some sections of the
1031:The print version of the
286:
270:
258:
246:
234:
226:
218:
195:
185:
175:
123:
115:
105:
97:
89:
68:
8644:Encyclopaedia Britannica
8632:Encyclopaedia Britannica
8050:"Prefatory Notice"
7753:. Dublin. Archived from
7075:19 November 2021 at the
6345:Thomas, Gillian (1992).
3729:
3390:supplement to 11th
3369:supplement to 11th
3319:Donald Mackenzie Wallace
2993:Overview of editions of
2804:Federal Trade Commission
2469:Throughout history, the
2090:. On 15 July 2009,
1955:can be found throughout
1421:Stern School of Business
1412:be false or misleading.
1347:In 1999, a new company,
1120:University of St Andrews
1106:
1022:Personnel and management
761:Related printed material
457:The 15th edition of the
438:British English spelling
64:Encyclopædia Britannica
31:latest accepted revision
8704:Encyclopædia Britannica
8496:Northwestern University
8444:Encyclopædia Britannica
8422:Encyclopædia Britannica
8390:Encyclopædia Britannica
8284:Encyclopædia Britannica
8258:The School Reading List
8056:Encyclopædia Britannica
8033:Encyclopædia Britannica
7875:Encyclopædia Britannica
7850:Encyclopædia Britannica
7800:William Smellie in the
7316:Encyclopædia Britannica
6981:Staff Writer, CNET News
6718:Encyclopædia Britannica
6584:Harvard Business Review
6510:Encyclopædia Britannica
5984:Encyclopædia Britannica
5754:Encyclopedia Britannica
5426:Encyclopædia Britannica
5153:Encyclopædia Britannica
5000:Encyclopædia Britannica
4966:Encyclopædia Britannica
4876:Encyclopædia Britannica
4669:Encyclopædia Britannica
4529:Encyclopædia Britannica
4401:Encyclopædia Britannica
4379:Encyclopædia Britannica
4075:Harvard Business School
3583:Encyclopædia Britannica
3305:supplement to 9th
3293:W. Robertson Smith
2995:Encyclopædia Britannica
2987:Encyclopædia Britannica
2958:Dwight David Eisenhower
2897:Encyclopædia Britannica
2887:Encyclopædia Britannica
2802:On 9 March 1976 the US
2714:Encyclopædia Britannica
2627:William Robertson Smith
2539:Jean le Rond d'Alembert
2492:Encyclopædia Britannica
2399:Encyclopædia Britannica
2387:Encyclopædia Britannica
2260:William Robertson Smith
2194:children's literature,
2189:On rare occasions, the
2155:has been lauded as the
2093:Encyclopædia Britannica
2018:Encyclopædia Britannica
1864:Encyclopædia Britannica
1553:Encyclopædia Britannica
1488:World Book Encyclopedia
1004:Google Chrome extension
845:Compton's by Britannica
673:; for example, it uses
306:Encyclopædia Britannica
276:Encyclopædia Britannica
8744:Scottish encyclopedias
8739:Scottish Enlightenment
8719:American encyclopedias
8709:1768 non-fiction books
8303:
8001:Baynes, Thomas Spencer
7946:Collier's Encyclopedia
7923:. Three Rivers Press.
7629:
7623:
7556:
7550:
7437:
7211:Kogan, Herman (1958).
7086:27 August 2021 at the
6714:"The Britannica Store"
6167:
6044:
6015:
5956:
5826:
5615:
5457:School Library Journal
4501:
4403:(14th ed.). 1954.
4323:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3612:
3603:
3597:
3591:
3501:Philip W. Goetz, then
3484:
3478:
3470:
3099:1801, revised in 1803
3095:supplement to 3rd
2910:
2896:
2886:
2869:
2863:
2820:
2787:
2781:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2713:
2670:
2659:
2591:Edinburgh Encyclopædia
2557:Scottish Enlightenment
2508:
2491:
2403:
2398:
2376:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2220:
2210:
2204:
2198:, and the French poet
2182:
2143:
2122:
2116:
2106:
2092:
2017:
1961:Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
1922:
1869:
1863:
1830:Compton's Encyclopedia
1624:Encyclopedia Americana
1571:Encyclopedia Americana
1566:Collier's Encyclopedia
1552:
1482:Encyclopedia Americana
1476:Collier's Encyclopedia
1458:and, soon thereafter,
1324:
1318:
1261:, cognitive scientist
1229:, political economist
1204:
1198:
1123:
1104:
1049:Alfred North Whitehead
977:products aimed at the
973:to launch a series of
850:Compton's Encyclopedia
772:
732:follows strict rules.
728:
722:
653:
647:
634:
623:
617:
604:
592:, which organizes the
588:
582:
576:
550:
544:
538:
532:
526:
520:
514:
501:
495:
489:
480:
475:
469:
463:
424:
418:
416:and as a guide to the
408:
396:
388:
382:
304:
8561:. Chicago, Illinois:
8332:, 15th edition, 2010.
7869:"Encyclopaedia"
7383:. BBC. 14 July 2009.
6620:. IDG. Archived from
6317:Asia Outlook Magazine
6125:The Industry Standard
5710:Keen, Andrew (2007).
4654:Children's Britannica
4377:"Defense mechanism".
3629:had 12 vols. and the
3331:Franklin Henry Hooper
3266:Thomas Stewart Traill
3001:Edition / supplement
2882:
2818:
2719:University of Chicago
2665:
2652:
2488:
2412:Horace Everett Hooper
2395:
2371:
2161:
1972:The Red-Headed League
1932:Dobson's Encyclopædia
1909:
1859:
1792:In 2005, the journal
1395:In the fall of 2017,
1390:Elkan Harrison Powell
1336:In January 1996, the
1241:, computer scientist
1155:Franklin Henry Hooper
1116:Thomas Spencer Baynes
1114:
1099:
804:In 1961, a 16-volume
799:Children's Britannica
787:Children's Britannica
770:Children's Britannica
768:
456:
8729:History of Edinburgh
8681:1902Encyclopedia.com
8660:7th edition (1842),
8513:Simon & Schuster
8458:7 March 2017 at the
8230:. 19 November 2020.
8146:. pp. 421–541.
7997:Cousin, John William
7977:The Early Britannica
7757:on 12 November 2020.
7619:. pp. 107–110.
7406:Lang, J. P. (1992).
6684:The Washington Times
6598:– via hbr.org.
6530:. 14 December 2012.
5916:on 20 September 2015
5645:. Britannica Group.
5376:on 30 September 2011
5036:on 27 September 2007
4714:on 28 September 2007
4688:on 28 September 2007
4626:on 21 September 2016
2196:military decorations
1984:bicentennial of the
1976:Lord Mayor of London
1939:magazine dubbed the
1758:encyclopedic project
1546:Print encyclopaedias
1370:Board of Directors.
1314:Peter Ritchie Calder
1290:Outline of Knowledge
1231:Benjamin M. Friedman
1061:University of Oxford
746:Charles I of England
645:Taken together, the
412:was meant for quick
329:online encyclopaedia
8313:1991neb..book.....G
8206:www.telegraph.co.uk
8126:Mortimer J. Adler,
8072:, 22 February 1945.
7786:Stockwell, Foster.
7687:. 26 January 2005.
7659:. New York: Grove.
7447:1991neb..book.....G
7280:on 13 October 2007.
7270:"Patriarch Revised"
6964:on 4 December 2010.
6921:2005Natur.438..900G
6396:1999Natur.400..107L
6177:1991neb..book.....G
6054:1991neb..book.....G
6025:1991neb..book.....G
5966:1991neb..book.....G
5836:1991neb..book.....G
5625:1991neb..book.....G
5428:. 26 October 2011.
5320:. 24 January 2009.
4942:on 13 February 2009
4799:. 13 January 2015.
4511:1991neb..book.....G
4333:1991neb..book.....G
4295:1991neb..book.....G
4058:Blanding, Michael.
3556:James Clerk Maxwell
3527:30 compact volumes
3156:Archibald Constable
3110:Copyright owned by
2997:
2954:William Howard Taft
2656:National Geographic
2631:James Clerk Maxwell
2559:. In this era, the
2402:, published in 1771
2030:Richard Evelyn Byrd
2026:George Bernard Shaw
1679:Funk & Wagnalls
1649:averaged an 86% to
1417:New York University
1332:Corporate structure
1273:, President of the
1237:President Emeritus
1225:, religion scholar
812:My First Britannica
744:of France precedes
599:contents by topic.
166:Britannica.com Inc.
136:Archibald Constable
65:
21:Page version status
8531:Kister, Kenneth F.
8260:. 8 October 2020.
8101:The New York Times
8084:, 28 January 1943.
7594:. pp. 63–68.
7572:. pp. 98–100.
7361:on 17 October 2006
7320:. United Kingdom:
6975:Terdiman, Daniel.
6780:on 28 October 2009
6624:on 13 October 2007
6487:on 17 January 1999
6131:on 13 October 2007
5990:on 4 February 2012
5886:on 20 October 2006
5860:on 14 October 2010
5639:"Christine Sutton"
5294:on 15 October 2009
5229:on 29 January 2009
4882:on 27 October 2013
4590:The New York Times
3970:The New York Times
3847:on 20 October 2006
3811:The New York Times
3402:James Louis Garvin
3248:; 5,000 sets sold
3004:Publication years
2992:
2821:
2671:
2660:
2509:
2404:
2100:Coverage of topics
1980:Gilbert Inglefield
1957:English literature
1923:
1392:in the mid-1930s.
1375:Jorge Aguilar-Cauz
1306:Harold D. Lasswell
1267:Don Michael Randel
1212:Editorial advisors
1151:James Louis Garvin
1124:
907:The New York Times
773:
665:generally prefers
481:
63:
27:
8649:Online Books Page
8546:978-0-89774-744-8
8522:978-0-7432-5062-7
8479:978-0-384-14050-9
8466:Einbinder, Harvey
7930:978-0-609-80999-0
7771:. 1803. pp.
7717:Irish Independent
7666:978-0-384-14050-9
7649:Einbinder, Harvey
7621:It is called the
7608:. pp. 44–45.
7605:Publishers Weekly
7538:. pp. 37–47.
7527:. pp. 64–65.
7524:Publishers Weekly
7504:. pp. 71–72.
7417:978-0-8389-3406-7
7255:978-0-8122-3092-5
7137:. 14 January 2016
7111:. 15 January 2016
6915:(7070): 900–901.
6850:on 25 March 2012.
6687:. 27 March 2007.
6459:10.1109/35.739314
6390:(6740): 107–109.
6364:978-0-8108-2567-3
6287:www.stern.nyu.edu
6259:. 8 August 2018.
6198:(Press release).
5492:. 14 March 2012.
5028:(Press release).
4972:on 14 August 2006
4830:on 23 August 2015
4775:978-0-7440-2047-2
4531:. 13 March 2012.
4476:on 30 August 2007
4399:"Encyclopaedia".
4363:978-0-8389-5754-7
4264:978-0-8352-3669-0
4189:978-0-89774-744-8
4110:978-0-8389-7823-8
3644:
3643:
3539:
3538:
3333:in New York City
3242:Thomas de Quincey
3079:10,000 or 13,000
2244:Newtonian gravity
2200:Joachim du Bellay
1604:sexual harassment
1461:Rees's Cyclopædia
1294:Mortimer J. Adler
1177:(1979–1991), and
776:Britannica Junior
570:by following the
402:volume to give a
363:Microsoft Encarta
318:English-language
316:general knowledge
300:
299:
241:978-1-59339-292-5
196:Publication place
156:Benton Foundation
140:Colin Macfarquhar
39:28 September 2024
18:
8761:
8627:
8626:
8611:Internet Archive
8603:
8598:
8597:
8595:Official website
8574:
8550:
8526:
8490:" case history,
8483:
8448:
8425:
8419:
8410:
8409:
8404:"Encyclopedia".
8401:
8395:
8394:
8384:
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8371:
8366:"Encyclopedia".
8363:
8357:
8351:
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8317:
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8091:
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8073:
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8052:
8044:
8038:
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8029:
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7172:
7167:on 28 April 2021
7153:
7147:
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7144:
7142:
7127:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7116:
7101:
7095:
7067:
7065:
7063:
7058:on 25 March 2006
7057:
7046:
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7032:
7031:
7029:
7027:
7021:
7014:
7006:
6997:
6996:
6994:
6992:
6972:
6966:
6965:
6960:. Archived from
6949:
6943:
6942:
6932:
6895:
6886:
6885:
6880:
6878:
6858:
6852:
6851:
6846:. Archived from
6833:
6827:
6826:
6820:
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6809:. Archived from
6796:
6790:
6789:
6787:
6785:
6776:. Archived from
6768:
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5995:
5986:. Archived from
5976:
5970:
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5469:
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5439:
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5418:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5407:
5402:on 8 August 2012
5392:
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5360:
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5290:. Archived from
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5269:
5267:
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5239:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5225:. Archived from
5214:
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5107:
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5083:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5063:. Archived from
5052:
5046:
5045:
5043:
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5016:
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5013:
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4988:
4982:
4981:
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4968:. Archived from
4958:
4952:
4951:
4949:
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4931:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4878:. Archived from
4868:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4819:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4730:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4704:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4678:
4672:
4666:
4657:
4651:
4645:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4622:. Archived from
4612:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4504:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4472:. Archived from
4458:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4442:on 22 March 2007
4438:. Archived from
4424:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4396:
4383:
4382:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4346:
4337:
4336:
4326:
4314:
4299:
4298:
4278:
4269:
4268:
4248:
4219:
4218:
4213:. Archived from
4203:
4194:
4193:
4170:
4129:
4128:
4122:
4114:
4094:
4079:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
3996:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3960:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3901:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3802:
3781:
3777:
3771:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3691:
3686:
3685:
3677:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3663:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3634:
3628:
3622:
3615:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3541:
3487:
3481:
3475:
3327:Arthur T. Hadley
3205:Charles Maclaren
3183:Sir Walter Scott
3089:in Philadelphia
3035:William Smellie
3013:Chief editor(s)
2998:
2991:
2950:Emperor of India
2942:George the Fifth
2936:to the reigning
2899:
2889:
2879:
2872:
2866:
2855:
2790:
2784:
2775:from 1965), the
2770:
2764:
2758:
2739:its bicentennial
2716:
2707:
2679:direct marketing
2616:
2494:
2401:
2347:
2329:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2280:Harvey Einbinder
2266:Other criticisms
2241:
2223:
2213:
2207:
2180:
2146:
2125:
2119:
2109:
2095:
2066:Amos Urban Shirk
2020:
2014:
1965:
1866:
1852:
1779:
1772:
1640:
1555:
1456:Ephraim Chambers
1453:
1397:Karthik Krishnan
1383:
1369:
1327:
1321:
1255:Vartan Gregorian
1247:Murray Gell-Mann
1207:
1201:
1167:Warren E. Preece
1144:
1138:, was listed as
1076:
1065:particle physics
1057:Christine Sutton
930:
862:Book of the Year
858:Book of the Year
731:
725:
712:Since 1936, the
667:British spelling
656:
650:
637:
626:
620:
614:
607:
602:The core of the
598:
591:
585:
579:
572:cross-references
553:
547:
541:
535:
529:
523:
517:
511:
504:
498:
492:
478:
472:
466:
427:
421:
411:
401:
393:
385:
309:
296:
293:
262:
187:Publication date
80:
73:
66:
62:
8769:
8768:
8764:
8763:
8762:
8760:
8759:
8758:
8694:
8693:
8664:via Hathi Trust
8624:
8593:
8592:
8589:
8584:
8547:
8523:
8480:
8460:Wayback Machine
8446:
8433:
8431:Further reading
8428:
8420:
8413:
8403:
8402:
8398:
8381:
8379:
8375:
8365:
8364:
8360:
8352:
8348:
8340:
8336:
8324:
8320:
8301:(15th edition,
8295:
8291:
8282:
8281:
8277:
8267:
8265:
8252:
8251:
8247:
8237:
8235:
8228:The Independent
8222:
8221:
8217:
8198:
8197:
8193:
8183:
8181:
8170:
8166:
8156:
8154:
8150:
8143:
8139:
8138:
8134:
8125:
8121:
8111:
8109:
8092:
8088:
8082:Chicago Tribune
8080:
8076:
8070:Chicago Tribune
8068:
8064:
8045:
8041:
8022:
8018:
7988:
7984:
7973:
7969:
7962:
7942:
7938:
7931:
7912:
7908:
7898:
7896:
7888:
7887:
7883:
7861:
7857:
7847:
7846:
7842:
7829:
7827:
7812:
7808:
7799:
7795:
7784:
7780:
7767:
7766:
7762:
7741:
7737:
7727:
7725:
7708:
7704:
7694:
7692:
7679:
7678:
7674:
7667:
7646:
7642:
7638:
7516:
7509:
7498:
7491:
7458:
7454:
7435:(15th edition,
7429:
7425:
7418:
7404:
7400:
7390:
7388:
7379:
7378:
7374:
7364:
7362:
7349:
7348:
7344:
7334:
7333:
7329:
7312:
7311:
7304:
7295:) Britannica".
7290:
7289:
7285:
7268:
7267:
7263:
7256:
7240:
7236:
7209:
7180:
7170:
7168:
7155:
7154:
7150:
7140:
7138:
7129:
7128:
7124:
7114:
7112:
7103:
7102:
7098:
7088:Wayback Machine
7077:Wayback Machine
7061:
7059:
7055:
7044:
7040:
7039:
7035:
7025:
7023:
7019:
7012:
7008:
7007:
7000:
6990:
6988:
6973:
6969:
6950:
6946:
6930:10.1038/438900a
6896:
6889:
6876:
6874:
6859:
6855:
6834:
6830:
6816:
6814:
6813:on 3 March 2007
6797:
6793:
6783:
6781:
6770:
6769:
6765:
6755:
6753:
6740:
6739:
6732:
6722:
6720:
6712:
6711:
6704:
6694:
6692:
6677:
6676:
6672:
6657:
6655:
6642:
6641:
6637:
6627:
6625:
6610:
6603:
6593:
6591:
6576:
6572:
6565:
6551:
6547:
6537:
6535:
6522:
6521:
6517:
6508:
6507:
6500:
6490:
6488:
6479:
6478:
6474:
6450:10.1.1.118.3636
6433:
6429:
6376:
6372:
6365:
6355:Scarecrow Press
6343:
6336:
6326:
6324:
6311:
6310:
6306:
6296:
6294:
6281:
6280:
6276:
6266:
6264:
6251:
6250:
6246:
6236:
6234:
6227:Chicago Tribune
6221:Marotti, Ally.
6219:
6215:
6205:
6203:
6188:
6184:
6165:(15th edition,
6159:
6155:
6149:
6148:
6144:
6134:
6132:
6117:
6113:
6103:
6101:
6092:
6091:
6087:
6077:
6075:
6066:
6065:
6061:
6042:(15th edition,
6036:
6032:
6013:(15th edition,
6007:
6003:
5993:
5991:
5978:
5977:
5973:
5954:(15th edition,
5948:
5944:
5934:
5933:
5929:
5919:
5917:
5910:Chicago Tribune
5904:
5903:
5899:
5889:
5887:
5878:
5877:
5873:
5863:
5861:
5848:
5847:
5843:
5824:(15th edition,
5818:
5811:
5796:10.2307/1832843
5780:Burr, George L.
5777:
5773:
5763:
5761:
5748:
5747:
5743:
5733:
5731:
5724:
5708:
5704:
5694:
5692:
5685:
5669:
5662:
5652:
5650:
5637:
5636:
5632:
5613:(15th edition,
5607:
5600:
5590:
5588:
5575:
5574:
5570:
5560:
5558:
5545:
5544:
5540:
5530:
5528:
5513:
5509:
5499:
5497:
5482:
5481:
5477:
5467:
5465:
5450:
5449:
5445:
5435:
5433:
5420:
5419:
5415:
5405:
5403:
5394:
5393:
5389:
5379:
5377:
5368:
5367:
5363:
5353:
5351:
5342:
5341:
5337:
5327:
5325:
5312:
5311:
5307:
5297:
5295:
5280:
5273:
5263:
5261:
5254:Digital Journal
5246:
5242:
5232:
5230:
5215:
5208:
5198:
5196:
5179:
5172:
5162:
5160:
5147:
5146:
5142:
5132:
5130:
5115:
5111:
5101:
5099:
5084:
5080:
5070:
5068:
5061:Britannica Blog
5053:
5049:
5039:
5037:
5024:
5023:
5019:
5009:
5007:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4975:
4973:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4945:
4943:
4932:
4925:
4915:
4913:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4885:
4883:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4855:
4853:
4848:
4847:
4843:
4833:
4831:
4820:
4816:
4806:
4804:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4776:
4758:
4754:
4744:
4742:
4741:on 29 July 2015
4731:
4727:
4717:
4715:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4691:
4689:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4667:
4660:
4652:
4648:
4643:
4639:
4629:
4627:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4599:
4597:
4582:
4578:
4568:
4566:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4538:
4536:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4499:(15th edition,
4493:
4489:
4479:
4477:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4445:
4443:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4409:
4398:
4397:
4386:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4364:
4347:
4340:
4321:(15th edition,
4315:
4302:
4285:(15th edition,
4279:
4272:
4265:
4249:
4222:
4217:on 5 July 2014.
4205:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4171:
4132:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4095:
4082:
4068:
4066:
4056:
4052:
4042:
4040:
4019:
4015:
4005:
4003:
3989:
3985:
3975:
3973:
3961:
3954:
3944:
3942:
3930:
3926:
3916:
3914:
3894:
3890:
3880:
3878:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3850:
3848:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3820:
3818:
3803:
3794:
3790:
3785:
3784:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3668:
3666:
3661:Scotland portal
3659:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3560:William Thomson
3389:
3368:
3304:
3272:William Thomson
3246:Antonio Panizzi
2990:
2985:History of the
2981:
2979:Edition summary
2938:British monarch
2926:
2884:The editors of
2877:
2853:
2813:
2747:
2705:
2693:was managed by
2647:
2614:
2600:
2565:William Smellie
2483:
2455:
2445:, DVD, and the
2390:
2385:History of the
2381:
2367:William Smellie
2345:
2332:Irish Civil War
2327:
2268:
2239:
2187:
2181:
2171:
2102:
2074:
2048:, an editor at
2012:
1968:Sherlock Holmes
1963:
1904:
1899:
1850:
1777:
1770:
1746:
1740:
1666:
1638:
1608:Shroud of Turin
1548:
1526:library of the
1451:
1429:
1381:
1367:
1334:
1265:, musicologist
1243:David Gelernter
1214:
1183:Theodore Pappas
1175:Philip W. Goetz
1142:
1109:
1079:Albert Einstein
1074:
1045:Michael DeBakey
1037:Milton Friedman
1029:
1024:
928:
897:Merriam-Webster
874:
868:(Wiley, 2006).
763:
612:
596:
509:
483:From 1985, the
451:
446:
290:
251:
219:Media type
214:
188:
171:
146:A & C Black
110:British English
85:
78:
59:
52:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
42:
26:
12:
11:
5:
8767:
8757:
8756:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8736:
8731:
8726:
8721:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8692:
8691:
8683:
8677:
8671:
8665:
8658:
8652:
8640:
8628:
8613:
8604:
8588:
8587:External links
8585:
8583:
8582:
8577:Lee, Timothy.
8575:
8551:
8545:
8527:
8521:
8499:
8484:
8478:
8462:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8426:
8411:
8396:
8373:
8358:
8346:
8334:
8318:
8289:
8275:
8245:
8215:
8191:
8164:
8132:
8119:
8086:
8074:
8062:
8039:
8016:
7982:
7967:
7936:
7929:
7915:Herman, Arthur
7906:
7881:
7866:, ed. (1911).
7864:Chisholm, Hugh
7855:
7840:
7806:
7793:
7790:. p. 116.
7778:
7760:
7750:Evening Herald
7735:
7702:
7672:
7665:
7640:
7637:
7636:
7610:
7599:
7585:
7574:
7563:
7540:
7529:
7517:
7507:
7489:
7468:(124): 25–49.
7452:
7423:
7416:
7398:
7372:
7342:
7337:The New Yorker
7327:
7302:
7283:
7261:
7254:
7234:
7178:
7148:
7122:
7096:
7033:
6998:
6967:
6944:
6887:
6853:
6828:
6791:
6763:
6730:
6702:
6670:
6635:
6601:
6570:
6563:
6545:
6515:
6498:
6472:
6443:(1): 116–122.
6427:
6370:
6363:
6334:
6304:
6274:
6244:
6213:
6182:
6153:
6142:
6111:
6100:on 9 July 2007
6085:
6059:
6030:
6001:
5971:
5942:
5927:
5897:
5871:
5841:
5809:
5790:(1): 103–109.
5771:
5750:"Isaac Asimov"
5741:
5722:
5702:
5683:
5660:
5630:
5598:
5568:
5538:
5507:
5475:
5443:
5413:
5387:
5361:
5335:
5305:
5271:
5240:
5206:
5170:
5140:
5109:
5078:
5067:on 5 June 2008
5047:
5017:
4983:
4953:
4923:
4893:
4863:
4841:
4814:
4781:
4774:
4752:
4725:
4699:
4673:
4658:
4646:
4637:
4607:
4576:
4546:
4516:
4487:
4453:
4419:
4384:
4369:
4362:
4338:
4300:
4270:
4263:
4220:
4195:
4188:
4130:
4109:
4080:
4050:
4013:
3983:
3952:
3924:
3888:
3877:on 9 June 2001
3873:Archived from
3858:
3843:Archived from
3828:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3772:
3763:
3754:
3744:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3678:
3675:Chicago portal
3664:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3581:At this point
3537:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3506:
3503:Robert McHenry
3499:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3268:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3238:David Brewster
3234:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3207:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3175:
3174:Macvey Napier
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2983:Main article:
2980:
2977:
2969:George W. Bush
2925:
2922:
2812:
2809:
2746:
2743:
2723:William Benton
2646:
2643:
2599:
2596:
2586:David Brewster
2497:Thomas Young's
2482:
2479:
2454:
2451:
2447:World Wide Web
2420:William Benton
2383:Main article:
2380:
2377:
2267:
2264:
2231:Some very few
2186:
2183:
2173:Kenneth Kister
2169:
2101:
2098:
2073:
2070:
2062:C. S. Forester
2006:Shah of Persia
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577:Micropædia
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