2111:
2180:
2209:
2318:. For large stores with a large online presence, they can have millions of customers opting for these shipping benefits. As a result, they are unintentionally increasing carbon emissions from not consolidating their purchases. JosuĂ© VelĂĄzquez-MartĂnez, a sustainable logistics professor at MIT notes that "if you are willing to wait a week for shipping, you just kill 20 trees instead of 100 trees." The only time shipping works in being less energy intensive is when customer do not choose rush delivery, which includes 2-day shipping. M. Sanjayan, the CEO of Conservation International, explains that getting your online purchase delivered at home in just two days puts more
1740:
2197:
bus ride, and bicycling may be counted solely as a transit trip. Economic evaluations of transportation investments often ignore the true effects of increased vehicular trafficâincremental parking, traffic accidents, and consumer costsâand the real benefits of alternative modes of transport. Most travel models do not account for the negative effects of additional vehicular traffic that result from roadway capacity expansion and overestimate the economic benefits of urban highway projects. Transportation planning indicators, such as average traffic speeds, congestion delays, and roadway level of service, measure mobility rather than accessibility.
1667:
2141:
1893:
4701:
1480:
2339:
4725:
4689:
1217:
1472:
119:
2080:
1814:
4624:
4713:
4665:
1930:
4677:
1229:
24:
278:
65:
4613:
2231:
1401:(GHGs) in the United States. An estimated 30 percent of national GHGs are directly attributable to transportationâand in some regions, the proportion is even higher. Transportation methods are the greatest contributing source of GHGs in the U.S., accounting for 47 percent of the net increase in total U.S. emissions since 1990.
2322:
vehicles on the road. In addition to standard shipping, consumers must be satisfied with their purchases so that they do not constantly returns items. By returning shipments on standard shipping, the positive contribution to environment is being taken back. In research done by Vox, they found in 2016
2303:
shows that 46% of online shoppers abandoned an unused shopping cart due to a shipping time that was way too long and that 1 and 3 online shoppers look at the speed of delivery from the marketplaces they buy from. Consumers are demanding the fast delivery of goods and services. AlixPartners LLP found
1952:
Emissions from ships have much more significant environmental effects; many ships go internationally from port to port and are not seen for weeks, contributing to air and water pollution on its voyage. Emission of greenhouse gases displaces the amount of gas that allows for UV-rays through the ozone.
2204:
Europeans expect lifestyle changes to experience great transformation in the next 20 years. 31% of respondents to a climate survey conducted in 2021 believe that most people will no longer own their own vehicle, while 63% believe that teleworking will become the norm to reduce emissions and mitigate
2200:
Climate change is a factor that 67% of
Europeans consider when choosing where to go on holiday. Specifically, people under the age of 30 are more likely to consider climate implications of travelling to vacation spots. 52% of young Europeans, 37% of people ages 30â64 and 25% of people aged above 65,
2196:
Mitigation does not entirely involve large-scale changes such as road construction, but everyday people can contribute. Walking, cycling trips, short or non-commute trips, can be an alternate mode of transportation when travelling short or even long distances. A multi-modal trip involving walking, a
1743:
Trucks' share of US vehicles produced, has tripled since 1975. Though vehicle fuel efficiency has increased within each category, the overall trend toward less efficient types of vehicles has offset some of the benefits of greater fuel economy and reduction of pollution and carbon dioxide emissions.
1637:
of society, involving frequent and often long-distance air travel and the resulting environmental and climate effects. This threatens to overcome gains made in the efficiency of aircraft and their operations. Climate scientist Kevin
Anderson raised concern about the growing effect of air transport
2005:
is studied using a global chemical transport model (CTM), the Oslo CTM2. In particular, the large-scale distribution and diurnal variation of the oxidants and sulfur compounds are studied interactively. Meteorological data (winds, temperature, precipitation, clouds, etc.) used as input for the CTM
1857:
Trains contain many different parts that have the potential to create noise. Wheels, engines and non-aerodynamic cargo are prone to vibrate at certain speeds. Noise caused from directly neighboring railways has the potential to lessen value to nearby property. In order to combat unbearable volumes
1454:
are not linked with respiratory and cardiovascular problems since they contribute to other factors not only to that specific condition. Even though the environmental effects are usually listed individually there are also cumulative effects. The synergetic consequences of transport activities. They
2364:
With these tech implementations in major cities and towns, there is the ability to reach an optimal level of pollution given the rise of e-commerce shipments. The figure above illustrates that decreasing emissions would result in the equilibrium for the market of shipping population, which can be
2347:
Since 2009, UPS deliveries have increased by 65%. With the increase in deliveries, there is a demand for trucks on the road, resulting in more carbon emissions in our atmosphere. More recently, there has been research to help combat greenhouse gas emission to the atmosphere with better traffic
2060:
The road haulage industry is contributing around 20% of the UK's total carbon emissions a year, with only the energy industry having a larger contribution, at around 39%. Road haulage is a significant consumer of fossil fuels and associated carbon emissions â HGV vehicles account for almost 20
1638:
on the climate in a paper and a presentation in 2008. He has pointed out that even at a reduced annual rate of increase in UK passenger air travel and with the government's targeted emissions reductions in other energy use sectors, by 2030 aviation would be causing 70% of the UK's allowable CO
1944:
into water bodies can come from many sources, including wastewater treatment facilities, runoff from livestock operations, and vessels. These discharges have the potential to impair water quality, adversely affecting aquatic environments and increasing the risks to human health. While sewage
1449:
emissions create direct and harmful effects on the environment, along with indirect effects. The indirect effects are often of higher consequence which leads to the misconception that it's the opposite since it is frequently understood that initial effects cause the most damage. For example,
1708:
Changing from motorised to non-motorised travel behaviour can also have significant effects. A European study of nearly 2000 participants showed that an average person cycling 1 trip/day more and driving 1 trip/day less for 200 days a year would decrease mobility-related lifecycle
2307:
E-commerce shopping can be seen as the best way to reduce one's carbon footprint. Yet, this is only true to some extent. Shopping online is less energy intensive than driving to a physical store location and then driving back home. This is because shipping can take advantage of
1437:
The health effects of transport emissions are also of concern. A recent survey of the studies on the effect of traffic emissions on pregnancy outcomes has linked exposure to emissions to adverse effects on gestational duration and possibly also intrauterine growth.
2348:
signals. These WiFi signals cut down on wait time at stop lights and reduce wasting fuel. These signals help automobiles adjust their velocity so that they can increase their chances of getting through the light, smoothing travel patterns and obtaining
2342:
This is the market for shipping pollution. The optimal quantity and the optimal tax per unit of pollution can be found at the intersection of MAC and MD. As the quantity of pollution decreases (emissions), the cost to decrease each marginal unit of pollution
1620:
Aviation emissions vary based on length of flight. For covering long distances, longer flights are a better investment of the high energy costs of take-off and landing than very short flights, yet by nature of their length inevitably use much more energy.
2352:
benefits. These small adjustments result in big changes in fuel savings. The cities that have started implementing smart light technology such as San Jose, CA and Las Vegas, NV. Light technology has shown to save 15-20% in fuel savings. According to the
2876:
Gössling S, Ceron JP, Dubois G, Hall CM, Gössling IS, Upham P, Earthscan L (2009). Hypermobile travelers and
Implications for Carbon Dioxide Emissions Reduction. In: Climate Change and Aviation: Issues, Challenges, and Solutions, London. The chapter:
1804:
per passenger mile (0.05 kg/km per passenger). Road and transportation conditions vary, so some carbon calculations add 10% to the total distance of the trip to account for potential traffic jams, detours, and pit-stops that may arise.
1945:
discharges have potentially wide-ranging effects on all aquatic environments, the effects may be especially problematic in marinas, slow-moving rivers, lakes and other bodies of water with low flushing rates. Environmentally this creates
1858:
resulting from railways, US diesel locomotives are required to be quieter than 90 decibels at 25 meters away since 1979. This noise, however, has been shown to be harmless to animals, except for horses who will become skittish.
2982:
Brand, Christian; Götschi, Thomas; Dons, Evi; Gerike, Regine; Anaya-Boig, Esther; Avila-Palencia, Ione; de
Nazelle, Audrey; Gascon, Mireia; Gaupp-Berghausen, Mailin; Iacorossi, Francesco; Kahlmeier, Sonja (2021-03-01).
2357:, transportation is the second leading source of GHG emission behind electricity and project that by 2050 freight transportation emissions will pass passenger vehicle emissions. Another technological advancements is
1764:
per mile. The
Department of Transportation's MOBILE 6.2 model, used by regional governments to model air quality, uses a fleet average (all cars, old and new) of 20.3 mpg giving around 0.44 kg (0.97 lb) of
2584:"Pollution status, proximate composition and ecological risk index of Amaranthus hybridus and Vernonia colorata leaves harvested from roadside and farms within Zaria metropolis, Kaduna State, North-West Nigeria"
1645:
Worse, aircraft emissions at stratospheric altitudes have a greater contribution to radiative forcing than do emissions at sea level, due to the effects of several greenhouses gases in the emissions, apart from
3577:
2304:
that consumers expect to wait an average of 4.8 days for delivery, down from 5.5 days in 2012. And the share of those who are willing to wait more than five days has declined to 60% from 74% in four years.
2939:
Brand, Christian; Dons, Evi; Anaya-Boig, Esther; Avila-Palencia, Ione; Clark, Anna; de
Nazelle, Audrey; Gascon, Mireia; Gaupp-Berghausen, Mailin; Gerike, Regine; Götschi, Thomas; et, al. (2021-04-01).
1310:
in developed countries have reduced the individual vehicle's emission. However, this has been offset by an increase in the number of vehicles, and increased use of each vehicle (an effect known as the
2361:, trucks are able to send signals to neighboring trucks about their speed. This communication between vehicles reduces congestion on the roads and reduce drag, increasing fuel savings by 10 to 20%.
2132:
Sustainable transport is transport with either lower environmental footprint per passenger, per distance or higher capacity. Typically sustainable transport modes are rail, bicycle and walking.
1756:
emissions originating from ethanol are disregarded by international agreements however so gasoline containing 10% ethanol would only be considered to produce 8.02 kg (17.7 lb) of CO
2287:, many have begun to offer fast (e.g. 2-day) shipping. These fast shipping options get products and services to the hands of buyers faster than ever before, but have they are negative
4147:
3856:
997:
1417:, which can consume natural habitat and agricultural lands. By reducing transportation emissions globally, it is predicted that there will be significant positive effects on Earth's
3078:
1840:
per passenger mile (0.12 kg/km per passenger). Some carbon calculations add 10% to the total trip distance to account for detours, stop-overs, and other issues that may arise.
1176:
2440:
1171:
1658:
which leads to ozone , and water vapor. Overall, in 2005 the radiative forcing caused by aviation amounted to 4.9% of all human-caused radiative forcing on Earth's heat balance.
1341:, which can consume natural habitat and agricultural lands. By reducing transport emissions globally, it is predicted that there will be significant positive effects on Earth's
2608:
2531:
1760:
per gallon. The average fuel economy for new light-duty vehicles sold in the US of the 2017 model year was about 24.9 MPG giving around 0.36 kg (0.79 lb) of CO
1384:
while greatly reducing vehicle dependency and pollution. Some policies are levying a congestion charge to cars for travelling within congested areas during peak time.
3530:"2021-2022 EIB Climate Survey, part 1 of 3: Europeans sceptical about successfully reducing carbon emissions by 2050, American and Chinese respondents more confident"
3482:"2021-2022 EIB Climate Survey, part 1 of 3: Europeans sceptical about successfully reducing carbon emissions by 2050, American and Chinese respondents more confident"
3669:
3585:
3783:
2241:
3849:
1953:
Sulfur and nitrogen compounds emitted from ship will oxidize in the atmosphere to form sulfate and nitrate. Emissions of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and
1314:). Some pathways to reduce the carbon emissions of road vehicles have been considerably studied. Energy use and emissions vary largely between modes, causing
4045:
2312:. However, these benefits are diminished when e-commerce stores package items separately or when customers buy items separately and do not take the time to
4023:
3505:
3457:
3795:
2826:
3986:
1846:
contributes relatively less to the pollution as pollution happens in the power plants which are lot more efficient than diesel driven engines. Generally
1689:
per person, with car travel contributing 70% and cycling 1% (including the entire lifecycle of vehicles and fuels). 'Cyclists' had 84% lower lifecycle CO
3048:
37:
3842:
2653:
1941:
2729:
2626:
1933:
Ballast water discharge from other sides of the world cause a certain type of pollution different from an emission type pollution as it introduces
3553:
3529:
3481:
1885:
into the air. Liquid pollution can come from railways contributing to a runoff into water sources, like groundwater or rivers and can result from
3226:
2411:
2774:
2252:
4060:
4055:
4028:
3315:
Endresen, Ăyvind; SĂžrgĂ„rd, Eirik; Sundet, Jostein K.; DalsĂžren, Stig B.; Isaksen, Ivar S. A.; Berglen, Tore F.; Gravir, Gjermund (2003-09-16).
1681:
has a low carbon-emission and low environmental footprint. A European study of thousands of urban dwellers found that daily mobility-related CO
1181:
129:
2879:
2216:'s Climate survey found that two-thirds of Europeans plan to sacrifice the trip of their dreams to reduce emissions and combat climate change.
2508:
2354:
4013:
3961:
1850:
even when accounting for transmission losses are more efficient than internal combustion engines with efficiency further improving through
3187:
3063:
1633:
per passenger mile (0.11 kg/km per passenger) for long flights. Researchers have been raising concern about the globally increasing
4035:
4008:
3981:
3956:
3365:"Klimakiller Flugverkehr - zur Umweltrelevanz des Flughafens Hamburg- Eine Information der Notgemeinschaft der Flughafenanlieger Hamburg"
1259:
947:
2172:
high-speed rail route in France had about 14% parallel layout with the highway, and in 2002, 70% parallel layout was achieved with the
1800:
per passenger mile (0.18 kg/km per passenger), and long distance (>20 mi, >32 km) bus trips emit 0.08 kg of CO
3212:
2173:
1693:
emissions from all daily travel than 'non-cyclists', and the more people cycled on a daily basis, the lower was their mobility-related
2110:
4367:
4107:
2851:
1734:
3607:
2896:
4637:
4632:
4352:
3976:
3693:
2323:
transportation overtook power plants as the top prouder of carbon dioxide emissions in the US for the first time since 1979. These
2179:
1697:. Motorists who shifted travel modes from cars to bikes as their 'main method of travel' emitted 7.1 kg (16 lb) less CO
1376:
at the point of use, an approach that is becoming popular among cities worldwide is to prioritize public transport, bicycles, and
4750:
4627:
3971:
1836:(0.11 kg/km per passenger), and long distance (>20 mi, >32 km) trains emit 0.19 kg (0.42 lb) of CO
2897:"American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics: Potential to reduce the climate impact of aviation by flight level changes"
2148:, Germany, had a large environmental footprint but with Road-Rail Parallel Layout this would be less than using multiple routes.
4745:
4357:
3121:"How much carbon dioxide is produced by burning gasoline and diesel fuel? â FAQ â U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
141:
43:
1900:
When railways are built in wilderness areas, the environment is visually altered by cuttings, embankments, dikes, and stilts.
4616:
4372:
4050:
3417:
2926:. In â Atmospheric Environment Transport Impacts on Atmosphere and Climate: The ATTICA Assessment Report. 44:37:pp.4678-4734.
2201:
state that in 2022 they will choose to travel by plane. 27% of young people claim they will travel to a faraway destination.
1166:
3770:
3506:"2021-2022 EIB Climate Survey, part 2 of 3: Shopping for a new car? Most Europeans say they will opt for hybrid or electric"
3458:"2021-2022 EIB Climate Survey, part 2 of 3: Shopping for a new car? Most Europeans say they will opt for hybrid or electric"
3273:
3095:
2609:"Carbon Pathways Analysis â Informing Development of a Carbon Reduction Strategy for the Transport Sector â Claverton Group"
4467:
4315:
2985:"The climate change mitigation impacts of active travel: Evidence from a longitudinal panel study in seven European cities"
440:
2803:
4320:
3966:
3951:
2431:
1726:
567:
487:
2583:
2091:
1776:
enforced that from 2015 all new cars registered shall not emit more than an average of 0.13 kg (0.29 lb) of CO
4417:
4231:
4221:
4142:
4065:
3364:
1161:
1075:
517:
2208:
1744:
Without the shift towards SUVs, energy use per unit distance could have fallen 30% more than it did from 2010 to 2022.
4642:
4251:
4236:
4018:
3718:
2270:
1909:
1615:
1017:
922:
238:
228:
181:
163:
100:
51:
2117:
Climate survey result on countries that want to make public transport more efficient and ban high-emissions vehicles
4298:
4112:
4003:
3993:
3645:
75:
3290:
4432:
4181:
4159:
4117:
4087:
4040:
3923:
3906:
3889:
3865:
2556:
1730:
1252:
962:
725:
307:
4137:
4132:
3816:
3799:
2830:
1487:
The following table compares the emissions of the different transport means for passenger transport in Europe:
2529:
4303:
4241:
1784:/km). The target is that by 2021 the average emissions for all new cars is 0.095 kg (0.21 lb) of CO
1197:
647:
3133:
3040:
2187:
Climate survey found that if travel restrictions were lifted, flying less frequently would become the norm.
1861:
Railway cargo can be a cause of pollution. Air pollution can occur from boxcars carrying materials such as
3899:
2416:
2248:
1949:
that often drive other species to their extinction and cause harm to the environment and local businesses.
735:
587:
562:
357:
137:
82:
4452:
4270:
4154:
3911:
2922:, Petzold A., Prather M.J., Schumann U., Bais A., Berntsen T., Iachetti D., Lim L.L., Sausen R. (2010).
2733:
2630:
2445:
2349:
846:
597:
4655:
3407:
2393:
1245:
602:
452:
2755:
Pereira, G. et al. (2010) "Residential exposure to traffic emissions and adverse pregnancy outcomes".
4540:
4492:
4387:
4280:
4164:
3409:
The EIB Climate Survey 2020-2021 - The climate crisis in a COVID-19 world: calls for a green recovery
3389:
2782:
2512:
1954:
1739:
1323:
977:
942:
902:
555:
522:
372:
4447:
2875:
1914:
The fleet emission average for delivery vans, trucks and big rigs is 10.17 kg (22.4 lb) CO
1717:
emissions from transport (which are about 1.5 to 2.5 tonnes per year, depending on where you live).
1713:
emissions by about 0.5 tonnes over a year, representing a substantial share of average per capita CO
4545:
4500:
4402:
4127:
3943:
3554:"2021-2022 EIB Climate Survey, part 3 of 3: The economic and social impact of the green transition"
2213:
2184:
2114:
1918:
per gallon of diesel consumed. Delivery vans and trucks average about 7.8 mpg (or 1.3 kg of CO
1398:
1307:
972:
592:
527:
464:
198:
145:
2245:
that states a
Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
1961:. The effect of the international ship emission on the distribution of chemical compounds such as
4592:
4530:
3933:
2984:
1666:
1450:
particulates which are the outcome of incomplete combustion done by an internal combustion engine
1319:
1002:
957:
577:
3166:
4535:
4362:
3774:
3191:
1634:
1301:
1140:
627:
2205:
the effects of climate change. 48% predict that energy quotas will be individually assigned.
2140:
4705:
4669:
3918:
2425:
2332:
2300:
2127:
1110:
952:
818:
730:
427:
1629:
per passenger mile (0.15 kg/km per passenger) for short flights down to 0.18 kg CO
1304:. Within the transport sector, road transport is the largest contributor to global warming.
4520:
4288:
3928:
3894:
3884:
3328:
2552:
2451:
2324:
1851:
1327:
1276:
are significant because transport is a major user of energy, and burns most of the world's
652:
385:
2454: â Policy of planning or designing a product with an artificially limited useful life
2448: â Air pollution emitted by motor vehicles, airplanes, locomotives, and other engines
8:
4582:
4575:
4515:
4412:
4407:
4082:
2677:
2469:
2070:
1843:
1773:
987:
932:
897:
823:
750:
700:
695:
680:
337:
3332:
3120:
3064:"Trends in the Global Vehicle Fleet 2023 / Managing the SUV Shift and the EV Transition"
4693:
4597:
4555:
4550:
4510:
4462:
4226:
4122:
3998:
3022:
2725:
2622:
2405:
2309:
1410:
1334:
1221:
982:
858:
620:
402:
342:
312:
261:
2855:
2434: â positive and negative impacts such as air quality, noise, exercise, collisions
4472:
4347:
4293:
4092:
4077:
3615:
3413:
3346:
3227:"'Dramatically more powerful': world's first battery-electric freight train unveiled"
3206:
3099:
3026:
3014:
2487:
2478:
2387:
2375:
1892:
870:
793:
786:
740:
607:
397:
392:
302:
3742:
3000:
4729:
4427:
4422:
4397:
4196:
4169:
3336:
3070:
3004:
2996:
2962:
2952:
2381:
2358:
1984:
1946:
1934:
1694:
1459:
is the sum total result of several natural and human-made factors. 15% of global CO
1315:
1130:
1027:
967:
853:
806:
755:
715:
690:
675:
657:
632:
572:
457:
407:
218:
3834:
4560:
4477:
4457:
4437:
4337:
4186:
3719:"Power plants are no longer America's biggest climate problem. Transportation is"
2919:
2883:
2535:
2338:
1973:
1958:
1878:
1874:
1847:
1479:
1446:
1442:
1358:
1354:
915:
875:
745:
710:
642:
582:
510:
447:
347:
4700:
3145:
2384: â Concept to quantify greenhouse gas emissions from activities or products
1889:
of fuels like oil into water supplies or onto land or discharge of human waste.
1869:, soil, or aggregates and exposing these materials to the air. This can release
1701:
per day. Regular cycling was most strongly associated with reduced life cycle CO
1380:. Redirecting vehicle movement to create 20-minute neighbourhoods that promotes
4681:
4587:
4482:
4382:
4310:
4097:
2296:
1988:
1870:
1833:
1456:
1311:
1297:
1293:
1233:
1037:
937:
892:
885:
880:
637:
332:
208:
2957:
2940:
4739:
4688:
4570:
4525:
4505:
4327:
4102:
3619:
3350:
3018:
2314:
2288:
1825:
1471:
1285:
1281:
1216:
1052:
542:
537:
532:
290:
1796:
On average, inner city commuting buses emit 0.3 kg (0.66 lb) of CO
4724:
4717:
4263:
4258:
4246:
4206:
4191:
3879:
3009:
2923:
2754:
2463:
2292:
2153:
1957:(VOC) will lead to enhanced surface ozone formation and methane oxidation,
1414:
1369:
1365:
1338:
1085:
1047:
1032:
863:
828:
773:
492:
352:
1455:
take into account the varied direct and indirect effects on an ecosystem.
4377:
4332:
4201:
4174:
3670:"Amazon's new environmental report will show how bad two-day shipping is"
3341:
3317:"Emission from international sea transportation and environmental impact"
3316:
2457:
1995:
1882:
1817:
1748:
When burned, unleaded gasoline produces 8.91 kg (19.6 lb) of CO
1418:
1342:
1289:
1007:
705:
685:
322:
3368:
2941:"The climate change mitigation effects of daily active travel in cities"
2701:
2079:
4442:
3433:
2967:
2702:"Climate and Energy Resources for State, Local, and Tribal Governments"
2399:
2365:
done by consolidating packages, light technology, or truck platooning.
2284:
2283:
As large retail corporations in recent years have focused attention on
2145:
1377:
1057:
813:
317:
2560:
4565:
4211:
3074:
2328:
2319:
1922:
per mile) while big rigs average about 5.3 mpg (or 1.92 kg of CO
1511:
1422:
1346:
1277:
1125:
1080:
1042:
992:
927:
833:
297:
269:
3817:"An App to Help Save Emissions (and Maybe Money) When Buying a Car"
3062:
Cazzola, Pierpaolo; Paoli, Leonardo; Teter, Jacob (November 2023).
1929:
1886:
1862:
1381:
497:
1752:
per gallon, while diesel produces 10.15 kg (22.4 lb). CO
4392:
4342:
3778:
2938:
2161:
2157:
2002:
1678:
277:
3047:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 12 December 2022.
2441:
List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration
2144:
Construction of the route through the Kösching forest, north of
1813:
4216:
1135:
1115:
1022:
1012:
720:
3608:"Online Shoppers Want Delivery Faster, Cheaper, Survey Shows"
3314:
2466: â Period of time where an object can fulfill a function
2335:; these trucks are often the ones doing e-commerce shipping.
2165:
1977:
1145:
1090:
482:
248:
3390:"Reducing your Road Haulage Carbon Emissions â Return Loads"
2852:"[SafeClimate] measuring and reporting | tools"
2428: â Public transport not funded by fares from passengers
74:
may be in need of reorganization to comply with
Knowledge's
3033:
2532:
2242:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
2169:
2152:
Road-Rail
Parallel Layout is a design option to reduce the
1866:
1426:
1350:
1120:
367:
362:
327:
3055:
2396: â Production model to minimise wastage and emissions
1353:, and climate change. Health effects of transport include
3694:"Super-Fast Shipping Comes With High Environmental Costs"
2945:
Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
2006:
calculations are provided by a weather prediction model.
1962:
1409:
Other environmental effects of transport systems include
1333:
Other environmental impacts of transport systems include
2481: â Human society strongly influenced by consumerism
2331:
trucks that either carry medium and heavy duty loads of
3796:"The future of freight: More shipping, less emissions?"
3578:"UPS Pulse of the Online Shopper | UPS - United States"
2515:, 16 September 2016 (page visited on 18 November 2018).
2483:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2474:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2421:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1318:
to call for a transition from air and road to rail and
2981:
2390: â Movement to reduce the use of private vehicles
2064:
4653:
2924:
Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Aviation
3069:. Global Fuel Economy Initiative (GFEI). p. 3.
2551:
2436:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2402: â Ability of a product to continue to function
1625:
emissions from air travel range from 0.24 kg CO
1483:
Carbon emissions per passenger in the European Union
3864:
3134:
Highlights of the Automotive Trends Report | US EPA
2154:environmental effects of new transportation routes
1463:emissions are attributed to the transport sector.
3401:
3399:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3061:
2821:
2819:
2817:
4737:
1475:Overall GHG from transport in the European Union
3646:"The environmental cost of free 2-day shipping"
3182:
3180:
2490: â Dismantling of vehicles for spare parts
2412:Environmental effects of transport in Australia
1397:The transportation sector is a major source of
3396:
3244:
3096:"U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
2814:
2724:
2621:
1937:that can cause domestic species to go extinct.
1685:emissions were 3.2 kg (7.1 lb) of CO
85:to make improvements to the overall structure.
3850:
3814:
3639:
3637:
3635:
2775:"The Environmental Impacts of Transportation"
2591:Journal of material and environmental science
2509:International Council on Clean Transportation
2355:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1253:
126:The examples and perspective in this article
3321:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
3177:
3041:"Highlights of the Automotive Trends Report"
2536:"Climate forcing from the transport sectors"
2135:
3716:
2918:Lee D.S., Pitari G., Grewe V., Gierens K.,
2472: â Environmentally-beneficial products
2460: â Employees working from any location
52:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3857:
3843:
3632:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2220:
1705:emissions for commuting and social trips.
1260:
1246:
276:
4368:Environmental issues in the United States
3793:
3788:Emissions by Different Modes of Transport
3737:
3735:
3340:
3257:
3008:
2966:
2956:
2271:Learn how and when to remove this message
1735:Environmental aspects of the electric car
182:Learn how and when to remove this message
164:Learn how and when to remove this message
101:Learn how and when to remove this message
4353:Effects of climate change on agriculture
3790:by the International Chamber of Shipping
3406:Bank, European Investment (2021-05-31).
2894:
2869:
2827:"How We Calculate Your Carbon Footprint"
2651:
2337:
2207:
2178:
2139:
2121:
2109:
1928:
1896:Royal Gorge Bridge, Canon City, Colorado
1891:
1812:
1738:
1665:
1478:
1470:
3643:
3434:"Transportation Solutions | Reimagine!"
2518:
1441:As listed above direct effects such as
4738:
4358:Effects of climate change on livestock
3732:
3211:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3084:from the original on 26 November 2023.
3051:from the original on 2 September 2023.
2581:
2174:CologneâFrankfurt high-speed rail line
1828:emit 0.17 kg (0.37 lb) of CO
1292:, and is a significant contributor to
3838:
2934:
2932:
2183:Following the COVID-19 pandemic, the
4612:
4468:Tropical cyclones and climate change
3815:John Schwartz (September 27, 2016).
3605:
3474:
3450:
3405:
3291:"Vessel Sewage Discharges: Homepage"
3260:The Environmental Impact of Railways
2772:
2408: â Emission rate of a pollutant
2394:Circular economy#Automotive industry
2224:
2074:
1650:. The other GHGs include methane (CH
112:
58:
17:
4501:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion
3546:
3522:
3498:
3274:"403 - Forbidden: Access is denied"
2808:emissions from passenger transport"
2432:Health impact of light rail systems
2065:Mitigation of environmental effects
1727:Criticism of sport utility vehicles
1387:
488:Radium and radon in the environment
13:
3747:US Environmental Protection Agency
3295:US Environmental Protection Agency
3262:. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
3153:US Environmental Protection Agency
2929:
2706:US Environmental Protection Agency
2378: â Use of a bicycle to travel
14:
4762:
4148:pharmaceuticals and personal care
3771:Personal Transportation Factsheet
3764:
1910:Environmental effects of shipping
1661:
1616:Environmental effects of aviation
1274:environmental impact of transport
33:This article has multiple issues.
4723:
4711:
4699:
4687:
4675:
4663:
4623:
4622:
4611:
4299:decline in amphibian populations
4004:Deforestation and climate change
2229:
2078:
1227:
1215:
117:
63:
22:
4433:Land surface effects on climate
3890:Environmental impact assessment
3866:Human impact on the environment
3710:
3686:
3662:
3599:
3570:
3426:
3382:
3357:
3308:
3283:
3266:
3219:
3159:
3138:
3127:
3113:
3088:
3001:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102224
2975:
2912:
2888:
2844:
2796:
2766:
2748:
2718:
1731:Effects of the car on societies
1300:. and also plant pollution, by
308:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
41:or discuss these issues on the
4751:Environmental impact by source
3779:Center for Sustainable Systems
3367:. fluglaerm.de. Archived from
3171:emissions from passenger cars"
2694:
2678:"Congestion Charge (Official)"
2670:
2645:
2615:
2601:
2575:
2545:
2513:A world of thoughts on Phase 2
2502:
2327:came from nearly a quarter of
2191:
1824:On average, commuter rail and
1177:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
1:
4746:Transport and the environment
4304:decline in insect populations
3794:Nate Berg (January 5, 2016).
2495:
648:Electrical resistance heating
3644:Murdock, Andy (2017-11-17).
3606:Chao, Loretta (2016-06-13).
3412:. European Investment Bank.
2417:Externalities of automobiles
2061:percent of total emissions.
2009:Shipping Emissions Factors:
1392:
1368:are being built to cut down
358:Persistent organic pollutant
282:Air pollution from a factory
7:
3173:. ec.europa.eu. 2016-11-23.
2989:Global Environmental Change
2557:"Analysis: Nano Hypocrisy?"
2446:Mobile source air pollution
2368:
1903:
1609:
140:, discuss the issue on the
10:
4767:
3717:Brad Plumer (2016-06-13).
2654:"20-minute neighbourhoods"
2419: â Impacts of car use
2125:
2068:
1955:volatile organic compounds
1907:
1724:
1673:
1613:
4606:
4541:Environmental engineering
4491:
4388:Environmental degradation
4279:
4165:fishing down the food web
3942:
3872:
2958:10.1016/j.trd.2021.102764
2895:Schumann, Ulrich (2011).
2773:Rodrigue, Dr. Jean-Paul.
2136:Road-rail parallel layout
1432:
1324:transport electrification
1308:Environmental regulations
903:War and environmental law
523:Health effects from noise
373:Volatile organic compound
4546:Environmental mitigation
4403:Greenhouse gas emissions
4363:Environmental insecurity
3258:Carpenter, T.G. (1994).
2214:European Investment Bank
2185:European Investment Bank
2115:European Investment Bank
1791:
1413:and automobile-oriented
1399:greenhouse gas emissions
1337:and automobile-oriented
528:Marine mammals and sonar
199:greenhouse gas emissions
4593:Sustainable consumption
3934:Social ecology (ethics)
2652:Planning (2020-09-09).
2611:. claverton-energy.com.
2221:Influence of e-commerce
1808:
1720:
1466:
1404:
1320:human-powered transport
1003:Freshwater salinization
923:Agricultural wastewater
4536:Ecological engineering
4316:runaway climate change
3775:University of Michigan
3743:"Learn about SmartWay"
3146:"Vehicles and Engines"
2882:June 19, 2010, at the
2344:
2299:. A survey in 2016 by
2251:by rewriting it in an
2217:
2188:
2149:
2118:
1938:
1897:
1821:
1745:
1670:
1484:
1476:
1222:Environment portal
3919:List of global issues
2426:Free public transport
2341:
2211:
2182:
2143:
2128:Sustainable transport
2122:Sustainable transport
2113:
2069:Further information:
1932:
1895:
1816:
1742:
1725:Further information:
1669:
1482:
1474:
963:Industrial wastewater
731:Municipal solid waste
653:Soil guideline values
201:from transportation:
4521:Community resilience
4321:in the United States
4289:Biodiversity threats
3962:cannabis cultivation
3929:Planetary boundaries
3895:Environmental issues
3885:Ecological footprint
3802:on November 10, 2017
3438:www.reimaginerpe.org
3342:10.1029/2002JD002898
2682:Transport for London
2553:Worldwatch Institute
2452:Planned obsolescence
2325:environmental issues
1942:Discharges of sewage
1852:recuperative braking
1780:per kilometre (kg CO
1429:and climate change.
1296:through emission of
1172:Most polluted cities
824:Overhead power lines
146:create a new article
138:improve this article
128:may not represent a
4583:Restoration ecology
4516:Climate engineering
4453:Ocean acidification
4443:Loss of green belts
4413:Holocene extinction
4408:Habitat destruction
4083:Environmental crime
3612:Wall Street Journal
3333:2003JGRD..108.4560E
2555:(16 January 2008).
2530:Fuglestvet et al.,
2470:Sustainable product
2160:tracks alongside a
2071:Mobility transition
1959:depleting the ozone
1820:in Belgrade, Serbia
1818:Green tramway track
1774:European Commission
1378:pedestrian movement
988:Ocean acidification
898:Unexploded ordnance
819:Advertising clutter
751:Post-consumer waste
696:Foam food container
681:Biodegradable waste
338:Global distillation
83:editing the article
4598:Waste minimization
4556:Mitigation banking
4551:Industrial ecology
4511:Cleaner production
4463:Resource depletion
3999:Corporate behavior
3957:animal agriculture
3392:. returnloads.net.
2779:people.hofstra.edu
2726:Environment Canada
2623:Environment Canada
2582:Udofia, I (2024).
2563:on 13 October 2013
2406:Emission intensity
2345:
2310:economies of scale
2253:encyclopedic style
2240:is written like a
2218:
2189:
2150:
2119:
2090:. You can help by
2015:Mode of Transport
1939:
1898:
1822:
1746:
1671:
1485:
1477:
1411:traffic congestion
1335:traffic congestion
1234:Ecology portal
859:Herbicidal warfare
403:Introduced species
343:Indoor air quality
313:Chlorofluorocarbon
4651:
4650:
4473:Water degradation
4348:Ecological crisis
4294:biodiversity loss
4093:Industrialisation
4078:Genetic pollution
3924:Impact assessment
3419:978-92-861-5021-0
2488:Vehicle recycling
2479:Throwaway society
2388:Car-free movement
2376:Bicycle commuting
2281:
2280:
2273:
2108:
2107:
2058:
2057:
1607:
1606:
1515:
1500:
1328:energy efficiency
1316:environmentalists
1270:
1269:
1205:
1204:
871:Nuclear holocaust
794:Urban heat island
608:Radioactive waste
393:Biological hazard
303:Air quality index
192:
191:
184:
174:
173:
166:
148:, as appropriate.
111:
110:
103:
76:layout guidelines
56:
4758:
4728:
4727:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4704:
4703:
4692:
4691:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4659:
4626:
4625:
4615:
4614:
4448:Phosphorus cycle
4428:Land consumption
4423:Land degradation
4398:Freshwater cycle
4197:Overexploitation
4170:marine pollution
3977:cocoa production
3859:
3852:
3845:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3798:. Archived from
3784:Comparison of CO
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3739:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3641:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3584:. Archived from
3574:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3403:
3394:
3393:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3344:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3255:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3210:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3190:. Archived from
3184:
3175:
3174:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3150:
3142:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3098:. Archived from
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3075:10.7922/G2HM56SV
3068:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3012:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2960:
2936:
2927:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2892:
2886:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2854:. Archived from
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2829:. Archived from
2823:
2812:
2811:
2810:. eea.europa.eu.
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2781:. Archived from
2770:
2764:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2736:on July 13, 2007
2732:. Archived from
2730:"Transportation"
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2633:on July 13, 2007
2629:. Archived from
2627:"Transportation"
2619:
2613:
2612:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2588:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2559:. Archived from
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2527:
2516:
2506:
2484:
2475:
2437:
2422:
2382:Carbon footprint
2359:truck platooning
2276:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2256:
2233:
2232:
2225:
2103:
2100:
2082:
2075:
2012:
2011:
1970:
1947:invasive species
1935:invasive species
1695:carbon footprint
1505:
1498:
1490:
1489:
1388:Types of effects
1262:
1255:
1248:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1220:
1219:
1151:
1150:
854:Chemical warfare
756:Waste management
716:Industrial waste
691:Electronic waste
676:Advertising mail
658:Phytoremediation
633:Land degradation
573:Depleted uranium
458:Overillumination
408:Invasive species
280:
257:
256:
246:
236:
226:
216:
206:
187:
180:
169:
162:
158:
155:
149:
121:
120:
113:
106:
99:
95:
92:
86:
67:
66:
59:
48:
26:
25:
18:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4722:
4712:
4710:
4698:
4686:
4676:
4674:
4664:
4662:
4654:
4652:
4647:
4602:
4561:Organic farming
4487:
4478:Water pollution
4458:Ozone depletion
4438:Loss and damage
4338:Desertification
4275:
4187:Overconsumption
4108:cleaning agents
4009:Energy industry
3972:meat production
3938:
3868:
3863:
3825:
3823:
3805:
3803:
3787:
3767:
3762:
3761:
3752:
3750:
3741:
3740:
3733:
3724:
3722:
3715:
3711:
3702:
3700:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3678:
3676:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3654:
3652:
3642:
3633:
3624:
3622:
3604:
3600:
3591:
3589:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3562:
3560:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3538:
3536:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3514:
3512:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3490:
3488:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3466:
3464:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3442:
3440:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3404:
3397:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3374:
3372:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3313:
3309:
3300:
3298:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3256:
3245:
3236:
3234:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3204:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3188:"Archived copy"
3186:
3185:
3178:
3170:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3128:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3105:
3103:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3081:
3066:
3060:
3056:
3039:
3038:
3034:
2980:
2976:
2937:
2930:
2917:
2913:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2893:
2889:
2884:Wayback Machine
2874:
2870:
2861:
2859:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2836:
2834:
2825:
2824:
2815:
2807:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2788:
2786:
2771:
2767:
2753:
2749:
2739:
2737:
2723:
2719:
2710:
2708:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2686:
2684:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2662:
2660:
2650:
2646:
2636:
2634:
2620:
2616:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2597:(7): 1026â1037.
2586:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2564:
2550:
2546:
2538:
2528:
2519:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2482:
2473:
2435:
2420:
2371:
2277:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2249:help improve it
2246:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2194:
2138:
2130:
2124:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2088:needs expansion
2073:
2067:
2021:
1999:
1992:
1981:
1969:
1963:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1879:sulphur dioxide
1875:carbon monoxide
1848:electric motors
1844:Electric trains
1839:
1831:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1788:per kilometre.
1787:
1783:
1779:
1772:In Europe, the
1768:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1737:
1723:
1716:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1676:
1664:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1509:
1504:
1497:
1493:Transport means
1469:
1462:
1447:carbon monoxide
1443:noise pollution
1435:
1407:
1395:
1390:
1373:
1359:carbon monoxide
1355:noise pollution
1322:, and increase
1280:. This creates
1266:
1228:
1226:
1214:
1207:
1206:
1106:
1098:
1097:
1071:
1063:
1062:
998:Pharmaceuticals
978:Nonpoint source
918:
908:
907:
876:Nuclear fallout
849:
839:
838:
809:
799:
798:
789:
779:
778:
769:
761:
760:
746:Packaging waste
711:Hazardous waste
671:
663:
662:
623:
613:
612:
583:Nuclear fallout
578:Nuclear fission
558:
548:
547:
513:
503:
502:
478:
470:
469:
443:
441:Electromagnetic
433:
432:
423:
415:
414:
388:
378:
377:
348:Ozone depletion
293:
283:
255:
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204:
188:
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107:
96:
90:
87:
81:Please help by
80:
68:
64:
27:
23:
12:
11:
5:
4764:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4733:
4732:
4720:
4708:
4706:Global warming
4696:
4684:
4672:
4670:Climate change
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4619:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4588:Sustainability
4585:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
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4508:
4503:
4497:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4483:Water scarcity
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4418:Nitrogen cycle
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4383:Forest dieback
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4324:
4323:
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4311:Climate change
4308:
4307:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4285:
4283:
4277:
4276:
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4268:
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4145:
4140:
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4130:
4128:nanotechnology
4125:
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4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
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4074:
4073:
4068:
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3937:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3912:on marine life
3904:
3903:
3902:
3900:list of issues
3892:
3887:
3882:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3862:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3812:
3791:
3785:
3781:
3766:
3765:External links
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2372:
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2329:transportation
2297:climate change
2279:
2278:
2237:
2235:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2193:
2190:
2164:. In 1984 the
2137:
2134:
2126:Main article:
2123:
2120:
2106:
2105:
2085:
2083:
2066:
2063:
2056:
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2048:
2047:
2044:
2040:
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2036:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2016:
1997:
1990:
1979:
1965:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:Main article:
1905:
1902:
1871:nitrogen oxide
1837:
1834:passenger mile
1829:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1766:
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1722:
1719:
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1710:
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1672:
1663:
1662:Road transport
1660:
1655:
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1614:Main article:
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1524:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1507:
1501:
1494:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1457:Climate change
1434:
1431:
1406:
1403:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1371:
1312:Jevons paradox
1298:carbon dioxide
1294:global warming
1286:nitrous oxides
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1236:
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1200:
1192:
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1187:
1186:
1185:
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1179:
1174:
1169:
1167:Law by country
1164:
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1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
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1113:
1107:
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1078:
1072:
1069:
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1064:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1038:Surface runoff
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
938:Eutrophication
935:
930:
925:
919:
914:
913:
910:
909:
906:
905:
900:
895:
893:Scorched earth
890:
889:
888:
886:Nuclear winter
883:
881:Nuclear famine
878:
868:
867:
866:
856:
850:
845:
844:
841:
840:
837:
836:
831:
826:
821:
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728:
723:
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688:
683:
678:
672:
669:
668:
665:
664:
661:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
638:Bioremediation
635:
630:
624:
619:
618:
615:
614:
611:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
568:Bioremediation
565:
559:
554:
553:
550:
549:
546:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
518:Transportation
514:
509:
508:
505:
504:
501:
500:
495:
490:
485:
479:
476:
475:
472:
471:
468:
467:
465:Radio spectrum
462:
461:
460:
455:
444:
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438:
435:
434:
431:
430:
424:
421:
420:
417:
416:
413:
412:
411:
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400:
395:
389:
384:
383:
380:
379:
376:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
333:Global dimming
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
294:
289:
288:
285:
284:
281:
273:
272:
266:
265:
243:
233:
223:
213:
203:
195:
194:
193:
190:
189:
172:
171:
132:of the subject
130:worldwide view
125:
123:
116:
109:
108:
71:
69:
62:
57:
31:
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4763:
4752:
4749:
4747:
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4731:
4726:
4721:
4719:
4709:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4683:
4673:
4671:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
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4620:
4618:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4571:Reforestation
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4526:Cultured meat
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4506:Birth control
4504:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
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4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
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4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
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4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4328:Deforestation
4326:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4228:
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4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
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4190:
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4168:
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4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
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4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4103:Manufacturing
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4051:nuclear power
4049:
4047:
4046:fracking (US)
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3860:
3855:
3853:
3848:
3846:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3826:September 27,
3822:
3818:
3813:
3801:
3797:
3792:
3789:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3736:
3720:
3713:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3651:
3647:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3588:on 2019-05-15
3587:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3421:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3402:
3400:
3391:
3385:
3371:on 2010-03-07
3370:
3366:
3360:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3327:(D17): 4560.
3326:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3275:
3269:
3261:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3214:
3208:
3194:on 2016-01-12
3193:
3189:
3183:
3181:
3172:
3162:
3155:. 2016-08-16.
3154:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3130:
3122:
3116:
3102:on 2004-11-01
3101:
3097:
3091:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3010:10044/1/89043
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2978:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2933:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2898:
2891:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2872:
2858:on 2008-03-27
2857:
2853:
2847:
2833:on 2012-01-03
2832:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2809:
2799:
2785:on 2018-01-31
2784:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:S.A.P.I.EN.S.
2751:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2610:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2489:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
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2450:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
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2377:
2374:
2373:
2366:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2315:one stop shop
2311:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2289:externalities
2286:
2275:
2272:
2264:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2238:This section
2236:
2227:
2226:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2142:
2133:
2129:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2093:
2089:
2086:This section
2084:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2022:per Ton-Mile
2017:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1943:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1911:
1901:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1827:
1826:subway trains
1819:
1815:
1806:
1789:
1775:
1770:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1706:
1696:
1680:
1668:
1659:
1643:
1636:
1635:hypermobility
1617:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1502:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1481:
1473:
1464:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1366:electric cars
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1282:air pollution
1279:
1275:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1225:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1189:
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1053:Water quality
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829:Traffic signs
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737:
736:Nanomaterials
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598:Radioactivity
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579:
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569:
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564:
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543:Soundproofing
541:
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538:Noise control
536:
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533:Noise barrier
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154:November 2017
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91:November 2017
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72:This article
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40:
39:
34:
29:
20:
19:
16:
4264:urban sprawl
4259:Urbanization
4207:Particulates
4192:Overdrafting
4070:
3907:Human impact
3880:Anthropocene
3824:. Retrieved
3820:
3806:November 10,
3804:. Retrieved
3800:the original
3751:. Retrieved
3749:. 2016-04-29
3746:
3723:. Retrieved
3712:
3701:. Retrieved
3697:
3688:
3677:. Retrieved
3673:
3664:
3653:. Retrieved
3649:
3623:. Retrieved
3611:
3601:
3590:. Retrieved
3586:the original
3581:
3572:
3561:. Retrieved
3557:
3548:
3537:. Retrieved
3533:
3524:
3513:. Retrieved
3509:
3500:
3489:. Retrieved
3485:
3476:
3465:. Retrieved
3461:
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3437:
3428:
3408:
3384:
3373:. Retrieved
3369:the original
3359:
3324:
3320:
3310:
3299:. Retrieved
3297:. 2015-09-15
3294:
3285:
3268:
3259:
3235:. Retrieved
3233:. 2021-09-16
3231:the Guardian
3230:
3221:
3196:. Retrieved
3192:the original
3167:"Reducing CO
3161:
3152:
3140:
3129:
3115:
3104:. Retrieved
3100:the original
3090:
3057:
3044:
3035:
2992:
2988:
2977:
2948:
2944:
2914:
2903:. Retrieved
2890:
2871:
2860:. Retrieved
2856:the original
2846:
2835:. Retrieved
2831:the original
2798:
2787:. Retrieved
2783:the original
2778:
2768:
2759:
2756:
2750:
2738:. Retrieved
2734:the original
2720:
2709:. Retrieved
2705:
2696:
2685:. Retrieved
2681:
2672:
2661:. Retrieved
2657:
2647:
2635:. Retrieved
2631:the original
2617:
2603:
2594:
2590:
2577:
2565:. Retrieved
2561:the original
2547:
2504:
2464:Service life
2363:
2350:fuel-economy
2346:
2313:
2306:
2293:public roads
2282:
2267:
2258:
2239:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2156:by locating
2151:
2131:
2096:
2092:adding to it
2087:
2059:
2051:Sea freight
2008:
1966:
1951:
1940:
1913:
1899:
1883:hydrocarbons
1860:
1856:
1842:
1823:
1795:
1771:
1747:
1707:
1677:
1644:
1619:
1486:
1451:
1440:
1436:
1415:urban sprawl
1408:
1396:
1363:
1339:urban sprawl
1332:
1306:
1302:heavy metals
1290:particulates
1284:, including
1273:
1271:
1141:Point source
1086:Heavy metals
1048:Urban runoff
1033:Sulfur water
1008:Septic tanks
864:Agent Orange
774:Space debris
628:Agricultural
493:Volcanic ash
353:Particulates
196:
178:
160:
151:
127:
97:
88:
73:
49:
42:
36:
35:Please help
32:
15:
4694:Environment
4378:Externality
4373:Coral reefs
4333:Defaunation
4202:Overgrazing
4175:overfishing
4155:Marine life
4029:electricity
3952:Agriculture
3674:www.msn.com
3582:www.ups.com
2968:10230/53376
2920:Penner J.E.
2567:12 December
2458:Remote work
2333:merchandise
2261:August 2019
2192:Involvement
1926:per mile).
1642:emissions.
1496:Passengers
1419:air quality
1361:emissions.
1343:air quality
1111:Area source
953:Groundwater
706:Green waste
686:Brown waste
670:Solid waste
428:Information
323:Exhaust gas
4740:Categories
4643:mitigation
4638:assessment
4633:by country
4531:Decoupling
4493:Mitigation
4222:Reservoirs
4143:pesticides
4088:Explosives
4066:reservoirs
3967:irrigation
3753:2019-03-13
3725:2022-12-01
3703:2019-03-13
3679:2019-03-13
3655:2019-03-13
3625:2019-03-13
3592:2019-03-13
3563:2022-03-30
3539:2022-03-30
3515:2022-04-04
3491:2022-03-30
3467:2022-04-04
3443:2016-04-14
3375:2010-04-23
3301:2016-04-14
3237:2021-09-21
3198:2010-04-23
3123:. eia.gov.
3106:2009-08-21
2995:: 102224.
2951:: 102764.
2905:2022-06-30
2862:2010-04-23
2837:2011-12-29
2789:2016-04-14
2711:2016-04-14
2687:2020-09-26
2663:2020-09-26
2496:References
2400:Durability
2343:increases.
2146:Ingolstadt
2027:Air cargo
1769:per mile.
1503:Emissions
1198:By country
1190:Categories
1081:Pollutants
1058:Wastewater
1028:Stagnation
973:Monitoring
948:Freshwater
814:Air travel
701:Food waste
643:Defecation
453:Ecological
386:Biological
318:Combustion
260:Part of a
38:improve it
4730:Transport
4566:Recycling
4232:Transport
4217:Quarrying
4212:Pollution
4071:transport
4061:petroleum
4056:oil shale
4019:biodiesel
3620:0099-9660
3351:2156-2202
3027:233814021
3019:0959-3780
2320:polluting
2285:eCommerce
1575:Small car
1564:Motorbike
1531:Small car
1423:acid rain
1393:Emissions
1347:acid rain
1278:petroleum
1126:Garbology
1043:Turbidity
993:Oil spill
943:Firewater
928:Biosolids
834:Vandalism
593:Poisoning
588:Plutonium
563:Actinides
556:Radiation
298:Acid rain
270:Pollution
142:talk page
44:talk page
4628:Category
4252:shipping
4237:aviation
4123:plastics
4113:concrete
4098:Land use
4014:biofuels
3982:palm oil
3207:cite web
3079:Archived
3049:Archived
2880:Archived
2658:Planning
2534:(2007).
2369:See also
2099:May 2013
2018:kg of CO
1904:Shipping
1887:spillage
1863:iron ore
1610:Aviation
1382:exercise
1374:emission
1182:Treaties
1162:Diseases
1018:Shipping
983:Nutrient
933:Diseases
498:Wildfire
136:You may
4682:Ecology
4656:Portals
4617:Commons
4393:Erosion
4343:Ecocide
4281:Effects
4227:Tourism
4160:fishing
4118:fashion
4041:fashion
3994:Bitcoin
3873:General
3773:by the
3698:NPR.org
3558:EIB.org
3534:EIB.org
3510:EIB.org
3486:EIB.org
3462:EIB.org
3329:Bibcode
3045:EPA.gov
2740:30 July
2637:30 July
2247:Please
2162:highway
2158:railway
2054:0.0403
2046:0.1048
2038:0.1693
2030:0.8063
2003:sulfate
1679:Cycling
1674:Cycling
1586:Big car
1542:Big car
1499:average
1076:History
958:Hypoxia
787:Thermal
741:Plastic
603:Uranium
477:Natural
422:Digital
398:Genetic
197:Global
4621:
4610:
4182:Mining
4036:energy
3944:Causes
3618:
3416:
3349:
3025:
3017:
2043:Train
2035:Truck
2001:, and
1733:, and
1433:Health
1364:While
1136:Midden
1131:Legacy
1116:Debris
1070:Topics
1023:Sludge
1013:Sewage
968:Marine
807:Visual
726:Mining
721:Litter
262:series
249:Trains
247:
245:
237:
235:
229:Planes
227:
225:
219:Trucks
217:
215:
207:
205:
4718:Roads
4576:urban
4247:roads
4138:paper
4133:paint
3721:. Vox
3277:(PDF)
3149:(PDF)
3082:(PDF)
3067:(PDF)
3023:S2CID
2900:(PDF)
2877:(PDF)
2587:(PDF)
2539:(PDF)
2166:Paris
1881:, or
1792:Buses
1654:), NO
1597:Plane
1520:Train
1510:/(km*
1506:(g CO
1154:Lists
1146:Waste
1091:Paint
916:Water
768:Space
511:Noise
483:Ozone
448:Light
241:(11%)
239:Boats
231:(11%)
221:(34%)
211:(40%)
144:, or
4242:rail
4024:coal
3987:(US)
3828:2016
3808:2017
3616:ISSN
3414:ISBN
3347:ISSN
3213:link
3015:ISSN
2762:(1)
2742:2008
2639:2008
2569:2009
2295:and
2212:The
2170:Lyon
1867:coal
1832:per
1809:Rail
1721:Cars
1603:285
1592:158
1581:104
1556:12.7
1467:Mode
1445:and
1427:smog
1405:Land
1357:and
1351:smog
1326:and
1288:and
1272:The
1121:Dust
1105:Misc
621:Soil
368:Soot
363:Smog
328:Haze
251:(4%)
209:Cars
4271:War
3821:NYT
3777:'s
3650:Vox
3337:doi
3325:108
3071:doi
3005:hdl
2997:doi
2963:hdl
2953:doi
2804:"CO
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