568:
1677:, held great amounts of property, both real and portable, the latter taking the form either of more or less precious offerings dedicated in the temple and its surrounding buildings, or of coined money. The inscriptions accordingly record gifts and acquisitions of landed property, leases and assignments, payments of rent and fines for default, loans and interest and many other business transactions suitable to a great landed proprietor or to a bank. They therefore throw much light upon the social and economic conditions of ancient life, such as are nowhere else recorded. Again, the lists of offerings dedicated in the temple and other buildings enable us to realise almost visually the appearance of their contents. These are described as being on the floor, on the walls, on shelves or in cases; they consisted of vases and other objects suitable for use in the temple service; ornaments and jewels; statuettes, mostly in gold and silver; weapons and tools; coined money; and
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the cities concerned, or in common religious centres such as
Olympia and Delphi. The simplest form of treaty is merely an alliance for a certain term of years, usually with some penalty for any breach of the conditions. Often an oath was prescribed, to be taken by representatives on each side; it was also not unusual to appeal to the god in whose temple the treaty was exhibited. In other cases a list of gods by whom the two parties must swear is prescribed. Commercial clauses were sometimes added to treaties of alliance, and commercial treaties are also found, agreeing as to the export and import of merchandise and other things. In later days, especially in the time of the Hellenistic kings, treaties tend to become more complicated and detailed in their provisions.
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dedications of altars, records of building or of engineering works accomplished. The facts directly commemorated are rarely important." But when the information from hundreds of such inscriptions is collected together, "you can trace the whole policy of the
Imperial Government in the matter of recruiting, to what extent and till what date legionaries were raised in Italy; what contingents for various branches of the service were drawn from the provinces, and which provinces provided most; how far provincials garrisoned their own countries, and which of them, like the British recruits, were sent as a measure of precaution to serve elsewhere; or, finally, at what epoch the empire grew weak enough to require the enlistment of barbarians from beyond its frontiers."
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and dances are also matters of constant reference, especially in connection with lyrical or musical contests; the victorious band or performer often dedicated the prize in honour of the god. A special form of contest was that in dramatic performances, of which many records have survived, both from Athens and from many other parts of the Greek world. The regulation of athletic festivals, and the records of victors in their contests, also form a numerous class of inscriptions. As regards mysteries, though there are numerous regulations affecting the arrangement of celebrations and the conduct of those participating, there is, as was to be expected, very little concerning the actual performances.
60:
2731:), either beginning with the lower and proceeding step by step to the higher, or in reverse order with the highest first. Religious and priestly offices are usually mentioned before civil and political ones. These might be exercised either in Rome itself, or in the various municipalities of the empire. There was also a distinction drawn between offices that might be held only by persons of senatorial rank, those that were assigned to persons of equestrian rank, and those of a less distinguished kind. It follows that when only a portion of an inscription has been found, it is often possible to restore the whole in accordance with the accepted order.
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2001:
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these were intended to preserve for all time the records which they contained; but others must have been of only temporary interest. It seems, therefore, the more remarkable that they should have been incised on permanent material such as bronze, marble or stone – and incised in the first instance, with a care and perfection of technique which have led to their survival to the present day, so as to preserve for us invaluable evidence as to the life and institutions of the people who made them. Temporary and permanent value are therefore often combined in the same inscription. For instance, any
Athenian citizen, visiting the
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the inscription should be set up. The formulae and preambles of such decrees vary considerably from place to place, and from period to period. Those of Athens are by far the most exactly known, owing to the immense number that have been discovered; and they are so strictly stereotyped that can be classified with the precision of algebraic formulae, and often dated to within a few years by this test alone. Very full lists for this purpose have been drawn up by epigraphist
Wilhelm Larfeld, in his work on the subject. It is usual to record the year (by the name of the eponymous archon), the day of the month and of the
48:
72:
1822:, it was prescribed that "no horse, ass, mule, nor any other animal with a bushy tail should enter, and that nobody should bring such animals in or wear shoes or any article produced from pigs. There is also a fine for driving in sheep." Other precincts were protected in a more general manner from any invasion or violation. It was prohibited to cut wood or to remove earth and stones, or to drive any beasts into some precincts; the right of erecting booths was either restricted or denied altogether. Sometimes more detailed prescriptions are given for the whole organisation of a festival; thus, at
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regulations, which were duly recorded in inscriptions; they varied greatly both in purpose and in character. Many of them had a definitely religious purpose, in the worship of certain gods; sometimes an alien community was given special permission to worship its own god or gods in its own way. Other associations were more social in character and served as clubs, or as burial societies. An interesting feature about such associations is that the lists of members of many of them include the names of women and of slaves, thus contrasting with the paternal basis of established religion in Greece.
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1107:
his familiar surroundings, not to make him live in the memory of his successors. The information which we derive from such inscriptions is invaluable to us; but such was not the intention with which they were made. On the other hand, inscriptions which were intended to be seen by the public and to perpetuate a record of events, or to supply useful information, were usually placed in places of common resort, above all in temples and sacred precincts. Sometimes they were cut on convenient rock faces, sometimes upon the walls of temples or other buildings. Most frequently the slabs of marble (
2756:
1103:
especially in
Mesopotamian statues or reliefs, they are cut right across the figures without any regard to the artistic effect. In late Greek or Roman work it is usual to cut any inscription relative to a statue or relief upon the basis on which this is mounted; but short inscriptions such as dedications or artists' signatures are often placed in some inconspicuous position upon the work itself. In the case of painted vases, the inscriptions relative to the subject represented are usually painted; but dedications and other inscriptions are often incised after the vase has been fired.
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2666:
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2120:
332:
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cases a priest or priestess was allowed to take up a collection on certain days. On the other hand, the duties of a priest are often recorded; he had to see to the cleaning and care of the temple and its contents, to provide flowers and garlands for decorations and to supply the regular daily service. Sacrifices on great occasions were usually provided by the State, as also were important repairs; but in some cases a priest undertook these on his own account, and was honoured accordingly – for instance, by being allowed to inscribe his name in the restored temple.
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board of officials to render to their successors an account of their stewardship, and of the resources and treasures which they handed over. In all cases of public works, the expenditure was ordered by the State, and detailed reports were drawn up and inscribed on stone at intervals while the work was being carried out. In many cases there is a detailed specification of building work which makes it possible, not only to realise all the technical details and processes employed, but also the whole plan and structure of a building. A notable instance is the
1008:
1554:. The distinction between the two is not always easy to draw; for in almost all ancient civilisations religion was a part of the established service of the State, and was under public control, or at least was closely bound up with political administration. It follows that many inscriptions relating to religious matters take the form of political decrees or state documents, and therefore might, especially as far as form is concerned, be included in either category; but it is usually possible to classify them according to their contents and intention.
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centuries, how what was originally a system of physical and military training for
Athenian youths from age of 18 to 20, with outpost and police duties, was gradually transformed. In later times there were added to the instructors in military exercises others who gave lectures on what we should now call arts and science subjects; so that in the Hellenistic and Roman times, when youths from all parts of the civilised world flocked to Athens as an intellectual centre, the ephebic system became a kind of cosmopolitan university.
1472:
1304:. But the change was already in process in private inscriptions, and even in official documents Ionic forms are sometimes found earlier. Inscriptions are dated in various ways, mostly by giving the name of a king, magistrate or priest. In the case of kings, they only give an approximate date, unless the year of his reign is given also. But in the case of most independent cities, the date is given by the name of an annual magistrate, and thus the year is precisely indicated. At Athens, the name used was that of the
1774:
1138:
2353:
1761:, the torch-bearer, and others who took part in the celebration of the mysteries. At Olympia, in later Greek times, we find a remarkable list of officials, that is: three priests, three libation pourers, two prophets, three custodians (of keys), a flute-player, an interpreter, a priest for the daily sacrifice, a secretary, a wine-pourer, three dancers at libations, a woodman (to supply wood for the sacrifices), and a steward and cook – the last no sinecure, in view of the numerous sacrificial feasts.
1722:
321:
1397:
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the purpose, either by election or by lot. The duties and privileges of priests are recorded in many inscriptions, and vary considerably from place to place. It is recorded, for instance, what portions of a victim at any sacrifice were to be received by the priest. In any important temple this must evidently have been far more than the priest or his family could consume, and accordingly it must have been sold, and so constituted a considerable source of income. Consequently, a
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construction. The same applies to leaden water pipes which frequently bear dates and names of officials. Terracotta lamps also frequently have their makers' names and other information stamped upon them. Arms, and especially shields, sometimes bear the name and corps of their owners. Leaden discs were also used to serve the same purpose as modern identification discs. Inscriptions are also found on sling bullets – Roman as well as Greek; there are also numerous classes of
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9249:
8265:
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2752:. Another kind of artist's or artificer's signature that is commoner in Roman times is to be found in the signatures of potters upon lamps and various kinds of vessels; they are usually impressed on the mould and stand out in relief on the terracotta or other material. These are of interest as giving much information as to the commercial spread of various kinds of handicrafts, and also as to the conditions under which they were manufactured.
1578:
1344:
502:
1685:. In addition to such general lists, there are also innumerable records of various gifts and acquisitions, whether of land and houses, or of movable property of all sorts. Buildings and repairs are also recorded, sometimes by the State, sometimes by individuals, whose piety and generosity are suitably honoured. In form, these are often hardly to be distinguished from public works of a secular character, which must be mentioned later.
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2234:. Many of them have been collected, and they form an interesting addition to the Greek anthology. In later times it becomes usual to give more elaborate praise of the deceased; but this is hardly ever so detailed and fulsome as on more modern tombstones. The age and other facts about the deceased are occasionally given, but not nearly so often as on Latin tombstones, which offer valuable statistical information in this respect.
596:
33:
9259:
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2647:; but we do not, as a rule, owe our knowledge of these to inscriptions, which are very rare in this earlier period. In imperial times, to which most Latin inscriptions belong, international relations were subject to the universal domination of Rome, and consequently the documents relating to them are concerned with reference to the central authority, and often take the form of orders from the emperor.
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1165:, which first gave the clue to the interpretation of Egyptian writing, hieroglyphic, hieratic and Greek versions of the same decree are given side by side. Its date is 195 BC. The Mesopotamian linear symbols developed mainly for technical reasons, into a wedge-shaped or cuneiform system, which was adopted in modified forms and applied to different languages through some thousands of years,
1681:, mostly melted down from old offerings. The detailed care that was taken in this last case, to ensure that the full weight of these objects was preserved, whether made into a new vessel or not, is recorded in other inscriptions. These elaborate inventories were checked and revised by each successive board of administrators, and gave the best possible security against any robbery or
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temple is recorded. It is often difficult to know whether such slaves were intended for the service of a temple, or, on the other hand, such service was either purely formal or was not required at all, the sale to the temple being intended as fictitious, so as to enable a slave to acquire his own freedom and at the same time to secure the protection of the god in his free status.
1113:), stone metal or other material upon which the inscriptions were incised were set up in convenient positions to be read, in any places of public resort. This was the method of publication of all laws, decrees and official notices, of treaties and contracts, of honours to officials or private citizens, of religious dedications and prescriptions of ritual. Inscribed
1076:, including Phoenician, read from right to left; and the earliest Greek inscriptions follow the same direction. But the direction from left to right became regular in Greece after the 6th century BC, and consequently is adopted by the Romans and in all European systems. The individual letters or symbols usually face in the same direction as the writing, as a whole.
1854:. Here have been found, on large slabs of inscription, compiled, in all probability, from earlier documents, lists of the cures effected by Apollo and Asclepius. The cures are of the most varied kinds, from painful diseases or surgical cases to a lost boy and a broken cup. The formula is in almost all cases the same: the consultant come to Epidaurus, sleeps in the
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century, usually exactly aligned with the letters above and below, as well as those on each side. At that time all the strokes were made of equal thickness, but in the 4th century BC and later there came in the custom of holding the chisel obliquely to the surface, thus producing a wedge-shaped stroke. A similar custom in
Mesopotamia gave rise to the so-called
2438:. This is, however, not in the form of a ritual prescription, but a detailed record of the due performance of the rite. An important class of documents is the series of calendars that have been found in Rome and in the various Italian towns. These give notice of religious festivals and anniversaries, and also of the days available for various purposes.
1941:), or both. The circumstances or the reason of the resolution are then given, and finally the decision itself. Some other cities followed Athens in the form of their decrees, with such local variations as were required; others were more independent in their development, and different magistracies or forms of government had various results. In the
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follows the text of the law; and finally the sanction, the statement that the law was passed. In decrees of the senate the formula differs somewhat. They begin with a preamble giving the names of the consulting magistrates, the place and conditions of the meeting; then comes the subject submitted for decision, ending with the formula
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those in which the inscription existed independently for its own sake, or for the sake of the information which it recorded, and the object on which it was inscribed was either made for the purpose, as a slab of marble or plate of bronze, or was made use of, as in the case of a convenient wall or the surface of a rock, or even a
1315:, which is familiar to us from later Greek and Roman writers, was rarely used in early Greece, except in connection with athletic victories. Many inscriptions are dated from various local eras, often based upon historical events, such as the foundation of a town or festival, the organisation of a province, or even a visit of an
7021:
1533:, of using again old Greek statues and placing new dedicatory inscriptions on them in Roman times, a sort of "recycling": for instance, one of the statues of Athenian knights of the 5th century BC placed at the entrance of the Acropolis, had a later inscription cut on its base to make it serve as an equestrian statue of
2289:. These are of great number and variety, and while some of them can be easily interpreted as belonging to well-known formulae, others offer considerable difficulty, especially to the inexperienced student. Often the same initial may have many different meanings according to the context. Some common formulae such as
1985:-slips at the different harbours of the Piraeus, and of the ships of the Athenian navy, with their names and condition. In short, there is no department of state economy and financial administration that is not abundantly illustrated by the record of inscriptions. A set of records of high historical value are the
673:. In this case the symbols were incised or impressed on specially prepared tablets when the clay was soft, and it was subsequently hardened by fire. In Greece, many inscriptions on vases were painted before firing, in that case often having reference to the scenes represented, or incised after firing; potsherds (
1326:, or other indications or titles, as in the corresponding Latin inscriptions. In later times, the dating is commonly by "Indiction"; but as this only gives the number of the year within the 15-year period, but leaves that period undefined, such dating is very inconvenient except for merely temporary use. In the
2722:
Honorary inscriptions are extremely common in all parts of the Roman world. Sometimes they are placed on the bases of statues, sometimes in documents set up to record some particular benefaction or the construction of some public work. The offices held by the person commemorated, and the distinctions
2334:
As regards the contents of inscriptions, there must evidently be a considerable difference between records of a number of independent city states and an empire including almost all the civilised world; but municipalities maintained much of their independent traditions in Roman times, and consequently
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verses were written, curving about among figures, and giving a description of each scene. The bases of statues and reliefs often had inscriptions cut upon them for identification and record. This was particularly the case with honorary statues and tombstones. In other cases, where there is an evident
1102:
The position or place of inscriptions depends greatly upon their purpose or intention. When they have a direct relation to the sculptures, reliefs or paintings with which they are associated, they often form a kind of pattern to fill the background or vacant spaces between the figures; but sometimes,
1057:
The direction of the writing varies greatly in different places and times. The letters or symbols may be arranged vertically below one another, and read from top to bottom, or horizontally, either from right to left or from left to right; they may also be arranged in a kind of pattern – in which case
743:, which developed a monumental style of their own, varying from period to period. Inscriptions can often be approximately dated by the style of the cutting as well as by the shapes of the letters; skill in doing this can only be acquired by a careful and minute study of originals and facsimiles. (cf.
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at
Olympia. Occasionally, and more frequently in later times, the artist's signature was carved upon some portion of the statue itself. But in later copies of well-known works, it has to be considered whether the name is that of the original artist or of the copyist who reproduced his work. (see for
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in doubtful or difficult cases; there the exact method of procedure is sometimes recorded, as well as the response of the oracle. Forms of worship are often prescribed or recorded, especially hymns, which are sometimes inscribed together with their musical notation. The performance of songs or hymns
1433:
Inscriptions may be roughly divided into two main classes: those in which the inscription was subservient to the use or purpose of the object on which it was inscribed, or at any rate had a direct relation to that object – for example, the name of the owner or the record of dedication to a god – and
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Some kind of punctuation is often found in inscriptions of all kinds. In Greek inscriptions a vertical line or a dot, or dots, sometimes indicates the separation between sentences or words, but words are seldom separated by spaces as in modern printing, so that the text is continuous and no division
424:
of which four volumes came out, again at Berlin, 1825–1877. This marked a first attempt at a comprehensive publication of Greek inscriptions copied from all over the Greek-speaking world. Only advanced students still consult it, for better editions of the texts have superseded it. The second, modern
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is added at the end, to indicate that the decree was passed. In imperial times, the emperor sometimes addressed a speech to the senate, advising them to pass certain resolutions, or else, especially in later times, gave orders or instructions directly, either on his own initiative or in response to
2050:
were appointed by name to arbitrate, and when the decision was disputed, 31 from among them revised and confirmed it. In all such cases it was the custom for a full record to be preserved on stone and set up in the places concerned. In this case the initiative in referring the matter to arbitration
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It is to be noticed that this order of service contains a prohibition as well as a prescription. Such prohibitions are frequent, and often relate to the need of ceremonial purity in all worshippers entering a sacred precinct. They must for a certain time have abstained from certain prescribed means
1733:
Inscriptions give much information as to priests and other religious officials. There are in the first place lists of priests, some of them covering long periods and even going back to mythical times; there are also lists of treasures and administrators, who were usually lay officials appointed for
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was often a kind of religious corporation under the control of the State; and its accounts and details of administration were made public at frequent intervals, usually annually, by means of inscriptions, exhibited to public view in its precinct. Many such inscriptions have been found, and supply a
1528:
clasping hands, as representatives of their respective cities. In other cases, the arms or device of a city is carved on an inscription, almost like a seal on a document. In all these cases the figures and the inscription are part of a common design, whether carried out by the same hand or not. But
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In Egypt, inscriptions were often inscribed or painted upon inner walls of tombs, whether they referred to religious belief or ritual, or to the honours and possessions of the deceased; they were intended for his benefit and convenience rather than for the information of others, so as to perpetuate
1023:
Apart from numerals, the use of initials in the place of complete words was not common in early times. It became, however, very frequent in Roman inscriptions, which sometimes are made up almost entirely of such abbreviations and can only be understood by those familiar with the formulae. A list of
991:
for units. The other Greek system followed that derived from the
Phoenicians, using the letters of the alphabet in their conventional order from one to nine, 10 to 90 and 100 to 900; in this arrangement obsolete letters were retained in their original places so as to give the requisite number of 27
720:
Early inscriptions, which are often amateur work, are frequently very irregular in their cutting. But in almost all examples of later work, the inscriptions are evidently cut by professionals, and there are definite styles and methods belonging to various places and periods. In Egypt, for instance,
225:
The character of the writing, the subject of epigraphy, is a matter quite separate from the nature of the text, which is studied in itself. Texts inscribed in stone are usually for public view and so they are essentially different from the written texts of each culture. Not all inscribed texts are
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and many other works of public utility. In inscriptions of early period often nothing is given but the name of the person who built or restored the edifice and a statement that he had done so. But later it was usual to give more detail as to the motive of the building, the name of the emperor or a
2506:
in Italy; it takes the form of a message from the magistrates, stating the authority on which they acted. Laws all follow a fixed formula, according to the body which has passed them. First there is a statement that the legislative body was consulted by the appropriate magistrate in due form; then
2037:
In addition to inscriptions which are concerned with the internal affairs of various cities, there are many others recording treaties or other agreements of an international character between various cities and states. These were incised on bronze or stone, and set up in places of public resort in
1928:
A very large number of inscriptions are in the form of decrees of various cities and peoples, even when their subject matter suggests that they should be classified under other headings. Almost all legislative and many administrative measures take this form; often a decree prescribes how and where
1884:
Another elements in Greek religion which is known to us almost exclusively by means of inscriptions, is to be found in the religious associations that existed in many Greek cities, apart from the organisation of state religion, though sometimes recognised by it. These associations had each its own
1764:
There were also many more menial offices in the service of temples which were carried out by slaves. Such slaves were often presented to the temple or acquired in some other way. There is a whole class of inscriptions, found on many sites, in which the sale of slaves to a temple or to the god of a
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was an office well paid and much sought after; and we actually find in later Greek times, especially in Asia Minor, that priesthoods were frequently sold, under proper guarantees and with due sureties as to the duties being carried out. Sometimes a fee to the priest had to be paid in cash; in some
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after his victories. Most of the great temples being of immemorial sanctity, it is hardly to be expected that any records of their foundation should be found in inscriptions. But on the other hand we have many accounts of the dedication of new temples, either by states or communities or by private
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chronicles of the victories or exploits of kings, as in Egypt and
Mesopotamia, serve as a record of the events, and help to interpret the scenes. Such inscriptions are not common in Greek or Roman work; but frequently, especially in early Greek times, and on vases, the names of persons and even of
725:
are carefully and delicately cut in early times, and in later periods become more careless and conventional. In Greece, the best work was done in the 5th and 4th centuries BC in Athens; the letters were all exact and regular in shape, with no adventitious ornaments, and were, especially in the 5th
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These are very numerous; and the custom of placing the name of the dedicator in a conspicuous place on the building was prevalent, especially in the case of dedications by emperors or officials, or by public bodies. Restoration or repair was often recorded in the same manner. In the case of small
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These inscriptions are of special interest as throwing much light upon the history of art. The artist's name was usually, especially in earlier times, carved upon the base of the pedestal of a statue, and consequently was easily separated from it if the statue was carried off or destroyed. A case
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and of their guardians and instructors, but also decrees in honour of their services, especially in taking their due part in religious and other ceremonies, and resolutions of the ephebi themselves in honour of their officials. It is possible to trace in the inscriptions, which range over several
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and political decrees; regulations for all matters, civil and religious; accounts and contracts, public and private; treaties between states; records of public and private benefactions and dedications, and all matters of administration; honours to the living and to the memory of the dead. Many of
920:
In most alphabetic systems there are also found in inscriptions certain symbols which are not strictly alphabetic or phonetic in character. The commonest of these are the various systems of numerals that are used in different times and places. It is impossible here to give any full description of
2041:
Another series of records of great historical interest is concerned with arbitration between various states on various questions, mainly concerned with frontiers. In cases of dispute it was not uncommon for the two disputants to appoint a third party as arbitrator. Sometimes this third party was
1957:
It was customary to inscribe on stone all records of the receipt, custody and expenditure of public money or treasure, so that citizens could verify for themselves the safety and due control of the State in all financial matters. As in the case of temple accounts, it was usual for each temporary
1863:
A special form of prayer consists of curses, which were often buried in the ground, probably with the intent to reach the infernal gods. Such curses often give the reason for their being made, usually some injury done to the author of the curse; sometimes they devote the offender to the infernal
404:
is arranged geographically: all inscriptions from Rome are contained in volume 6. This volume has the greatest number of inscriptions; volume 6, part 8, fascicle 3 was just recently published (2000). Specialists depend on such on-going series of volumes in which newly discovered inscriptions are
2841:
These are probably the most numerous of all classes of inscriptions; and though many of them are of no great individual interest, they convey, when taken collectively, much valuable information as to the distribution and transference of population, as to trades and professions, as to health and
2421:
A priesthood was frequently a political office and consequently is mentioned along with political honours in the list of a man's distinctions. The priesthoods that a man had held are usually mentioned first in inscriptions before his civil offices and distinctions. Religious offices, as well as
1742:
Besides priests, we find many other officials of various ranks attached to temples and recorded in inscriptions. Some of these, especially those who were concerned with buildings or constructions, or with the inventories of temple treasures and the accounts of administration, were lay officials
1441:
For us, accustomed as we are to a vast mass of books, newspapers and other printed or digital documents, it is difficult to realise the extensive use and great convenience assigned to inscriptions in ancient times. Not only were public announcements of all sorts, such as we should make known by
878:
The hieroglyphic symbols naturally tended to be conventionalised and simplified for convenience of cutting, in accordance with the materials and tools employed. In many cases they developed from a pictorial to a linear form. It is possible that some of these linear forms may not be derived from
2634:
These vary greatly in content, and are among the most important documents concerning the administration of the Roman Empire. "They are numerous and of all sorts – tombstones of every degree, lists of soldiers' burial clubs, certificates of discharge from service, schedules of time-expired men,
1212:
The earliest Phoenician inscriptions known date from about the 10th century BC, and the alphabet remained in use down to the 3rd century BC. Some believe this was modified and adopted by the Greeks at an uncertain date; the earliest Greek inscriptions are generally dated in the 7th century BC.
1152:
Both Egyptian and Mesopotamian inscriptions go back to an extremely early date; it is at present uncertain which is the earlier, but both show, before 3500 BC and possibly much earlier, a complete, organised system of writing which implies many centuries of development behind it. The Egyptian
1907:
in Crete. Here an inscription of great length is incised on the slabs of a theatre-shaped structure in 12 columns of 50 lines each; it is mainly concerned with the law of inheritance, adoption, etc. Doubtless similar inscriptions were set up in many places in Greece. An interesting series of
1789:
The ritual appropriate to different divinities and temples varied greatly from place to place; and it was, therefore, necessary or desirable to set up notices in all public places of worship for the information and guidance of worshippers. The commonest and most essential act of worship was
2324:
Most of what has been said about Greek inscriptions applies to Roman also. The commonest materials in this case also are stone, marble and bronze; but a more extensive use is made of stamped bricks and tiles, which are often of historical value as identifying and dating a building or other
2176:
The great majority of these fall into one of the classes already referred to. But there are some instances in which an inscription is set up merely as a record. For instance, a victor in athletic or other contests may set up a list of his victories. The most famous historical record is the
2446:
The various colleges for religious purposes were very numerous. Many of them, both in Rome and Italy, and in provincial municipalities, were of the nature of priesthoods. Some were regarded as offices of high distinction and were open only to men of senatorial rank; among these were the
2321:) offer little difficulty, but there are many which are not so obvious and leave room for conjecture. Often the only way to determine the meaning is to search through a list of initials, such as those given by modern Latin epigraphists, until a formula is found which fits the context.
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individuals. In almost all such cases it was necessary to obtain sanction for the foundation from the State; thus the inscription often takes the form of a decree of the people authorising the foundation of the temple and often giving some privileges to the founder or founders.
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350:
The science of epigraphy has been developing steadily since the 16th century. Principles of epigraphy vary culture by culture, and the infant science in Europe initially concentrated on Latin inscriptions. Individual contributions have been made by epigraphers such as
2714:, by a city or state. The relation was then recorded, usually on a bronze tablet placed in some conspicuous position in the town concerned. The patron probably also kept a copy in his house, or had a portable tablet which would ensure his recognition and reception.
642:, was white marble, which takes an admirably clear lettering, but is liable to weathering of the surface if exposed, and to wear if rebuilt into pavements or similar structures. Many other kinds of stone, both hard and soft, were often used, especially crystalline
8401:
2073:
of another State; his duties would then be to offer help and hospitality to any citizen of that other State who might be visiting his city, and to assist him in any dispute or in securing his legal rights. The office has been compared to the modern appointment of
1834:, the dress of the participants, the officials and policing, are very fully described. Similarly, in the Hall of the Iobacchi, at Athens, the order of proceedings, the officers and the characters in the sacred play, and various administrative details are ordered.
2576:
A very large number of inscriptions record the construction or repair of public buildings by private individuals, by magistrates, Roman or provincial, and by emperors. In addition to the dedication of temples, we find inscriptions recording the construction of
1144:
The study of inscriptions supplies an important contribution to the history of many lands and peoples. In some cases, as in Egypt and Mesopotamia, it forms almost the only source of information in the absence of literary records; in others, as in Greece and
2784:
Many of these inscriptions might well be assigned to one of the categories already considered. But there are some which were expressly made to commemorate an important event, or to preserve a record. Among the most interesting is the inscription of the
7756:
1054:) was used to indicate the beginning of an inscription, especially when its direction was erratic. Christian inscriptions sometimes begin with a cross, which doubtless had a symbolic meaning; and a leaf or other device was often placed at the end.
1908:
inscriptions deals with the conditions under which colonists were sent out from various cities, and the measures that were taken to secure their rights as citizens. A bronze tablet records in some detail the arrangements of this sort made when
1837:
When there is any doubt about any ritual or procedure, divination is often resorted to, and the results of such divination are recorded in inscriptions as a guidance for the future; it was also a common practice to consult Delphi or some other
6361:
2276:
inscriptions may be classified on much the same lines as Greek; but certain broad distinctions may be drawn at the outset. They are generally more standardised as to form and as to content, not only in Rome and Italy, but also throughout the
115:, clarifying their meanings, classifying their uses according to dates and cultural contexts, and drawing conclusions about the writing and the writers. Specifically excluded from epigraphy are the historical significance of an epigraph as a
6349:
1974:, we have not only a detailed report on the unfinished state of the building in 409 BC, but also accounts of the expenditure and payments to the workmen employed in finishing it. Similar accounts have been preserved of the building of the
750:
Inscriptions vary greatly in size according to the position where they were intended to be read, their purpose, and the skill of the cutter. Some inscriptions are of great length, the longest, a statement of accounts of the temple at
4426:
Formed in 1974 by Professor Barry Fell of Harvard University and Professor Norman Totten of Bentley College, its journal, the Epigraphic Society Occasional Papers (ESOP), is shelved by numerous universities and research institutions
1463:, could satisfy themselves at first hand as to treaties or decrees of the people, public accounts or state income and expenditure. And at the same time these documents preserved for all time much history, both social and political.
1529:
in the case of owners' marks or names cut on vases or other objects, or of the dedication of such objects, the inscription is not necessarily contemporary; it may indeed be misleading, as in the case, mentioned with disapproval by
2098:
This class of inscription is in form not unlike the last, except that honours recorded are given for all sorts of services, private and public, to the State and to individuals. A frequent addition is an invitation to dine in the
3744:
661:; and inscriptions were often incised on vessels made of any of these metals. Inscriptions on metal were nearly always incised, not cast. An important class of inscriptions are the legends on coins; these were struck from the
6746:
2739:
When these are attached to statues, it is sometimes doubtful whether the name is that of the man who actually made the statue, or of the master whose work it reproduces. Thus there are two well-known copies of a statue of
2608:) and finally the appropriate verb for the work done, whether building, restoring, enlarging or otherwise improving. Other details are sometimes added, such as the name of the man under whose direction the work was done.
1545:
The majority of inscriptions are of independent value and interest, the object on which they are cut being either provided for the purpose or utilised as convenient and suitable. Such inscriptions may be classified as
738:
or ornamental ends to the strokes, a custom which prevails to the present day in our ordinary capital letters. The custom of making different strokes and different parts of curves of varying thickness became common in
182:) is any sort of text, from a single grapheme (such as marks on a pot that abbreviate the name of the merchant who shipped commodities in the pot) to a lengthy document (such as a treatise, a work of literature, or a
6988:
1945:, and later, the forms of independent government were, to a great extent, kept up, though little real power remained with the people. On the other hand, it is common thing to find letters from kings, and later from
2907:, this monument is not to pass to the heir). The person who has erected the monument and his relation to the deceased are often stated; or if a man has prepared the tomb in his lifetime, this also may be stated,
2494:(law) is usually applied to all decrees of the senate or other bodies, whether of legislative or of administrative character. It is therefore, best to consider all together under the heading of public decrees.
2338:
The classification of Roman inscriptions may, therefore, follow the same lines as the Greek, except that certain categories are absent, and that some others, not found in Greek, are of considerable importance.
7751:
1273:
in AD 1121. The series of Byzantine inscriptions continues practically without interruption to the present day; and Latin retains its use as a universal language in religious, public and private inscriptions.
6337:
2213:
This is by far the most numerous class of inscriptions, both Greek and Latin. In early times there is often no record beyond the name of the deceased in Athens, often with the name of his father and his
2801:; this, however, is not the original, but a later and somewhat modified version. A document of high importance is a summary of the life and achievements of Augustus, already mentioned, and known as the
1898:
Ancient writers state that the earliest laws of Athens were inscribed upon tablets of wood, put together in a pyramidal shape. These, owing to their material, have perished; but we have some very early
8470:
488:
was lost as a result of the Spanish Conquest of Central America. However, recent work by Maya epigraphers and linguists has yielded a considerable amount of information on this complex writing system.
2879:. These are followed by the name of the deceased, usually with his father's name and his tribe, by his honours and distinctions, sometimes by a record of his age. The inscription often concludes with
2218:. Sometimes a word or two of conventional praise is added, such as "a good and wise man". Occasionally the circumstances of death are alluded to, especially if it took place in battle or at sea. Such
1256:
colony. There are a few very early Roman inscriptions; but they do not become common until the 3rd century BC; from that time the letters took much the same forms as they preserve to the present day.
151:, however, to determine and interpret the events recorded by the inscription as document. Often, epigraphy and history are competences practised by the same person. Epigraphy is a primary tool of
7907:
7547:
1121:. Inscriptions commemorative of victories or other great events were only in exceptional cases erected upon the spot; more often such memorials were set up in some great religious centre such as
7016:
433:
arranged geographically under categories: decrees, catalogues, honorary titles, funeral inscriptions, various, all presented in Latin, to preserve the international neutrality of the field of
2111:. Later it became usual to give, in some detail, the reasons for the honours awarded; and in Hellenistic and Roman times, these became more and more detailed and fulsome in laudatory detail.
1933:(or presiding commission according to tribes), various secretaries, the presiding officials and the proposer of the decree. It is also stated whether the resolution is passed by the senate (
1048:
of words exists. This is particularly the case with Greek inscriptions of the best period. In Roman inscriptions it was usual to separate the words by dots. In certain inscriptions a cross (
7947:
6134:
7123:
2594:
magistrate giving the date, the authority for the building and the names and distinctions of the builders; then follows a description of the building, the source of the expenditure (e.g.,
8965:
8340:
1860:, has dreams or sees visions, and comes out whole. In later times, when such faith-healing had probably become less efficacious, elaborate prescriptions of diet and hygiene are recorded.
8352:
6332:
2168:
of the work of these painters, and unsigned vases also have been grouped with the signed ones, so as to make an exact and detailed record of this branch of Greek artistic production.
394:, begun by Mommsen and other scholars, has been published in Berlin since 1863, with wartime interruptions. It is the largest and most extensive collection of Latin inscriptions. New
8396:
8065:
7118:
6751:
6310:
7033:
1319:. The number of these eras in later times, especially in Asia Minor, becomes very bewildering. In Attic decrees, and some others, it was also usual to give the day of the month.
8550:
8526:
8494:
8384:
2413:) is therefore often added. Bequests made under the wills of rich citizens are frequently recorded by inscriptions; these might either be for religious or for social purposes.
8538:
8433:
2082:
is always a citizen of the state in which he resides, not of that whose citizens and interests he assists. The decrees upon this matter frequently record the appointment of a
1438:. The walls of buildings are often covered with such inscriptions, especially if they are in a conspicuous or convenient position, and so offer an obvious means of publicity.
7137:
6734:
8597:
6102:
2205:, is a chronological record of Greek history, probably made for educational purposes, and valuable as giving the traditional dates of events from the earliest time down.
1513:
relation between the artistic representation and the inscription, the figures are subordinate and seem merely to illustrate the text, as when a treaty between Athens and
7866:
6443:
8779:
6298:
1802:
and to Apollo the leader of the Nymphs, the worshipper may, if he so choose, sacrifice a male and a female victim. It is not permissible to offer a sheep or a pig. No
996:– M, D, C, L, X, V, I (for 1,000, 500, 100, 50, 10, 5 and 1) is generally supposed to have arisen from the adaptation of those symbols in the Greek alphabet which the
8825:
8592:
8010:
5632:
1311:, and as an almost complete list of these has been drawn up from inscriptions and other sources, this means of dating is quite satisfactory. The custom of dating by
567:
1846:
Another interesting phase of Greek religion known to us mainly from inscriptions is offered by the shrines of healing. The most notable of these is the precinct of
6758:
6648:
6356:
6148:
1814:
of pollution, varying from place to place. The officials are sometimes ordered to erect notices giving information on this point; for instance, at the precinct of
1537:, probably in 18 AD when he visited Athens. In Egypt and Mesopotamia also it is not unusual to find the name of a later king of official cut upon an earlier work.
466:(Iranian inscriptions), "Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia" and "Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period" (Sumerian and Akkadian inscriptions) and so forth.
8807:
7530:
2540:
questions or references. The number and variety of such orders is such that no classification of them can be given here. One of the most famous is the edict of
929:), dots and lines are used for hundreds, tens and units, each being repeated as often as necessary; and a similar system for the lower denominations is used at
147:. Epigraphists are responsible for reconstructing, translating, and dating the trilingual inscription and finding any relevant circumstances. It is the work of
8602:
6715:
6566:
6549:
2086:, and the conferring on him of certain benefits and privileges in return for his services; they also contain resolutions of thanks from the city served by the
1117:
were set up over graves, which were usually placed along the chief roads leading out of a town, the most familiar example being the sacred way from Athens to
9099:
7665:
1504:
objects are written beside them for the purpose of identification, and sometimes a speech issues from the mouth of the figure. On the carved wooden chest of
1095:
D(is) M(anibus) / M(arco) Ogulnio / Iusto filio / pientissimo / vix(it) ann(os) XV mens(es) II d(ies) XXII / M(arcus) Ogulnius / Iustus pater / et sibi fecit
683:
handles, etc., and in these cases often supply valuable information as to the buildings to which they belong or the place from which they took their origin.
610:
Victoriae Augustorum exercitus, qui Laugaricione sedit, mil(ites) l(egiones) II DCCCLV. (Maximi)anus leg(atus leg)ionis II Ad(iutricis) cur(avit) f(aciendum)
7892:
1743:
appointed by the State, as in the case of political officers. But many others had specialised sacerdotal functions; for instance, in many places there were
646:, which do not easily take a smooth surface, and which, therefore, are often difficult to decipher, owing to accidental marks or roughness of the material.
6810:
6023:
2103:
at Athens. Some are inscribed on the bases of statues set up to the recipient. In early times these inscriptions are usually brief and simple. The bust of
732:
system. On metal inscriptions in Greece this same effect appears earlier than stone or marble. In the 3rd century and later it becomes common to introduce
2467:
in imperial times. The records of these colleges sometimes give no information beyond the names of members, but these are often of considerable interest.
8577:
8104:
7715:
7591:
5793:
1688:
The inscriptions on or belonging to special dedications are often of great historical interest – there need only be quoted the inscription on the famous
831:
or alphabets, took place in many different systems to various degrees. But the first people to invent a completely alphabetic system of writing were the
7156:
925:, doubtless owing to the habit of counting on the fingers. In some cases the symbols are simple and obvious, as in the Cretan script, where circles (or
7101:
2371:
objects the dedication is usually simple in form; it usually contains the name of the god or other recipient and of the donor, and a common formula is
1867:
1495:
Inscriptions having a direct relation to the object, or representation, on which they are inscribed, vary greatly in their contents. Those relating to
7173:
679:) were often used as a cheap writing material. Inscriptions were also often impressed from a mould upon wet clay before firing, in the case of tiles,
9093:
7381:
7161:
1978:, spread over 15 years; in the case of both the Parthenon and the Erechtheum, there are included the payments made to those who made the sculptures.
613:("Done by 855 Legionaries of the Augustus victorious army, who are stationed in Laugaricio. Done under supervision of Maximus legatus of II legion.")
9105:
8582:
8475:
8438:
8239:
7028:
473:, which was a multilingual stele in Classical Greek, Demotic Egyptian and Classical Egyptian hieroglyphs. The work was done by the French scholar,
3836:
8418:
8153:
5374:
3373:
2809:
constituted a record of the names of consuls, and other magistrates or high officials, and also of the triumphs accorded to conquering generals.
8737:
2488:
Our information as to these is not mainly drawn from inscriptions and, therefore, they need not here be considered. On the other hand, the word
8632:
8216:
8128:
6436:
2893:), or some similar formula, and also, frequently, with a statement of boundaries and a prohibition of violation or further use – for instance,
1153:
hieroglyphic system, as used in inscriptions, continued without any essential change of character until Roman times, though various systems of
3823:
p. 557, observes that it "is perhaps known to us more in detail than any other lost monument of antiquity." It was to hold the rigging of the
8955:
8727:
8587:
8374:
7871:
6626:
7792:
6397:
2309:
4166:
2943:) are frequently found, both of public and private property. A well-known instance is offered by those set up by the commissioners called
1288:
It is often possible to date an inscription approximately by the style of the lettering, or even by the alphabet used. Thus at Athens the
8714:
8320:
7989:
7691:
7142:
6616:
4205:
799:, which developed into a hieroglyphic system. Such systems appear to have originated independently in different parts of the world – in
653:: flat tablets of this were often made for affixing to the walls of temples and other buildings. Occasionally such tablets were made of
8899:
8567:
8521:
8160:
7457:
6709:
6160:
2708:
This custom belonged to Greece. What most nearly corresponded to it in Roman times was the adoption of some distinguished Roman as its
2502:
A certain number of these dating from republican times are of considerable interest. One of the earliest relates to the prohibition of
2293:
4228:(in Italian). Federazione Internazionale di Banche dati Epigrafiche presso il Centro Linceo Interdisciplinare "Beniamino Segre" – Roma
839:
borrowed (some scholars believe, but with no proving) it with certain modifications and improvements. From the Greeks was derived the
8516:
8511:
8206:
6876:
2843:
94:
8408:
6139:
3314:
9229:
7816:
7515:
6018:
4888:
8070:
3342:
8970:
8445:
7952:
7787:
7601:
7525:
7113:
6214:
3490:
2935:
Milliarium (milestones) have already been referred to, and may be regarded as records of the building of roads. Boundary stones (
7967:
6983:
8869:
8555:
8543:
8531:
8499:
8413:
8389:
8357:
8345:
8046:
8028:
7979:
7633:
6921:
6224:
5207:
4314:
3827:; and was so contrived that all its contents were visible from a central hall, and so liable to the inspection of the Athenian
3523:
2472:
1185:, by Greek. An independent hieroglyphic system, which also developed into various linear scripts, existed in Crete during the
9065:
8904:
8315:
7374:
6303:
4366:
3713:
3652:
1330:
the date from the creation of the world (5509 BC) is sometimes given; but the date of the Christian era is hardly ever used.
3736:
9050:
8894:
8662:
8201:
8170:
7640:
7571:
7287:
7223:
7201:
6882:
6125:
5405:
3402:
Orlandi, Silvia; Caldelli, Maria Letizia; Gregori, Gian Luca (November 2014). Bruun, Christer; Edmondson, Jonathan (eds.).
921:
these different systems; but a brief account may be given of the principles underlying them. Most of them are based upon a
6153:
3766:
3760:
2842:
longevity, and as to many other conditions of ancient life. The most interesting early series is that on the tombs of the
8180:
7958:
7836:
7826:
7616:
7462:
7297:
6499:
6229:
6179:
4921:
4168:
3457:
3303:
1283:
879:
hieroglyphs, but from purely conventional geometrical forms, such as widely used at all periods and places as owners' or
781:
744:
634:
hard stones were frequently used for the purpose, and the inscriptions are therefore well preserved and easy to read. In
8506:
6739:
2853:
About the end of the republic and the beginning of the empire, it became customary to head a tombstone with the letters
336:
9060:
8135:
7897:
7260:
7042:
6581:
4075:
Authority and Archaeology, Sacred and Profane: Essays on the Relation of Monuments to Biblical and Classical Literature
3938:
3920:
7535:
218:. Typically the material is durable, but the durability might be an accident of circumstance, such as the baking of a
8742:
7645:
7611:
7596:
6591:
6431:
6426:
6414:
5877:
4476:
3858:
3607:
3427:
3386:
3120:
2434:
Among the most interesting of these is the ancient song and accompanying dance performed by the priests known as the
1617:
1383:
549:
7699:
6682:
4376:
1058:
their order may be indeterminate, or in a wandering or curved line, or left to right and right to left alternately (
531:
8642:
8268:
7984:
7660:
7623:
7496:
7367:
6197:
6192:
5851:
4312:
3065:
2826:
1970:
which has been completely reconstructed on paper by architects from the building specification. In the case of the
76:
7821:
7767:
7628:
6187:
6028:
3448:"Faking Biblical History: How wishful thinking and technology fooled some scholars – and made fools out of others"
2921:). But there is an immense variety in the information that either a man himself or his friend may wish to record.
9262:
8684:
7727:
7709:
7542:
7233:
6202:
6055:
5585:
5203:
4016:
3964:
The Parian chronicle, or The chronicle of the Arundelian marbles; with a dissertation concerning its authenticity
2286:
2251:
1025:
443:
234:" were revealed to be largely used for economic and administrative record keeping. Informal inscribed texts are "
6544:
8864:
8856:
8819:
8801:
8622:
8455:
8310:
8165:
8113:
8086:
7848:
7445:
7243:
7054:
6909:
6621:
6576:
6561:
6085:
4112:
3268:
3176:
3059:
2247:
2243:
1790:
sacrifice; an example of the simplest form of prescription is to be seen in the inscription on the relief from
1599:
1365:
527:
389:
64:
5637:
1263:
times, and is still customary, classical forms being frequently imitated. The latest dated inscription in the
694:, usually with a square blade; early inscriptions were sometimes made on hard rock by successive blows with a
8960:
8928:
8851:
8657:
7684:
7576:
7450:
6571:
6494:
6448:
5143:
2278:
1981:
Naval and military expenditure is also fully accounted for; among other information there are records of the
194:. When compared to books, most inscriptions are short. The media and the forms of the graphemes are diverse:
160:
8364:
8020:
2042:
another State, sometimes a specified number of individuals. Thus, in a frontier dispute between Corinth and
1259:
The custom of putting inscriptions in Greek and in Latin on buildings and other monuments continued through
9289:
9151:
9013:
8830:
8460:
8428:
7917:
7069:
6129:
4960:
4881:
4318:
4147:
3968:
3263:
2772:
1990:
1697:
1646:
1036:
also occur in later Greek and Roman times, and become very common and very difficult to interpret in early
7777:
6829:
3538:
474:
9222:
9055:
8921:
8813:
8791:
7994:
7962:
7912:
7720:
7670:
7561:
7302:
7064:
6940:
6934:
6915:
6120:
5949:
5832:
5379:
3495:
3181:
2422:
civil, were restricted to certain classes, the highest to those of senatorial rank, the next to those of
1669:
great deal of information that can be obtained from no other source. Some great temples, such as that of
59:
7438:
7091:
4167:
Centre d'études épigraphiques et numismatiques de la faculté de Philosophie de l'Université de Beograd.
9142:
9019:
8996:
8881:
8784:
8722:
8694:
8330:
8143:
7876:
7650:
7307:
7238:
6893:
6763:
6692:
5837:
5671:
5661:
2119:
1595:
1361:
1084:
523:
17:
8099:
7047:
6978:
6868:
4275:
2497:
843:, and from the two all the alphabets of European peoples. It is still a matter of dispute whether the
261:, but was later dismissed as being highly ideological. Epigraphic research overlaps with the study of
9167:
9077:
8423:
6775:
6256:
5798:
5627:
5279:
4735:
2710:
2703:
2165:
1993:
during the 5th century BC. These throw much light on her relations with them at various periods.(Cf.
1938:
7166:
4276:"Epigraphic Database Bari: Documenti epigrafici romani di committenza cristiana – Secoli III – VIII"
3573:
1197:, about 1500 BC. The Hittite hieroglyphs correspond to the period of the Hittite empire in northern
289:, as it confines itself to meaningful symbols containing messages, rather than dealing with images.
9162:
7942:
7922:
7479:
7413:
7248:
6823:
6293:
6080:
6037:
5828:
5525:
3893:
Le prossenie ateniesi del IV secolo a.C.: gli onorati asiatici (Fonti e studi di storia antica, 10)
3308:
512:
478:
380:
356:
7277:
2000:
47:
9252:
9157:
8652:
8094:
7331:
7270:
7196:
7059:
6840:
6596:
6409:
6404:
6382:
6344:
6324:
5958:
5954:
5771:
5644:
5607:
5590:
5410:
4874:
4850:
4649:
4548:
4531:
3298:
3288:
3253:
2545:
2178:
2075:
1588:
1354:
1322:
In Greek inscription of the Roman period the year of the emperor is defined by the number of his
1245:
777:
771:
516:
7469:
7433:
4313:
Greek Epigraphy Project, Cornell University; Epigraphical Center; Ohio State University (2009).
3851:
The Athenian Acropolis: History, Mythology, and Archeology from the Neolithic Era to the Present
795:
Most of the forms of writing known to us originated in some system of picture-writing (cf. also
199:
8986:
8938:
8933:
7902:
7856:
7705:
7211:
6665:
6638:
6608:
6472:
6419:
6236:
6112:
6007:
5847:
5842:
5700:
5666:
5654:
5649:
5612:
5562:
5420:
5400:
5086:
5031:
4644:
4445:
4278:(in Italian). Association Internationale d'Épigraphie Grecque et Latine – AIEGL. Archived from
3832:
3452:
3233:
3141:
3080:
1934:
235:
156:
87:
8465:
6720:
3810:
3705:
3447:
1635:
71:
9294:
9110:
9001:
8981:
8846:
8796:
8689:
8679:
8369:
8335:
8244:
7255:
6993:
6888:
6815:
6687:
6090:
5807:
5761:
5756:
5705:
5369:
5350:
5166:
5061:
4574:
4536:
4469:
4209:
3788:
3560:
3419:
3114:
2755:
1651:
1567:
1265:
887:, but as has been noticed, the same tendency occurs in Greek inscriptions incised on bronze.
428:
344:
8914:
8325:
7861:
4439:
4430:
4049:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press – esp. "A text and translation of the Edict of Diocletian".
2426:; many minor offices, both in Rome and in the provinces, are enumerated in their due order.
2256:
1232:, and soon became universal in Greece. From the various Greek alphabets the different local
823:. The evidence for all of these is mainly to be found in inscriptions. The development from
9197:
8674:
8015:
7732:
7087:
6927:
6660:
6536:
6507:
6278:
5940:
5914:
5861:
5695:
5622:
5467:
5432:
5386:
5354:
5232:
4946:
4708:
4581:
3673:
3443:
3228:
3218:
3156:
2802:
2260:
2186:
364:
360:
304:
207:
132:
6968:
3343:"OPEN-ACCESS EPIGRAPHY. Electronic Dissemination of 3D-digitized. Archaeological Material"
2665:
2656:
331:
8:
8991:
7737:
7151:
6858:
6554:
5766:
5678:
5437:
5071:
5036:
4939:
4241:
3990:
3631:
3238:
2144:
1182:
1137:
901:
are alphabetic, and are apparently an independent invention on arbitrary lines, like the
844:
662:
8489:
8059:
7474:
7178:
5786:
3963:
1007:
827:(or direct representation of an object or idea) to symbols of phonetic value, and so to
9284:
9217:
9212:
9147:
9030:
8943:
8774:
8450:
7782:
7566:
6631:
6586:
5945:
5901:
5856:
5479:
5425:
5346:
4917:
4845:
3804:
3599:
3592:
3461:
3273:
3243:
3223:
2986:
2462:
2282:
1701:
1563:
790:
740:
6487:
3500:
2548:. Copies of this in Greek as well as in Latin have been found in various parts of the
2032:
690:
used for making inscriptions varied with the material; most of them were some kind of
9035:
8889:
8637:
7934:
6945:
6784:
6209:
5968:
5907:
5866:
5683:
5568:
5504:
5415:
5392:
5336:
5244:
4977:
4778:
4661:
4362:
3934:
3916:
3854:
3781:
3709:
3698:
3648:
3613:
3603:
3423:
3382:
3278:
3161:
3151:
2578:
2164:
and other vase painters upon their vases. These have been made the basis of a minute
2149:
1705:
1237:
1206:
1170:
1166:
1073:
898:
848:
407:
140:
2748:, of which one is said to be the work of Lysippus, and the other states that it was
2107:
on the Acropolis held nothing but the names of Pericles himself and of the sculptor
2020:
An institution as to which our knowledge is mainly derived from inscriptions is the
883:' marks. The tendency of linear forms to become wedge-shaped is most conspicuous in
9202:
8909:
8732:
8708:
8669:
8249:
7406:
6796:
6655:
6643:
5935:
5895:
5890:
5715:
5602:
5537:
5364:
5359:
5341:
5199:
5000:
4953:
4855:
4773:
4730:
4703:
4489:
4462:
3972:
3415:
3411:
3248:
3108:
2498:
Laws and plebiscites, senatus consulta, decrees of magistrates or later of emperors
2423:
1233:
734:
485:
227:
6524:
4433:
a Virtual Exhibition on Epigraphy, presenting several aspects of it with examples.
1471:
1216:
In early times each Greek State had its own alphabet; but in the year 403 BC (the
1149:, it offers a most valuable supplement and comment to what is otherwise recorded.
871:
8627:
8234:
7808:
7484:
6848:
6670:
6455:
6219:
6045:
5690:
5005:
4691:
4603:
4516:
4106:
3403:
2938:
2847:
2834:
2364:
1942:
1228:, which is the one used now for Greek capital letters, was officially adopted by
1126:
867:
589:
368:
352:
300:
203:
6728:
1773:
9008:
8699:
8118:
7746:
7742:
7393:
7011:
6950:
6790:
6261:
6095:
5883:
5871:
5557:
5442:
5118:
5103:
5093:
4995:
4897:
4840:
4561:
4554:
4454:
4261:(in Italian). Association Internationale d'Épigraphie Grecque et Latine – AIEGL
3959:. Ankara: ISPRS Archives, volume XXXIV part 5/W12 Commission V. pp. 84–88.
3765:, Cambridge University Press – (undated, no author cited) Googlebook; see also
3587:
3486:
3021:
2788:
2762:
2726:
2644:
2435:
2352:
2273:
2185:, which was reproduced and set up in many places; it is generally known as the
2052:
1946:
1917:
1872:
1721:
1689:
1641:
1443:
1327:
1289:
1241:
1198:
1162:
914:
910:
840:
324:
41:
8948:
4172:
4004:
2875:), thus consecrating the tomb to the deceased as having become members of the
1129:. But boundary stones were necessarily placed on the line which they defined.
1000:
did not want; an alternative theory is that it is simplified from a series of
414:
Greek epigraphy has unfolded in the hands of a different team, with different
372:
320:
9278:
9088:
9040:
8482:
8108:
6271:
5595:
5576:
5520:
5474:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5306:
5301:
5178:
5171:
4322:
3320:
3293:
3283:
3258:
2798:
2794:
2768:
2223:
2194:
1994:
1186:
1158:
1060:
1012:
993:
863:
800:
470:
168:
37:
4273:
4256:
3617:
1923:
1396:
7206:
6853:
6675:
6518:
6374:
5823:
5781:
5710:
5447:
5332:
5286:
5274:
5217:
5183:
3545:
3196:
3132:
2996:
2549:
1900:
1451:
1450:, thus placed before the public, but all kinds of records and enactments –
1415:
1146:
1037:
997:
859:
695:
600:
588:), 487 BC. On display in the Ancient Agora Museum in Athens, housed in the
376:
282:
191:
2616:
292:
9207:
7489:
7131:
7107:
6477:
6465:
6387:
5963:
5776:
5580:
5316:
5264:
5239:
5222:
5161:
4686:
4656:
4523:
4380:
4047:
An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome Volume V: Rome and Italy of the Empire
3126:
3048:
3006:
2991:
2569:
2503:
2160:
A special class of artists' signatures is offered by the names signed by
1952:
1293:
1225:
1190:
1178:
1016:
880:
832:
828:
804:
796:
722:
669:.) Clay was very extensively used for inscriptions in Mesopotamia and in
666:
631:
626:, or wood (though this last material has hardly ever survived, except in
579:
415:
286:
278:
258:
219:
187:
183:
152:
8379:
4438:
4339:
3465:
1777:
Votive relief for the cure of a bad leg, inscription from the shrine of
755:, under Athenian administration, being nearly half as long as a book of
9045:
8052:
7695:
7265:
5927:
5515:
5269:
5227:
5213:
5081:
5066:
4807:
4802:
4740:
4696:
4676:
4540:
3191:
3171:
3099:
3053:
3016:
3011:
2930:
2850:, the exploits and distinctions of the various members of that family.
2572:) by Hans Lutz of Schussenried, from the early 16th century (1501–1519)
2541:
2468:
2161:
1971:
1758:
1750:
1735:
1682:
1602: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1534:
1405:
1368: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1205:
from about 2000 to 800 BC; from it, according to one theory, arose the
1202:
909:, which were extensively used in the same region, are derived from the
902:
824:
756:
623:
262:
120:
52:
4337:
2560:
7972:
7096:
6973:
6803:
6286:
5617:
5296:
5291:
5254:
5113:
5056:
5041:
4910:
4814:
4624:
4012:
3828:
3642:
3378:
3317:
is notable for the novel techniques used in reading the inscriptions.
3186:
3089:
3075:
2830:
2685:
2582:
2227:
2100:
2043:
1975:
1913:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1831:
1815:
1778:
1509:
1476:
1456:
1409:
1323:
1312:
1305:
1297:
1221:
1114:
1069:
1041:
1029:
1001:
930:
884:
728:
643:
296:
266:
195:
148:
100:
4411:
4003:
A mere list of such initials and abbreviations occupies 68 pages in
2723:
conferred upon him are enumerated in a regularly established order (
1577:
1343:
501:
107: 'inscription') is the study of inscriptions, or epigraphs, as
8647:
7390:
5311:
5259:
4766:
4671:
4586:
4569:
4417:
4356:
3166:
3094:
2745:
2741:
2680:
2675:
2586:
2452:
2327:
2231:
2182:
2128:
2108:
2104:
2065:
2033:
Treaties and political and commercial agreements; arbitration, etc.
1967:
1909:
1827:
1505:
1488:
1480:
1435:
1301:
1260:
1154:
1033:
937:
the usual system was to indicate each denomination by its initial,
854:
820:
812:
604:
575:
571:
434:
308:
274:
270:
242:
231:
167:: epigraphic evidence formed part of the discussion concerning the
136:
116:
112:
4208:(in German, Italian, Spanish, English, and French). Archived from
398:
are still produced as the recovery of inscriptions continues. The
123:
composition. A person using the methods of epigraphy is called an
5098:
5076:
5026:
4930:
4866:
4598:
4485:
3817:. Vol. III. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company. p. 314.
3085:
2958:
2627:
2590:
2219:
2063:
A very large class of inscriptions deals with the institution of
2025:
2021:
2008:
1959:
1930:
1904:
1823:
1819:
1754:
1749:
or prophets, often of special families with hereditary skills in
1745:
1726:
1678:
1518:
1496:
1484:
1447:
1316:
1253:
1194:
1174:
1118:
922:
680:
675:
595:
211:
179:
164:
108:
4396:
4151:
1424:) combines with the image to convey the warning: remember death.
32:
5531:
5108:
5021:
4819:
4795:
4629:
4131:"EAGLE: Europeana Network of Ancient Greek and Latin Epigraphy"
4130:
3824:
3668:
3103:
3070:
2981:
2448:
2347:
2198:
2190:
2142:
where both statue and pedestal are preserved is offered by the
2047:
1982:
1963:
1839:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1709:
1693:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1530:
1521:
1500:
1401:
1308:
1270:
1229:
1217:
1122:
1109:
934:
891:
836:
699:
691:
654:
650:
639:
635:
215:
2817:
2093:
2069:. According to this a citizen of any State might be appointed
1916:; another inscription relates to the Athenian colonisation of
1879:
1050:
6166:
6063:
5924:
5046:
4761:
4593:
4510:
4355:
Reynolds, Joyce; Roueché, Charlotte; Bodard, Gabriel (2007).
4225:
3341:
Bozia, Eleni; Barmpoutis, Angelos; Wagman, Robert S. (2014).
3146:
2876:
2806:
2565:
2456:
2361:
2202:
2132:
2124:
2004:
1803:
1782:
1674:
1514:
1460:
1249:
1089:
982:
972:
962:
952:
942:
906:
895:
816:
808:
752:
670:
627:
583:
340:
4423:
4377:"The American Society for Greek and Latin Epigraphy (ASGLE)"
4188:
4031:
Victo(riae) Fl(avius) P/rimus cur(ator) / tur(mae) Maxi/mini
3645:
International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe
1209:, which continued in use until the 4th century BC or later.
622:
Inscriptions were commonly incised on stone, marble, metal,
5051:
4824:
4756:
4279:
2822:
2215:
1700:, with the list of the Greek States which took part in the
1525:
658:
395:
246:
186:
inscription). Epigraphy overlaps other competences such as
144:
2643:
There were many treaties between Rome and other states in
1871:
Athenian text concerning the administration of temples in
198:
in stone or metal, scratches on rock, impressions in wax,
4636:
4295:
4258:
3933:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 41–43.
3491:"Related Coverage on the James Ossuary and Forgery Trial"
1924:
Decrees of people and rulers, later of kings and emperors
1157:
modification were used at different times. On the famous
7514:
4226:"EAGLE: Electronic Archive of Greek and Latin Epigraphy"
3771:, Haskell House Publ., 1902 (no author cited) Googlebook
2179:
autobiographical account of the deeds and administration
8808:
Professionalization and institutionalization of history
4412:
Poinikastas: Epigraphic Sources For Early Greek Writing
4093:
MUSA Lapidaria: A Selection of Latin Verse Inscriptions
3890:
3636:
2521:); then comes the decision of the senate, opening with
2399:). Such dedications are often the result of a vow, and
1065:
759:; and many other inscriptions approach this in length.
3401:
2429:
2090:, and record honours consequently conferred upon him.
1953:
Public accounts, treasure lists, building inscriptions
405:
published, often in Latin, not unlike the biologists'
9100:
Heroic theory of invention and scientific development
4354:
3815:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
3340:
3129:, also known as "Maya glyphs" or "Maya hieroglyphics"
1004:
representing the spread hand, the fingers and so on.
7948:
Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe
3680:. Rome: Ist. Poligrafico dello Stato. pp. 87ff.
3672:
2331:
or tickets of admission to theatres or other shows.
2189:, because the most complete copy of it was found at
1830:, the arrangements for the celebration of the local
4436:
4420:
a journal of news and short reports on inscriptions
3957:
The Ancyra Project: the Temple of Augustus and Rome
3895:. Alessandria: Edizioni dell'Orso. pp. passim.
1704:; and that relating to the Roman arms dedicated by
1193:periods, from about 3000, probably, to the fall of
451:
Corpus Inscriptionum Crucesignatorum Terrae Sanctae
7908:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
7766:
5548:
4274:International Federation of Epigraphic Databases.
4257:International Federation of Epigraphic Databases.
3954:
3910:
3877:The Ephebic Inscriptions of the Fourth Century B.C
3831:. Philon's arsenal was destroyed by the forces of
3808:
3697:
3643:Trudy, Robert; Sharon, Ring; Salkin, Boda (1996).
3591:
2793:in Rome, which records the great naval victory of
2335:their inscriptions often follow the old formulas.
2024:at Athens. There are not only records of lists of
1181:, until it was superseded, after the conquests of
1132:
649:The metal most commonly used for inscriptions was
8566:
4379:. Case Western Reserve University. Archived from
3848:
2483:
1810:it is not permissible to offer a goat or a pig."
9276:
4484:
2690:, "Glycon the Athenian made ") on statue (right)
1487:". Marble, Roman copy after a Greek original by
9132:
5375:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought
4338:The Institute for Ancient History (1993–2009).
4090:
3928:
3374:Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science
2281:. One of the chief difficulties in deciphering
1893:
1240:, were derived with various modifications. The
762:
3994:by C. V. Palisca & J. P. Burkholder, 2006.
3874:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3586:
3442:
2269:(Januarius paid for 870 square feet of mosaic)
1716:
8956:Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church
8826:Western European colonialism and colonization
7375:
4882:
4470:
2564:German inscription recording the building of
2555:
2263:, 4th-century mosaic with Latin inscription:
51:Inscription on the pedestal of the statue of
27:Study of inscriptions or epigraphs as writing
7286:
4340:"Epigraphic database for ancient Asia Minor"
3931:The Art of Vase-Painting in Classical Athens
3811:"Philon, A very eminent architect at Athens"
3377:. Dekker Encyclopedias Series. Vol. 3.
2924:
2348:Dedications and foundations of temples, etc.
1989:, recording the quota paid to Athens by her
1660:Temples, their foundation and administration
1300:, 403 BC, according to a decree proposed by
7389:
4189:"Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents"
4067:S. R. Driver, D. G. Hogarth, F. L. Griffith
4044:
4029:
3695:
3684:
2952:
2945:
2936:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2870:
2863:
2855:
2786:
2760:
2724:
2621:
2603:
2596:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2489:
2460:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2316:
2307:
2300:
2291:
2264:
2094:Honours and privileges given to individuals
1880:Private associations for religious purposes
1540:
1479:bearing the inscription "Periander, son of
1419:
1093:
1024:the commonest of these will be found under
608:
530:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
469:Egyptian hieroglyphs were solved using the
461:
455:
449:
441:
426:
419:
399:
387:
7382:
7368:
4889:
4875:
4477:
4463:
4242:"Epigraphische Datenbank Heidelberg (EDH)"
4206:"Epigraphik-Datenbank Clauss-Slaby (EDCS)"
4145:
2969:
2734:
2638:
1517:has a relief at its head representing the
1428:
702:. Sometimes a circular punch was used for
599:A Roman inscription at the castle hill of
562:
8011:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
4058:
4056:
4011:(repr. 1923). A selection is included in
3446:; Goren, Yuval (September–October 2003).
2478:
2078:, with the essential difference that the
1949:, inscribed and set up in public places.
1618:Learn how and when to remove this message
1384:Learn how and when to remove this message
550:Learn how and when to remove this message
457:Corpus Inscriptionum Insularum Celticarum
155:when dealing with literate cultures. The
143:engraved on native rock at a location in
9230:Historical geographic information system
5996:
2816:
2812:
2754:
2615:
2559:
2416:
2360:, set by Flavius Primus, curator of the
2351:
2255:
2127:with stand, Attic, c. 570 BC. Signed by
2118:
2114:
1999:
1866:
1772:
1720:
1634:
1470:
1466:
1395:
1136:
1083:
1006:
853:
594:
566:
330:
319:
291:
70:
58:
46:
31:
4085:
4083:
3913:The Techniques of Painted Attic Pottery
3799:
3797:
3755:
3753:
3624:
3211:
3036:
2779:
2015:
1888:
1725:Greek inscription at the south temple,
782:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
281:, usually in ink, is a separate field,
245:, that is inscriptions representing an
77:inscription of Xerxes I at Van Fortress
14:
9277:
8870:English historical school of economics
6922:Historical Series of the Bank of Italy
4976:
4358:Inscriptions of Aphrodisias (IAph2007)
4191:. Oxford: Oxford University. 1995–2009
4053:
3420:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195336467.013.003
3408:The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy
638:the favourite material, especially in
9186:
9131:
9066:Revisionist school of Islamic studies
8905:Historical reliability of the Gospels
8763:
8290:
7363:
7352:
5995:
5738:
5502:
5141:
4975:
4870:
4458:
4296:"Hispania Epigraphica Online (HEpOl)"
4169:"Inscriptions de la Mésie Supérieure"
3704:. Harvard University Press. pp.
3630:St. Clement of Alexandria | Stromata
3370:
2877:body of ghosts or spirits of the dead
2829:, erected around 150 BC, contains an
2611:
2237:
2208:
2171:
1557:
9258:
7353:
6883:More Irish than the Irish themselves
4080:
4045:E.R. Graser (1940). T. Frank (ed.).
3794:
3780:Cf. his classic work (downloadable)
3750:
3700:Greek Architecture And Its Sculpture
3042:
2975:
2546:fixing the prices of all commodities
1600:adding citations to reliable sources
1571:
1366:adding citations to reliable sources
1337:
1277:
1269:records the building of a bridge in
1244:was among these, being based on the
1079:
715:
528:adding citations to reliable sources
495:
7953:Functionalism–intentionalism debate
5142:
3458:Archaeological Institute of America
2904:hoc monumentum heredem non sequetur
2430:Regulations as to religion and cult
2318:hoc monumentum heredem non sequetur
2058:
1284:Dating methodologies in archaeology
745:dating methodologies in archaeology
257:was a scientific discipline in the
159:classifies epigraphy as one of the
111:; it is the science of identifying
24:
8966:Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II
6910:Fourth Italian War of Independence
4896:
4203:
4150:. Brown University. Archived from
4077:, Ulan Press (repr. 2012), p. 314.
3803:Built under the administration of
3762:An Introduction to Greek Epigraphy
3745:Poinikastas:"Thasos, inscriptions"
3485:
2620:Brick stamp with military record:
2285:lies in the very extensive use of
1292:was adopted in place of the early
163:. Epigraphy also helps identify a
25:
9306:
4399:(in German). Universität Salzburg
4122:
3915:. New York: Thames & Hudson.
3837:Roman conquest of Athens in 86 BC
3536:
3121:Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum
2623:C(ohors) III BR(acaraugustanorum)
1937:) or the assembly of the people (
1092:with inscription (CIL VI 23414):
9257:
9248:
9247:
8764:
8264:
8263:
8105:Palestinian expulsion and flight
6617:5000-year civilization assertion
6193:Nadir of American race relations
4259:"Epigraphic Database Roma (EDR)"
3891:Enrica Culasso Gastaldi (2004).
3879:. Leiden Brill. pp. passim.
3809:Smith, Sir William, ed. (1859).
2827:Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus
2684:(left) and copyist's signature (
2664:
2655:
1576:
1342:
1049:
500:
337:Prüfening dedicatory inscription
265:, which deals with specimens of
210:on precious stones, painting on
9094:Protestant Ethic and Capitalism
7968:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust
7903:Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising
7710:Causes of the Armenian genocide
6019:Pyramid construction techniques
5586:Comparative historical research
5503:
5204:Library and information science
4315:"Searchable Greek Inscriptions"
4099:
4037:
4022:
4017:List of classical abbreviations
3997:
3978:
3947:
3899:
3883:
3867:
3842:
3774:
3729:
3661:
3177:Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions
2385:) often with additions such as
2252:List of classical abbreviations
2155:the statue of Hercules/Heracles
1903:preserved on stone, notably at
1587:needs additional citations for
1353:needs additional citations for
1133:Chief periods and nationalities
1026:list of classical abbreviations
463:Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum
444:Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum
411:– the raw material of history.
277:writing. The study of ancient
249:or concept, may also be called
65:Brihadeshwara temple, Thanjavur
9106:Gunpowder and gun transmission
9056:Religionsgeschichtliche Schule
8865:Historical school of economics
8802:Nationalism in the Middle Ages
8240:Gunpowder and gun transmission
8114:Zionism as settler colonialism
7119:Limpieza de sangre controversy
6086:Metropolitan-hinterland thesis
4113:University of California Press
3853:. Cambridge University Press.
3580:
3530:
3515:
3479:
3436:
3395:
3364:
3334:
3269:Laguna Copperplate Inscription
3060:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
2999:, the study of ancient writing
2846:at Rome, recording, mostly in
2342:
2266:IANUARI DEDEI DONO P * DCCCLXX
2248:Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae
2244:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
2166:historical and stylistic study
440:Other such series include the
421:Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum
418:. There are two. The first is
390:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
285:. Epigraphy also differs from
13:
1:
8915:Opposition to Papal supremacy
8291:
6103:Indigenous population history
3955:P. Botteri; G. Fangi (2003).
3743:; see also classification on
3327:
2279:provinces of the Roman Empire
161:auxiliary sciences of history
8831:Desacralization of knowledge
7102:Carlism in the Francoist era
7070:Holodomor in modern politics
5739:
4437:Edwin Whitfield Fay (1920).
4319:Packard Humanities Institute
3456:. Vol. 56, no. 5.
3264:Kuntillet Ajrud inscriptions
2954:agris iudicandis adsignandis
2773:Museum of Roman Civilization
2686:
2518:quid de ea re fieri placeret
2484:Codes of law and regulations
2148:, signed on its pedestal by
2011:list, Athens, 4th century BC
1894:Codes of law and regulations
1698:Hippodrome of Constantinople
1647:Hippodrome of Constantinople
1630:
1410:
763:Symbols and forms of writing
617:
477:, and the British scientist
119:and the artistic value of a
7:
9223:Historiographic metafiction
9187:
9133:Organizations, publications
8922:Proto-orthodox Christianity
7872:German resistance to Nazism
7728:Persian famine of 1917–1919
7138:Islamic revolution of Spain
7065:Holodomor genocide question
6941:Revisionism of Risorgimento
6935:Rerum italicarum scriptores
6916:Historiae Patriae Monumenta
6683:Self-Strengthening Movement
5833:decolonization of knowledge
4171:(in French). Archived from
3911:Joseph Veach Noble (1988).
3527:, Budapest / New York 2008.
3524:The Science of the Swastika
3496:Biblical Archaeology Review
3182:Roman lead pipe inscription
2964:
2750:made by Glycon (see images)
2717:
2441:
1717:Priests and other officials
454:(Crusaders' inscriptions),
10:
9311:
9020:Wissenschaft des Judentums
8997:Criticism of Protestantism
7877:Nazi foreign policy debate
7308:Second colonial occupation
7055:Soviet famine of 1930–1933
6693:Tibetan sovereignty debate
6237:Progressive-era historians
5672:Nationalization of history
5623:Historical-critical method
4361:. London: King's College.
4095:. Atlanta: Scholars Press.
3849:Jeffrey M. Hurwit (2000).
3741:Relief Plaques from Thasos
2928:
2701:
2697:
2568:-Bolzano's Parish Church (
2556:Records of buildings, etc.
2463:Sodales Divorum Augustorum
2302:votum solvit libens merito
2287:initials and abbreviations
2241:
2133:
1655:is seen in the background.
1561:
1333:
1281:
983:
973:
963:
953:
943:
933:in the 4th century BC. In
788:
584:
315:
93:
9242:
9193:
9182:
9138:
9127:
9076:
8880:
8839:
8770:
8759:
8615:
8301:
8297:
8286:
8258:
8227:
8191:
8085:
8039:
8025:Second Sino-Japanese War
8003:
7933:
7885:
7847:
7807:
7683:
7505:
7424:
7400:
7359:
7348:
7324:
7222:
7189:
7080:
7004:
6961:
6902:
6867:
6839:
6830:Vergangenheitsbewältigung
6774:
6701:
6607:
6535:
6249:
6178:
6111:
6073:
6006:
6002:
5991:
5816:
5749:
5745:
5734:
5511:
5498:
5325:
5192:
5154:
5150:
5137:
5014:
4988:
4984:
4971:
4904:
4833:
4749:
4723:
4614:
4503:
4496:
4146:Bodel, John (1997–2009).
4115:, 1983, Introd., pp. 3–6.
4009:Cours d'épigraphie Latine
3791:– Robarts Library, eBook.
3747:- IG vol. xii. 8 no. 358.
3737:Louvre Ma 696 (Sculpture)
3647:. Routledge. p. 66.
3371:Drake, Miriam A. (2003).
3066:Copper plate inscriptions
2925:Milestones and boundaries
2704:Patronage in ancient Rome
2475:were of equestrian rank.
1920:, in the 6th century BC.
1768:
475:Jean-François Champollion
448:(Etruscan inscriptions),
238:" in its original sense.
230:the deciphered texts of "
178:(not to be confused with
8780:Crisis of historiography
7943:Auschwitz bombing debate
7629:Indian Rebellion of 1857
7480:Late Bronze Age collapse
7414:List of military museums
7017:Pre-Revolutionary Russia
6989:Polish People's Republic
6824:Sybel-Ficker controversy
6188:African-American history
6161:Colonial Spanish America
5950:Second Thirty Years' War
4298:(in Spanish and English)
4148:"U.S. Epigraphy Project"
4091:Edward Courtney (1995).
3929:Martin Robinson (1992).
3309:Punic-Libyan Inscription
2749:
2154:
1912:established a colony in
1541:Independent inscriptions
1408:, Rome. The Greek motto
1404:from excavations in the
994:Roman system of numerals
357:Stefano Antonio Morcelli
253:. The German equivalent
243:ideographic inscriptions
7893:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
7752:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
7303:Porter–MacKenzie debate
7060:Causes of the Holodomor
6597:Problem of two emperors
6545:Catilinarian conspiracy
5772:Historical significance
5633:Indiscipline of history
5608:Historical anthropology
4851:List of writing systems
4562:Broussonetia papyrifera
4549:Folding-book manuscript
4532:Bamboo and wooden slips
4065:, "Roman Authority" in
3875:O. W. Reinmuth (1971).
3539:"What is Palaeography?"
3299:Shugborough inscription
3289:Res Gestae Divi Augusti
3254:Inscription of Abercius
2970:Related fields of study
2687:Glykon Athenaios epoiei
2649:
2639:Treaties and agreements
2581:, roads, especially on
2532:de ea re ita censuerunt
1757:we find records of the
1429:Purpose of inscriptions
1400:Inscription on a Roman
1019:, Crete, 5th century BC
563:Materials and technique
491:
460:(Celtic inscriptions),
299:epigraphy with various
8987:Protestant Reformation
8961:Second Vatican Council
8939:Succession to Muhammad
8934:Criticism of the Quran
8685:Religious perspectives
8419:Klemens von Metternich
8016:"Battle for Australia"
7898:Soviet offensive plans
7867:Broad vs. narrow front
7706:Late Ottoman genocides
6639:Century of humiliation
6420:Goguryeo controversies
6398:2,500-year celebration
6056:Double genocide theory
5843:Historical negationism
5667:Ancestral civilisation
5655:Historical materialism
5613:Historical determinism
5563:History of mentalities
4446:Encyclopedia Americana
4424:The Epigraphic Society
4105:Cf. Arthur E. Gordon,
4030:
3833:Lucius Cornelius Sulla
3783:Griechische Epigraphik
3594:Breaking the Maya Code
3568:Cite journal requires
3521:Mees, Bernard Thomas,
3234:Decree of Themistocles
3142:Monumental inscription
3081:Early Indian epigraphy
2953:
2946:
2937:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2871:
2864:
2856:
2838:
2805:. The various sets of
2787:
2776:
2761:
2725:
2631:
2622:
2604:
2597:
2573:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2490:
2461:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2317:
2308:
2301:
2292:
2270:
2265:
2138:
2012:
1876:
1786:
1730:
1656:
1492:
1425:
1420:
1141:
1099:
1094:
1020:
875:
770:This article contains
614:
609:
592:
484:The interpretation of
462:
456:
450:
442:
427:
420:
400:
388:
347:
328:
312:
303:Arabic scripts in the
157:US Library of Congress
80:
68:
56:
44:
9111:Torsion mangonel myth
9014:Modern Jewish history
9009:Jesuit historiography
9002:Protestant work ethic
8982:Hesychast controversy
8847:Industrial Revolution
8797:Library of Alexandria
8715:The Lord of the Rings
8365:Constantine the Great
8245:Torsion mangonel myth
8177:Sri Lankan Civil War
7256:Storm over the gentry
7157:Colonies or Provinces
6688:Sprouts of capitalism
5762:Historic preservation
5757:Change and continuity
4575:Corypha umbraculifera
4342:. Universität Hamburg
3789:University of Toronto
3444:Silberman, Neil Asher
3404:"Forgeries and Fakes"
3315:Antikythera mechanism
3115:Inscriptiones Graecae
2957:) in the time of the
2820:
2813:Inscriptions on tombs
2758:
2735:Signatures of artists
2619:
2563:
2417:Priests and officials
2355:
2259:
2122:
2115:Signatures of artists
2003:
1870:
1776:
1724:
1652:Obelisk of Theodosius
1638:
1568:Inscriptiones Graecae
1474:
1467:Relative inscriptions
1399:
1296:in the archonship of
1140:
1088:Roman marble funeral
1087:
1010:
870:, on the 9th-century
858:An inscription using
857:
847:was derived from the
708:or a letter of which
598:
570:
429:Inscriptiones Graecae
345:Roman square capitals
334:
323:
295:
74:
62:
50:
35:
9198:Commemorative plaque
8414:Juan Manuel de Rosas
7862:"Blitzkrieg" concept
7733:Powder keg of Europe
7608:Franco-Prussian War
7278:Winter of Discontent
7261:Suffragette Campaign
6928:Italiani brava gente
6894:Revolutionary period
6716:Frankish Interregnum
6649:"Chineseness" debate
6582:Byzantine succession
6567:Fall of Western Rome
6508:Executed Renaissance
5997:By country or region
5941:Age of Enlightenment
5915:Vaticinium ex eventu
5862:Modernisation theory
5696:Quantitative history
5072:Historical documents
4440:"Inscriptions"
3696:Ian Jenkins (2006).
3674:Margherita Guarducci
3229:Bryggen inscriptions
3219:Behistun Inscription
3212:Notable inscriptions
3157:Kannada inscriptions
3037:Types of inscription
2803:Monumentum Ancyranum
2759:Reproduction of the
2479:Political and social
2261:Basilica of Aquileia
2187:Monumentum Ancyranum
2137:, "Sophilos drew me"
2016:Ephebic inscriptions
1889:Political and social
1875:, dating from 363 BC
1727:Kom Aushim (Karanis)
1596:improve this article
1552:Political and Social
1362:improve this article
607:(178–179 AD). Text:
585:ΜΕΓΑΚΛΕΣ ΗΙΠΠΟΚΡΑΤΟΣ
524:improve this section
365:August Wilhelm Zumpt
361:Luigi Gaetano Marini
226:public, however: in
222:in a conflagration.
133:Behistun inscription
9290:Textual scholarship
9027:Schools of thought
8992:Proto-Protestantism
8861:School of Thoughts
8743:William Shakespeare
8728:Robert Falcon Scott
8633:Friedrich Nietzsche
8471:Cult of personality
8456:Neville Chamberlain
8316:Alexander the Great
8198:Russo-Georgian War
8171:Sovereignty dispute
8150:Iranian Revolution
7980:"Polish death camp"
7957:In relation to the
7666:Myth of English aid
7657:War of the Pacific
7434:Albigensian Crusade
6859:Indigenous Aryanism
6555:Constantinian shift
6091:Residential schools
5848:Historian's fallacy
5767:Historic recurrence
5265:Numismatics (Money)
5037:Archaeological site
4961:theories of history
4414:, Oxford University
4325:on 10 December 2009
3991:Epitaph of Seikilos
3600:Thames & Hudson
3503:on 7 September 2011
3239:Dipylon inscription
2771:(c. 260 BC) at the
2504:bacchanalian orgies
2222:were frequently in
1639:The ancient bronze
131:. For example, the
63:Tamil inscribed on
9218:Historical realism
9213:Historical fiction
9158:History institutes
9148:Historical society
9143:Heritage registers
9031:Biblical criticism
8944:Islamic golden age
8895:Early Christianity
8775:Bears in antiquity
8663:Medieval Christian
8461:Pedro II of Brazil
8409:José de San Martín
8213:Syrian revolution
8125:Malayan Emergency
8100:1948 Palestine war
7833:Spanish Civil War
7783:War guilt question
7592:American Civil War
7572:Invasion of Russia
7548:New Russian School
7332:Colonial Australia
7048:October Revolution
6811:Strukturgeschichte
6747:Location of Alésia
6666:Hua–Yi distinction
6587:Moscow, third Rome
6203:Reconstruction era
6024:Black Egypt Thesis
5946:European Civil War
5902:Translatio imperii
5857:Invented tradition
4978:Historical sources
4846:History of writing
4282:on 25 January 2010
4063:Francis Haverfield
3460:. pp. 20–29.
3304:Priene Inscription
3274:La Mojarra Stela 1
3244:Duenos Inscription
3224:Bitola inscription
2987:Leiden Conventions
2872:Dis Manibus sacrum
2839:
2780:Historical records
2777:
2632:
2612:Military documents
2574:
2368:
2356:Votive plaque for
2283:Latin Inscriptions
2271:
2238:Latin inscriptions
2209:Tombs and epitaphs
2172:Historical records
2139:
2134:ΣΟΦΙΛΟΣ ΜΕΓΡΑΦΣΕΝ
2046:, 151 citizens of
2013:
1877:
1787:
1731:
1657:
1564:Greek inscriptions
1558:Greek inscriptions
1508:, of about 600 BC
1493:
1426:
1142:
1100:
1021:
876:
791:History of writing
772:special characters
741:Roman inscriptions
615:
593:
348:
335:The high medieval
329:
313:
81:
69:
57:
45:
9272:
9271:
9238:
9237:
9178:
9177:
9123:
9122:
9119:
9118:
9036:Catholic theology
8890:Avestan geography
8755:
8754:
8751:
8750:
8738:Søren Kierkegaard
8611:
8610:
8522:Warren G. Harding
8282:
8281:
8278:
8277:
8081:
8080:
7959:Armenian genocide
7822:Polish–Soviet War
7817:Burning of Smyrna
7803:
7802:
7793:Reichstag inquiry
7716:Patriotic consent
7587:
7586:
7562:War in the Vendée
7526:French Revolution
7508:century conflicts
7497:Peloponnesian War
7458:Eighty Years' War
7344:
7343:
7340:
7339:
7320:
7319:
7316:
7315:
7249:Westminster Stone
6946:Southern question
6785:Alltagsgeschichte
6735:Legendary Saracen
6437:Early settlements
6245:
6244:
6225:Political history
6210:Consensus history
5987:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5969:Continuity thesis
5908:Translatio studii
5794:Theory of history
5730:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5684:Subaltern Studies
5569:Nouvelle histoire
5494:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5406:Medieval churches
5393:Geistesgeschichte
5337:Paleoanthropology
5245:Encyclopaedistics
5133:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5001:Secondary sources
4864:
4863:
4719:
4718:
4662:Photographic film
4418:Current Epigraphy
4368:978-1-897747-19-3
4212:on 25 August 2011
4204:Clauss, Manfred.
3819:. E. A. Gardner,
3715:978-0-674-02388-8
3654:978-1-884964-02-2
3279:Malia altar stone
3207:
3206:
3162:Old Turkic script
3152:Ogham inscription
3032:
3031:
2424:equestrian status
2226:, usually either
1706:Pyrrhus of Epirus
1673:on the island of
1628:
1627:
1620:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1278:Methods of dating
1234:Italian alphabets
1207:Cypriot syllabary
1080:Position or place
1074:Semitic alphabets
778:rendering support
716:Styles of cutting
560:
559:
552:
408:Zoological Record
255:Sinnbildforschung
141:Achaemenid Empire
16:(Redirected from
9302:
9261:
9260:
9251:
9250:
9203:Documentary film
9184:
9183:
9163:History journals
9129:
9128:
9102:
8974:
8910:Primacy of Peter
8857:Great Depression
8837:
8836:
8810:
8788:
8761:
8760:
8709:J. R. R. Tolkien
8564:
8563:
8559:
8547:
8535:
8517:Ulysses S. Grant
8512:Thomas Jefferson
8503:
8479:
8442:
8405:
8393:
8361:
8349:
8341:Chiang Ching-kuo
8331:Cato the Younger
8321:Amin al-Husseini
8299:
8298:
8288:
8287:
8267:
8266:
8250:War and genocide
8074:
8060:Résistancialisme
8047:Battle of France
8029:Nanjing Massacre
7883:
7882:
7764:
7763:
7760:
7724:
7674:
7556:
7539:
7512:
7511:
7439:Catharism debate
7425:pre-18th century
7407:Military history
7384:
7377:
7370:
7361:
7360:
7354:By war, conflict
7350:
7349:
7298:Cambridge School
7284:
7283:
7182:
7170:
7146:
7127:
7037:
7025:
6997:
6819:
6797:Historikerstreit
6767:
6755:
6743:
6724:
6710:Cordon sanitaire
6656:New Qing History
6644:Conquest dynasty
6635:
6550:Christianization
6533:
6532:
6452:
6365:
6353:
6341:
6319:
6307:
6299:Byzantine Empire
6154:Iquicha Royalism
6143:
6109:
6108:
6032:
6004:
6003:
5993:
5992:
5936:Age of Discovery
5925:Periodization of
5922:
5921:
5896:Transhistoricity
5891:Thirty-year rule
5802:
5790:
5747:
5746:
5736:
5735:
5716:Great Man theory
5679:People's history
5641:
5546:
5545:
5538:Three-age system
5500:
5499:
5200:Archival science
5152:
5151:
5139:
5138:
5006:Tertiary sources
4986:
4985:
4973:
4972:
4922:by area of study
4891:
4884:
4877:
4868:
4867:
4856:Written language
4774:Electronic media
4731:Electronic paper
4704:Textile printing
4501:
4500:
4490:writing material
4479:
4472:
4465:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4442:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4383:on 30 March 2010
4372:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4321:. Archived from
4307:
4305:
4303:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4116:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4087:
4078:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4051:
4050:
4041:
4035:
4033:
4026:
4020:
4001:
3995:
3988:the interesting
3982:
3976:
3973:Internet Archive
3969:Joseph Robertson
3960:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3926:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3846:
3840:
3818:
3801:
3792:
3778:
3772:
3757:
3748:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3703:
3693:
3682:
3681:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3640:
3634:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3597:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3571:
3566:
3564:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3543:
3534:
3528:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3499:. Archived from
3483:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3412:Oxford Handbooks
3399:
3393:
3392:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3347:
3338:
3249:Edicts of Ashoka
3109:History of Latin
3043:
2976:
2956:
2949:
2947:III. viri A.I.A.
2942:
2920:
2918:vivus sibi fecit
2913:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2874:
2867:
2859:
2792:
2789:Columna Rostrata
2766:
2763:Columna Rostrata
2730:
2689:
2668:
2659:
2645:republican times
2625:
2607:
2600:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2493:
2466:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2320:
2313:
2304:
2297:
2268:
2136:
2135:
2059:Proxenia decrees
1806:is sung. To the
1623:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1603:
1580:
1572:
1423:
1413:
1389:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1346:
1338:
1236:, including the
1098:– 1st century AD
1097:
1053:
986:
985:
976:
975:
966:
965:
956:
955:
946:
945:
890:In the north of
835:, from whom the
630:). In Egypt and
612:
587:
586:
555:
548:
544:
541:
535:
504:
496:
486:Maya hieroglyphs
465:
459:
453:
447:
432:
423:
403:
393:
228:Mycenaean Greece
104:
97:
21:
9310:
9309:
9305:
9304:
9303:
9301:
9300:
9299:
9275:
9274:
9273:
9268:
9267:
9234:
9189:
9174:
9134:
9115:
9098:
9081:
9072:
8968:
8876:
8852:Great Recession
8835:
8806:
8782:
8766:
8747:
8638:H. P. Lovecraft
8607:
8569:
8562:
8553:
8541:
8529:
8497:
8473:
8446:Muammar Gaddafi
8436:
8424:Leonid Brezhnev
8399:
8387:
8370:Gregory Palamas
8355:
8353:Chiang Kai Shek
8343:
8303:
8293:
8274:
8273:
8254:
8235:Conflict thesis
8223:
8187:
8077:
8068:
8035:
7999:
7929:
7881:
7843:
7809:Interwar period
7799:
7769:
7762:
7754:
7738:Schlieffen Plan
7718:
7679:
7668:
7583:
7550:
7533:
7518:
7507:
7501:
7485:Dorian invasion
7470:Fall of Babylon
7426:
7420:
7419:
7396:
7388:
7355:
7336:
7312:
7289:
7282:
7244:Kingdom of Alba
7225:
7218:
7185:
7176:
7164:
7162:Spanish decline
7140:
7121:
7076:
7031:
7019:
7000:
6991:
6957:
6898:
6863:
6849:Greater Magadha
6835:
6813:
6770:
6761:
6749:
6737:
6718:
6697:
6671:Four Barbarians
6629:
6603:
6531:
6488:Götaland theory
6456:Lusotropicalism
6446:
6427:North Macedonia
6359:
6347:
6335:
6313:
6301:
6241:
6220:Frontier thesis
6215:Cyclical theory
6198:Neoabolitionism
6174:
6137:
6107:
6069:
6046:Greater Morocco
6026:
5998:
5975:
5926:
5920:
5812:
5796:
5784:
5741:
5722:
5635:
5550:
5544:
5526:Historical eras
5507:
5486:
5321:
5218:Writing systems
5188:
5146:
5144:Fields of study
5125:
5119:Service records
5104:Religious texts
5010:
4996:Primary sources
4980:
4967:
4966:
4900:
4895:
4865:
4860:
4841:Writing systems
4829:
4750:Carrier objects
4745:
4715:
4615:Other materials
4610:
4604:Cyperus papyrus
4517:Trema micrantha
4492:
4483:
4453:
4402:
4400:
4397:"Ubi Erat Lupa"
4395:
4386:
4384:
4375:
4369:
4345:
4343:
4328:
4326:
4301:
4299:
4294:
4285:
4283:
4264:
4262:
4247:
4245:
4240:
4231:
4229:
4224:
4215:
4213:
4194:
4192:
4187:
4178:
4176:
4175:on 25 July 2009
4157:
4155:
4154:on 7 April 2010
4136:
4134:
4133:. EAGLE project
4129:
4125:
4120:
4119:
4108:Latin Epigraphy
4104:
4100:
4088:
4081:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4054:
4042:
4038:
4027:
4023:
4002:
3998:
3983:
3979:
3971:1788, from the
3952:
3948:
3941:
3923:
3904:
3900:
3888:
3884:
3872:
3868:
3861:
3847:
3843:
3802:
3795:
3779:
3775:
3758:
3751:
3734:
3730:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3694:
3685:
3678:Epigrafia greca
3666:
3662:
3655:
3641:
3637:
3629:
3625:
3610:
3585:
3581:
3569:
3567:
3558:
3557:
3550:
3548:
3541:
3537:Brown, Julian.
3535:
3531:
3520:
3516:
3506:
3504:
3487:Shanks, Hershel
3484:
3480:
3470:
3468:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3400:
3396:
3389:
3369:
3365:
3355:
3353:
3345:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3039:
3034:
3033:
2972:
2967:
2933:
2927:
2848:Saturnian Metre
2835:Saturnian Metre
2833:inscription in
2815:
2782:
2737:
2720:
2706:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2661:
2660:
2641:
2614:
2558:
2500:
2486:
2481:
2444:
2432:
2419:
2350:
2345:
2254:
2240:
2211:
2174:
2117:
2096:
2061:
2035:
2018:
1987:"tribute lists"
1955:
1943:Hellenistic Age
1926:
1896:
1891:
1882:
1771:
1729:, Faiyum, Egypt
1719:
1696:and now in the
1662:
1633:
1624:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1593:
1581:
1570:
1560:
1543:
1469:
1431:
1390:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1359:
1347:
1336:
1286:
1280:
1226:Ionian alphabet
1135:
1082:
915:Latin alphabets
868:Younger Futhark
793:
787:
786:
785:
776:Without proper
765:
718:
712:formed a part.
620:
590:Stoa of Attalus
565:
556:
545:
539:
536:
521:
505:
494:
369:Theodor Mommsen
353:Georg Fabricius
343:and stamped in
318:
202:on cast metal,
135:is an official
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9308:
9298:
9297:
9292:
9287:
9270:
9269:
9266:
9265:
9255:
9244:
9243:
9240:
9239:
9236:
9235:
9233:
9232:
9227:
9226:
9225:
9220:
9210:
9205:
9200:
9194:
9191:
9190:
9180:
9179:
9176:
9175:
9173:
9172:
9171:
9170:
9160:
9155:
9145:
9139:
9136:
9135:
9125:
9124:
9121:
9120:
9117:
9116:
9114:
9113:
9108:
9103:
9096:
9091:
9085:
9083:
9074:
9073:
9071:
9070:
9069:
9068:
9063:
9058:
9053:
9048:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9025:
9024:
9023:
9011:
9006:
9005:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8984:
8979:
8978:
8977:
8976:
8975:
8953:
8952:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8926:
8925:
8924:
8919:
8918:
8917:
8907:
8902:
8892:
8886:
8884:
8878:
8877:
8875:
8874:
8873:
8872:
8867:
8859:
8854:
8849:
8843:
8841:
8834:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8816:
8811:
8804:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8777:
8771:
8768:
8767:
8757:
8756:
8753:
8752:
8749:
8748:
8746:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8719:
8718:
8706:
8705:
8704:
8703:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8682:
8677:
8667:
8666:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8645:
8640:
8635:
8630:
8628:Charles Darwin
8625:
8619:
8617:
8613:
8612:
8609:
8608:
8606:
8605:
8600:
8598:United Kingdom
8595:
8590:
8588:Modern Germany
8585:
8580:
8574:
8572:
8561:
8560:
8548:
8536:
8524:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8507:Thomas Aquinas
8504:
8492:
8487:
8486:
8485:
8480:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8394:
8382:
8377:
8375:Horatio Nelson
8372:
8367:
8362:
8350:
8338:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8313:
8307:
8305:
8295:
8294:
8284:
8283:
8280:
8279:
8276:
8275:
8272:
8271:
8260:
8259:
8256:
8255:
8253:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8231:
8229:
8225:
8224:
8222:
8221:
8220:
8219:
8211:
8210:
8209:
8207:Responsibility
8204:
8195:
8193:
8189:
8188:
8186:
8185:
8184:
8183:
8175:
8174:
8173:
8163:
8158:
8157:
8156:
8148:
8147:
8146:
8138:
8133:
8132:
8131:
8123:
8122:
8121:
8119:New Historians
8116:
8111:
8097:
8091:
8089:
8083:
8082:
8079:
8078:
8076:
8075:
8063:
8056:
8049:
8043:
8041:
8037:
8036:
8034:
8033:
8032:
8031:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8007:
8005:
8001:
8000:
7998:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7985:Responsibility
7982:
7977:
7976:
7975:
7965:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7939:
7937:
7931:
7930:
7928:
7927:
7926:
7925:
7920:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7889:
7887:
7880:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7853:
7851:
7845:
7844:
7842:
7841:
7840:
7839:
7831:
7830:
7829:
7819:
7813:
7811:
7805:
7804:
7801:
7800:
7798:
7797:
7796:
7795:
7790:
7780:
7774:
7772:
7761:
7749:
7743:Spirit of 1914
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7713:
7703:
7700:Fischer thesis
7689:
7687:
7681:
7680:
7678:
7677:
7676:
7675:
7663:
7655:
7654:
7653:
7643:
7641:Paraguayan War
7638:
7637:
7636:
7626:
7621:
7620:
7619:
7614:
7606:
7605:
7604:
7599:
7588:
7585:
7584:
7582:
7581:
7580:
7579:
7574:
7567:Napoleonic era
7564:
7559:
7558:
7557:
7545:
7540:
7531:Pre-revolution
7522:
7520:
7516:Coalition Wars
7509:
7503:
7502:
7500:
7499:
7494:
7493:
7492:
7487:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7466:
7465:
7455:
7454:
7453:
7443:
7442:
7441:
7430:
7428:
7422:
7421:
7418:
7417:
7410:
7402:
7401:
7398:
7397:
7394:historiography
7387:
7386:
7379:
7372:
7364:
7357:
7356:
7346:
7345:
7342:
7341:
7338:
7337:
7335:
7334:
7328:
7326:
7322:
7321:
7318:
7317:
7314:
7313:
7311:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7294:
7292:
7281:
7280:
7275:
7274:
7273:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7252:
7251:
7246:
7236:
7230:
7228:
7220:
7219:
7217:
7216:
7215:
7214:
7212:Decline thesis
7209:
7202:Ottoman Empire
7199:
7193:
7191:
7187:
7186:
7184:
7183:
7171:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7148:
7147:
7128:
7116:
7111:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7084:
7082:
7078:
7077:
7075:
7074:
7073:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7052:
7051:
7050:
7040:
7039:
7038:
7029:Skeptic School
7014:
7012:Anti-Normanism
7008:
7006:
7002:
7001:
6999:
6998:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6969:Golden Liberty
6965:
6963:
6959:
6958:
6956:
6955:
6954:
6953:
6951:Neo-Bourbonism
6943:
6938:
6931:
6924:
6919:
6912:
6906:
6904:
6900:
6899:
6897:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6879:
6873:
6871:
6865:
6864:
6862:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6845:
6843:
6837:
6836:
6834:
6833:
6826:
6821:
6807:
6800:
6793:
6791:Borussian myth
6788:
6780:
6778:
6772:
6771:
6769:
6768:
6756:
6744:
6732:
6725:
6713:
6705:
6703:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6679:
6678:
6673:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6641:
6636:
6624:
6619:
6613:
6611:
6605:
6604:
6602:
6601:
6600:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6558:
6557:
6547:
6541:
6539:
6530:
6529:
6528:
6527:
6522:
6512:
6511:
6510:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6491:
6490:
6482:
6481:
6480:
6470:
6469:
6468:
6460:
6459:
6458:
6441:
6440:
6439:
6429:
6424:
6423:
6422:
6417:
6407:
6402:
6401:
6400:
6392:
6391:
6390:
6380:
6379:
6378:
6368:
6367:
6366:
6354:
6342:
6327:
6322:
6321:
6320:
6296:
6291:
6290:
6289:
6281:
6276:
6275:
6274:
6266:
6265:
6264:
6262:Dealbanisation
6253:
6251:
6247:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6239:
6234:
6233:
6232:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6206:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6184:
6182:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6172:
6171:
6170:
6158:
6157:
6156:
6146:
6145:
6144:
6132:
6126:May Revolution
6117:
6115:
6106:
6105:
6100:
6099:
6098:
6096:Staples thesis
6093:
6088:
6077:
6075:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6060:
6059:
6058:
6050:
6049:
6048:
6040:
6035:
6034:
6033:
6021:
6012:
6010:
6000:
5999:
5989:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5961:
5952:
5943:
5938:
5932:
5930:
5928:modern history
5919:
5918:
5911:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5887:
5886:
5874:
5872:Paradigm shift
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5826:
5820:
5818:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5810:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5753:
5751:
5743:
5742:
5732:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5669:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5647:
5642:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5599:
5598:
5588:
5583:
5574:
5573:
5572:
5565:
5558:Annales school
5554:
5552:
5543:
5542:
5541:
5540:
5535:
5528:
5518:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5496:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5421:Constitutional
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5397:
5396:
5384:
5383:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5357:
5344:
5339:
5329:
5327:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5297:Postage stamps
5294:
5289:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5236:
5235:
5225:
5220:
5211:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5164:
5158:
5156:
5148:
5147:
5135:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5094:Oral tradition
5091:
5090:
5089:
5079:
5074:
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4898:Historiography
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4834:Related topics
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4123:External links
4121:
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3768:Ancient Athens
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3671:reference cf.
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3608:
3588:Michael D. Coe
3579:
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2017:
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1991:subject allies
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1947:Roman emperors
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1421:nosce te ipsum
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1163:British Museum
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1011:Ancient Greek
923:decimal system
780:, you may see
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8466:Simon Bolivar
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7451:Islamic views
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7174:Ser de España
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6592:Ottoman claim
6590:
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6572:Prosopography
6570:
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6525:Trưng sisters
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6272:Habsburg myth
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6180:United States
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6119:
6118:
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6113:Latin America
6110:
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6097:
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6039:
6036:
6030:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5994:
5990:
5970:
5967:
5966:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5929:
5923:
5917:
5916:
5912:
5910:
5909:
5904:
5903:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5879:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5815:
5809:
5806:
5800:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5788:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5737:
5733:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5706:Transnational
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5680:
5677:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5660:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5639:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5597:
5596:Decoloniality
5594:
5593:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5578:
5577:Historiometry
5575:
5571:
5570:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5547:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5533:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5521:Periodization
5519:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5510:
5506:
5501:
5497:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5431:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5395:
5394:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5385:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5307:Sigillography
5305:
5303:
5302:Prosopography
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5215:
5212:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5191:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5179:Local history
5177:
5173:
5172:Human history
5170:
5169:
5168:
5167:World history
5165:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5140:
5136:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5013:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4974:
4970:
4963:
4962:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4892:
4887:
4885:
4880:
4878:
4873:
4872:
4869:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4480:
4475:
4473:
4468:
4466:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4448:
4447:
4441:
4435:
4432:
4431:Signs of Life
4429:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4410:
4398:
4394:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4353:
4341:
4336:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4311:
4297:
4293:
4281:
4277:
4272:
4260:
4255:
4243:
4239:
4238:
4227:
4223:
4211:
4207:
4202:
4190:
4186:
4174:
4170:
4165:
4153:
4149:
4144:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4102:
4094:
4086:
4084:
4076:
4072:
4059:
4057:
4048:
4040:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3981:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3965:
3958:
3950:
3942:
3936:
3932:
3924:
3918:
3914:
3908:
3902:
3894:
3886:
3878:
3870:
3862:
3860:0-521-42834-3
3856:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3816:
3812:
3806:
3800:
3798:
3790:
3786:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3763:
3756:
3754:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3717:
3711:
3707:
3702:
3701:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3679:
3675:
3670:
3664:
3656:
3650:
3646:
3639:
3633:
3627:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3609:0-500-05061-9
3605:
3601:
3596:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3575:
3562:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3525:
3518:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3431:
3429:9780195336467
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3398:
3390:
3388:0-8247-2079-2
3384:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3367:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3333:
3322:
3321:Beccut cippus
3319:
3316:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3294:Rosetta Stone
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3284:Phaistos Disc
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3259:Kedukan Bukit
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3203:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3028:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2962:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2948:
2941:
2940:
2932:
2922:
2919:
2914:
2912:
2905:
2900:
2898:
2891:
2886:
2884:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2866:
2860:
2858:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2799:Carthaginians
2796:
2795:Gaius Duilius
2791:
2790:
2774:
2770:
2769:Gaius Duilius
2765:
2764:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2705:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2667:
2658:
2648:
2646:
2636:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2609:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2526:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2505:
2495:
2492:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2439:
2437:
2427:
2425:
2414:
2411:
2406:
2404:
2397:
2396:libens merito
2392:
2390:
2383:
2378:
2376:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2322:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2224:metrical form
2221:
2217:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2195:Marmor Parium
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2130:
2126:
2123:Black-figure
2121:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2056:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1995:Delian League
1992:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1886:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1740:
1737:
1728:
1723:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1637:
1622:
1619:
1611:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1585:This section
1583:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1491:, 4th century
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1437:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1411:gnōthi sauton
1407:
1403:
1398:
1388:
1385:
1377:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1351:This section
1349:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1159:Rosetta Stone
1156:
1150:
1148:
1139:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1061:boustrophedon
1055:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1018:
1015:inscription,
1014:
1013:boustrophedon
1009:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
992:symbols. The
990:
980:
970:
960:
950:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
897:
893:
888:
886:
882:
873:
872:Rök runestone
869:
865:
864:Elder Futhark
861:
856:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
792:
783:
779:
775:
773:
760:
758:
754:
748:
746:
742:
737:
736:
731:
730:
724:
713:
711:
707:
706:
701:
697:
693:
689:
684:
682:
678:
677:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
611:
606:
602:
597:
591:
581:
577:
573:
569:
554:
551:
543:
533:
529:
525:
519:
518:
514:
509:This section
507:
503:
498:
497:
489:
487:
482:
480:
476:
472:
471:Rosetta Stone
467:
464:
458:
452:
446:
445:
438:
436:
431:
430:
422:
417:
412:
410:
409:
402:
397:
392:
391:
384:
383:(1904–1985).
382:
379:(1868–1947);
378:
375:(1834–1901);
374:
371:(1817–1903);
370:
367:(1815–1877);
366:
363:(1742–1815);
362:
359:(1737–1822);
358:
355:(1516–1571);
354:
346:
342:
338:
333:
326:
322:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
241:The study of
239:
237:
233:
229:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
172:
170:
169:James Ossuary
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
103:
96:
92:
89:
88:Ancient Greek
85:
78:
73:
66:
61:
54:
49:
43:
39:
38:Rosetta Stone
34:
30:
19:
9295:Inscriptions
9018:
8820:The Simpsons
8818:
8765:Other topics
8713:
8690:Christianity
8680:Resurrection
8311:Adolf Hitler
8140:Six-Day War
8136:Algerian War
8107: /
8066:Vichy France
8058:
8051:
7961: /
7849:World War II
7745: /
7412:
7405:
7207:Ghaza thesis
7130:
7106:
7092:White legend
7090: /
7088:Black legend
7043:Soviet Union
6933:
6926:
6914:
6877:Great Famine
6854:Indocentrism
6828:
6809:
6802:
6795:
6783:
6729:Grand Siècle
6727:
6708:
6676:Sinocentrism
6537:Ancient Rome
6517:
6375:Aryan Kartli
6373:
6165:
6128: /
6062:
5959:19th century
5957: /
5948: /
5913:
5906:
5905: /
5900:
5876:
5850: /
5824:Black legend
5782:Historiology
5579: /
5567:
5530:
5468:Quantitative
5391:
5387:Intellectual
5353: /
5349: /
5335: /
5333:Anthropology
5287:Phaleristics
5280:preservation
5275:Oral history
5249:
5216: /
5202: /
5184:Microhistory
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3133:Memento mori
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2997:Palaeography
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1901:codes of law
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1589:verification
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1452:codes of law
1440:
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1416:know thyself
1380:
1371:
1360:Please help
1355:verification
1352:
1321:
1287:
1266:Greek Corpus
1264:
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479:Thomas Young
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381:Louis Robert
377:Franz Cumont
349:
327:inscriptions
305:Myrtle Court
283:palaeography
267:pictographic
254:
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224:
192:palaeography
184:hagiographic
175:
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128:
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9208:Hagiography
8969: [
8929:Early Islam
8783: [
8675:Historicity
8653:Historicity
8643:Jane Austen
8623:The Beatles
8593:Netherlands
8554: [
8551:Zhuge Liang
8542: [
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8527:Yuan Shikai
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7778:Reparations
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7685:World War I
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7551: [
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7519:(1792–1815)
7490:Sea Peoples
7475:Gallic Wars
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6622:Archaeology
6495:Switzerland
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6466:Great Union
6447: [
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6415:Nationalist
6388:Ages of Man
6360: [
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6314: [
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6135:Revisionist
6027: [
5964:Renaissance
5829:Coloniality
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5777:Historicity
5701:Revisionist
5691:Pop history
5662:Nationalist
5636: [
5581:Cliometrics
5549:Approaches,
5505:Methodology
5401:Linguistics
5351:Environment
5317:Vexillology
5240:Diplomatics
5223:Chorography
5162:Big History
5114:War diaries
5087:Illuminated
5082:Manuscripts
5067:Hieroglyphs
4947:historicity
4791:Inscription
4724:Impermanent
4687:Clay tablet
4657:Oracle bone
4524:Ficus aurea
4504:Plant-based
4403:22 November
4387:22 November
4346:22 November
4329:22 November
4286:22 November
4265:22 November
4244:. 1986–2012
4232:22 November
4195:22 November
4179:22 November
4158:22 November
4005:René Cagnat
3961:; see also
3507:27 February
3453:Archaeology
3127:Maya script
3049:Abecedarium
3007:Orthography
2992:Numismatics
2605:sua pecunia
2570:South Tyrol
2459:; also the
2201:, found in
1702:Persian War
1191:Late Minoan
1064:, or as an
1017:Gortyn code
833:Phoenicians
829:syllabaries
805:Mesopotamia
797:pictography
723:hieroglyphs
698:or pointed
667:numismatics
632:Mesopotamia
580:Hippocrates
373:Emil Hübner
287:iconography
279:handwriting
275:logographic
271:ideographic
263:petroglyphs
259:Third Reich
220:clay tablet
188:numismatics
153:archaeology
129:epigraphist
75:Trilingual
9279:Categories
9263:Multimedia
9082:Technology
9046:Urreligion
8949:Kharijites
8900:Background
8568:Historical
8539:Zhou Enlai
8434:Mao Zedong
8429:Louis Riel
8202:Background
8053:Guilty Men
7995:Uniqueness
7918:Background
7913:Winter War
7837:Background
7770:Versailles
7624:Great Game
7271:Ricardians
7266:Tudor myth
6984:Partitions
6577:Succession
5867:Narratives
5852:Presentism
5808:Philosophy
5628:Humanistic
5516:Case study
5448:Indigenous
5426:Diplomatic
5370:Capitalism
5270:Onomastics
5228:Chronology
5057:Facsimiles
5042:Chronicles
4940:historians
4911:Historians
4808:Palimpsest
4803:Manuscript
4796:Bas-relief
4741:Skywriting
4697:Wax tablet
4677:Petroglyph
4537:Birch bark
4427:worldwide.
4028:It reads:
3598:. London:
3328:References
3192:Stoichedon
3172:Petroglyph
3100:Hero stone
3054:Chronogram
3017:Typography
3012:Papyrology
2931:milliarium
2897:H.M.H.N.S.
2702:See also:
2583:milestones
2542:Diocletian
2469:Haruspices
2310:H.M.H.N.S.
2242:See also:
1972:Erechtheum
1798:: "To the
1759:hierophant
1751:divination
1736:priesthood
1692:, once at
1683:peculation
1562:See also:
1535:Germanicus
1485:Corinthian
1406:Appian Way
1254:Chalcidian
1218:archonship
1203:Asia Minor
1171:Babylonian
1115:tombstones
1002:ideographs
947:(10,000),
903:Morse code
866:, and the
845:Phoenician
825:Ideographs
789:See also:
757:Thucydides
644:limestones
624:terracotta
425:corpus is
251:ideography
196:engravings
149:historians
125:epigrapher
86:(from
55:from Paris
53:Michel Ney
18:Epigrapher
9285:Epigraphy
9051:Perennial
8840:Economics
8792:Feudalism
8578:Australia
8326:Aurangzeb
8302:Political
8292:By person
7973:Pius Wars
7768:Treaty of
7427:conflicts
7234:Poor Laws
7097:Hispanism
6974:Sarmatism
6804:Sonderweg
6562:Expansion
6287:Litvinism
6121:Argentina
5955:Long 18th
5838:Dark Ages
5618:Historism
5416:Political
5355:Geography
5292:Philology
5255:Genealogy
5250:Epigraphy
5193:By source
5032:Artifacts
4815:Microform
4709:Silk text
4625:Parchment
4582:Palm leaf
4302:14 August
4248:23 August
4216:15 August
4013:Knowledge
3829:democracy
3379:CRC Press
3187:Runestone
3090:headstone
3076:Ex libris
2890:Hic iacet
2831:Old Latin
2797:over the
2587:basilicas
2585:, baths,
2579:aqueducts
2343:Religious
2228:hexameter
2153:example,
2101:Prytaneum
2044:Epidaurus
1976:Parthenon
1914:Naupactus
1852:Epidaurus
1848:Asclepius
1832:Eleusinia
1816:Alectrona
1779:Asclepius
1631:Religious
1608:July 2019
1548:Religious
1510:hexameter
1477:Periander
1457:Acropolis
1374:July 2019
1324:consulate
1313:Olympiads
1306:Eponymous
1298:Eucleides
1222:Eucleides
1183:Alexander
1161:, in the
1070:ploughing
1042:Byzantine
1038:Christian
1034:monograms
1030:Compendia
957:(1,000),
931:Epidaurus
885:cuneiform
874:in Sweden
729:cuneiform
618:Materials
578:, son of
540:July 2019
511:does not
396:fascicles
297:Arabesque
200:embossing
113:graphemes
102:epigraphḗ
84:Epigraphy
79:in Turkey
9253:Category
9168:template
8882:Religion
8733:Socrates
8648:Muhammed
8570:rankings
8451:Napoleon
8269:Category
8087:Cold War
7990:Slovakia
7577:Waterloo
7446:Crusades
7391:Military
7239:Scotland
7197:Kemalist
6519:Nam tiến
6514:Vietnam
6504:Ukraine
6462:Romania
6444:Portugal
6370:Georgia
6345:Medieval
6294:Bulgaria
6283:Belarus
6268:Austria
6074:Americas
6042:Morocco
6038:Ethiopia
5817:Specific
5740:Concepts
5645:Leninist
5603:Feminist
5591:Critical
5438:Feminism
5411:Military
5365:Business
5360:Economic
5342:Cultural
5326:By topic
5312:Toponymy
5260:Heraldry
5208:template
5155:By scale
5077:Logbooks
5062:Features
5027:Archives
4767:Notebook
4683:Tablets
4672:Geoglyph
4650:Stamping
4645:Intaglio
4587:Borassus
4570:Ola leaf
4497:Enduring
3986:int. al.
3907:int. al.
3805:Lycurgus
3721:29 March
3676:(1995).
3667:For the
3618:26605966
3590:(1992).
3471:27 April
3466:41658744
3167:Ostracon
3095:Graffiti
2965:See also
2746:Lysippus
2742:Hercules
2718:Honorary
2681:Hercules
2676:Lysippus
2591:porticos
2453:Fetiales
2442:Colleges
2365:Maximini
2358:Victoria
2328:tesserae
2294:V.S.L.M.
2232:elegiacs
2220:epitaphs
2183:Augustus
2150:Paeonius
2129:Sophilos
2109:Kresilas
2105:Pericles
2088:proxenos
2084:proxenos
2080:proxenos
2071:proxenos
2066:proxenia
2007:with an
1968:Peiraeus
1939:Ecclesia
1910:Locrians
1828:Messenia
1506:Cypselus
1489:Kresilas
1481:Cypselus
1475:Bust of
1436:potsherd
1302:Archinus
1261:medieval
1246:alphabet
1238:Etruscan
1175:Assyrian
1167:Sumerian
1155:hieratic
1072:). Most
987:(5) and
849:Egyptian
813:Hittites
605:Slovakia
576:Megacles
572:Ostrakon
435:classics
309:Alhambra
301:Maghrebi
236:graffiti
232:Linear B
208:intaglio
176:epigraph
137:document
121:literary
117:document
95:ἐπιγραφή
67:, India.
9188:Related
9078:Science
8723:Madonna
8695:Judaism
8658:Judaism
8490:Saladin
8380:Hypatia
8304:leaders
8228:Related
8181:Origins
8144:Origins
8095:Origins
7651:Origins
7597:Origins
7463:Origins
7325:Oceania
7288:British
7226:Kingdom
6869:Ireland
6776:Germany
6484:Sweden
6357:New Age
6333:Ancient
6329:Europe
6325:Croatia
6257:Albania
6250:Eurasia
6052:Rwanda
5750:General
5650:Marxist
5551:schools
5380:Thought
5347:Ecology
5109:Scrolls
5047:Codices
5015:Sources
4954:history
4931:History
4786:(baton)
4641:Metals
4599:Papyrus
4486:Writing
3835:in the
3825:galleys
3821:op.cit.
3086:Epitaph
2959:Gracchi
2939:termini
2844:Scipios
2698:Proxeny
2628:Bavaria
2626:, from
2473:Luperci
2157:below)
2145:Victory
2076:consuls
2009:ephebic
1966:at the
1960:arsenal
1931:prytany
1918:Salamis
1905:Gortyna
1873:Salamis
1824:Andania
1820:Ialysus
1794:in the
1755:Eleusis
1746:manteis
1679:bullion
1645:at the
1519:goddess
1497:picture
1459:or the
1448:posters
1334:Content
1317:emperor
1195:Knossos
1179:Persian
1127:Olympia
1119:Eleusis
967:(100),
913:or the
821:America
815:and in
681:amphora
676:ostraka
665:. (cf.
601:Trenčín
532:removed
517:sources
416:corpora
316:History
307:of the
212:ceramic
180:epigram
165:forgery
139:of the
109:writing
40:in the
8814:Salons
8616:Others
8583:Canada
8217:Causes
8154:Causes
8129:Causes
7923:Spirit
7857:Causes
7827:Causes
7692:Causes
7661:Causes
7634:Causes
7612:Causes
7543:Causes
7290:Empire
7224:United
7190:Turkey
7005:Russia
6979:Deluge
6962:Poland
6702:France
6500:Taiwan
6473:Serbia
6279:Balhae
6130:Causes
6081:Canada
6015:Egypt
6008:Africa
5532:Tarikh
5453:Labour
5443:Gender
5433:Social
5233:dating
5099:Papyri
5022:Annals
4820:Scroll
4736:Screen
4630:Vellum
4542:Betula
4365:
4137:20 May
3937:
3919:
3857:
3785:(1914)
3712:
3708:–126.
3669:Cicero
3651:
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3606:
3464:
3426:
3385:
3202:
3104:Paliya
3071:Arabic
3027:
2982:EpiDoc
2911:V.S.F.
2865:D.M.S.
2711:patron
2511:QDERFP
2455:, the
2451:, the
2449:Augurs
2305:), or
2250:, and
2199:Oxford
2193:. The
2191:Ancyra
2048:Megara
2026:ephebi
1983:galley
1964:Philon
1864:gods.
1857:abaton
1840:oracle
1808:Graces
1800:Nymphs
1796:Louvre
1792:Thasos
1769:Ritual
1710:Dodona
1694:Delphi
1671:Apollo
1666:temple
1649:. The
1531:Cicero
1522:Athena
1501:relief
1402:mosaic
1309:Archon
1271:Sicily
1230:Athens
1224:) the
1187:Middle
1123:Delphi
1110:stelae
998:Romans
977:(10),
964:εκατόν
954:χίλιοι
944:Μύριοι
935:Athens
927:rhombi
905:; but
892:Europe
881:masons
862:, the
837:Greeks
735:apices
700:hammer
692:chisel
655:silver
651:bronze
640:Athens
636:Greece
401:Corpus
216:fresco
214:or in
9061:Roman
8973:]
8787:]
8700:Islam
8670:Jesus
8558:]
8546:]
8534:]
8502:]
8478:]
8441:]
8404:]
8392:]
8360:]
8348:]
8073:]
7963:Nakba
7759:]
7723:]
7673:]
7555:]
7538:]
7181:]
7169:]
7145:]
7126:]
7081:Spain
7036:]
7024:]
6996:]
6903:Italy
6841:India
6818:]
6766:]
6754:]
6742:]
6723:]
6634:]
6609:China
6451:]
6410:Korea
6405:Japan
6394:Iran
6383:Greek
6364:]
6352:]
6340:]
6318:]
6311:Early
6306:]
6167:Casta
6142:]
6064:Maafa
6031:]
5801:]
5789:]
5640:]
5480:Women
5475:Urban
5463:Rural
5458:LGBTQ
5214:Books
5052:Deeds
4989:Types
4784:Shaku
4762:Codex
4692:Slate
4667:Stone
4594:Paper
4511:Amate
4071:et al
3632:vi. 2
3542:(PDF)
3462:JSTOR
3346:(PDF)
3147:Ogham
3088:on a
2807:Fasti
2566:Bozen
2525:DERIC
2457:Salii
2362:Turma
2274:Latin
2203:Paros
2162:Attic
2125:dinos
2005:Stele
1935:Boule
1826:, in
1804:paean
1783:Milos
1753:; at
1675:Delos
1515:Samos
1461:Agora
1250:Caere
1199:Syria
1090:stele
984:πεντε
911:Greek
907:Runes
896:Ogham
841:Latin
817:China
809:Crete
801:Egypt
753:Delos
696:punch
688:tools
671:Crete
628:Egypt
341:Latin
204:cameo
90:
9152:list
7747:1917
6759:Lyon
6230:Eras
6149:Peru
5884:list
5831:and
5711:Whig
4918:list
4825:Sign
4757:Book
4488:and
4405:2009
4389:2009
4363:ISBN
4348:2009
4331:2009
4304:2011
4288:2009
4267:2009
4250:2012
4234:2009
4218:2011
4197:2009
4181:2009
4160:2009
4139:2016
4089:Cf.
4043:Cf.
4015:'s "
3984:Cf.
3953:Cf.
3935:ISBN
3917:ISBN
3905:Cf.
3889:Cf.
3873:Cf.
3855:ISBN
3759:Cf.
3735:Cf.
3723:2013
3710:ISBN
3649:ISBN
3614:OCLC
3604:ISBN
3574:help
3553:2018
3509:2012
3473:2011
3424:ISBN
3383:ISBN
3358:2018
3352:: 12
3313:The
3118:and
3102:and
2883:H.I.
2857:D.M.
2823:tomb
2821:The
2598:S.P.
2471:and
2403:V.S.
2389:L.M.
2375:D.D.
2216:deme
1566:and
1550:and
1526:Hera
1524:and
1252:, a
1201:and
1189:and
1177:and
1147:Rome
1040:and
981:for
974:δέκα
971:for
961:for
951:for
941:for
894:the
819:and
721:the
686:The
659:gold
515:any
513:cite
492:Form
386:The
273:and
247:idea
145:Iran
36:The
5878:Pax
4637:Ink
4007:'s
3967:by
3787:at
3706:118
3416:doi
2861:or
2825:of
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2535:).
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2230:or
2197:at
2181:of
1997:).
1962:of
1850:at
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1781:at
1708:at
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1499:or
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1364:by
1248:of
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1125:or
1068:in
1032:or
747:.)
663:die
657:or
603:in
574:of
526:by
206:or
190:or
174:An
127:or
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8971:it
8785:pt
8556:zh
8544:zh
8532:zh
8500:zh
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