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19:
212:
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40:
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wastewater has accumulated from all households, and caused eutrophication. The
Environment and Forestry Ministry has reported that domestic wastewater as the major river polluter. With a growing population and higher rate urbanization, domestic wastewater will contribute more to the overall water pollution in the country, even in the rural areas where the use of chemical detergents is increasing rapidly.
1111:
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Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020).
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Evaluation and Rating (PROPER) which has been implemented since 1995. PROPER incentivizes industries to disclose their pollution data by giving a rating based on their performance, hence affecting their reputation. This program helps strengthen the existing regulations which require industries to comply with industrial waste management standard.
292:
392:
government regulates domestic wastewater management and ensures a strong law enforcement for industrial waste, the risk of pollution will remain. In addition, information dissemination related to water pollution, albeit required by law, is limited which makes communities vulnerable to the impacts of water pollution.
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Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.;
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Indonesia holds at as much as 6% of global freshwater stock which thanks to its rich rainforest and tropical climate. However, Indonesia has been losing its forest every year where in 2018, 440,000 hectares of forest were lost although this figure is lower than 2017. Such deforestation is associated
491:
The disastrous scale of this fire was made possible by the piles of dead wood left behind by the timber industry. Even discounting the calamitous effects of the fire, in the mid-1980s
Indonesia's deforestation rate was the highest in Southeast Asia, at 7,000 km (2,700 sq mi) per year
367:
by
Japanese and American "floating factory" fishing boats was officially restricted in Indonesia in 1982, the scarcity of fish in many formerly productive waters remained a matter of some concern in the early 1990s. As Indonesian fishermen improved their technological capacity to catch fish, they
383:
is caused by both industrial and domestic waste. Indonesian government has regulated industrial in which companies are required to meet the wastewater standard. Indonesia was also a pioneer in public disclosure of industrial pollution data through a program called
Program for Pollution Control,
391:
Both sources of pollution do not only deplete surface water quality, but also the groundwater. The chemical compounds from both industrial and domestic waste can sneak through the soil and when the groundwater is relatively shallow, these contaminants will mix with the clean water. Unless the
387:
On the other hand, domestic water pollution is produced by households who dump trash and wastewater from household activities, such as bathing, washing, open defecation, etc., to the surface water. These behaviours are not always realized as the problem will be more apparent when the domestic
543:
The use of fires to clear land for agriculture has contributed to
Indonesia being the world's third largest emitter of greenhouse gases, after China and the United States. Forest fires destroy carbon sinks in old-growth rainforests and peatlands. Efforts to curb carbon emissions, known as
303:
In the coastal commercial sector, for instance, the livelihood of fishing people and those engaged in allied activities—roughly 5.6 million people—began to be imperiled in the late 1970s by declining fish stocks brought about by the contamination of coastal waters. Fishermen in northern
247:
To some degree, these patterns can be linked to the geographical resources themselves, with abundant shoreline, generally calm seas, and steady winds favouring the use of sailing vessels, and fertile valleys and plains—at least in the
Greater Sunda Islands—permitting
487:
resulting from intensive commercial logging—all these threatened to create environmental disasters. In 1983 some 30,000 km (12,000 sq mi) of prime tropical forest worth at least US$ 10 billion were destroyed in a fire in
Kalimantan Timur Province.
1040:
The
Indonesian government is seeking to reduce poverty by 4 percent by 2025, but strong climate policies could make this impossible to achieve. International assistance could enable Indonesia to reduce its emissions by an estimated 41 percent by 2030.
377:
with the reduction of water catchment capacity, as studies have found. Meanwhile, Indonesia's
Ministry of National Development Planning (BAPPENAS) reported that 96% of rivers in Jakarta have been polluted, making fresh, clean water even more scarce.
455:
A different, but related, set of environmental pressures arose in the 1970s and 1980s among the rice-growing peasants living in the plains and valleys. Rising population densities and the consequent demand for arable land gave rise to serious soil
1021:
The
Indonesian government has voluntarily committed to a minimum 26 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 and by 29 percent by 2030. However, Indonesia has been ineffective in implementing policies to meet the goals of the
416:. It was a large-scale air quality disaster. The total costs are estimated at US$ 9 billion to health care, air travel and business. In 2013, the air quality in Singapore sank to its lowest in 15 years due to smoke from Sumatran fires.
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emissions produced by Indonesia represent a significant fraction of the world total. Indonesia has been called the "most ignored emitter" that "could be the one that dooms the global climate." It is "one of the largest emitters of
332:
from oil leakage from the Japanese supertanker Showa Maru in January 1975 was a major environmental disaster for the fragile Sumatran coastline. The danger of supertanker accidents also increased in the heavily trafficked strait.
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to develop a forestry management plan. The efforts resulted in the first forest inventory since colonial times, seminal forestry research, conservation and national parks programs, and development of a master plan by the
464:, and depletion of soil nutrients. Runoff from pesticides polluted water supplies in some areas and poisoned fish ponds. Although national and local governments appeared to be aware of the problem, the need to balance
223:
For centuries, the geographical resources of the Indonesian archipelago have been exploited in ways that fall into consistent social and historical patterns. One cultural pattern consists of the formerly Indianized,
240:; another cultural complex is composed of the largely Islamic coastal commercial sector; a third, more marginal sector consists of the upland forest farming communities which exist by means of subsistence swidden
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In December 2021 a court in Indonesia stopped two companies from logging forests for palm oil plantations. This corresponds to the pledge of the government to stop such logging for halt deforestation.
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548:(REDD), include monitoring of the progression of deforestation in Indonesia and measures to increase incentives for national and local governments to halt it. One such monitoring system is the
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had caused a particularly dry season that worsened the situation. The fires released enough greenhouse gasses for Indonesia to produce more daily emissions than the United States for 38 days.
1726:
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searched desperately for a solution, and based on a plan by the head of the Malaysian fire and rescue department sent a team of Malaysian firefighters across to Indonesia under code name
3306:
1908:
1618:
Chiappetta Jabbour, Charbel Jose; Seuring, Stefan; Lopes de Sousa Jabbour, Ana Beatriz; Jugend, Daniel; De Camargo Fiorini, Paula; Latan, Hengky; Izeppi, Wagner Colucci (15 June 2020).
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of the forest fires. By the time the 1997–98 forest fires were finally over some 8 million hectares of land had burned while countless millions of people suffered from air pollution.
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3165:
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Indonesia developed climate policy related to land use and forestry emissions. A moratorium on clearing of primary forests and peat lands was extended from two to four years.
545:
1911:, in AB Fourie & M Tibbett (eds), Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Mine Closure, Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, pp. 279–293.
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527:, the local inhabitants of the forests had little say about land use, but in the mid-1980s, the government, through the Department of Forestry, joined with the
492:
and possibly as much as 10,000 km (3,900 sq mi) per year. Although additional deforestation came about as a result of the government-sponsored
1324:
Makarim, N., Ridho, R., Sarjanto, A., Salim, A., Setiawan, M.A., Ratunanda, D., Wawointana, F., Dahlan, R., Afsah, S., Laplante, B., and Wheeler, D. (1995).
2049:
1620:"Stakeholders, innovative business models for the circular economy and sustainable performance of firms in an emerging economy facing institutional voids"
1339:
500:
in uninhabited woodlands, in some cases the effects of this process were mitigated by replacing the original forest cover with plantation trees, such as
1810:
763:
that lasted well into 1998 were probably among the two or three, if not the largest, forest fires group in the last two centuries of recorded history.
57:
1944:
1026:. As of 2018, government policies were increasing emissions. These policies include the construction of 100 coal-fired power plants, the expansion of
850:
This occurred during the dry season in October when forest fires were being illegally set off by Indonesian smallholders residing in the districts of
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1781:
3215:
1592:
1361:
1284:
782:. This is to mitigate the effect of the Haze to Malaysia economy. The value of the Haze damage to Malaysian GDP is estimated to be 0.30 per cent.
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over parts of western Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore; over-exploitation of marine resources; and environmental problems associated with rapid
104:
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356:
296:
216:
23:
76:
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In the middle of 1997 forest fires burning in Indonesia began to affect neighbouring countries, spreading thick clouds of smoke and haze to
576:
2158:
2009:
870:
method to clear off land rapidly for future farming opportunities. The number of fires in Sumatra peaked on 18 October, with 358 hotspots.
784:
Seasonal rains in early December brought a brief respite but soon after the dry conditions and fires returned. By late 1997 and early 1998
83:
153:
Most large palm oil plantations in Indonesia owned by Singaporean rich conglomerates who employ thousands of local native Indonesians.
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2089:
519:. Although reforestation laws existed, they were rarely or only selectively enforced, leaving the bare land exposed to heavy rainfall,
1297:
259:
Each of these patterns of ecological and economic adaptation experienced tremendous pressures during the 1970s and 1980s, with rising
3050:
2360:
2544:
1374:
966:
90:
1465:"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material"
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3160:
2240:
2218:
2022:
552:'s Forest Monitoring for Action platform, which currently displays monthly-updating data on deforestation throughout Indonesia.
344:, creating mangrove thickets and making harbour access increasingly difficult, if not impossible, without massive and expensive
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1420:
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Buyat Bay was used by PT Newmont Minahasa Raya from 1996 to 2004 as a tailings dumping ground for its gold mining activities.
72:
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2168:
2143:
1916:
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1391:
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1933:, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) and Myanmar Institute of International and Strategic Studies (MISIS).
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identified by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) as threatened, and 15 identified as critically endangered, including the
623:
Made up of more than 17,000 islands and with a long coastline, Indonesia stands particularly vulnerable to the effects of
3100:
3095:
2990:
2910:
2519:
2245:
2102:
1238:
661:. Despite the significant impacts of climate change on the country, surveys show that Indonesia has a high proportion of
2128:
1437:
1253:"Attributing Changes in Streamflow to Land Use and Climate Change for 472 Catchments in Australia and the United States"
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3220:
3195:
3110:
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3000:
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The coastal commercial sector suffered from environmental pressures on the mainland, as well. Soil erosion from upland
1748:
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rice farming. The heavily forested, mountainous interior hinders overland communication by road or river, but fosters
3185:
3180:
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2847:
2436:
533:
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Deforestation and the destruction of peatlands make Indonesia the world's third largest emitter of greenhouse gases.
123:
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2414:
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Thirsting for Justice: Transparency and Poor People’s Struggle for Clean Water in Indonesia, Mongolia, and Thailand
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1027:
716:
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exacerbated the problem of siltation downstream and into the sea. Silt deposits covered and killed once-lively
97:
61:
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2558:
2514:
2213:
2188:
2173:
549:
1719:"Indonesian Climate Change Policies: Striking a Balance between Poverty Alleviation and Emissions Reduction"
608:, regarding climate change. It is also a major contributor as of the countries that has contributed most to
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2722:
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1952:
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with pressing demands of a hungry population and an electorate eager for economic growth did not diminish.
401:
150:, and they are often given a lower priority due to high poverty levels, and an under-resourced governance.
515:
In many areas of Kalimantan large sections of forest were cleared, with little or no systematic effort at
312:
catches and by the mid-1980s saw the worst virtual disappearance of the fish in some areas. Effluent from
2529:
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2228:
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In 2015, Indonesia had severe fires that lasted for almost two months. Peat was the main fuel source. An
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2075:
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605:
585:
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1996:
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2489:
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1006:
674:
640:
609:
465:
1541:
2874:
2770:
2692:
2687:
2402:
1862:"Harvard-Columbia study finds that 2015 haze in Indonesia likely caused 100,300 premature deaths"
988:
961:
700:" (GHG). 2013 measurements show Indonesia's total GHG emissions were 2161 million metric tons of
50:
2782:
2755:
2702:
2539:
2451:
2382:
2365:
2355:
2201:
520:
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1983:
1404:
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During the 21st century, an area of forest roughly equivalent to the size of the US state of
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which totaled 4.47 percent of the global total. In 2014, it was ranked eighth highest on the
662:
1782:"With sea levels rising, why don't more Indonesians believe in human-caused climate change?"
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2424:
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185:
173:
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18:
8:
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and the rising sea level are viewed to be among the major risks posed by climate change.
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192:
1930:
Impact of Climate Change on ASEAN International Affairs: Risk and Opportunity Multiplier
1635:
1480:
1449:
2919:
2797:
2727:
2697:
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2618:
2575:
2302:
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1663:
1507:
1464:
1075:
956:
260:
200:
181:
143:
483:. These problems included deforestation, soil erosion, massive forest fires, and even
3335:
2929:
2852:
2462:
2153:
1929:
1912:
1909:"Sustainable development for post-closure – a case study of PT Newmont Minahasa Raya"
1667:
1655:
1647:
1617:
1512:
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654:
617:
445:
147:
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1948:
1861:
1639:
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threatens the survival of indigenous and endemic species, including 140 species of
1643:
1593:"Photos: Where once were mangroves, Javan villages struggle to beat back the sea"
1023:
658:
628:
484:
380:
272:
1216:
2945:
2820:
2642:
1489:
867:
832:
779:
697:
692:
636:
624:
597:
537:
253:
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928:. Human activities can help cause or exacerbate these hazards. For Indonesia,
653:
Indonesia has committed to reducing its emissions within the framework of the
351:
291:
211:
3354:
3329:
1893:
1651:
1498:
1115:
1069:
1000:
971:
951:
828:
678:
516:
337:
27:
1889:"How Indonesia's fires became one of the world's biggest climate disasters"
1692:
1659:
1516:
1424:
996:
689:, Indonesia may range from the third to the sixth largest annual emitters.
280:
264:
169:
1390:
Fauzi, D., Widyapratami, H., Wicaksono, S., and Chandra, A. (10 May 2018)
1340:"Eutrophication: Causes, Consequences, and Controls in Aquatic Ecosystems"
1326:
What Is Proper? Reputational Incentives for Pollution Control in Indonesia
747:
440:
3339:
2879:
925:
797:
756:
364:
241:
1146:
2634:
1749:"Greenhouse Gas Emissions Factsheet: Indonesia | Global Climate Change"
1010:
917:
632:
528:
472:
405:
341:
313:
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249:
1945:"ADB Gives Indonesia $ 500 Million to Clean Up World's Dirtiest River"
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1252:
885:
2098:
2067:
940:
855:
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836:
801:
771:
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593:
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mean score of 6.6/10, ranking it 71st globally out of 172 countries.
509:
268:
138:
2050:"Indonesia Court Rejects Bid to Reinstate Palm Oil Permits in Papua"
1421:"Singapore pollution soars as haze from Indonesia hits air quality,"
1392:
How to Tackle Domestic Wastewater Pollution? Start from the Upstream
523:, and erosion. Because commercial logging permits were granted from
39:
1975:
1338:
Chislock, M.F., Doster, E., Zitomer, R.A. and Wilson, A.E. (2013).
944:
840:
789:
767:
715:(92,000 square miles) has been cut down, mainly in order to expand
712:
686:
476:
461:
345:
325:
317:
161:
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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concluded that at 18%, Indonesia has "the biggest percentage of
1531:"The Importance of Mangroves to People : a Call to Action"
984:
785:
505:
501:
321:
1688:"The Other Country Crucial to Global Climate Goals: Indonesia"
1314:
Program for Pollution Control, Evaluation and Rating (PROPER)
1239:
Indonesia Is Reducing Deforestation, but Problem Areas Remain
905:
851:
805:
157:
546:
Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation
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plants in Gresik in northern Java polluted ponds and killed
1808:
859:
723:
682:
596:
is one of the countries most susceptible to the impacts of
423:
309:
305:
237:
233:
225:
165:
2048:
Beo Da Costa, Agustinus; Ungku, Fathin (7 December 2021).
1836:"Worst haze from Indonesia in 4 years hits neighbors hard"
943:
has been used by PT Newmont Minahasa Raya since 1996 as a
1147:"Deforestation in Indonesia and the Orangutan Population"
471:
Major problems faced the mountainous interior regions of
1461:
631:
such as floods, droughts, and storms. Its vast areas of
1251:
Booij, M.J., Schipper, T.C., and Marhaento, H. (2019).
635:
are vital in balancing out climate change by taking in
420:
urged Indonesia to do more to prevent illegal burning.
1237:
Wijaya, A., Samadhi, T.N., Juliane, R. (24 July 2019)
639:
from the atmosphere. Projected impacts on Indonesia's
580:
Low elevation coastal zones and population density in
2010:
Indonesia pledges to cut carbon emissions 29% by 2030
1942:
1804:
1802:
1051:
64:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1455:
751:Air pollution over Southeast Asia in October 1997.
2047:
1907:Mamonto, PDL, Sompie, CED & Mekel, PA (2012)
1799:
1328:. PROPER-PROKASIH, BAPEDAL, PRDEI and World Bank.
1298:Jakarta's river water severely polluted: Bappenas
1219:. Animal Info – Information on Endangered Mammals
324:. The pollution of the Strait of Malacca between
3352:
2975:
1712:
1710:
899:
308:experienced marked declines in certain kinds of
1144:
947:dumping ground for its gold mining activities.
935:
592:Due to its geographical and natural diversity,
228:-growing peasants in the valleys and plains of
2961:
2083:
1707:
891:
722:Indonesia plans to double its consumption of
706:list of countries by greenhouse gas emissions
184:, garbage management, and reliable water and
1973:
1360:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1283:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1140:
1138:
2968:
2954:
2090:
2076:
978:
1943:Collins, Nancy-Amelia (5 December 2008).
1779:
1567:"Climate change: the cities most at risk"
1506:
1488:
1268:
1135:
974:, one of the world's most polluted rivers
677:in Indonesia result from seasonal fires,
206:
124:Learn how and when to remove this message
1976:"Mapping Climate Education in Indonesia"
1191:"A climate threat, rising from the soil"
967:Water supply and sanitation in Indonesia
746:
575:
439:
424:Deforestation and agricultural pollution
350:
290:
210:
17:
1188:
142:are associated with the country's high
3353:
2097:
1886:
1716:
1375:Air Sungai di Indonesia Tercemar Berat
1016:
2949:
2071:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1438:The Washington Post, 19 November 2009
847:during the month of October in 2010.
600:. This is supported by the fact that
1818:Review of Weather Conditions in 2010
1809:National Environment Agency (2010).
1717:Piesse, Mervyn (18 September 2018).
1685:
1214:
1189:Higgins, Andrew (19 November 2009).
460:, deforestation due to the need for
62:adding citations to reliable sources
33:
1624:Journal of Environmental Management
1145:Jason R. Miller (30 January 1997).
904:Natural hazards include occasional
286:
73:"Environmental issues in Indonesia"
13:
2149:French and British era (1806–1816)
1766:
1674:
1411:. World Resources Institute (WRI).
1397:
1384:
1368:
371:
368:also threatened the total supply.
177:
14:
3372:
3361:Environmental issues in Indonesia
1331:
1318:
1291:
1244:
1231:
588:to the impacts of climate change.
562:
534:Food and Agriculture Organization
160:(much of it illegal) and related
3334:
3325:
3324:
2012:, The Guardian, 2 September 2015
1887:Plumer, Brad (30 October 2015).
1109:
1084:Palm oil production in Indonesia
1068:
1054:
804:had also felt the haze from the
774:. Then Malaysian Prime Minister
739:This section is an excerpt from
568:This section is an excerpt from
557:Forest Landscape Integrity Index
450:palm oil production in Indonesia
395:
38:
2169:Liberal democracy era (1950–59)
2041:
2015:
2003:
1974:Putrawidjaja, Mochamad (2008).
1967:
1936:
1921:
1901:
1880:
1854:
1828:
1780:Dickinson, Leta (10 May 2019).
1741:
1723:Future Directions International
1611:
1585:
1559:
1523:
1442:
1431:
1414:
685:. Depending on the severity of
604:has been listed as the world's
49:needs additional citations for
3292:British Indian Ocean Territory
2437:People's Consultative Assembly
1927:Overland, Indra et al. (2017)
1686:Coca, Nithin (28 March 2018).
1403:Excell, C., Moses, E. (2017).
1307:
1208:
1182:
726:by 2027 in order to build new
586:world's most vulnerable cities
1:
2179:Transitional period (1965–66)
2164:National Revolution (1945–49)
2159:Japanese occupation (1942–45)
2154:Dutch East Indies (1800–1942)
1644:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110416
1379:National Geographic Indonesia
1104:
900:Natural environmental hazards
873:
812:
733:
651:are also significant issues.
550:Center for Global Development
2976:Environmental issues in Asia
2023:"Climate Change – Indonesia"
1811:"Annual Weather Review 2010"
1450:Forest Monitoring for Action
936:Notable environmental issues
741:1997 Indonesian forest fires
669:
402:1997 Indonesian forest fires
7:
2545:Water supply and sanitation
1978:. Jakarta: British Council.
1597:Mongabay Environmental News
1047:
831:crisis which affected many
570:Climate change in Indonesia
156:Issues include large-scale
10:
3377:
2174:Guided Democracy (1959–65)
2139:Portuguese era (1512–1605)
1490:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3
1344:Nature Education Knowledge
957:Blast fishing in Indonesia
892:Mining and the environment
877:
816:
738:
567:
433:
430:Deforestation in Indonesia
427:
3320:
3279:
3239:
2981:
2897:
2811:
2746:
2604:
2566:
2557:
2485:
2476:
2341:
2332:
2288:Provincial highest points
2209:
2200:
2109:
2027:World Resources Institute
1217:"Animal Info – Indonesia"
1127:Federal Research Division
1094:Conservation in Indonesia
880:2015 Southeast Asian haze
825:2010 Southeast Asian haze
819:2010 Southeast Asian haze
702:carbon dioxide equivalent
584:. The city is one of the
414:1997 Southeast Asian haze
357:postal stamp of Indonesia
297:postal stamp of Indonesia
217:postal stamp of Indonesia
24:postal stamp of Indonesia
3041:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2346:Administrative divisions
1089:Environment of Indonesia
866:. These farmers use the
675:Greenhouse gas emissions
612:due to its high rate of
610:greenhouse gas emissions
494:Transmigration Program (
466:environmental protection
137:Environmental issues in
3302:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
989:University of Cambridge
979:Environmental education
962:Deforestation in Borneo
299:"save mangrove forests"
219:featuring air pollution
2520:Science and technology
2361:Regencies & Cities
1991:Cite journal requires
1170:Cite journal requires
1030:, and the increase of
752:
663:climate change deniers
629:extreme weather events
589:
452:
436:Agricultural pollution
360:
300:
220:
207:History and background
31:
2129:Hinduism-Buddhism era
1469:Nature Communications
1009:is not a part of the
999:(16 percent) and the
750:
681:, and the burning of
579:
555:Indonesia had a 2018
443:
434:Further information:
359:featuring overfishing
354:
294:
214:
21:
3216:United Arab Emirates
2263:Environmental issues
1753:www.climatelinks.org
1448:de Nevers, Michele.
717:palm oil plantations
606:most vulnerable city
186:waste water services
174:economic development
58:improve this article
3243:limited recognition
2184:New Order (1966–98)
2144:VOC era (1603–1800)
2029:. 26 September 2013
1868:. 18 September 2016
1729:on 30 December 2019
1636:2020JEnvM.26410416C
1481:2020NatCo..11.5978G
1195:The Washington Post
1028:palm oil production
1017:Government policies
641:agricultural sector
444:Deforestation of a
193:Habitat destruction
2530:Telecommunications
2241:Biosphere reserves
1573:. 2 September 2021
1547:on 12 October 2019
1304:. 2 February 2018.
1149:. TED Case Studies
1076:Environment portal
835:countries such as
755:The 1997 group of
753:
590:
453:
361:
301:
275:from agricultural
261:population density
221:
201:Sumatran orangutan
182:traffic congestion
144:population density
32:
30:environmental care
3348:
3347:
3285:other territories
2943:
2942:
2893:
2892:
2581:Human trafficking
2553:
2552:
2472:
2471:
2463:Wawasan Nusantara
2447:Political parties
2388:Foreign relations
2328:
2327:
1917:978-0-9870937-0-7
1842:. 21 October 2010
1270:10.3390/w11051059
1011:school curriculum
1007:Climate education
983:A 2019 survey by
728:coal power plants
655:Copenhagen Accord
625:rising sea levels
446:peat swamp forest
148:industrialisation
134:
133:
126:
108:
3368:
3338:
3328:
3327:
3297:Christmas Island
2983:Sovereign states
2970:
2963:
2956:
2947:
2946:
2913:
2906:
2564:
2563:
2483:
2482:
2425:National capital
2339:
2338:
2207:
2206:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2069:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1979:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1951:. Archived from
1940:
1934:
1925:
1919:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1815:
1806:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1777:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1725:. Archived from
1714:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1683:
1672:
1671:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1546:
1540:. Archived from
1535:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1510:
1492:
1459:
1453:
1446:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1418:
1412:
1401:
1395:
1394:. WRI Indonesia.
1388:
1382:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1351:
1335:
1329:
1322:
1316:
1311:
1305:
1302:The Jakarta Post
1295:
1289:
1288:
1282:
1274:
1272:
1248:
1242:
1241:. WRI Indonesia.
1235:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1215:Massicot, Paul.
1212:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1142:
1130:
1113:
1112:
1099:Chemical equator
1078:
1073:
1072:
1064:
1062:Indonesia portal
1059:
1058:
1057:
930:coastal flooding
776:Mahathir Mohamad
698:greenhouse gases
645:national economy
633:tropical forests
616:and reliance on
287:Marine pollution
129:
122:
118:
115:
109:
107:
66:
42:
34:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3316:
3284:
3275:
3256:Northern Cyprus
3242:
3235:
2977:
2974:
2944:
2939:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2889:
2880:Personification
2807:
2742:
2723:Public holidays
2708:National heroes
2600:
2549:
2468:
2324:
2293:Natural history
2196:
2134:Spread of Islam
2105:
2096:
2066:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1992:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1941:
1937:
1926:
1922:
1906:
1902:
1885:
1881:
1871:
1869:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1813:
1807:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1778:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1732:
1730:
1715:
1708:
1698:
1696:
1684:
1675:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1600:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1576:
1574:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1460:
1456:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1432:
1419:
1415:
1402:
1398:
1389:
1385:
1373:
1369:
1353:
1352:
1336:
1332:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1308:
1296:
1292:
1276:
1275:
1249:
1245:
1236:
1232:
1222:
1220:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1187:
1183:
1171:
1169:
1160:
1159:
1152:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1122:Country Studies
1119:
1110:
1107:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1024:Paris Agreement
1019:
1003:(13 percent)."
993:climate deniers
981:
938:
902:
894:
882:
876:
821:
815:
810:
809:
744:
736:
672:
667:
666:
659:Paris Agreement
573:
565:
485:desertification
438:
432:
426:
398:
381:Water pollution
374:
372:Water pollution
289:
273:water pollution
209:
130:
119:
113:
110:
67:
65:
55:
43:
12:
11:
5:
3374:
3364:
3363:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3332:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3288:
3286:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2950:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2915:
2914:
2907:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2865:Floral emblems
2862:
2861:
2860:
2850:
2848:Faunal emblems
2845:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2828:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2610:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2525:Stock Exchange
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2459:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2427:
2422:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2246:National parks
2243:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2229:Climate change
2221:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2095:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2072:
2064:
2063:
2040:
2014:
2002:
1993:|journal=
1966:
1955:on 2 July 2010
1935:
1920:
1900:
1879:
1853:
1827:
1798:
1765:
1740:
1706:
1673:
1610:
1584:
1558:
1522:
1454:
1441:
1430:
1428:, 19 June 2012
1413:
1396:
1383:
1367:
1330:
1317:
1306:
1290:
1243:
1230:
1207:
1181:
1172:|journal=
1133:
1132:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1065:
1049:
1046:
1018:
1015:
995:, followed by
980:
977:
976:
975:
969:
964:
959:
954:
937:
934:
901:
898:
893:
890:
878:Main article:
875:
872:
868:slash and burn
833:Southeast Asia
817:Main article:
814:
811:
780:Operation Haze
745:
737:
735:
732:
693:Greenhouse gas
687:seasonal fires
671:
668:
637:carbon dioxide
598:climate change
574:
566:
564:
563:Climate change
561:
538:United Nations
428:Main article:
425:
422:
397:
394:
373:
370:
320:fry and young
288:
285:
279:and off-shore
254:slash-and-burn
208:
205:
164:causing heavy
132:
131:
114:September 2022
46:
44:
37:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3373:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3331:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3266:South Ossetia
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2971:
2966:
2964:
2959:
2957:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2896:
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2881:
2878:
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2863:
2859:
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2854:
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2842:
2839:
2837:
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2833:
2832:
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2814:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2799:
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2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2761:Ethnic groups
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2253:Deforestation
2251:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2051:
2044:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2011:
2006:
1998:
1985:
1977:
1970:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1883:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1803:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1711:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1669:
1665:
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