32:
179:
143:, though it only occurs in tissues surrounding the site of injury rather than occurring system-wide. Epimorphosis restores the anatomy of the organism and the original polarity that existed before the destruction of the tissue and/or a structure of the organism. Epimorphosis regeneration can be observed in both vertebrates and invertebrates such as the common examples: salamanders, annelids, and planarians.
290:. To begin the physical formation of a new limb, regeneration occurs in a distal to proximal sequence. The distal part of the limb is established first, and then the distal part of the limb interacts with the original proximal part of the limb to form the intermediate portion of the limb known as intercalation.
234:
occurs when a part of an organism is destroyed, and the organism must reform that structure. The general steps for limb regeneration are as follows: epidermis covers the wound which is called the wound healing process, the mesenchyme dedifferentiates into a blastema and a apical ectodermal cap forms,
243:
Epidermal cells at the wound margins migrate to cover the wound and will become the wound epidermis. No scar tissue forms, as it would in mammals. The mesenchymal tissues of the limb stump secrete matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). As the MMPs are secreted, the wound epithelium thickensand eventually
397:
to secrete materials to make a protective mucosal covering and epithelium to gather at the site through spreading of the cells rather than proliferation that occurs in vertebrates The dorsal and ventral epithelial cells then come to the site and become differentiated to begin regeneration. The
398:
polarity of the planaria can be reestablished through an anterior-posterior gradient through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Polarity can be described in planarians that the anterior part of the wound site will create a head of a planaria, and the posterior side will create the tail.
281:) that drive the development of the new limb, essentially resetting the limb back to its embryonic development stage. However, even though some of the limb cells are able to dedifferentiate, they are not able to fully dedifferentiate to the level of
268:
cells that form the blastema. Some tissues express specialized genes (like muscle cells) and so if there is damage to these tissues, the genes become downregulated and the proliferation genes are unregulated. The AEC also releases
162:. Specifically, Morgan wanted epimorphosis to specify the process of entirely new tissues being regrown from an amputation or similar injury, with morphallaxis being coined to describe regeneration that did not use
350:
genes concerned in epimorphosis are present in the abdominal area of the worm, but not in the anterior portion. However, the genes do not, themselves, direct the anterior-posterior patterning of the worm's thorax.
388:
contracting immediately after the worm is cut at the head as a predator reactionary mechanism in order to decrease the surface area at the site of the cut. This mechanism activates the neoblasts which are
285:
progenitor cells. During regeneration, only cartilage cells can form new cartilage tissue, only muscle cells can form new muscle tissue, and so on. The dedifferentiated cells still retain their original
154:, an evolutionary biologist who also worked with embryology, argued that limb and tissue reformation bore many similarities to embryonic development. Building off of the work of German embryologist
245:
340:
is a segmented worm found in North
America that is capable of regenerating posterior segments after amputation. This regeneration uses the interaction of several sets of
170:. The key difference between the two forms of regeneration is that epimorphosis involves cellular proliferation and blastema formation, whereas morphallaxis does not.
187:
158:, who suggested regeneration was two cooperative but distinct pathways instead of one, Morgan named the two parts of the regenerative process epimorphosis and
135:
of a specific part of an organism in a way that involves extensive cell proliferation of somatic stem cells, dedifferentiation, and reformation, as well as
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is capable of regenerating limbs that have been damaged or destroyed, such as legs and antennae, as well parts of its compound eye. It does this with
361:
770:
314:
662:
1261:
Newmark PA, Sánchez
Alvarado A (March 2002). "Not your father's planarian: a classic model enters the era of functional genomics".
1145:"Genomic organization and expression demonstrate spatial and temporal Hox gene colinearity in the lophotrochozoan Capitella sp. I"
1391:
Sánchez
Alvarado A, Newmark PA (July 1998). "The use of planarians to dissect the molecular basis of metazoan regeneration".
746:
573:
Sánchez
Alvarado A, Tsonis PA (November 2006). "Bridging the regeneration gap: genetic insights from diverse animal models".
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found evidence for epimorphosis occurring in a variety of vertebrates, including instances of mammal epimorphosis.
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53:
321:. Regenectin carries both a regenerative and a system defense function, and it is produced by the cockroach's
82:
1309:"The Dynamics of Wound Closure and Its Role in the Programming of Planarian Regeneration. II - Distalization"
49:
1111:
541:
195:
64:
686:
Summerbell D, Lewis JH, Wolpert L (August 1973). "Positional information in chick limb morphogenesis".
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to re-establish; this means the cells under the AEC (including bone, cartilage, fibroblast cells, etc)
220:
1204:"A Stable Thoracic Hox Code and Epimorphosis Characterize Posterior Regeneration in Capitella teleta"
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256:. Under the AEC, the nerves near the site of the limb destroyed are degraded. The AEC causes the
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Reddien PW, Sánchez
Alvarado A (November 2004). "Fundamentals of planarian regeneration".
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Sunderland ME (2010-05-01). "Regeneration: Thomas Hunt Morgan's window into development".
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that, when needed, can draw upon both morphallaxis and epimorphosis to regrow itself; in
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Reddien PW, Sánchez
Alvarado A (2004-10-08). "Fundamentals of planarian regeneration".
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881:(Tenth ed.). Sunderland, MA, USA: Sinauer Associates, Inc. pp. 571–573.
663:"Thomas Hunt Morgan's Definition of Regeneration: Morphallaxis and Epimorphosis"
899:"Initiation of limb regeneration: the critical steps for regenerative capacity"
821:"Initiation of limb regeneration: the critical steps for regenerative capacity"
490:"Initiation of limb regeneration: the critical steps for regenerative capacity"
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1071:"Unifying principles of regeneration I: Epimorphosis versus morphallaxis"
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Issues in
Biological, Biochemical, and Evolutionary Sciences Research
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that forms on the tip of the stump. This is similar to the embryonic
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epimorphosis precedes morphallaxis and lasts about ten days.
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formation. Epimorphosis can be considered a simple model for
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Nye HL, Cameron JA, Chernoff EA, Stocum DL (February 2003).
962:"Developmental aspects of spinal cord and limb regeneration"
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and the limb re-differentiates to form the full limb.
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cells into the new tissue. Through studies involving
949:. Atlanta, GA: ScholarlyEditions. 2012. p. 464.
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fins, the toetips of mice, and limb regeneration in
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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198:, which instructs cells on how to orient the limb.
346:genes, as well as blastema formation. All of the
1462:
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441:"Regeneration mechanisms in Syllidae (Annelida)"
439:Ribeiro RP, Bleidorn C, Aguado MT (March 2018).
186:in embryonic development is very similar to the
1358:Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
786:Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
207:, epimorphosis relies on blastema formation to
1143:Fröbius AC, Matus DQ, Seaver EC (2008-12-23).
1069:Agata K, Saito Y, Nakajima E (February 2007).
959:
679:
1201:
861:
1019:"Regeneration of the urodele limb: a review"
739:Animal models for the study of human disease
741:(Second ed.). London, United Kingdom.
313:—a protein made for binding proteins—named
238:
1306:
1116:Trends in Glycoscience and Glycotechnology
769:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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546:Trends in Glycoscience and Glycotechnology
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319:lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding proteins
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1370:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.20.010403.095114
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960:Chernoff EA, Stocum DL (April 1995).
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1202:de Jong DM, Seaver EC (2016-02-19).
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416:"Medical Definition of EPIMORPHOSIS"
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54:adding citations to reliable sources
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317:, which shares a family with other
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19:For the mathematical function, see
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1437:Morgan T (1901). "Regeneration".
1112:"Insect Lectins and Epimorphosis"
1110:Kubo T, Arai T (September 1996).
652:
618:Journal of the History of Biology
542:"Insect Lectins and Epimorphosis"
540:Kubo T, Arai T (September 1996).
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325:to work with muscle reformation.
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1405:10.1046/j.1524-475x.1998.60418.x
1326:10.1111/j.1440-169x.1980.00693.x
1088:10.1111/j.1440-169X.2007.00919.x
916:10.1111/j.1440-169X.2007.00973.x
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1393:Wound Repair and Regeneration
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1307:Chandebois R (August 1980).
1229:10.1371/journal.pone.0149724
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252:, which forms during normal
16:Process of cell regeneration
7:
897:Yokoyama H (January 2008).
819:Yokoyama H (January 2008).
488:Yokoyama H (January 2008).
246:apical ectodermal cap (AEC)
196:zone of polarizing activity
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384:begin epimorphosis by the
221:Polish Academy of Sciences
190:in limb regeneration. The
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630:10.1007/s10739-009-9203-2
393:stems cells which allows
271:fibroblast growth factors
1263:Nature Reviews. Genetics
575:Nature Reviews. Genetics
239:Processes in salamanders
194:can be seen near to the
420:www.merriam-webster.com
250:apical ectodermal ridge
184:apical ectodermal ridge
1023:Developmental Dynamics
737:Conn PM (2017-06-20).
199:
1471:Developmental biology
879:Developmental Biology
300:Periplaneta americana
264:and become separated
219:, researchers at the
188:apical ectodermal cap
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1451:10.1086/ahr/17.4.809
50:improve this article
1220:2016PLoSO..1149724D
1161:2008PLoSO...3.4004F
877:Gilbert SF (2014).
700:1973Natur.244..492S
1129:10.4052/tigg.8.357
1036:10.1002/dvdy.10236
559:10.4052/tigg.8.357
307:American cockroach
273:(FGFs) (including
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164:cell proliferation
152:Thomas Hunt Morgan
131:is defined as the
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232:Limb regeneration
227:Limb regeneration
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156:Wilhelm Roux
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133:regeneration
129:Epimorphosis
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48:Please help
43:verification
40:
1081:(2): 73–8.
283:multipotent
266:mesenchymal
244:becomes an
209:proliferate
205:vertebrates
141:development
21:Epimorphism
1465:Categories
672:2018-02-19
425:2018-02-19
402:References
391:totipotent
315:regenectin
76:newspapers
1335:0012-1592
988:0012-1592
765:cite book
757:992170104
395:rhabdites
386:epidermis
378:P. vitta,
370:of genus
337:C. teleta
213:zebrafish
1378:15473858
1343:37281333
1291:28379017
1283:11972158
1248:26894631
1208:PLOS ONE
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855:25299267
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646:24804711
638:20665231
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524:25299267
516:17986260
475:29721325
382:Planaria
373:Planaria
368:flatworm
363:P. vitta
217:axolotls
137:blastema
1421:8085897
1413:9824561
1239:4764619
1216:Bibcode
1180:2603591
1157:Bibcode
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716:4621272
696:Bibcode
603:2978615
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