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European Union or the United
Nations). The differences in approaches, the reasons behind them, and their results have been the subject of research in the fields of comparative environmental politics and policy. But the study of problems and issues associated with environmental policy development has also been influenced by general public policy theories and analyses. Contributions on this front have been influenced by different academic disciplines, notably economics, public policy, and environmental studies, but also by political-ideological views, politics, and economic interests, among others through "think tanks". Thus, the design of environmental policy and the choice of policy instruments is always political and not just a matter determined by technical and efficiency considerations advanced by scientists, economists or other experts. As Majone has argued: "Policy instruments are seldom ideologically neutral" and "cannot be neatly separated from goals." The choice of policy instruments always occurs in a political context. Differences in ideological preferences of governments and political actors, and in national policy styles, have been argued to strongly influence a government's approach to policy design, including the choice of instruments.
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therein, among others linked to economic development, urbanisation and globalisation. On the one hand, analysts have identified the rise of individualism, materialism, consumerism, and the decline of community values in modern societies and cultures. On the other hand, some analysts, notably based on Ronald
Inglehart's work, argue that, with rising standards of living, comes a shift in societies, facilitated by generational change, from material to "post-material" values, including self-actualisation, belonging, and aesthetics. However, it is debatable to what extent this shift represents a move towards environmental values becoming dominant and whether the level of support for the environment depends on a high standard of living. Others, notably inspired by Riley Dunlap's research, more directly explore whether the presently dominant paradigm is being replaced by what is referred to as the "New Environmental Paradigm". As yet, however, the findings of this research are inconclusive, although there is evidence that environmental concern and support have grown globally.
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instruments, and environmental taxation and subsidies can achieve the same results. For instance, as Kemp and
Pontoglio argue, policy instruments cannot be usefully ranked with regard to their effects on eco-innovation, "the often expressed view that market-based approaches such as pollution taxes and emission trading systems are better for promoting eco-innovation is not brought out by the case study literature or by survey analysis", and there is actually more evidence that regulations stimulate radical innovation more than market-based instruments. It has also been argued that If the government can anticipate new technology or is able to react to it optimally, regulatory policies by virtue of administered prices (taxes) and policies by setting quantities (issuing tradable permits) are (almost) equivalent. More generally, the performance of economic instruments in dealing with environmental problems has been a mixed bag, referred to by Hahn as "not very impressive", and has led Tietenberg to conclude that they are "no panacea".
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ethnic boundaries have been particularly important in regions where entire ecosystems are under threat, e.g. small island states, the Arctic and the Amazon and in areas where people's livelihoods depend on natural resources e.g. fishing, farming and forestry. However, the degree and kind of opportunities provided for public input and deliberation are seen as a key factor, both for improving the effectiveness of policies and for enhancing their support basis and legitimacy. Enhancing democracy, for instance, by adopting forms of "discursive designs" and other forms of "reflexive" deliberative democracy, aims to create a level playing field on which citizens' representatives have a more equal chance to partake in shaping policy. Relatively recently, "citizens' assemblies" have been used in a range of countries to address controversial topics, including climate change policy. However, as these are temporary and advisory bodies, governments are not bound by their recommendations.
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dominant paradigm. On the other hand, the effectiveness of the environmental movement in bringing about fundamental value change can and has been drawn into doubt. One reason is that the environmental movement itself is very diverse in views on the kind of value change(s) required, ranging from technocentric to deep ecological stances. To what extent green parties have been effective in changing dominant value patterns or are themselves subject to being co-opted by dominant values and interests is also subject to debate. To a large extent, as many analysts have pointed out, the ability to shape the dominant values and public views on the environment depends on the relative (cognitive) power held and exercised by groups, notably through control over the media and other institutions such as education, universities, think tanks, and the social media.
779:, and all kinds of pollution, among others. In this respect, they have often provided legitimacy and support to the raising of concerns by the environmental movement, although they have often been reluctant to get involved in environmental activism out of fear of compromising their scientific credibility. Nonetheless, scientists have played a significant role pushing environmental issues onto the international agenda, together with international ENGOs, in what have been referred to as "epistemic communities." However, to what extent science can be "value-free" has been a subject of debate. Science and scientists always operate in a political-economic context that circumscribes their role, research and its effects. This raises the question of scientific integrity, especially when scientists are paid to serve commercial and political interests.
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efficiency and cost-effectiveness, many other important aspects of policy and criteria for evaluating them have been identified and discussed, including their knowledge (science) basis, their goals and objectives, ethical issues, distributional effects, and process and legitimacy. Although efforts have been made to put evaluation on its own (trans-) disciplinary footing as a systematic and independent stage in the policy process, either before the adoption of policies (ex-ante evaluation) or after their implementation (ex-post evaluation) this remains fraught with problems. In practice, systematic evaluation remains a largely neglected aspect or stage of policymaking, in large part, because of the political nature and sensitivity of evaluating government's policies.
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seriously. Such policies rely more on rhetoric than action. In the environmental realm, sustainable development policies or strategies are often used for this purpose if these are not translated into clear and specific objectives, timeframes and measures. Yet, hortatory policy instruments are often preferred by governments and other actors as they are seen as a way of recognising and sharing collective responsibility, possibly avoiding the need for regulation and/or economic instruments. They are thus often used as a first step towards addressing environmental problems. However, these tools are often combined with some form of legislation and regulation, for instance, in the case of labelling of consumer products (product information), waste disposal and recycling.
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a range of environmental problems and policy outputs, as measured by separate indicators like CO2 emissions, different forms of air pollution, water quality indicators, and biological diversity (individual species). These assessments are often used as a basis for ranking the environmental performance of countries, with some characterised as leaders and others as laggards. However, such rankings have been treated with scepticism, not only on methodological grounds but especially because they mean little in terms of the extent to which governments take environmental integration seriously. While it has been noted that, at different stages, some countries have been leaders in some areas of environmental integration, these efforts have not been sustained over time.
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inherent growth imperative. Others recognise this imperative as a problem but argue that it is possible to reform capitalism in a way that does not require growth, or that enables "green growth" based on the recognition of environmental limits. Many have pointed out that socialist economic systems have had even worse environmental records than capitalist systems, implying that socialism is no better alternative for the environment even apart from other considerations. However, this view is contested by those who argue that socialism as an economic system does not necessarily require an authoritarian system and that there is scope for creating democratic socialist systems that assign greater priority to collective interests, including environmental protection.
344:, and the management of these natural resources for future generations. Relatively recently, environmental policy has also attended to the communication of environmental issues. Environmental policies often address issues in one of three dimensions of the environment: ecological (for instance, policies aimed at protecting a particular species or natural areas), resource (for instance, related to energy, land, water), and the human environment (the environment modified or shaped by humans, for instance, urban planning, pollution). Environmental policy-making is often highly fragmented, although environmental policy analysts have long pointed out the need for the development of more comprehensive and integrated environmental policies.
35:
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constraining environmental policy. More broadly, the question of whether capitalism is compatible or not with long-term environmental protection has been a subject of debate. As, after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the introduction of capitalism in China, capitalism became a globally dominant system, this question has become even more important to the future development of environmental policy at the national and international levels. As many analysts of global environmental politics have pointed out, the institutions for developing effective environmental policy at that level are weak and rather ineffective, as demonstrated by accounts of continuing environmental deterioration.
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environmental problems are interrelated, finding their roots in the interconnectedness of the environment itself and the failure of human societies to recognise that reality and to heed this in their behaviour and practices. These thinkers point out the need to take a "holistic", ecosystems or integrated approach to the management of the environment and the use of resources. Often, it is argued that such an approach was common to indigenous societies, but that this got pushed aside and lost with the rise of "modernity" and rational-analytic (scientific) thinking. In modern societies, nature has come to be seen, analysed and manipulated as a machine in the service of human ends.
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policies are reviewed and changed for political reasons and/or because they are deemed to be unsatisfactory. The various stages have become the focus of much research, generating insights into why and how policies have been developed and implemented, with variable outcomes and effectiveness. These studies show that policy development is more about the role of and interplay between conflicting interests than the result of rational analysis and finding and adopting (optimal) solutions to problems. One of the main schools of thought on this front is that of incrementalism, which argues that policy change often occurs in small steps that accommodate conflicting interests.
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environmental policies have addressed environmental problems more or less effectively remains a topic of debate. On the one hand, some take a very positive and optimistic view, arguing that, on many fronts, the environmental situation, especially as it affects humans, has improved. On the other hand, many scientists and scientific reports paint a bleak picture of where the world is going, based on deteriorating environmental indicators linked to global heating, declining biodiversity, pollution trends (including of new forms of pollution such as the spread of plastic nanoparticles), and ongoing resource degradation and decline (such as water and agricultural land).
492:, human societies have always impacted their environment, often with adverse consequences for themselves and the rest of nature. Their failure to (timely) recognise and address these problems has been a contributing factor to their decline and collapse. Although particular environmental problems like soil erosion, growing resource scarcity, air and water pollution increasingly became the subject of concern and government regulation in the 19th century, these were seen and addressed as separate issues. The shortcomings of this reactive and fragmented approach received growing recognition during the 1960s and early 1970s, the first wave of
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that "limited rationality" provided a more realistic basis for decision-making. This view has also been expressed by advocates of more comprehensive and integrated environmental policy development, who argued that looking at problems in isolation (on a one-by-one basis) ignores the linkages between environmental problems and their causes. In the late 1980s, "green planning" and the adoption of sustainable development strategies, in particular, received support in academic circles and among many governments as rational, goal-based policy approaches aimed at overcoming the limitations of the fragmented analycentric approach.
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assumption that an objective assessment of effects is possible, and that the knowledge generated will persuade decision-makers to make changes to proposals to mitigate or prevent adverse environmental effects. How EIA rules and processes are designed and implemented depends on regulation and is influenced by the political context. Eccleston and March argue that although policymakers normally have access to reasonably accurate environmental information, political and economic factors are important and often lead to policy decisions that rank environmental priorities of secondary importance.
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political and economic systems, and sectors like agriculture, energy, and transport. Increasingly, the tweaking of environmental and other policies is seen as inadequate, and there is growing recognition of the need for "transformative change". However, the interrelatedness of these systems raises questions about whether and/or how such transformative change can be achieved, which has led a growing number of environmental analysts, including scientists, to serious doubts and pessimism, although others argue that it remains possible for societies to do so.
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views and interpretations. For instance, there is a large body of research that looks at whether societies have moved or are moving towards "post-materialist" values, or to a New
Environmental Paradigm. More broadly, the link between dominant worldviews and the way the environment is treated has been a focus of much debate. The rise and growing support for the environmental movement is often seen as a driver towards "greener" societies. If such socio-cultural trends hold, this is expected to lead governments to adopt stronger environmental policies.
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issues being adequately recognised and/or assigned political priority, including the role, privileged access, power and influence, and even dominance of (non-environmental) interest groups, bureaucratic thinking and interests, the lack of openness and transparency, (very) limited opportunities for public input and participation, and the short political horizon linked to electoral cycles. Many of these factors are not confined to liberal-democratic political systems but also play a role, perhaps even more so, in authoritarian political systems.
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pointed out, many other aspects of environmental policy are important. These include the goals and objectives of the policies (which may be deemed too vague, inadequate, poorly or wrongly targeted), their distributional effects (whether they contribute to or reduce environmental and social injustice), the kind of instruments used (for instance, their ethical and political dimensions), the processes by which policies have been developed (public participation and deliberation), and the extent to which they are institutionally supported.
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most common way policies are developed, but also the best way, as it avoids making big errors that could result from a "rational-comprehensive" approach. Also, over time, a series of small changes may add up and bring about significant and big change. Although incrementalism has been critiqued for its underlying assumptions and conservative implications ("tinkering"), and also for its failure to come to grips with environmental problems, it is a very recognisable approach to policy "improvement" in many countries.
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reconcile global objectives and international rules with domestic needs and laws. EPI is widely recognised as one of the key elements of sustainable development, and it was adopted as a formal requirement by the EU. More recently, the notion of "climate policy integration", also denoted as "mainstreaming", has been applied to indicate the integration of climate considerations (both mitigation and adaptation) into the broader (often economically focused) activities of government.
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emissions), water, and tradeable fisheries quota. They are based on the assumption that behaviour and practices are foremost driven by rationality, self-interest and economic considerations and that these motivations can be harnessed for environmental purposes. Decision-making studies cast doubt on these premises. Often, decisions are reached based on irrational influences, unconscious biases, illogical assumptions, and the desire to avoid or create ambiguity and uncertainty.
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waste, the use of water and energy, and using public transport), and voluntary agreements between governments and businesses. They share the aim of encouraging people to do "the right thing", to change their behaviour and practices, and to accept individual or group responsibility for addressing issues. Agreements between the government and private firms and commitments made by firms independent of government requirements are examples of voluntary environmental measures.
935:, which aims at defining and implementing a transformative agenda to greening the economy and society as a whole so as to achieve "truly" sustainable development. The EU strategies, actions and programmes promote more and better research and innovation for building a resource-efficient, climate-resilient society and thriving economy which are meant to be in sync with the natural environment. Research and innovation in Europe are financially supported by the programme
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environmental considerations into all areas of human thinking, behaviour and practices that (potentially) affect the environment." This involves, among others, the development and adoption of an overarching view of the environment, an overarching policy to guide the "greening" of policies, and an institutional framework that gives "teeth" to environmental integration. In academic and government circles (notably the EU), much of the focus has been on environmental
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address environmental (and other) problems. This "technocentric" approach, which is seen as politically neutral, has been a preferred and dominant approach to "solving" environmental problems from the beginning of the environmental era, advocated by governments, businesses, and many environmentalists. The managerial approach also involves training "environmental practitioners" and policy analysts. Given the growing need for trained environmental practitioners,
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the various stages of the policy cycle to design more effective policies, to better consider the tools, rules and assumptions on which they are based, the groups at which they are targeted, contextual factors, as well as the nature (complexity) of the problem. Enhancing public input and participation is argued to have the potential to improve all stages of the policy cycle, including problem definition, decision-making, policy implementation, and evaluation.
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effects of human actions and interventions not just on a problem in isolation, but also their (potential) effects of other problems. More often than not, fragmented policies and "solutions", for instance, to combat pollution, lead to the displacement of environmental problems or the generation of new ones. The interconnectedness of the environmental challenge, it has been said, requires an approach that is "ecological rational" and environmentally effective.
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167:
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who receive such rights. They are, therefore, generally much preferred by affected resource users and industries, which explains their popularity since the rise of neoliberalism. This has led analysts to point out that there are many other important aspects to the choice of policy instruments than their efficiency and cost-effectiveness, such as distributional, ethical and political aspects, and their appropriateness for addressing environmental problems.
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360:, environmental problems have long afflicted human societies and led to collective efforts to address these problems. Some longstanding problems have been the hunting of animals to extinction, soil erosion and salinisation (because of over-irrigation), and the adverse effects of some practices on human health (wood fires, unhygienic practices). In some cases, these practices contributed to the collapse of societies.
525:
protect the environment is greater than the private marginal benefit, but the social marginal cost is less than the social marginal benefit. The tragedy of the commons is the condition that, because no one person owns the commons, each individual has an incentive to utilize common resources as much as possible. Without governmental involvement, the commons is overused. Examples of tragedies of the commons are
939:, which is also open to participation worldwide. Yet, the "transition management" approach to sustainability has been critiqued for its a-political, technocratic and elitist nature. Also, Bucchi argues that the traditional technocentric approach no longer suffices as science has increasingly been commercialised and politicised and lost much of its image of neutrality that it enjoyed with the public at large.
177:
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identified: cognitive factors (the way(s) environmental problems have been interpreted (cognitive factors), linked to dominant belief and value systems; political factors (the nature of the prevailing political systems); and the nature of the prevailing economic systems. These three types of factors are not mutually exclusive, and analysts often combine them to provide more comprehensive explanations.
430:, sparked the beginning of the modern environmental movement. It also marked the start of "the environment" becoming a concern of public policy, as pointed out by Caldwell in 1963. These growing concerns, as well as the growing publicity about environmental problems and accidents, forced governments to introduce or strengthen laws and policies aimed at enhancing environmental protection.
294:. Environment refers to the physical ecosystems, but can also take into consideration the social dimension (quality of life, health) and an economic dimension (resource management, biodiversity). Policy can be defined as a "course of action or principle adopted or proposed by a government, party, business or individual". Thus, environmental policy tends to focus on problems arising from
571:
associated redefinition of the role of the state (centred on the notion of governance rather than government), regulation has been touted as ineffective and inefficient, sparking a move toward deregulation and the adoption by many governments of "new" policy instruments, notably market instruments and voluntary agreements, also in the realm of environmental policy.
306:) requires looking at their connections and underlying and common sources, and how policies addressing particular problems can have spill-over effects on other problems and policies. "The environment" thus became a focus for public policy and environmental policy the term to refer to the way environmental issues were addressed more or less comprehensively.
550:
environmental policy on ecological principles has also been recognised by many environmental policy analysts, sometimes under the label of ecological rationality and/or environmental integration. From this perspective, political, economic, and other systems, as well as policies, need to be "greened" to make them ecologically rational.
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identification of the most cost-effective and efficient means by assessing alternative options. Technological innovation, more efficient management, and economic instruments such as cost-benefit analysis, environmental taxes, and tradeable permit schemes (market creation) have been among the preferred means in this approach.
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in shaping and advancing the dominant views and ideologies in societies has been an important focus of
Marxist and critical theory that has also influenced the analysis of environmental policy formation. Ownership and control of the media play an important role in the formation of public opinion on environmental issues.
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businesses, notably the oil industry, in downplaying the risks associated with climate change or "climate denial." "Think tanks" and the media have been used to sow scepticism about the science behind environmental and other problems, to redefine issues, and to avert policies that threaten the interests of businesses.
841:
The field of
Comparative Environment Policy and Politics aims to explain the differences in performance related to, among others, differences in political systems, institutions, policy styles and cultures. However, the environmental performance of governments remains commonly based on achievements in
824:
Moreover, as many environmental thinkers and policy analysts have pointed out, addressing environmental problems effectively requires an integrated approach. As the environment is an integrated whole or system, environmental policies need to take account of the interactions within that system and the
820:
The difficulties of policy evaluation also apply to environmental policies. Also there, policy evaluation is often approached in simple terms based on the extent to which the stated goals of a policy have been achieved or not ("success or failure"). However, as many environmental policy analysts have
799:
Other meta-policy research focuses on the different "environmental discourses" and how they compete for dominance in societies and worldwide. The power to influence or shape people's view of the world has been referred to as "cognitive power". The role of intellectuals, opinion leaders, and the media
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Regulation has been a traditional and predominant approach to policymaking in many policy areas and countries. It relies foremost on adopting rules (often backed up by legislation), to prohibit, impose or circumscribe human behaviour and practices. In the environmental policy area, this includes, for
963:
But as the way the environmental challenge is interpreted is closely linked to the dominant socio-cultural (value) system, the latter is also said to need fundamental change. There is a large body of literature on the role and importance of the dominant values in societies and the (possible) changes
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Much of the research and innovation sponsored by governments, businesses and international organisations under the heading of "transition management" is aimed at the gradual (incremental) development of new "transformative" technologies, for instance, in areas like energy, transport and agriculture.
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This holistic way of thinking has been picked up and developed under a variety of labels, including
Holistic Resource Management, Integrated Environmental Management, Ecosystems Management, and the notion of Environmental Integration. Environmental integration, in broad terms, is "the integration of
795:
affects the development of environmental policies, at all stages of the policy cycle, from problem recognition, and the formulation of policy options, to decision-making, implementation and policy evaluation. However, much (meta-policy) research has been undertaken on what influences or shapes these
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can help tackling issues by conducting research to facilitate policy development, building institutional capacity, and facilitating independent dialogue with civil society to help people live more sustainable lifestyles. The need for a legal framework to recognize NGOs and enable them to access more
725:
Policy process analyses also include studies of the variety of actors and their influence on government decision-making. Although pluralism, the idea that not one group dominates all decision-making in modern societies, has long been the prevailing school of thought in political science, it has been
608:
Normative ("hortatory") instruments ("sermons") rely on persuasion and information. They include, among others, campaigns aimed at raising public awareness and enhancing knowledge of environmental problems, calls upon people to change their behaviour and practices (like taking up recycling, reducing
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In contrast to environmental policy, ecological policy addresses issues that focus on achieving benefits (both monetary and non monetary) from the non human ecological world. Broadly included in ecological policy is natural resource management (fisheries, forestry, wildlife, range, biodiversity, and
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That the way environmental problems predominantly are interpreted is a fundamental obstacle to addressing the environmental challenge effectively, has been pointed out already from the earliest stages of the rise of environmental awareness and thinking. Many early environmental thinkers argued that
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Over time, many governments have introduced laws to provide public access to government-held information, for instance, by the adoption of
Freedom of Information legislation. Although a growing number of governments have adopted such legislation, a report by Privacy International notes that in many
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In line with the policy process perspective, many environmental advocates and analysts support improving the opportunities for public participation and input in the policy process, as well as increasing transparency. The policy design literature aims to pull together insights gained from studies of
858:
Reflecting the diversity of approaches to environmental policy development, influenced by contextual factors, policy perspectives, and political-ideological views, among others, there are also different views on how environmental policy could or should be improved. The three most common standpoints
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effectiveness of policies is measured by the extent to which they reduce or resolve environmental problems (ecological destruction and degradation, resource degradation and depletion, and adverse effects on humans by environmental modification, including by urban development and pollution). Whether
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integration (EPI), the process of integrating environmental objectives into non-environmental policy areas, such as energy, agriculture and transport, rather than leaving them to be pursued solely through "purely" environmental policies. This is often particularly challenging because of the need to
803:
Other meta-policy research relevant to the development of environmental policy focuses on institutional and systemic factors. For instance, the role of environmental institutions and their capacity and power within the broader systems of government is found to be an important factor in advancing or
787:
Meta-policy research focuses on the ways policy development is influenced or shaped by contextual factors, including political institutions and systems, socio-cultural patterns, economic systems, knowledge frameworks, discourses, and the changes therein. The latter may involve deliberate changes to
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For economic instruments to function, some form(s) of regulation are needed that involve policy design, for instance, related to the choice and level of taxation, who pays, who qualifies for rights or permits, and the rules on which trading, and a "market" depend for their functioning. For example,
570:
Regulation is often derogatorily referred to by detractors as a top-down, "command and control" approach as it leaves target groups with little if any control over the way(s) environmental activities or goals must be pursued. Since the 1980s, with the rise of neoliberalism in many countries and the
479:
Despite commonalities between countries in the development of environmental policies and institutions, they have also adopted different approaches in this area. In the 1970s, the field of
Comparative Environmental Politics and Policy emerged to compare the environmental policies and institutions of
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These cognitive, social, political and economic factors are often referred to as systemic, meaning that overcoming these obstacles requires systemic, fundamental or transformative change, notably of the systems that are the sources and drivers of environmental pressures and problems, including the
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These political obstacles have generally led to a relative weakness in the power of government institutions (organisations and rules) advocating for environmental interests compared to non-environmental institutions and the circumscription of the power, role and influence of societal environmental
967:
Whether and how the dominant value systems and views on the environment can be purposefully changed by concerted social action aimed at assigning greater priority remains a matter of debate and uncertainty. On the one hand, the environmental movement has been touted as a "vanguard" in shifting the
862:
Incrementalism has been deemed to be the most common (standard) way governments change their policies with the stated aim of improving them. Propagated in particular by
Charles Lindblom based on his view of American political reality, he argued that changing policies in small steps is not only the
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have the greatest influence on environmental policies. These days, many countries are facing huge environmental, social, and economic impacts of rapid population growth, development, and natural resource constraints. As NGOs try to help countries to tackle these issues more successfully, a lack of
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Policy process analysis has also been applied to environmental policy in its different stages. It has been used, for instance, to clarify why environmental issues have had difficulty reaching or staying on the public and political agendas. More recently, research has revealed the role and power of
690:
The analycentric approach to environmental policy analysis, which focuses on particular issues and uses mostly quantitative methods to identify "optimal" (cost-effective or efficient) solutions, has been the prevalent way to address environmental problems, both by governments and businesses. It is
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However, although regulation, taxation and market instruments can be equally (in-) effective, they may differ significantly in the allocation and distribution of (potential) costs and benefits, with the allocation of tradeable ("property") rights potentially generating significant profits to those
615:
is a tool that relies foremost on the gathering of knowledge and information about (potential) environmental effects. It originated in the United States but has been adopted in many countries to analyse and assess the potential impacts of projects. Usually undertaken by experts, it is based on the
562:
Although many different policy instruments can be identified, and many ways of classifying them have been put forward, very broadly, a minimalist approach distinguishes three kinds or categories of policy instruments: regulation, economic instruments, and normative or "hortatory" approaches. These
524:
which may be discharged into a river, ultimately contaminating water. The cost of such action is paid by society at large when they must clean the water before drinking it and is external to the costs of the polluter. The free rider problem occurs when the private marginal cost of taking action to
440:, then a U.S. Senator from Wisconsin, after witnessing the ravages of the 1969 massive oil spill in Santa Barbara, California, became famous for his environmental work. Administrator Ruckelshaus was confirmed by the Senate on December 2, 1970, which is the traditional date used as the birth of the
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It has been argued that notwithstanding Reagan's efforts to undo environmental regulation in the US, the effects have been limited as environmental interests were already strongly entrenched. Under President Trump, again, many environmental regulations have been dismantled or were scheduled to be
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policies are made and put into practice. It commonly involves identifying a variable number of steps, including problem definition and agenda setting, the formulation and selection of policy options, implementation, and evaluation. These are conceived as being parts of a policy cycle, as existing
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policy) ignores the way policies are developed in (political) practice. Third, the preferred means are often based on questionable assumptions notably about human behaviour. Many of the limitations of the rational approach were already acknowledged by an early proponent, Herbert Simon, who argued
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has demonstrated, this is not supported by evidence on how societies actually make resource decisions. The market-failure theory also assumes that "markets" have, or should have precedence over governments in collective decision-making, which is an ideological position that was challenged by Karl
363:
In the 19th century, the growing impact of human development and practices on the environment became increasingly apparent. Deforestation, the decline and extinction of birds, the decline of aesthetics in landscapes and cities, large-scale mining (notably of coal), industrial pollution, and urban
979:
Other analysts emphasise the importance of economic systems, notably capitalism, as a fundamental obstacle to developing and adopting effective environmental policies. Some take the view that capitalism is fundamentally incompatible with long-term environmental protection, notably because of its
971:
The importance of the nature of political systems for the development of environmental (and other) policies has been the subject of much research, including in the field of Comparative Environmental Policy. Analysts have pointed out a broad range of factors that stand in the way of environmental
558:
In practice, governments have adopted a wide range of approaches to the development and implementation of environmental policies. To a large extent, differences in approaches have been influenced and shaped by the particular political, economic and social context of a country or polity (like the
467:
In the European Union, the very first Environmental Action Programme was adopted by national government representatives in July 1973 during the first meeting of the Council of Environmental Ministers. Since then an increasingly dense network of legislation has developed, which now extends to all
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research shows that climate-related projects and policies that involve women are more effective. Policies, projects and investments without meaningful participation by women are less effective and often increase existing gender inequalities. Women found climate solutions that cross political or
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As incrementalism does not question the political-economic status quo, its suggestions for policy improvement are foremost of a managerial or technological kind. Tinkering with policy and management tools, and technological innovation, are seen as the main and most desirable ("win-win") ways to
812:
Differences in approaches to environmental policy development and design, including the selection of policy instruments, linked to different historical, political-economic and socio-cultural contexts, and the inevitable role and influence of different cognitive and ideological frameworks in the
619:
The effectiveness of hortatory instruments has also been under debate. Policies relying foremost on such instruments may amount to little more than symbolic policies, implying that governments have little or no intention to effectively address an issue while creating the impression of taking it
549:
argue that economic policies should be developed within a theoretical framework that recognises the biophysical reality. The economic system is a sub-system of the biophysical environmental system on which humans and other species depend for their well-being and survival. The need for grounding
955:
A third approach to improving environmental policy is based on the view that meaningful progress on resolving environmental problems requires fundamental or systemic change, in particular of the prevailing socio-cultural, political and economic systems. Three categories of factors are commonly
816:
As many policy analysts have pointed out, judging the merits of policies goes beyond an assessment of the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the policy instruments used. In the realm of public policy, policy evaluation is a topic that is seen as much more encompassing and complex. Apart from
627:
Different instruments are sometimes combined in a policy mix to address a particular environmental problem. Since environmental issues have many aspects, several policy instruments may be required to adequately address each one. Ideally, government policies are carefully formulated so that the
837:
Although, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, many governments began to adopt a more comprehensive approach to environmental issues, notably in the form of National Sustainable Development Strategies and "Green Planning", these efforts were largely abandoned during the 1990s due to the rise to
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In December 1997 Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA'97) was signed and promulgated by the President of Pakistan. It provides for the protection, conservation, rehabilitation and improvement of the environment, for the prevention and control of pollution, and promotion of sustainable
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policy development. While scientific analyses and (preferably) quantitative data provide knowledge of the more immediate sources or causes of environmental problems, such as forms of pollution and climate change, policy prescriptions are based on setting goals, objectives and targets and the
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There has been much debate about the relative merits of the various kinds of policy instruments. Market instruments are often held up and used as a more efficient and cost-effective, alternative to regulation. Yet, many analysts have pointed out that regulation, economic incentives, "market"
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Economic instruments involve the imposition or use of economic incentives, including (environmental) taxes, tax exemptions, fees, subsidies, and the creation of markets and rights for trading in substances, pollutants, resources, or activities, such as for SO2, CO2 (carbon or greenhouse gas
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policy, defined broadly as "What governments do, why they do it, and what difference it makes, became an important strand in political science. This variety, which has been classified into analycentric, policy process, and meta-policy categories, has also manifested itself in the area of
298:, which is important to human society by having a (negative) impact on human values. Such human values are often labeled as good health or the 'clean and green' environment. In practice, policy analysts provide a wide variety of types of information to the public decision-making process.
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Farah, Paolo Davide; Rossi, Piercarlo (December 2, 2011). "National Energy Policies and Energy Security in the Context of Climate Change and Global Environmental Risks: A Theoretical Framework for Reconciling Domestic and International Law Through a Multiscalar and Multilevel Approach".
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The "market failure" rationale for environmental policy has been criticised for its implicit assumptions about the drivers of human behaviour, which are considered to be rooted in the idea that societies are nothing but collections of self-interested "utility-maximising" individuals. As
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groups, including green parties, if not their co-optation by the dominant powers and vested interests. This also affects the "environmental capacity" of political systems, severely limiting efforts to develop more comprehensive and integrated approaches to the environmental challenge.
496:. This was reflected in the creation, in many countries, of environmental agencies, policies and legislation with the aim of taking a more comprehensive and integrated approach to environmental issues. In 1972, the need for this was also recognised at the international level at the
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movement of poets, authors and artists from the early 18th century, a movement that lamented the despoliation of nature by industrialism. Building on these early forms of concern about nature, organisations aimed at the preservation of forests, birds and landscapes emerged in the
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development. PEPA'97 covers nearly all issues from pollution generation to pollution prevention, monitoring to confiscation, compliance to violation, and prosecution to penalization. However, results of this legislation are subjected to virtuous and unadulterated implementation.
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the formal and non-formal institutions through which policy analysis, development, decision-making, and implementation occur, such as the introduction of rules for cost-benefit analysis, risk analysis, consultation and accountability requirements, and organisational change.
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instance, the imposition of limits or standards for air and water pollution, car emissions, the regulation or banning of the use of hazardous substances, the phasing out of ozone-depleting substances, waste disposal, and laws to protect endangered species and natural areas.
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How environmental policies are made, how effective they are, and how they can or should be improved, has become the subject of considerable research and debate. In the academic realm, these questions are commonly addressed under the label of environmental policy analysis.
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Concerns about pollution and its threat to humans as well as nature has provided another major stimulus for the development of environmental policies. In 1863, in the United Kingdom, health problems arising from the release of harmful chemicals led to the adoption of the
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to address environmental issues. UNEP is the leading global environmental authority tasked with policy guidance for environmental programs. The UNEP monitors environmental aspects, such as waste management, energy use, greenhouse gas inventory, and water use to promote
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contested by elite theories that assign predominant power to elites in different areas or sectors of decision-making. To what extent environmental groups have had influence on government decisions and policies continues to be a subject of debate. Some argue that
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and the Sky Trust are proposals based on the idea. In the case of corporations, it is assumed that such tools make it financially rewarding to engage in efficient environmental management that also improves business and organizational performance They also
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individual measures do not undermine one another or create a rigid and cost-ineffective framework. Overlapping policies result in unnecessary administrative costs, increasing the cost of implementation. To help governments realize their policy goals, the
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The role of science and scientists in policy environmental policy development has been another focus of research. Scientists have been instrumental in discovering many environmental problems, from the damaging effects of the use of pesticides, the
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IPCC, Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu and B. Zhou (2021),
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policy. Many approaches are derived from the broader field of public policy analysis which emerged as a scientific enterprise after WWII. While policy analysis as a decision-making tool continued to be applied in the business sector, the study of
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Polanyi whose historical analysis shows how the idea of a self-regulating market was politically created. He added that "Such an institution could not exist for any length of time without annihilating the human and natural substance of society."
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in the late 19th and the early 20th centuries, these efforts, combined with concerns about dwindling timber supplies, were instrumental in the establishment of the first nature reserves, national and forest parks and to changes in forestry laws.
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Market-based policy instruments also have their supporters and detractors. Among the detractors, for example, some environmentalists contend that a more radical, overarching approach is needed than a set of specific initiatives, to deal with
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prominence of neoliberal thinking, policies and reforms. This development led to the return of the fragmented and reactive approach to environmental problems with an emphasis on climate change and the use of "market-based" instruments.
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have also been referred to as "sticks, carrots and sermons". Vedung, based on Majone's classification of power, argues that the main difference underlying these categories is the degree of coercion (authoritative force) involved.
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The concept of environmental policy was first used in the 1960s to recognise that all environmental problems, like the environment itself, are interconnected. Addressing environmental problems effectively (such as air, water, and
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understanding about their role in civil society and the public perception that the government alone is responsible for the well-being of its citizens and residents makes NGOs tasks more difficult to achieve. NGOs such as
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The analycentric or rational approach has been critiqued on various grounds. First, it assumes that there is adequate knowledge and agreement on the causes of problems and the goals to be achieved. Second, the approach
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measures may actually increase energy consumption in the absence of a cap on fossil fuel use, as people might drive more fuel-efficient cars. To combat this result, Aubrey Meyer calls for a 'framework-based market' of
504:. Thus, growing environmental awareness and concern provided the main rationale for the adoption of environmental policies and institutions by governments. Environmental protection became a focus of public policy.
444:(EPA). Five months earlier, in July 1970, President Nixon had signed Reorganization Plan No. 3 calling for the establishment of EPA. At the time, environmental policy was a bipartisan issue and the efforts of the
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Knill, Christoph, Stephan Heichel and Daniel Arndt (2012), "Really a Front-Runner, Really a Straggler? Of Environmental Leaders and Laggards in the European Union and Beyond — a Quantitative Policy Perspective",
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In many countries, governments created environment ministries, departments or agencies, and appointed ministers of or for the environment. The world's first minister of the environment was the British Politician
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Dunlap, Riley E., Kent D. Van Liere, Angela G. Mertig and Robert Emmet Jones (2000), "New Trends in Measuring Environmental Attitudes: Measuring Endorsement of the New Ecological Paradigm: A Revised NEP Scale",
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This rationale for environmental policy is broader than that provided by some interpretations based on economic theories. The rationale for governmental involvement in the environment is often attributed to
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diverse funding sources, high-level support/endorsement from local figureheads, and engaging NGOs in policy development and implementation is more important as environmental issues continue to increase.
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Vedung, Evert and Frans C. J. Van der Doelen (1998), "The Sermon: Information Programs in the Public Policy Process--Choice, Effects, Evaluation", in J. Bemelmans-Videc, G. Rist and E. Vedung (eds.),
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made it an early environmental leader. During this period, legislation was passed to regulate pollutants that go into the air, water tables, and solid waste disposal. President Nixon signed the
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A nonprofit and nonpartisan organization that conducts independent research—rooted primarily in economics and other social sciences—on environmental, energy, and natural resource issues.
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Linder, Stephen. and Guy. Peters (1990), "The Design of Instruments for Public Policy", in S. Nagel (ed.) Policy Theory and Policy Exclusion. New York: Greenwood Press, pp.113-119.
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Justo-Hanani, Ronit and Tamar Dayan (2016), "Explaining Transatlantic Policy Divergence: The Role of Domestic Politics and Policy Styles in Nanotechnology Risk Regulation",
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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development - Task Force for the Implementation of the Environmental Action Programme for Central and Eastern Europe (EAP) (2003),
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Eccleston C. and Doub P., Preparing NEPA Environmental Assessments: A Users Guide to Best Professional Practices, CRC Press Inc., 300 pages (publication date: March 2012).
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including air pollution control, water protection and waste policy but also nature conservation and the control of chemicals, biotechnology and other industrial risks.
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are part of the topic of environmental policy. This policy can be deliberately taken to influence human activities and thereby prevent undesirable effects on the
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Environment Directorate, for example, collects data on the efficiency and consequences of environmental policies implemented by the national governments. Their
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Kemp, René, Jan Rotmans and Derk Loorbach (2007), "Assessing the Dutch Energy Transition Policy: How Does It Deal with Dilemmas of Managing Transitions?",
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to be weak and largely ineffective as business interests use their power to influence or even shape these policies, also at the international level.
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The policy process approach emphasises the role and importance of politics and power in policy development. It aims foremost at better understanding
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countries much work remains to be done on the implementation front and the creation of a culture, "leaving access largely unfulfilled."
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countries aimed at explaining differences and similarities. Some of the pioneers in this area were Lennart Lundqvist and Cynthia Enloe.
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that is believed to have killed 12,000 people. Concerns about the effects of pollution fuelled notably by the publication, in 1962, of
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squalor led to growing awareness and appreciation of the importance of nature. Some seminal thinkers on these matters were
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636:
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2568:. Totnes, Devon: Green Books for the Schumacher Society.
685:
6931:
5982:
Reinventing Eden: The Fate of Nature in Western Culture
5382:. Cambridge, UK: International Panel on Climate Change.
5347:
5345:
5331:
5329:
2916:
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2208:
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1979:
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1394:. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0143038982, 9780143038986
1325:(3rd ed.). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
1121:
791:
How environmental problems are interpreted and defined
642:
UNECE, and the OECD's Environmental Performance Reviews
6949:
6698:. Palo Alto, United States: Stanford University Press.
6495:
The Green State. Rethinking Democracy and Sovereignty.
5509:. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
4748:. Oxford England: Oxford University Press, pp.319-335.
3216:
Global Spin. The Corporate Assault on Environmentalism
3198:
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2974:
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2555:. Washington D.C.: Resources for the Future, pp.31-76.
2234:
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2221:
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2157:
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1551:
1549:
7902:
7013:
6618:
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6445:. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press, pp.285-301.
6253:
Doyle, Timothy and Sherilyn MacGregor (eds.) (2014),
5932:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp.1-25.
4851:. Chelsea, Michigan: Lewis Publishers, Inc., pp.5-20.
4709:
Newbury Park, California: SAGE Publications, pp.1-43.
4437:
The Handbook of Global Climate and Environment Policy
3827:. Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 0387895221, 9780387895222
2122:
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2084:
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1823:
1718:
1693:
933:
European environmental research and innovation policy
27:
Government efforts protecting the natural environment
6798:
Kallis, Giorgos (2017), "Socialism without Growth",
5954:
Savory, Allan and Jody Butterfield (1999, 2nd ed.),
5434:
Olsson, Lennart, Humberto Barbosa and et al (2019),
5342:
5326:
4905:
Rational Ecology: Environment and Political Economy.
3305:
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3227:
3218:. Melbourne: Scribe Publications. ISBN 0 908011 32 6
2106:
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1557:
The Politics of Pollution in Comparative Perspective
6903:
Time to Say Goodbye? The Politics of Doom and Gloom
6205:. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press.
5168:
This Changes Everything: Capitalism Vs. The Climate
4298:German Advisory Council on the Environment (2016),
4179:
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3508:
3447:"The Role of NGOs in Tackling Environmental Issues"
3202:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781596916104
2516:. Melbourne: Macmillan, pp.147-148. ISBN 0732930960
2004:
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1546:
1064:
6354:. Leicester: Leicester University Press, pp.51-68.
5463:Braybrooke, David and Charles E. Lindblom (1963),
5355:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
5014:. London and Sterling, VA: Earthscan Publications.
4369:. London: Earthscan. ISBN 1844078949, 781844078943
2848:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 48–74.
2756:. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp.55-71.
1238:The Information Society: An International Journal
807:
498:United Nations Conference on the Human Environment
476:has thus become a core area of European politics.
6179:. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press.
5636:Beyond Technology. Science, Politics and Citizens
4617:Environmental Policy in Search of New Instruments
3825:Beyond Technology. Science, Politics and Citizens
3146:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. ISBN 0801811775
2934:. London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 978-3-319-58618-2
2796:The Policy Process in the Modern Capitalist State
2754:Environmental Policy in Search of New Instruments
2527:Economic Instruments for Environmental Protection
1883:Debunking Economics. The Naked Emperor Dethroned?
1571:Collapse: how societies choose to fail or succeed
1444:Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed
1420:. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.
1158:Environmental Policy Analysis for Decision Making
853:
7950:
7378:
4945:Cortner, H. Hanna and Margaret A. Moote (1998),
4194:. Oxford England. ISBN 019152106X, 9780191521065
3027:Jänicke, Martin and Helge Jörgens (1997),
2709:Environmental Integration: Our Common Challenge.
2606:Environmental Integration: Our Common Challenge.
1945:From Uneconomic Growth to a Steady-State Economy
651:
6175:Abramson, Paul R. and Ronald Inglehart (1995),
5980:Merchant, Carolyn (2013, Second edition. ed.),
5096:Environmental Integration: Our Common Challenge
5055:Environmental Integration: Our Common Challenge
5042:Environmental Integration: Our Common Challenge
4986:Environmental Integration: Our Common Challenge
4288:https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0464
4245:The Business of Global Environmental Governance
4026:
3593:The Business of Global Environmental Governance
2901:Braybrooke, D. and Charles E. Lindblom (1963),
2059:Environmental integration: our common challenge
2006:(Reprinted ed.). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
1259:Environmental integration: our common challenge
6844:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
6542:. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
6227:Esteva, Gustavo and Mdhu Suri Prakash (1988),
6084:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
6036:. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
5601:Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning
5236:International Journal of Environmental Studies
5208:McBeath, Jerry and Jonathan Rosenberg (2006),
5155:Green Plans: Blueprint for a Sustainable Earth
5153:Johnson, Huey D. (1995, 2008, 3rd ed.),
4873:Haigh, Nigel and Frances Irwin (eds.) (1990),
4825:. Scarborough, Ontario: ITP Press, pp.171-200.
4654:. Newbury Park, California: SAGE Publications.
3042:Green Plans: Blueprint for a Sustainable Earth
2372:. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, p.40.
2133:McBeath, Jerry and Jonathan Rosenberg (2006),
1323:Green Plans: Blueprint for a Sustainable Earth
907:. Graduates of these programs are employed by
708:
7364:
7042:
6804:https://doi.org/10.1080/10455752.2017.1386695
6203:Environmentalists. Vanguard for a New Society
5723:"Five Reasons Why Climate Action Needs Women"
5031:. National Economic and Social Council.
4601:. Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press.
4595:United Nations Environment Programme (2019),
4499:"Ecosystems and human well-being - Synthesis"
4127:Environmentalists. Vanguard for a New Society
3982:"Environmentalism, Values, and Social Change"
2823:(15th ed.). Boston: Pearson. p. 1.
2343:. New Brunswick, USA: Transaction Publishers.
1872:. Random House, Chapter 3. ISBN 9781473517813
1750:Handbook of Globalization and the Environment
1188:"Environment: A New Focus for Public Policy?"
1155:
638:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
442:United States Environmental Protection Agency
200:
5752:Scarborough, Ontario: ITP Press, pp.171-200.
5186:. Tauranga: Fantail Publications, Chapter 3.
5140:Falloux, Francois and Lee M. Talbot (1993),
5070:European Energy and Environmental Law Review
4770:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
3979:
3869:Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society
3810:Langley, Chris and Stuart Parkinson (2009),
2794:Ham, Christopher; Hill, Christopher (1984).
2553:Public Policies for Environmental Protection
1643:
1261:. Albany, NY: Suny Press. pp. 204–210.
6555:London and New York: Routledge, pp.111-150.
5943:Environment: A Challenge for Modern Society
5339:. White River Junction, Vt.: Chelsea Green.
4888:Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control
4284:The International Encyclopedia of Geography
3968:Dos Algarves: A Multidisciplinary e-Journal
2858:
1281:
782:
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7357:
7049:
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5425:. Unesco (Retrieved: 28 March 2024).
5066:
5023:Mullally, Gerard and Niall Dunphy (2015),
4779:Low, Nicholas and Brendan Gleeson (1998),
3774:"Technical disputes: Why experts disagree"
3624:. Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN 014022404 1
3369:Gilens, Martin; Page, Benjamin I. (2014).
3368:
1514:(3e). Earthscan: London and Sterling, VA.
1433:. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers.
1405:The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History
207:
193:
6972:
6840:Speth, James Gustave (2008, e-book ed.),
6772:Magdoff, Fred and Chris Williams (2017),
6759:Foster, John Bellamy (1999, Kindle ed.),
6750:. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
6469:Review of International Political Economy
5573:O'Riordan, Timothy (1981, 2nd rev. ed.),
5548:. New York: Praeger Publishers, pp.49-60.
4550:
3880:
3771:
3606:Handbook of Global Environmental Politics
3535:"Regulatory Tracker - Harvard Law School"
3278:. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 9780385535601
2888:Copenhagen: European Environment Agency,
2081:
1952:
1798:
1623:(repr ed.). London: Earthscan Publ.
1345:
1099:
1039:
5323:. Tauranga: Fantail Publications, 41-46.
5157:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
4378:
4318:Institutions in Environmental Management
4314:
3980:Cotgrove, Stephen; Duff, Andrew (1981).
3079:
3068:Policy Analysis for the Real World
3040:Johnson, Huey D. (1995, 2008, 3rd ed.),
2029:
1185:
925:advocacy organizations, and universities
6853:Oreskes, Naomi and Eric Conway (2014),
6746:Economy, Elizabeth (2010, e-book ed.),
6521:
6519:
6505:
6503:
6352:The Mass Media and Environmental Issues
6281:
6279:
6265:
6263:
5664:. New York: Greenwood Press, pp.77-101.
5569:
5567:
5501:
5499:
5288:
5286:
5178:
5176:
4812:, Vol.131, No.Supplement C, pp.353-360.
4701:
4699:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4591:
4589:
4572:
4570:
4520:
4518:
4492:
4490:
4348:
4346:
4271:The Mass Media and Environmental Issues
4258:The Mass Media and Environmental Issues
3835:
3833:
3724:
3692:Science, Technology, & Human Values
3685:
3616:
3614:
3422:"The Role of NGOs in Global Governance"
3210:
3208:
3018:. London: Earthscan. ISBN 9781315870168
2793:
2446:Westport, Connecticut, London: Praeger.
1618:
1593:
1568:
1320:
1122:Bührs, Ton; Bartlett, Robert V (1991).
871:throughout the world offer specialized
14:
7951:
7021:http://www.environmentalpolicy.com.au/
6857:. New York: Columbia University Press.
6685:. London; Concord, Mass.: Pluto Press.
6313:European Journal of Political Research
6287:European Journal of Political Research
6164:The Journal of Environmental Education
5590:. Aldershot, Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate.
4720:Science, Technology & Human Values
4223:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4138:
3926:The Journal of Environmental Education
3919:
3858:. Union of Concerned Scientists.
3852:Union of Concerned Scientists (2004),
3558:
3469:
3286:
3284:
2926:
2924:
2843:
2781:The Policy Process in the Modern State
2735:
2733:
2719:
2717:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2496:European Journal of Political Research
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2335:
2333:
2159:. Berlin: WZB Publications, pp.99-171.
2025:
2023:
2001:
1894:
1885:London: Zed Books. eISBN 9781780322209
1743:
1644:Carter, Dale, Vernon Gill Tom (1974).
1535:
1533:
1364:
1156:Loomis, John; Helfand, Gloria (2001).
1126:. Oxford University Press. Chapter 1.
672:policy and the second as the analysis
7352:
7030:
6644:Green Capitalism: The God That Failed
6257:. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger.
6062:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
5941:Caldwell, Lynton K. (1970, 1st ed.),
5776:American Journal of Political Science
5737:American Journal of Political Science
4430:
4419:Green Capitalism: The God That Failed
4073:
3679:
3316:
2683:Environmental and Resource Economics,
2664:
2662:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2459:. London: Belhaven Press, pp.170-189.
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2056:
1668:
1256:
879:, students typically take classes in
686:The analycentric or rational approach
6961:US National Environmental Policy Act
6711:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
6516:
6500:
6456:British Journal of Political Science
6391:British Journal of Political Science
6276:
6260:
5919:. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
5750:he Environment and Canadian Society.
5564:
5496:
5422:Imminent Risk of Global Water Crisis
5283:
5278:2016 Environmental Performance Index
5173:
5170:. London: Allen Lane, Penguin Books.
4947:The Politics of Ecosystem Management
4823:The Environment and Canadian Society
4746:The Oxford Handbook of Public Policy
4696:
4622:
4604:
4586:
4567:
4515:
4487:
4343:
3830:
3646:
3611:
3205:
3073:
2932:The Art and Craft of Policy Analysis
2778:
1976:
1942:
1523:Lundqvist, Lennart J. (1974),
1282:Emmott, N.; Haigh, N. (1996-01-01).
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
758:and hosting conferences such as the
756:United Nations Environment Programme
502:United Nations Environment Programme
176:
5971:. London: HarperCollins (Flamingo).
4849:Integrated Environmental Management
4210:
3290:Oreskes, Naomi and Erik M. Conway,
3281:
3082:"The Science of "Muddling Through""
2956:Simon, Herbert A. (1961, 2nd ed.),
2921:
2818:
2730:
2727:. Melbourne: Macmillan, pp.294-308.
2714:
2571:
2355:
2330:
2327:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
2020:
1530:
500:, which led to the creation of the
24:
6273:New York: Oxford University Press.
6177:Value Change in Global Perspective
5958:. Washington, D. C.: Island Press.
5507:Political Theory and Public Policy
5225:. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press.
5210:Comparative Environmental Politics
5098:. Albany: SUNY Press, pp. 193-194.
4680:. Berlin; New York: W. de Gruyter.
4433:"Strengthening the United Nations"
3790:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1982.tb00492.x
3731:Environmental Science & Policy
3335:10.1111/j.1467-9248.1990.tb01495.x
2659:
2501:
2271:
2191:
2135:Comparative Environmental Politics
767:and address environmental issues.
25:
7975:
7056:
6987:Concise Encyclopedia of Economics
6925:
6789:. New York: Monthly Review Press.
6776:. New York: Monthly Review Press.
6763:. New York: Monthly Review Press.
6529:. London and New York: Zed Books.
6023:New York: Henry Holt and Company.
6010:, Vol.155, No.3767, pp.1203-1207.
5997:. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
5967:Capra, Fritjof (1982, 1983 ed.),
5308:Journal of European Public Policy
4949:. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
4920:. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
4497:Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.
2472:London; Portland, OR: Frank Cass.
2223:. Melbourne: Scribe Publications.
2172:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
1243:
1174:
1108:
226:. These issues generally include
7936:
7924:
7912:
7862:
7861:
7851:
7467:
6992:Library of Economics and Liberty
6908:
6895:
6886:
6873:
6860:
6847:
6834:
6821:
6808:
6792:
6779:
6766:
6753:
6740:
6727:
6722:Environmental Policy in the USSR
6714:
6701:
6688:
6675:
6662:
6649:
6636:
6623:
6610:
6597:
6584:
6579:Ecopolitics - Thought and Action
6571:
6558:
6545:
6532:
6497:Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press.
6487:
6474:
6461:
6448:
6435:
6422:
6409:
6396:
6383:
6370:
6357:
6344:
6331:
6318:
6305:
6292:
6247:
6234:
6221:
6208:
6195:
6182:
6169:
6156:
6142:
6129:
6116:
6087:
6074:
6065:
6052:
6039:
6026:
6013:
6000:
5987:
5974:
5961:
5948:
5935:
5922:
5909:
5896:
5883:
5870:
5857:
5844:
5841:(English edition), August, p.16.
5831:
5811:
5794:
5781:
5768:
5755:
5742:
5729:
5715:
5691:
5667:
5654:
5641:
5628:
5619:
5606:
5593:
5580:
5551:
5538:
5525:
5512:
5483:
5470:
5457:
5444:
5428:
5413:
5398:
5385:
5371:
5358:
5313:
5300:
5270:
5241:
5228:
5215:
5202:
5189:
5160:
5147:
5134:
5121:
5101:
5088:
5060:
5057:. Albany: SUNY Press, Chapter 1.
5047:
5034:
5017:
5004:
4991:
4978:
4965:
4952:
4939:
4910:
4897:
4880:
4867:
4854:
4841:
4828:
4815:
4786:
4773:
4760:
4751:
4738:
4725:
4712:
4683:
4670:
4657:
4644:
4474:
4461:
4424:
4411:
4372:
4359:
4308:
4292:
4276:
4263:
4250:
4237:
4197:
4184:
4171:
4132:
4119:
4106:
4067:
4027:Hedlund-de Witt, Annick (2012).
4020:
3986:The British Journal of Sociology
3973:
3960:
3913:
3874:
3861:
3846:
3817:
3804:
3765:
3718:
3640:
3627:
3598:
3585:
3552:
3527:
3502:
3463:
3439:
3414:
3401:
3362:
3349:
3310:
3297:
3268:
3221:
3192:
3189:, Publication date: 14 February.
3175:
3162:
3149:
3136:
3060:
3047:
3034:
3021:
3008:
2995:
2966:
2963:New York: The Macmillan company.
2950:
2937:
2908:
2895:
2879:
2852:
2837:
2670:Oxford Review of Economic Policy
2086:. Cambridge (Mass.): MIT Press.
1573:. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
1240:, 25: 2, March 2009, pp. 119–38.
1146:Concise Oxford Dictionary, 1995.
175:
166:
165:
33:
7636:Science, technology and society
6484:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
6341:New York: Monthly Review Press.
6139:. New Delhi: Sage Publications.
6019:Fromm, Erich (1941, 1969 ed.),
5366:Against Environmental Pessimism
5010:Lenschow, Andrea (ed.) (2002),
3355:Domhoff, G.W. (2014, 7th ed.),
2812:
2787:
2772:
2759:
2746:
2701:
2688:
2675:
2646:
2633:
2624:
2611:
2598:
2589:
2558:
2545:
2532:
2519:
2488:
2475:
2462:
2449:
2436:
2423:
2410:
2397:
2388:
2375:
2346:
2317:
2304:
2291:
2239:
2226:
2213:
2162:
2149:
2140:
2127:
2113:
2100:
2075:
2050:
1995:
1970:
1936:
1923:
1888:
1875:
1862:
1817:
1792:
1779:
1752:, Routledge, pp. 155–176,
1737:
1712:
1698:. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer.
1687:
1662:
1637:
1612:
1587:
1562:
1517:
1504:
1501:Tauranga: Fantail Publications.
1491:
1478:
1449:
1436:
1423:
1410:
1397:
1384:
1358:
1339:
1314:
1275:
808:Environmental policy evaluation
613:Environmental Impact Assessment
296:human impact on the environment
6646:. World Economics Association.
5199:. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
4783:. London; New York: Routledge.
4385:International Critical Thought
4315:Hukkinen, Janne (2006-09-27).
4053:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.09.009
2236:. London: UCL Press, pp.21-42.
1901:. Cambridge University Press.
1541:Canadian Public Administration
1226:
1149:
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1040:Eccleston, Charles H. (2010).
1033:
854:Improving environmental policy
728:Non-Governmental organizations
332:protection, the protection of
13:
1:
6916:Global Environmental Politics
6829:American Behavioral Scientist
6607:, Vol.45, No.9, pp.1340-1368.
6605:American Behavioral Scientist
6568:. London: Routledge, pp.4-22.
6337:McChesney, Robert W. (2014),
6216:Society and Natural Resources
6097:, Vol.31, No.1-2, pp.130-146.
6034:The Consequences of Modernity
5865:Global Environmental Politics
5739:, Vol.39, No.4, pp.886 - 905.
5561:, Vol.12, No.3/4, pp.118-136.
5491:Public Administration Review,
5478:The Intelligence of Democracy
5476:Lindblom, Charles E. (1965),
5407:2023 World Air Quality Report
4860:Margerum, Richard D. (1996),
4397:10.1080/21598282.2017.1357487
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3881:Inglehart, Ronald F. (2008).
3841:The Roots of Environmentalism
3181:Goldenberg, Suzanne (2013), "
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3080:Lindblom, Charles E. (1959).
3014:Dalal-Clayton, D. B. (1996),
2312:Global Environmental Politics
1895:Ostrom, Elinor (2015-09-23).
1367:"Axioms of ecological policy"
1026:
652:Environmental policy analysis
281:
7964:Environmental social science
7380:Environmental social science
6944:Responding to Climate Change
6831:, Vol.45, No.9, pp.1318-1339
6720:Ziegler, Charles E. (1989),
6430:Capitalism Nature, Socialism
6060:The Politics of Mass Society
6058:Kornhauser, William (1960),
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5520:Public Administration Review
5452:Public Administration Review
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4997:European Commission (2020),
4918:Holistic Resource Management
4838:. Berlin: Springer, pp.1-24.
4693:. New York: Greenwood Press.
4503:www.millenniumassessment.org
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3633:Caldwell, Lynton K. (1990),
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3142:Crenson, Matthew A. (1971),
3131:Public Administration Review
3086:Public Administration Review
2219:Beder, Sharon (1997; 2000),
2168:Crenson, Matthew A. (1971),
2124:. Berlin: Gower, pp.171-186.
1621:A brief history of pollution
1527:. London: Sage Publications.
1473:Public Administration Review
1392:A Green History of the World
1288:Journal of Environmental Law
1192:Public Administration Review
1186:Caldwell, Lynton K. (1963).
773:depletion of the ozone layer
765:environmental sustainability
483:
7:
7419:Environmental communication
6918:, Vol.11, No.1, pp.108-113.
6800:Capitalism Nature Socialism
6659:. Chicago: Haymarket Books.
6511:Capitalism Nature Socialism
6328:. New York: Pantheon Books.
6302:, Vol.11, No.1, pp.133-145.
6218:, Vol.13, No.3, pp.237-259.
6153:, Vol.56, No.3, pp.425-442.
5791:, Vol.42, No.4, pp.341-368.
5778:, Vol.31, No.3, pp.656-679.
5634:Bucchi, Massimiono (2009),
5616:, Vol.42, No.4, pp.323-340.
5535:, Vol.17, No.2, pp.139-153.
5522:, Vol.39, No.6, pp.545-552.
5480:. New York: The Free Press.
5467:. New York: The Free Press.
5310:, Vol.16, No.5, pp.677-700.
5267:, Vol.31, No.2, pp.107-131.
5251:, Vol.14, No.1, pp.128-130.
4936:, Vol.19, No.2, pp.167-181.
4722:, Vol.25, No.3, pp.309-331.
4203:Torgerson, Douglas (1999),
3823:Bucchi, Massimiono (2009),
3426:www.worldpoliticsreview.com
3133:, Vol.39, No.6, pp.517-526.
2905:. New York: The Free Press.
2861:Journal of Economic Surveys
2821:Understanding Public Policy
2621:. New York, Academic Press.
2498:, Vol.42, No.4, pp.569-600.
2420:, Vol.45, No.2, pp.186-197.
2268:, Vol.17, No.3, pp.349-385.
2245:Goldenberg, Suzanne(2013),
2044:10.5840/enviroethics1986833
1954:10.4337/9781783479979.00005
1947:, Edward Elgar Publishing,
1799:Rushefsky, Mark E. (2002).
1744:Nelson, Lisa (2017-09-25),
1543:, Vol.17, No.1, pp.119-141.
1459:, Vol.59, No.2, pp.131-151.
1431:A Short History of Progress
1403:Kolbert, Elizabeth (2014),
987:
913:international organizations
905:natural resource management
760:United Nations Earth Summit
752:International organizations
709:The policy process approach
590:Contraction and Convergence
414:was adopted in the wake of
10:
7980:
7404:Environmental anthropology
6642:Smith, Richard A. (2015),
6480:Paterson, Matthew (2000),
6471:, Vol.5, No.4, pp.679-703.
6365:Media, Culture and Society
6289:, Vol.45, No.1, pp.99-125.
6244:, Vol.3, No.3, pp.369-394.
6192:, Vol.269, No.5222, p.354.
6126:, Vol.8, No.1, pp.222-242.
6080:Inglehart, Ronald (1977),
5915:Cotgrove, Stephen (1982),
5854:, Vol.7, No.3, pp.255-271.
5586:Sutton, Philip W. (2000),
5044:. Albany: SUNY Press, p.1.
4975:, Vol.6, No.3, pp.724-727.
4582:10.1038/s41586-023-06083-8
4445:10.1002/9781118326213.ch19
4417:Smith, Richard A. (2015),
4190:Hajer, Maarten A. (1995),
4112:Cotgrove, Stephen (1982),
3867:Inglehart, Ronald (1990),
3704:10.1177/016224398300800103
3653:International Organization
3303:Dahl, Robert Alan (1961),
3005:, Vol.9, No.2, pp.102-125.
2947:, Vol.4, No.2, pp.127-153.
2608:Albany: SUNY Press, 42-54.
2061:. Albany, NY: Suny Press.
1838:10.1109/ICBEE.2010.5649533
1569:Diamond, Jared M. (2006).
1442:Diamond, Jared M. (2005),
351:
260:Policies concerning energy
7847:
7696:
7476:
7465:
7386:
7285:
7064:
6737:. Boulder: Westview Press
6694:Mathews, John A. (2014),
6594:, Vol.54, No.1, pp.27-46.
6513:, Vol.13, No.3, pp.52-72.
6493:Eckersley, Robyn (2004),
6432:, Vol.3, No.20, pp.18-42.
6406:, Vol.25, No.1, pp.69-91.
6376:Muttitt, Greg (No date),
6201:Milbrath, Lester (1984),
6166:, Vol.40, No.1, pp.19-28.
6032:Giddens, Anthony (1990),
5906:. New York: Alfred Knopf.
5800:Willis, Rebecca (2021), "
5493:Vol.27, No.5, pp.385-392.
5454:, Vol.19, No.2, pp.79-88.
4999:Environmental Integration
4733:Improving Policy Analysis
4379:Liodakis, George (2017).
4286:. Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
4125:Milbrath, Lester (1984),
4092:10.1080/00201747308601682
3920:Dunlap, Riley E. (2008).
3899:10.1080/01402380701834747
3778:Review of Policy Research
3665:10.1017/s0020818300001442
3407:Wright Mills, C. (1956),
3387:10.1017/s1537592714001595
3317:Smith, Martin J. (1990).
3254:10.1080/09644010802055576
3172:, Vol.64, No.1, pp.40-53.
2743:Vol.47, No.4, pp.573-596.
2685:Vol.49, No.3, pp.327-349.
2656:Vol.54, No.2, pp.175-195.
2314:, Vol.16, No.1, pp.79-98.
2301:, Vol.42, No.1, pp.73-89.
2082:Eckersley, Robyn (2004).
1669:Desai, Uday, ed. (2002).
1321:Johnson, Huey D. (2008).
1160:. Springer. p. 330.
7434:Environmental psychology
7338:Public policy by country
6950:Resources for the Future
6870:. New York: Basic Books.
6866:Rees, Martin J. (2003),
6733:Peterson, D. J. (1993),
6681:Jacobs, Michael (1991),
6655:Williams, Chris (2010),
6581:, Vol.1, No.3, pp.28-40.
6538:Shapiro, Judith (2001),
6315:, Vol.45, No.1, pp.1-33.
6151:Journal of Social Issues
5993:Ophuls, William (1997),
5902:Commoner, Barry (1972),
5679:European Investment Bank
5195:Meckling, Jonas (2011),
5131:, Vol.7, No.2, pp.27-54.
4962:, Vol.8, No.1, pp.27-38.
4934:Environmental Management
4903:Dryzek, John S. (1987),
4177:Dryzek, John S. (1997),
3772:Rushefsky, Mark (1982).
3375:Perspectives on Politics
2769:, Vol.12, No.1, pp.27-+.
2617:Edelman, Murray (1971),
2481:Sterner, Thomas (2003),
2288:, Vol.19, No.2, pp.1-21.
2002:Dryzek, John S. (1992).
1977:Daly, Herman E. (2000).
1907:10.1017/cbo9781316423936
1646:Topsoil and civilization
1559:. New York: David McKay.
1418:Topsoil and Civilization
1100:McCormick, John (2001).
1044:. Taylor & Francis.
1000:Environmental governance
783:The meta-policy approach
490:environmental historians
470:environmental protection
446:United States of America
358:environmental historians
7439:Environmental sociology
7414:Environmental economics
7394:Ecological anthropology
6135:Shiva, Vandana (1991),
5889:Capra, Fritjof (2002),
5876:Banisar, David (2006),
5867:, Vol.8, No.2, pp.8-13.
5577:. London: Pion Limited.
5351:Lomborg, Bjørn (2001),
5335:AtKisson, Alan (1999),
5276:Hsu, A. et al. (2016),
4973:Ecological Applications
4892:Environment Directorate
4766:Dobson, Andrew (1998),
4431:Bauer, Steffen (2013).
3725:Oreskes, Naomi (2004).
3686:Longino, Helen (1983).
3647:Haas, Peter M. (1992).
3620:Carson, Rachel (1962),
3470:Hoberg, George (1990).
2959:Administrative Behavior
2873:10.1111/1467-6419.00142
2819:Dye, Thomas R. (2017).
2698:, Vol.36, pp.3249-3251.
2672:, Vol.19, No.3, pp.416.
2407:New York: Quorum Books.
1758:10.4324/9781315093253-9
1594:Ponting, Clive (1993).
1555:Enloe, Cynthia (1975),
1429:Wright, Ronald (2005),
1390:Ponting, Clive (1991),
1365:Lackey, Robert (2006).
1234:The Information Society
1104:. Palgrave. p. 21.
474:EU environmental policy
276:biophysical environment
7429:Environmental politics
7308:Public policy doctrine
6883:. New York: Routledge.
6525:Sarkar, Saral (1999),
6404:Environmental Politics
6300:Environmental Politics
6242:Environmental Politics
6124:Environmental Politics
6095:West European Politics
6045:Harvey, David (1989),
5984:. New York: Routledge.
5893:. New York: Doubleday.
5880:Privacy International.
5649:Policy Studies Journal
5638:. Dordrecht: Springer.
5546:Environmental Politics
5465:A Strategy of Decision
5249:Environmental Politics
5212:. Dordrecht: Springer.
5129:Environmental Politics
5001:, European Commission.
4916:Savory, Allan (1988),
4907:Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
4145:Environmental Politics
4139:Coffey, Brian (2015).
3946:10.3200/joee.40.1.3-18
3887:West European Politics
3839:Pepper, David (1984),
3234:Environmental Politics
3214:Beder, Sharon (1997),
3157:Environmental Politics
3003:Environmental Politics
2930:Wildavsky, A. (1979),
2903:A Strategy of Decision
2779:Hill, Michael (1997).
2767:Environmental Politics
2564:Meyer, Aubrey (2000),
2431:Public Administration,
2403:Yandle, Bruce (1989),
2286:Policy Studies Journal
2266:Environmental Politics
1619:Markham, Adam (1995).
1087:10.1680/jener.16.00005
1005:Environmental politics
518:tragedy of the commons
7524:Ecological humanities
7424:Environmental history
7298:Public administration
7293:Evidence-based policy
6879:Leslie, John (1998),
6785:Saito, Kohei (2017),
6668:Jackson, Tim (2009),
6367:, Vol.13, pp.443-458.
6082:The Silent Revolution
5839:Le Monde Diplomatique
5765:, Vol.33, pp.207-223.
5559:Policy Studies Review
5364:Ridley, Matt (2020),
5166:Klein, Naomi (2014),
4988:. Albany: SUNY Press.
4707:Evaluation Thesaurus.
4665:Policy Studies Review
4652:Evaluation Thesaurus.
4543:10.1093/biosci/bix125
4365:Jackson, Tim (2009),
4327:10.4324/9780203029749
4269:Hansen, Hans (1993),
3451:Middle East Institute
2654:Ecological Economics,
2323:Vogel, David (1986),
2137:. Dordrecht: Springer
1929:Polanyi, Karl. 1944.
1898:Governing the Commons
1598:. New York: Penguin.
1475:, Vol.23, pp.132-139.
1407:. London: Bloomsbury.
1020:Environmental history
995:Environmental justice
885:environmental science
547:ecological economists
81:Environmental studies
7959:Environmental policy
7616:Integrated geography
7494:Behavioral geography
7399:Ecological economics
7313:Public policy school
6974:Schelling, Thomas C.
6938:Envirowise UK Portal
6901:Bührs, Ton (2012), "
6672:. London: Earthscan.
6633:New York: Zed Books.
6629:Kovel, Joel (2002),
6231:. London: Zed Books.
6049:. Oxford: Blackwell.
6021:Escape from Freedom.
5238:, Vol.9, pp.239-245.
5144:. London: Earthscan.
4960:Conservation Biology
4810:Ecological Economics
4074:Naess, Arne (1973).
4033:Ecological Economics
3539:eelp.law.harvard.edu
3294:. ISBN 9781596916104
3274:Mayer, Jane (2016),
2992:, Vol.3, pp.463-537.
2990:Wisconsin Law Review
2641:Ecological Economics
2038:(221–239): 221–239.
2032:Environmental Ethics
1832:. pp. 229–234.
1723:. Berlin: Springer.
873:professional degrees
599:encourage businesses
366:George Perkins Marsh
310:Environmental issues
246:, the management of
240:ecosystem management
224:environmental issues
220:Environmental policy
18:Environmental Policy
7887:Research institutes
7409:Environmental crime
6978:"Greenhouse Effect"
6458:, Vol.16, pp.57-85.
6419:. Berlin: Springer.
5852:Policy and Politics
5533:Policy and Politics
5319:Bührs, Ton (2022),
5297:, Vol.48, pp.36-45.
5182:Bührs, Ton (2022),
5094:Bührs, Ton (2009),
5053:Bührs, Ton (2009),
5040:Bührs, Ton (2009),
4984:Bührs, Ton (2009),
4227:Bührs, Ton (2022),
4045:2012EcoEc..84...74H
3938:2008JEnEd..40a...3D
3743:2004ESPol...7..369O
3428:. 27 September 2011
3246:2008EnvPo..17..349J
2711:Albany: SUNY Press.
2707:Bührs, Ton (2009),
2643:, Vol.72, pp.28-36.
2604:Bührs, Ton (2009),
2433:Vol.64, pp.197-207.
2188:, Vol.28, pp.38-50.
2186:The Public Interest
2057:Bührs, Ton (2009).
1881:Keen, Steve. 2011.
1497:Bührs, Ton (2022),
1446:. New York: Viking.
1300:10.1093/jel/8.2.301
1257:Bührs, Ton (2009).
1079:2017ICEE..170....2B
737:World Wildlife Fund
370:Henry David Thoreau
7857:Environment portal
7611:Industrial ecology
6982:David R. Henderson
6966:2019-11-10 at the
6393:, Vol.29, pp.1-31.
5904:The Closing Circle
3488:10.1007/bf00141322
3357:Who Rules America?
1868:Raworth, K. 2017.
931:An example is the
514:free rider problem
462:Conservative Party
420:Great Smog of 1952
412:Clean Air Act 1956
356:As pointed out by
342:endangered species
270:and many types of
256:endangered species
7900:
7899:
7739:Green criminology
7499:Community studies
7454:Political ecology
7346:
7345:
7271:
7264:
7257:
7218:
7211:
7182:
7175:
7156:
7149:
7142:
7135:
7128:
7121:
7114:
7100:
6724:. London: Pinter.
6592:Political Science
4667:, Vol.11, pp.3-4.
4537:(12): 1026–1028.
4454:978-0-470-67324-9
4336:978-1-134-71243-4
3970:, No.23, pp.4-26.
3323:Political Studies
2830:978-0-13-416997-2
2418:Political Science
2093:978-0-262-05074-6
2068:978-1-4384-2607-5
2013:978-0-631-15574-4
1988:978-0-8070-4708-8
1964:978-1-78347-997-9
1916:978-1-107-56978-2
1847:978-1-4244-8748-6
1810:978-0-7656-1663-0
1787:Environmental Law
1767:978-1-315-09325-3
1730:978-3-540-43158-9
1705:978-3-540-61519-4
1680:978-0-262-54137-4
1630:978-1-85383-213-0
1605:978-0-14-016642-2
1580:978-0-670-03337-9
1348:Environmental Law
1268:978-1-4384-2607-5
1167:978-0-306-48023-2
1010:Normative science
889:environmental law
777:greenhouse effect
585:energy efficiency
488:As documented by
334:natural resources
262:or regulation of
248:natural resources
242:, maintenance of
217:
216:
16:(Redirected from
7971:
7941:
7940:
7929:
7928:
7917:
7916:
7908:
7865:
7864:
7855:
7787:natural resource
7471:
7459:Regional science
7373:
7366:
7359:
7350:
7349:
7303:Public budgeting
7267:
7260:
7253:
7214:
7207:
7180:Renewable energy
7178:
7171:
7152:
7145:
7138:
7131:
7124:
7117:
7110:
7096:
7051:
7044:
7037:
7028:
7027:
6995:
6990:(1st ed.).
6919:
6912:
6906:
6899:
6893:
6890:
6884:
6877:
6871:
6864:
6858:
6851:
6845:
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6812:
6806:
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6790:
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6777:
6770:
6764:
6757:
6751:
6744:
6738:
6731:
6725:
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6712:
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6699:
6692:
6686:
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6660:
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6647:
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6634:
6627:
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6498:
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6478:
6472:
6465:
6459:
6452:
6446:
6439:
6433:
6426:
6420:
6413:
6407:
6400:
6394:
6387:
6381:
6374:
6368:
6361:
6355:
6348:
6342:
6335:
6329:
6322:
6316:
6309:
6303:
6296:
6290:
6283:
6274:
6267:
6258:
6251:
6245:
6238:
6232:
6225:
6219:
6212:
6206:
6199:
6193:
6186:
6180:
6173:
6167:
6160:
6154:
6146:
6140:
6133:
6127:
6120:
6114:
6107:
6098:
6091:
6085:
6078:
6072:
6069:
6063:
6056:
6050:
6043:
6037:
6030:
6024:
6017:
6011:
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5991:
5985:
5978:
5972:
5965:
5959:
5952:
5946:
5939:
5933:
5926:
5920:
5913:
5907:
5900:
5894:
5887:
5881:
5874:
5868:
5861:
5855:
5848:
5842:
5835:
5829:
5815:
5809:
5798:
5792:
5785:
5779:
5772:
5766:
5759:
5753:
5746:
5740:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5719:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5709:
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5689:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5671:
5665:
5658:
5652:
5645:
5639:
5632:
5626:
5623:
5617:
5610:
5604:
5597:
5591:
5584:
5578:
5575:Environmentalism
5571:
5562:
5555:
5549:
5542:
5536:
5529:
5523:
5516:
5510:
5503:
5494:
5487:
5481:
5474:
5468:
5461:
5455:
5448:
5442:
5437:Land Degradation
5432:
5426:
5417:
5411:
5402:
5396:
5393:Science Advances
5389:
5383:
5375:
5369:
5362:
5356:
5349:
5340:
5333:
5324:
5317:
5311:
5304:
5298:
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5281:
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5268:
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4729:
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4674:
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4363:
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4064:
4024:
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3977:
3971:
3964:
3958:
3957:
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3911:
3910:
3893:(1–2): 130–146.
3878:
3872:
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3850:
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3821:
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3127:
3118:
3117:
3077:
3071:
3064:
3058:
3051:
3045:
3038:
3032:
3025:
3019:
3012:
3006:
2999:
2993:
2986:
2977:
2970:
2964:
2954:
2948:
2941:
2935:
2928:
2919:
2912:
2906:
2899:
2893:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2776:
2770:
2763:
2757:
2750:
2744:
2737:
2728:
2721:
2712:
2705:
2699:
2692:
2686:
2679:
2673:
2666:
2657:
2650:
2644:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2622:
2615:
2609:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2587:
2580:
2569:
2562:
2556:
2549:
2543:
2536:
2530:
2523:
2517:
2510:
2499:
2492:
2486:
2479:
2473:
2466:
2460:
2453:
2447:
2440:
2434:
2427:
2421:
2414:
2408:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2386:
2379:
2373:
2366:
2353:
2350:
2344:
2337:
2328:
2321:
2315:
2308:
2302:
2295:
2289:
2282:
2269:
2262:
2253:
2243:
2237:
2230:
2224:
2217:
2211:
2204:
2189:
2182:
2173:
2166:
2160:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2138:
2131:
2125:
2117:
2111:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2027:
2018:
2017:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1956:
1940:
1934:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1892:
1886:
1879:
1873:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1796:
1790:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1566:
1560:
1553:
1544:
1537:
1528:
1521:
1515:
1508:
1502:
1495:
1489:
1482:
1476:
1469:
1460:
1453:
1447:
1440:
1434:
1427:
1421:
1414:
1408:
1401:
1395:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1371:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1254:
1241:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1183:
1172:
1171:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1119:
1106:
1105:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1037:
869:graduate schools
845:Ultimately, the
494:environmentalism
322:waste management
272:industrial waste
264:toxic substances
236:waste management
209:
202:
195:
179:
178:
169:
168:
69:Environmentalism
37:
30:
29:
21:
7979:
7978:
7974:
7973:
7972:
7970:
7969:
7968:
7949:
7948:
7947:
7935:
7923:
7911:
7903:
7901:
7896:
7843:
7692:
7663:Systems ecology
7647:Sustainability
7641:science studies
7626:Rural sociology
7472:
7463:
7449:Human geography
7382:
7377:
7347:
7342:
7318:Policy analysis
7281:
7060:
7055:
6968:Wayback Machine
6928:
6923:
6922:
6913:
6909:
6900:
6896:
6891:
6887:
6878:
6874:
6865:
6861:
6852:
6848:
6839:
6835:
6826:
6822:
6813:
6809:
6797:
6793:
6784:
6780:
6771:
6767:
6758:
6754:
6745:
6741:
6732:
6728:
6719:
6715:
6706:
6702:
6693:
6689:
6680:
6676:
6667:
6663:
6654:
6650:
6641:
6637:
6628:
6624:
6615:
6611:
6602:
6598:
6589:
6585:
6576:
6572:
6563:
6559:
6550:
6546:
6537:
6533:
6524:
6517:
6508:
6501:
6492:
6488:
6479:
6475:
6466:
6462:
6453:
6449:
6440:
6436:
6427:
6423:
6414:
6410:
6401:
6397:
6388:
6384:
6375:
6371:
6362:
6358:
6349:
6345:
6336:
6332:
6323:
6319:
6310:
6306:
6297:
6293:
6284:
6277:
6268:
6261:
6252:
6248:
6239:
6235:
6226:
6222:
6213:
6209:
6200:
6196:
6187:
6183:
6174:
6170:
6161:
6157:
6147:
6143:
6134:
6130:
6121:
6117:
6108:
6101:
6092:
6088:
6079:
6075:
6070:
6066:
6057:
6053:
6044:
6040:
6031:
6027:
6018:
6014:
6005:
6001:
5992:
5988:
5979:
5975:
5966:
5962:
5953:
5949:
5940:
5936:
5927:
5923:
5914:
5910:
5901:
5897:
5888:
5884:
5875:
5871:
5862:
5858:
5849:
5845:
5836:
5832:
5816:
5812:
5799:
5795:
5789:Policy Sciences
5786:
5782:
5773:
5769:
5763:Policy Sciences
5760:
5756:
5747:
5743:
5734:
5730:
5725:. 8 March 2023.
5721:
5720:
5716:
5707:
5705:
5697:
5696:
5692:
5683:
5681:
5673:
5672:
5668:
5659:
5655:
5651:, Vol.15, No.4.
5646:
5642:
5633:
5629:
5624:
5620:
5614:Policy Sciences
5611:
5607:
5598:
5594:
5585:
5581:
5572:
5565:
5556:
5552:
5543:
5539:
5530:
5526:
5517:
5513:
5504:
5497:
5488:
5484:
5475:
5471:
5462:
5458:
5449:
5445:
5433:
5429:
5419:Unesco (2023),
5418:
5414:
5404:IQ Air (2023),
5403:
5399:
5390:
5386:
5376:
5372:
5363:
5359:
5350:
5343:
5334:
5327:
5318:
5314:
5305:
5301:
5291:
5284:
5275:
5271:
5265:Policy Sciences
5262:
5255:
5246:
5242:
5233:
5229:
5220:
5216:
5207:
5203:
5194:
5190:
5181:
5174:
5165:
5161:
5152:
5148:
5139:
5135:
5126:
5122:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5106:
5102:
5093:
5089:
5065:
5061:
5052:
5048:
5039:
5035:
5029:Research Series
5022:
5018:
5009:
5005:
4996:
4992:
4983:
4979:
4970:
4966:
4957:
4953:
4944:
4940:
4931:
4924:
4915:
4911:
4902:
4898:
4885:
4881:
4872:
4868:
4859:
4855:
4846:
4842:
4833:
4829:
4820:
4816:
4807:
4800:
4791:
4787:
4778:
4774:
4765:
4761:
4756:
4752:
4743:
4739:
4730:
4726:
4717:
4713:
4704:
4697:
4688:
4684:
4675:
4671:
4662:
4658:
4649:
4645:
4636:
4623:
4614:
4605:
4594:
4587:
4575:
4568:
4523:
4516:
4507:
4505:
4495:
4488:
4479:
4475:
4466:
4462:
4455:
4429:
4425:
4416:
4412:
4377:
4373:
4364:
4360:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4313:
4309:
4297:
4293:
4281:
4277:
4268:
4264:
4255:
4251:
4242:
4238:
4226:
4211:
4202:
4198:
4189:
4185:
4176:
4172:
4137:
4133:
4124:
4120:
4111:
4107:
4086:(1–4): 95–100.
4072:
4068:
4025:
4021:
3978:
3974:
3965:
3961:
3918:
3914:
3879:
3875:
3866:
3862:
3851:
3847:
3838:
3831:
3822:
3818:
3809:
3805:
3770:
3766:
3723:
3719:
3684:
3680:
3645:
3641:
3632:
3628:
3619:
3612:
3603:
3599:
3590:
3586:
3577:
3575:
3557:
3553:
3544:
3542:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3519:
3517:
3507:
3503:
3476:Policy Sciences
3468:
3464:
3455:
3453:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3431:
3429:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3409:The Power Elite
3406:
3402:
3367:
3363:
3354:
3350:
3315:
3311:
3302:
3298:
3289:
3282:
3273:
3269:
3226:
3222:
3213:
3206:
3197:
3193:
3180:
3176:
3167:
3163:
3154:
3150:
3141:
3137:
3128:
3121:
3078:
3074:
3065:
3061:
3052:
3048:
3039:
3035:
3026:
3022:
3013:
3009:
3000:
2996:
2987:
2980:
2971:
2967:
2955:
2951:
2945:Policy Sciences
2942:
2938:
2929:
2922:
2913:
2909:
2900:
2896:
2884:
2880:
2857:
2853:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2792:
2788:
2777:
2773:
2764:
2760:
2751:
2747:
2738:
2731:
2722:
2715:
2706:
2702:
2693:
2689:
2680:
2676:
2667:
2660:
2651:
2647:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2616:
2612:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2581:
2572:
2563:
2559:
2550:
2546:
2537:
2533:
2524:
2520:
2511:
2502:
2493:
2489:
2480:
2476:
2467:
2463:
2454:
2450:
2441:
2437:
2428:
2424:
2415:
2411:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2380:
2376:
2367:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2338:
2331:
2322:
2318:
2309:
2305:
2299:Policy Sciences
2296:
2292:
2283:
2272:
2263:
2256:
2244:
2240:
2231:
2227:
2218:
2214:
2205:
2192:
2183:
2176:
2167:
2163:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2114:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2055:
2051:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1941:
1937:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1893:
1889:
1880:
1876:
1867:
1863:
1848:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1797:
1793:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1567:
1563:
1554:
1547:
1538:
1531:
1522:
1518:
1509:
1505:
1496:
1492:
1483:
1479:
1470:
1463:
1454:
1450:
1441:
1437:
1428:
1424:
1415:
1411:
1402:
1398:
1389:
1385:
1369:
1363:
1359:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1319:
1315:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1255:
1244:
1231:
1227:
1184:
1175:
1168:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1120:
1109:
1098:
1094:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1015:Policy advocacy
990:
881:policy analysis
856:
810:
785:
711:
688:
654:
583:. For example,
556:
486:
354:
318:water pollution
284:
232:water pollution
213:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7977:
7967:
7966:
7961:
7946:
7945:
7933:
7921:
7898:
7897:
7895:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7859:
7848:
7845:
7844:
7842:
7841:
7840:
7839:
7834:
7826:
7825:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7796:
7795:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7766:
7765:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7741:
7736:
7735:
7734:
7729:
7721:
7716:
7715:
7714:
7709:
7700:
7698:
7694:
7693:
7691:
7690:
7689:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7665:
7660:
7659:
7658:
7653:
7645:
7644:
7643:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7602:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7581:
7580:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7543:Environmental
7541:
7540:
7539:
7534:
7526:
7521:
7520:
7519:
7514:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7480:
7478:
7474:
7473:
7466:
7464:
7462:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7390:
7388:
7384:
7383:
7376:
7375:
7368:
7361:
7353:
7344:
7343:
7341:
7340:
7335:
7333:Youth services
7330:
7325:
7323:Policy studies
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7289:
7287:
7283:
7282:
7280:
7279:
7274:
7273:
7272:
7265:
7258:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7220:
7219:
7212:
7209:Pharmaceutical
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7184:
7183:
7176:
7173:Nuclear energy
7164:
7159:
7158:
7157:
7150:
7143:
7136:
7129:
7122:
7115:
7103:
7102:
7101:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7077:Climate change
7074:
7068:
7066:
7062:
7061:
7054:
7053:
7046:
7039:
7031:
7025:
7024:
7017:
7011:
6970:
6958:
6953:
6947:
6941:
6935:
6927:
6926:External links
6924:
6921:
6920:
6907:
6894:
6885:
6872:
6859:
6846:
6833:
6820:
6807:
6791:
6778:
6765:
6752:
6739:
6726:
6713:
6700:
6687:
6674:
6661:
6648:
6635:
6622:
6609:
6596:
6583:
6570:
6557:
6544:
6531:
6515:
6499:
6486:
6473:
6460:
6447:
6434:
6421:
6408:
6395:
6382:
6369:
6356:
6343:
6330:
6317:
6304:
6291:
6275:
6259:
6246:
6233:
6220:
6207:
6194:
6181:
6168:
6155:
6141:
6128:
6115:
6099:
6086:
6073:
6064:
6051:
6038:
6025:
6012:
5999:
5986:
5973:
5960:
5947:
5934:
5921:
5908:
5895:
5882:
5869:
5856:
5843:
5830:
5810:
5793:
5780:
5767:
5754:
5741:
5728:
5714:
5690:
5666:
5653:
5640:
5627:
5618:
5605:
5592:
5579:
5563:
5550:
5537:
5524:
5511:
5495:
5482:
5469:
5456:
5443:
5427:
5412:
5397:
5384:
5370:
5357:
5341:
5325:
5312:
5299:
5282:
5269:
5253:
5240:
5227:
5214:
5201:
5188:
5172:
5159:
5146:
5133:
5120:
5100:
5087:
5076:(6): 232–244.
5059:
5046:
5033:
5016:
5003:
4990:
4977:
4964:
4951:
4938:
4922:
4909:
4896:
4879:
4866:
4853:
4840:
4827:
4814:
4798:
4785:
4772:
4759:
4750:
4737:
4724:
4711:
4695:
4682:
4669:
4656:
4643:
4621:
4603:
4585:
4566:
4514:
4486:
4473:
4460:
4453:
4423:
4410:
4371:
4358:
4342:
4335:
4307:
4291:
4275:
4262:
4249:
4236:
4209:
4196:
4183:
4170:
4151:(2): 203–222.
4131:
4118:
4105:
4066:
4019:
3998:10.2307/589765
3972:
3959:
3912:
3873:
3860:
3845:
3829:
3816:
3803:
3784:(4): 676–685.
3764:
3737:(5): 369–383.
3717:
3678:
3639:
3626:
3610:
3597:
3584:
3551:
3526:
3501:
3482:(4): 257–289.
3462:
3438:
3413:
3400:
3381:(3): 564–581.
3361:
3348:
3329:(2): 302–322.
3309:
3296:
3280:
3267:
3240:(3): 349–385.
3220:
3204:
3191:
3174:
3170:Monthly Review
3161:
3148:
3135:
3119:
3098:10.2307/973677
3072:
3059:
3046:
3033:
3020:
3007:
2994:
2978:
2965:
2949:
2936:
2920:
2907:
2894:
2878:
2867:(3): 325–376.
2851:
2836:
2829:
2811:
2804:
2786:
2771:
2758:
2745:
2729:
2713:
2700:
2687:
2674:
2658:
2645:
2632:
2623:
2610:
2597:
2588:
2570:
2557:
2544:
2542:. Paris: OECD.
2531:
2518:
2500:
2487:
2474:
2461:
2448:
2435:
2422:
2409:
2396:
2387:
2374:
2354:
2345:
2329:
2316:
2303:
2290:
2270:
2254:
2238:
2225:
2212:
2190:
2174:
2161:
2148:
2139:
2126:
2112:
2099:
2092:
2074:
2067:
2049:
2019:
2012:
1994:
1987:
1969:
1963:
1935:
1922:
1915:
1887:
1874:
1861:
1846:
1816:
1809:
1791:
1778:
1766:
1736:
1729:
1711:
1704:
1686:
1679:
1661:
1654:
1636:
1629:
1611:
1604:
1586:
1579:
1561:
1545:
1529:
1516:
1503:
1490:
1477:
1461:
1448:
1435:
1422:
1409:
1396:
1383:
1357:
1338:
1331:
1313:
1294:(2): 301–311.
1274:
1267:
1242:
1225:
1204:10.2307/973837
1198:(3): 132–139.
1173:
1166:
1148:
1139:
1132:
1107:
1092:
1057:
1051:978-1439847664
1050:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
991:
989:
986:
917:private sector
855:
852:
809:
806:
784:
781:
710:
707:
687:
684:
653:
650:
581:climate change
555:
552:
510:market failure
485:
482:
438:Gaylord Nelson
387:United Kingdom
353:
350:
304:soil pollution
283:
280:
215:
214:
212:
211:
204:
197:
189:
186:
185:
184:
183:
173:
160:
159:
158:
157:
152:
147:
139:
138:
137:
136:
134:Social science
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
95:
94:
92:Environment in
86:
85:
84:
83:
78:
77:
76:
66:
61:
60:
59:
57:on the climate
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7976:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7956:
7954:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7909:
7906:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7860:
7858:
7854:
7850:
7849:
7846:
7838:
7837:environmental
7835:
7833:
7830:
7829:
7827:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7802:environmental
7800:
7799:
7797:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7772:environmental
7770:
7769:
7767:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7747:environmental
7745:
7744:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7733:
7732:environmental
7730:
7728:
7725:
7724:
7722:
7720:
7719:Ecopsychology
7717:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7704:
7703:Architecture
7702:
7701:
7699:
7695:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7668:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7648:
7646:
7642:
7639:
7638:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7586:
7585:
7582:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7544:
7542:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7529:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7518:
7517:environmental
7515:
7513:
7510:
7509:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7489:Anthrozoology
7487:
7485:
7482:
7481:
7479:
7475:
7470:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7444:Human ecology
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7391:
7389:
7385:
7381:
7374:
7369:
7367:
7362:
7360:
7355:
7354:
7351:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7290:
7288:
7284:
7278:
7275:
7270:
7266:
7263:
7259:
7256:
7252:
7251:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7217:
7213:
7210:
7206:
7205:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7188:Environmental
7186:
7181:
7177:
7174:
7170:
7169:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7155:
7151:
7148:
7144:
7141:
7137:
7134:
7130:
7127:
7123:
7120:
7116:
7113:
7109:
7108:
7107:
7104:
7099:
7095:
7094:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7063:
7059:
7058:Public policy
7052:
7047:
7045:
7040:
7038:
7033:
7032:
7029:
7022:
7018:
7014:
7012:
7010:
7006:
7002:
6998:
6993:
6989:
6988:
6983:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6969:
6965:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6951:
6948:
6945:
6942:
6939:
6936:
6933:
6930:
6929:
6917:
6911:
6904:
6898:
6889:
6882:
6876:
6869:
6863:
6856:
6850:
6843:
6837:
6830:
6824:
6817:
6811:
6805:
6801:
6795:
6788:
6782:
6775:
6769:
6762:
6756:
6749:
6743:
6736:
6730:
6723:
6717:
6710:
6704:
6697:
6691:
6684:
6678:
6671:
6665:
6658:
6652:
6645:
6639:
6632:
6626:
6619:
6613:
6606:
6600:
6593:
6587:
6580:
6574:
6567:
6561:
6554:
6548:
6541:
6535:
6528:
6522:
6520:
6512:
6506:
6504:
6496:
6490:
6483:
6477:
6470:
6464:
6457:
6451:
6444:
6438:
6431:
6425:
6418:
6412:
6405:
6399:
6392:
6386:
6379:
6373:
6366:
6360:
6353:
6347:
6340:
6334:
6327:
6321:
6314:
6308:
6301:
6295:
6288:
6282:
6280:
6272:
6266:
6264:
6256:
6250:
6243:
6237:
6230:
6224:
6217:
6211:
6204:
6198:
6191:
6185:
6178:
6172:
6165:
6159:
6152:
6145:
6138:
6132:
6125:
6119:
6112:
6106:
6104:
6096:
6090:
6083:
6077:
6068:
6061:
6055:
6048:
6042:
6035:
6029:
6022:
6016:
6009:
6003:
5996:
5990:
5983:
5977:
5970:
5964:
5957:
5951:
5944:
5938:
5931:
5925:
5918:
5912:
5905:
5899:
5892:
5886:
5879:
5873:
5866:
5860:
5853:
5847:
5840:
5834:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5818:Harvey, Fiona
5814:
5807:
5803:
5797:
5790:
5784:
5777:
5771:
5764:
5758:
5751:
5745:
5738:
5732:
5724:
5718:
5704:
5700:
5694:
5680:
5676:
5670:
5663:
5657:
5650:
5644:
5637:
5631:
5622:
5615:
5609:
5602:
5596:
5589:
5583:
5576:
5570:
5568:
5560:
5554:
5547:
5541:
5534:
5528:
5521:
5515:
5508:
5502:
5500:
5492:
5486:
5479:
5473:
5466:
5460:
5453:
5447:
5440:
5438:
5431:
5424:
5423:
5416:
5409:
5408:
5401:
5394:
5388:
5381:
5374:
5367:
5361:
5354:
5348:
5346:
5338:
5332:
5330:
5322:
5316:
5309:
5303:
5296:
5295:Energy Policy
5289:
5287:
5279:
5273:
5266:
5260:
5258:
5250:
5244:
5237:
5231:
5224:
5218:
5211:
5205:
5198:
5192:
5185:
5179:
5177:
5169:
5163:
5156:
5150:
5143:
5137:
5130:
5124:
5110:
5104:
5097:
5091:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5063:
5056:
5050:
5043:
5037:
5030:
5026:
5020:
5013:
5007:
5000:
4994:
4987:
4981:
4974:
4968:
4961:
4955:
4948:
4942:
4935:
4929:
4927:
4919:
4913:
4906:
4900:
4893:
4889:
4886:OECD (1991),
4883:
4876:
4870:
4863:
4857:
4850:
4844:
4837:
4831:
4824:
4818:
4811:
4805:
4803:
4795:
4789:
4782:
4776:
4769:
4763:
4754:
4747:
4741:
4734:
4728:
4721:
4715:
4708:
4702:
4700:
4692:
4686:
4679:
4673:
4666:
4660:
4653:
4647:
4640:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4618:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4600:
4599:
4592:
4590:
4583:
4579:
4573:
4571:
4562:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4521:
4519:
4504:
4500:
4493:
4491:
4483:
4477:
4470:
4464:
4456:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4427:
4420:
4414:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4375:
4368:
4362:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4338:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4321:. Routledge.
4320:
4319:
4311:
4304:
4302:
4295:
4289:
4285:
4279:
4272:
4266:
4259:
4253:
4246:
4240:
4233:
4231:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4206:
4200:
4193:
4187:
4180:
4174:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4122:
4115:
4109:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4070:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4023:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3963:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3916:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3864:
3857:
3856:
3849:
3842:
3836:
3834:
3826:
3820:
3813:
3807:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3721:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3682:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3630:
3623:
3622:Silent Spring
3617:
3615:
3607:
3601:
3594:
3588:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3555:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3516:
3512:
3505:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3410:
3404:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3352:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3300:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3277:
3271:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3201:
3195:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3171:
3165:
3158:
3152:
3145:
3139:
3132:
3126:
3124:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3063:
3056:
3050:
3043:
3037:
3030:
3024:
3017:
3011:
3004:
2998:
2991:
2985:
2983:
2975:
2969:
2962:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2940:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2917:
2911:
2904:
2898:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2847:
2840:
2832:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2807:
2805:0-7450-1106-3
2801:
2797:
2790:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2762:
2755:
2749:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2710:
2704:
2697:
2696:Energy Policy
2691:
2684:
2678:
2671:
2665:
2663:
2655:
2649:
2642:
2636:
2627:
2620:
2614:
2607:
2601:
2592:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2567:
2561:
2554:
2548:
2541:
2535:
2528:
2522:
2515:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2497:
2491:
2484:
2478:
2471:
2465:
2458:
2452:
2445:
2439:
2432:
2426:
2419:
2413:
2406:
2400:
2391:
2384:
2378:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2349:
2342:
2336:
2334:
2326:
2320:
2313:
2307:
2300:
2294:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2251:
2250:The Guardian,
2248:
2242:
2235:
2229:
2222:
2216:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2171:
2165:
2158:
2152:
2143:
2136:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2103:
2095:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2070:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2024:
2015:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1990:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1926:
1918:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1891:
1884:
1878:
1871:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1826:"Overfishing"
1820:
1812:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1782:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1707:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1682:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1657:
1655:0-8061-1107-0
1651:
1647:
1640:
1632:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1607:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1582:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1552:
1550:
1542:
1536:
1534:
1526:
1520:
1513:
1507:
1500:
1494:
1487:
1481:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1458:
1452:
1445:
1439:
1432:
1426:
1419:
1413:
1406:
1400:
1393:
1387:
1380:(6): 286–290.
1379:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1334:
1332:9780803260207
1328:
1324:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1169:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1143:
1135:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1103:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1053:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1032:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
946:
940:
938:
934:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
864:
860:
851:
848:
847:environmental
843:
839:
835:
832:
826:
822:
818:
814:
805:
801:
797:
794:
789:
780:
778:
774:
768:
766:
761:
757:
753:
749:
747:
741:
738:
734:
729:
723:
719:
716:
706:
703:
697:
694:
683:
680:
675:
671:
667:
663:
658:
649:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
625:
621:
617:
614:
610:
606:
602:
600:
595:
594:Cap and Share
591:
586:
582:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
551:
548:
545:By contrast,
543:
540:
539:Elinor Ostrom
534:
532:
528:
523:
519:
515:
511:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
481:
477:
475:
471:
465:
463:
459:
453:
451:
450:Clean Air Act
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
429:
428:Silent Spring
425:
424:Rachel Carson
421:
417:
413:
409:
403:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
383:United States
379:
375:
371:
367:
361:
359:
349:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
305:
299:
297:
293:
289:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
210:
205:
203:
198:
196:
191:
190:
188:
187:
182:
174:
172:
164:
163:
162:
161:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
145:Article index
143:
142:
141:
140:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
89:
88:
87:
82:
79:
75:
72:
71:
70:
67:
65:
62:
58:
55:
54:
53:
50:
49:
48:
47:
44:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
7836:
7757:occupational
7752:epidemiology
7723:Engineering
7621:Permaculture
7584:Ethnobiology
7286:Other topics
7187:
7072:Agricultural
6985:
6915:
6910:
6897:
6888:
6880:
6875:
6867:
6862:
6854:
6849:
6841:
6836:
6828:
6823:
6815:
6810:
6799:
6794:
6786:
6781:
6773:
6768:
6760:
6755:
6747:
6742:
6734:
6729:
6721:
6716:
6708:
6703:
6695:
6690:
6682:
6677:
6669:
6664:
6656:
6651:
6643:
6638:
6630:
6625:
6617:
6612:
6604:
6599:
6591:
6586:
6578:
6573:
6565:
6560:
6552:
6547:
6539:
6534:
6526:
6510:
6494:
6489:
6481:
6476:
6468:
6463:
6455:
6450:
6442:
6437:
6429:
6424:
6416:
6411:
6403:
6398:
6390:
6385:
6377:
6372:
6364:
6359:
6351:
6346:
6338:
6333:
6325:
6320:
6312:
6307:
6299:
6294:
6286:
6270:
6254:
6249:
6241:
6236:
6228:
6223:
6215:
6210:
6202:
6197:
6189:
6184:
6176:
6171:
6163:
6158:
6150:
6144:
6136:
6131:
6123:
6118:
6110:
6094:
6089:
6081:
6076:
6067:
6059:
6054:
6046:
6041:
6033:
6028:
6020:
6015:
6007:
6002:
5994:
5989:
5981:
5976:
5968:
5963:
5955:
5950:
5942:
5937:
5929:
5924:
5916:
5911:
5903:
5898:
5890:
5885:
5872:
5864:
5859:
5851:
5846:
5838:
5833:
5826:The Guardian
5825:
5813:
5806:The Guardian
5805:
5796:
5788:
5783:
5775:
5770:
5762:
5757:
5749:
5744:
5736:
5731:
5717:
5706:. Retrieved
5702:
5693:
5682:. Retrieved
5678:
5669:
5661:
5656:
5648:
5643:
5635:
5630:
5621:
5613:
5608:
5600:
5595:
5587:
5582:
5574:
5558:
5553:
5545:
5540:
5532:
5527:
5519:
5514:
5506:
5490:
5485:
5477:
5472:
5464:
5459:
5451:
5446:
5435:
5430:
5420:
5415:
5405:
5400:
5392:
5387:
5379:
5373:
5360:
5352:
5336:
5320:
5315:
5307:
5302:
5294:
5277:
5272:
5264:
5248:
5243:
5235:
5230:
5222:
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5209:
5204:
5196:
5191:
5183:
5167:
5162:
5154:
5149:
5141:
5136:
5128:
5123:
5112:. Retrieved
5103:
5095:
5090:
5073:
5069:
5062:
5054:
5049:
5041:
5036:
5028:
5024:
5019:
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5006:
4993:
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4967:
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4941:
4933:
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4856:
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4809:
4793:
4788:
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4775:
4767:
4762:
4753:
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4740:
4732:
4727:
4719:
4714:
4706:
4690:
4685:
4677:
4672:
4664:
4659:
4651:
4646:
4638:
4616:
4596:
4534:
4530:
4506:. Retrieved
4502:
4481:
4476:
4468:
4463:
4436:
4426:
4418:
4413:
4391:(1): 46–65.
4388:
4384:
4374:
4366:
4361:
4353:
4317:
4310:
4300:
4294:
4283:
4278:
4270:
4265:
4257:
4252:
4244:
4239:
4229:
4204:
4199:
4191:
4186:
4178:
4173:
4148:
4144:
4134:
4126:
4121:
4113:
4108:
4083:
4079:
4069:
4036:
4032:
4022:
3989:
3985:
3975:
3967:
3962:
3929:
3925:
3915:
3890:
3886:
3876:
3868:
3863:
3853:
3848:
3840:
3824:
3819:
3811:
3806:
3781:
3777:
3767:
3734:
3730:
3720:
3695:
3691:
3681:
3656:
3652:
3642:
3634:
3629:
3621:
3605:
3600:
3592:
3587:
3576:. Retrieved
3565:The Guardian
3564:
3554:
3543:. Retrieved
3541:. 2018-10-16
3538:
3529:
3518:. Retrieved
3515:The Guardian
3514:
3504:
3479:
3475:
3465:
3454:. Retrieved
3450:
3441:
3430:. Retrieved
3425:
3416:
3408:
3403:
3378:
3374:
3364:
3356:
3351:
3326:
3322:
3312:
3304:
3299:
3291:
3275:
3270:
3237:
3233:
3223:
3215:
3199:
3194:
3187:The Guardian
3186:
3177:
3169:
3164:
3156:
3151:
3143:
3138:
3130:
3092:(2): 79–88.
3089:
3085:
3075:
3067:
3062:
3054:
3049:
3041:
3036:
3028:
3023:
3015:
3010:
3002:
2997:
2989:
2973:
2968:
2958:
2952:
2944:
2939:
2931:
2915:
2910:
2902:
2897:
2881:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2845:
2839:
2820:
2814:
2795:
2789:
2780:
2774:
2766:
2761:
2753:
2748:
2740:
2724:
2708:
2703:
2695:
2690:
2682:
2677:
2669:
2653:
2648:
2640:
2635:
2626:
2618:
2613:
2605:
2600:
2591:
2583:
2565:
2560:
2552:
2547:
2539:
2534:
2526:
2521:
2513:
2495:
2490:
2482:
2477:
2469:
2464:
2456:
2451:
2443:
2438:
2430:
2425:
2417:
2412:
2404:
2399:
2390:
2382:
2377:
2369:
2348:
2340:
2324:
2319:
2311:
2306:
2298:
2293:
2285:
2265:
2252:14 February.
2249:
2241:
2233:
2228:
2220:
2215:
2207:
2185:
2169:
2164:
2156:
2151:
2142:
2134:
2129:
2121:
2115:
2107:
2102:
2083:
2077:
2058:
2052:
2035:
2031:
2003:
1997:
1978:
1972:
1944:
1938:
1930:
1925:
1897:
1890:
1882:
1877:
1869:
1864:
1829:
1819:
1800:
1794:
1786:
1781:
1771:, retrieved
1749:
1739:
1720:
1714:
1695:
1689:
1670:
1664:
1645:
1639:
1620:
1614:
1595:
1589:
1570:
1564:
1556:
1540:
1524:
1519:
1511:
1506:
1498:
1493:
1480:
1472:
1456:
1451:
1443:
1438:
1430:
1425:
1417:
1412:
1404:
1399:
1391:
1386:
1377:
1373:
1360:
1354:(1): 77–118.
1351:
1347:
1341:
1322:
1316:
1291:
1287:
1277:
1258:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1195:
1191:
1157:
1151:
1142:
1123:
1101:
1095:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1041:
1035:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
941:
937:Horizon 2020
929:
865:
861:
857:
846:
844:
840:
836:
830:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
802:
798:
792:
790:
786:
769:
750:
745:
742:
724:
720:
714:
712:
701:
698:
692:
689:
678:
673:
669:
665:
661:
659:
655:
646:
626:
622:
618:
611:
607:
603:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
544:
535:
506:
487:
478:
466:
458:Peter Walker
454:
432:
427:
404:
362:
355:
346:
330:biodiversity
328:management,
308:
300:
285:
244:biodiversity
219:
218:
123:
91:
52:Human impact
7919:Environment
7768:Management
7712:sustainable
7484:Agroecology
7229:Immigration
7216:Vaccination
4552:11336/71342
4439:: 320–338.
3932:(1): 3–18.
3698:(1): 7–17.
3659:(1): 1–35.
1789:20:291-319.
1073:(1): 2–11.
921:think tanks
909:governments
531:overgrazing
527:overfishing
399:New Zealand
378:Romanticist
288:environment
109:Engineering
74:Stewardship
43:Environment
7953:Categories
7727:ecological
7681:metabolism
7631:Sexecology
7528:Economics
7512:ecological
7504:Demography
7328:Regulation
7269:Technology
7133:Investment
7126:Industrial
5708:2020-09-17
5703:unfccc.int
5684:2020-09-17
5114:2024-04-01
4531:BioScience
4508:2024-02-04
3578:2024-02-05
3545:2024-02-05
3520:2024-02-05
3456:2021-01-27
3432:2021-01-27
1773:2023-11-14
1133:0195582845
1027:References
877:curriculum
733:Greenpeace
666:developing
662:explaining
640:, through
408:Alkali Act
282:Definition
268:pesticides
266:including
114:Humanities
99:Consulting
7798:Planning
7777:fisheries
7707:landscape
7676:geography
7547:education
7255:Stem cell
7234:Knowledge
7162:Education
7009:163149563
7001:317650570
6932:GreenWill
5820:(2021), "
4561:0006-3568
4405:2159-8282
4165:0964-4016
4100:0020-174X
4061:0921-8009
4039:: 74–83.
4006:0007-1315
3992:(1): 92.
3954:0095-8964
3907:0140-2382
3798:1541-132X
3759:1462-9011
3712:0162-2439
3673:0020-8183
3573:0261-3077
3496:0032-2687
3395:1537-5927
3343:0032-3217
3262:0964-4016
3106:0033-3352
1856:263500798
1374:Fisheries
1308:0952-8873
1212:0033-3352
522:pollution
484:Rationale
468:areas of
464:in 1970.
460:from the
452:in 1970.
434:Earth Day
395:Australia
374:John Muir
326:ecosystem
104:Education
7943:Politics
7892:Scholars
7882:Journals
7872:Concepts
7867:Category
7812:regional
7807:land use
7606:Forestry
7244:Military
7239:Language
7140:Monetary
7106:Economic
7087:Domestic
7082:Cultural
7005:50016270
6976:(2002).
6964:Archived
988:See also
893:politics
793:directly
746:designed
516:and the
436:founder
338:wildlife
252:wildlife
171:Category
7931:Science
7905:Portals
7877:Degrees
7828:Policy
7817:spatial
7743:Health
7697:Applied
7686:studies
7671:ecology
7656:studies
7651:science
7599:zoology
7594:ecology
7572:justice
7567:studies
7562:science
7508:Design
7477:Related
7249:Science
7224:Housing
7198:Foreign
7119:Incomes
6984:(ed.).
6190:Science
6008:Science
5441:. IPCC.
5082:1970698
4080:Inquiry
4041:Bibcode
3934:Bibcode
3739:Bibcode
3242:Bibcode
2741:Kyklos,
1075:Bibcode
897:ecology
634:website
352:History
181:Commons
129:Science
7832:energy
7782:forest
7762:public
7667:Urban
7589:botany
7577:racism
7552:ethics
7537:thermo
7532:energy
7387:Fields
7277:Social
7203:Health
7167:Energy
7112:Fiscal
7098:reform
7065:Fields
6999:
5080:
4559:
4451:
4403:
4333:
4163:
4098:
4059:
4014:589765
4012:
4004:
3952:
3905:
3796:
3757:
3710:
3671:
3571:
3494:
3393:
3341:
3260:
3114:973677
3112:
3104:
2827:
2802:
2090:
2065:
2010:
1985:
1961:
1913:
1854:
1844:
1807:
1764:
1727:
1702:
1677:
1652:
1627:
1602:
1577:
1329:
1306:
1265:
1220:973837
1218:
1210:
1164:
1130:
1048:
945:UNFCCC
903:, and
901:energy
831:policy
775:, the
679:public
592:. The
416:London
391:Europe
385:, the
372:, and
292:policy
155:Portal
124:Policy
64:Issues
7822:urban
7792:waste
7262:Space
7154:Trade
6980:. In
4010:JSTOR
3110:JSTOR
1852:S2CID
1457:Ambix
1370:(PDF)
1216:JSTOR
150:Lists
7193:Food
7092:Drug
7023:>
6997:OCLC
5078:SSRN
4557:ISSN
4449:ISBN
4401:ISSN
4331:ISBN
4161:ISSN
4096:ISSN
4057:ISSN
4002:ISSN
3950:ISSN
3903:ISSN
3794:ISSN
3755:ISSN
3708:ISSN
3669:ISSN
3569:ISSN
3492:ISSN
3391:ISSN
3339:ISSN
3258:ISSN
3102:ISSN
2825:ISBN
2800:ISBN
2088:ISBN
2063:ISBN
2008:ISBN
1983:ISBN
1959:ISBN
1911:ISBN
1842:ISBN
1805:ISBN
1762:ISBN
1725:ISBN
1700:ISBN
1675:ISBN
1650:ISBN
1625:ISBN
1600:ISBN
1575:ISBN
1327:ISBN
1304:ISSN
1263:ISBN
1208:ISSN
1162:ISBN
1128:ISBN
1046:ISBN
891:and
735:and
664:and
630:OECD
529:and
397:and
340:and
316:and
290:and
254:and
230:and
7557:law
7147:Tax
5824:",
5804:",
4578:doi
4547:hdl
4539:doi
4441:doi
4393:doi
4323:doi
4153:doi
4088:doi
4049:doi
3994:doi
3942:doi
3895:doi
3786:doi
3747:doi
3700:doi
3661:doi
3484:doi
3383:doi
3331:doi
3250:doi
3185:",
3094:doi
2869:doi
2040:doi
1949:doi
1903:doi
1834:doi
1754:doi
1296:doi
1200:doi
1083:doi
1071:170
715:how
702:for
693:for
674:for
426:'s
418:'s
314:air
228:air
119:Law
7955::
7007:,
7003:,
6802:.
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6278:^
6262:^
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