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690:, and which would only increase during the conflict. While he fully supported military presence and activities, after so many soldiers had been in the state long enough to gain resident hunting licenses (significantly cheaper than nonresident licenses) Gruening worried wildlife populations would suffer. Because of this, he began to focus on instituting new regulations to protect Alaska's animals and environment from the
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regarding the
Vietnam War. He was against the bloodshed, against the expense, against the number of refugees resulting from combat, and against how it had changed the worldview on the morality of the United States. He focused on combatting the mindset that since the U.S. was involved in Vietnam, it
935:
saying he was putting the chair used by
Gruening on the U.S. Senate floor up for auction. When Gruening left, he was given the option to buy his seat, and he did. It sat in his dining room, unused as it was so uncomfortable. The friendship that developed between Gruening and Jacques from the time
620:
Despite having been born outside of Alaska, he was a fervent supporter of the territory's statehood, serving as one of its first senators after statehood. He gave the keynote speech in 1955 at the
Alaskan Constitutional Convention entitled "Let Us End American
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in sparsely-populated Alaska. Many of Alaska's infrastructure difficulties were caused by low population, both in overall numbers and density. An influx of immigrants would help solve some of the problems, but
Gruening, Alaskans, and 64.7% of Americans, as a
988:
However, Isaac
Camacho, who became the first American to escape from a Viet Cong POW camp, said that whilst he was a prisoner, Gruening's anti-war rhetoric was used by his VC interrogators as propaganda. Camacho said that he found this "very demoralizing."
633:
in relation to the territory of Alaska. Gruening's argument was that Alaska had been a colony of the U.S., but one that, from its purchase, had been promised statehood. With his assistance and support, Alaska entered the Union four years later, in 1959.
966:; he was a vocal opponent of the war throughout U.S. presence in Southeast Asia at the time. In the article, Gruening notes that his 30-page speech, including exhibits, on March 10, 1964, was the first piece of opposition out of
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survey in 1938 showed, opposed accepting more immigrants and moving them to Alaska. While that suggestion was gaining force in 1938, before
Gruening became the territorial governor, it continued throughout World War II.
679:. The territory had as many as 4000 patients and only 289 hospital beds. Alaska spent one-tenth of its annual budget increasing awareness about TB, yet the death rate was still eight times the United States average.
959:. All our other issues and problems are slighted, impaired and unresolved until we halt the fighting, stop the... continuing drain of blood and treasure, and turn to the long-neglected and pressing needs at home."
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Jacques was protesting against the
Vietnam War draft made him present at the sale of some of Gruening's property after his death and acquire the chair. At the time of the call, Jacques was moving and felt his
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and civilian defense forces, whose first assignment was "around-the-clock protection for radio stations, telephone exchanges, oil tanks, public utilities, and docks, and to be vigilant against possible
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as Alaska's capital. Win
Gruening also had a long career in banking in Juneau, originally with B. M. Behrends Bank, which called itself the oldest bank in Alaska prior to being absorbed by
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campus, is named in his honor. The structure is eight stories tall and 72,000 square feet, making it the first on the college campus to be over three stories. In 1977, Alaska donated a
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Though only one of his three sons reached adulthood, Gruening's descendants have managed to establish roots in Alaska after him, mostly in Juneau. In 1980, Gruening's grandson,
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from
January 3, 1959 (the day that Alaska became the 49th state to join the Union) to January 3, 1969 (the tenth anniversary of statehood), defeating Territorial Governor
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invasion. Gruening had been pushing for defense facilities in Alaska since his appointment to the governorship, and because of recent actions from
Germany and Japan,
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regarding Vietnam, Gruening continued the fight against U.S. involvement in the region and its consequences by stating, "After you have been bombing villagers with
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from 1938 to 1942. In 1939, Gruening was appointed Governor of the Territory of Alaska, and served in that position for 13 1/2 years. He was a delegate to the
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Ernest Gruening served as the 7th governor of the Alaskan territory from 1939 to 1953. During his term, he continued to write letters to the editor at
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is named in his honor. Numerous roads and streets in Alaska are named for him as well. As per his wishes, his cremated ashes were scattered on
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Ernest Gruening wrote: "It is, and for some time has been, obvious that the most important issue facing our nation is to get out of the war in
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Another grandson, Winthrop H. "Win" Gruening, was the longtime head of The Alaska Committee, organized in Juneau in 1995 to lobby for keeping
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1599:(Argues Gruening tried to implement the anti-imperialist principles he had outlined in the 1920s. He failed because he lacked local support.)
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660:. Gruening's letter included information on the steps taken by his territorial government benefiting veterans in the state. His plan, the
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might as well stay. Gruening suggested that the U.S. entrance into the Southeast Asian theatre was misguided and called for an apology.
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Johnson, Robert David (1997). "Anti-Imperialism And The Good Neighbour Policy: Ernest Gruening and Puerto Rican Affairs, 1934β1939".
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1051:, and with KeyBank following the acquisition. His daughter, Caroline Gruening, enjoyed success in basketball, playing guard for
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While Gruening was not an Alaska resident when he was appointed governor, he lived in Alaska after leaving office. Remaining in
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in 1912 at the age of 25. He then forsook medicine to pursue journalism, finding it more exciting. Initially a reporter for the
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After the 1964 Alaska earthquake, Gruening was part of the efforts to rebuild Anchorage, along with Representative
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McKinney, Debra (April 27, 2006). "Chair with a story - Ernest Gruening's Senate 'seat' is going up for auction".
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invaded Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. Meanwhile, in September of that year, the Japanese
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for four months in 1934. During his time in New York, he also worked for the Spanish-language publication
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914:. He was also responsible for introducing a set of congressional resolutions to establish the nationwide
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and Mexican officials today. For this work, the best written by a non-Mexican on Mexico, he received the
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in 1962, winning re-election to a full term. He was defeated for re-election in 1968 by fellow Democrat
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Gruening, (bottom, third from left), celebrating Alaska Statehood next to a 49 star U.S. Flag, held by
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734:. There had been growing concern in Alaska over the lack of military defense, as it was vulnerable to
609:. In 1928, he published the most comprehensive book on the country, which is still recommended by the
423:. He was appointed as Governor of Alaska in 1939 and became a prominent advocate of Alaska statehood.
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defeated Gruening in the Democratic Senate primary, and Gruening's attempt to win re-election as an
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A significant issue during Gruening's tenure as territorial governor, particularly in 1946, was a
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designated funds to build army forts and airfields in the territory. By 1941, there were 3,000
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656:. One such letter examined that publication's recent discussion of state legislation affecting
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388:; February 6, 1887 β June 26, 1974) was an American journalist and politician. A member of the
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Gruening's most notable act as an officeholder was being one of only two senators, along with
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1979:
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https://www.historynet.com/isaac-ike-camacho-escaped-from-captivity-during-the-vietnam-war/
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625:!" in which he outlined the ways in which the United States mirrored the actions of the
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politics, he switched careers. Gruening was appointed to the U.S. delegation to the 7th
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at various points. For four years, Gruening was, consecutively, managing editor of the
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which passed on August 7, 1964. It authorized an expansion of U.S. involvement in the
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1995:
1984:
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1075:, one of several communities throughout Alaska which has a street named for Gruening.
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was "no place for a chair of such stature" and that it should be returned to Alaska.
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Born in New York City, Gruening pursued a career in journalism after graduating from
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1954:
1944:
1914:
1904:
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978:
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In connection with World War II but preceding U.S. involvement, Interior Secretary
763:, the most accessible route from Asia. The Japanese did reach Alaska in June 1942,
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caused by large numbers of soldiers arriving prior to the United States entry into
652:
526:
483:
351:
242:
225:
101:
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759:." The armed forces expanded their operations in Alaska, slowly moving toward the
430:, after Alaska gained statehood in 1959. Gruening was a prominent opponent of the
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2017:
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985:, it's going to be very difficult to persuade people that you are their friend."
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Another concern during Gruening's time as governor was the possible effect on
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incumbent Gravel for the Democratic nomination in the U.S. Senate primary.
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hold the 49 star U.S. Flag after the admission of Alaska as the 49th state.
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in 1912, he went on to become copy desk editor and rewrite man for the
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Gruening became one of Alaska's inaugural pair of senators, along with
1834:
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2844:
1468:"Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress - Retro Member details"
506:
and, from 1912 to 1913, an editorial writer. He also worked for the
419:, he served in various roles during the administration of President
876:. He continued his active political involvement as president of an
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683:
664:, provided for loans up to $ 10,000 for veterans at a four percent
559:
2354:
1067:
1048:
657:
471:
782:, the only continental U.S. locations captured in World War II.
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1804:
1628:
982:
903:
750:, Gruening prepared for Alaska to be next. Plans were made for
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52:
1160:"Gruening Elected Alaska Senator; is Third Jew in U.S. Senate"
363:
915:
779:
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signed the surrender which ended the war. Gruening attended
1032:
following college, serving from there for two terms in the
880:
and as a legislative consultant. He died on June 26, 1974.
852:
for the seat in 1958. He then defeated future U.S. Senator
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family, the son of Phebe (Fridenberg) and Emil Gruening, a
467:
372:
1079:
The Ernest Gruening Building, a classroom building on the
1642:
1441:"Juneau Color β Piloting, permanent fund and paragliders"
1276:
Gruening, Ernest (1946). "Alaska Provides for Veterans".
1001:, he spent most of his later years living with his wife,
369:
357:
668:, half the established rate in Alaska of eight percent.
1707:
U.S. Shadow Senator (Class 3) from the Alaska Territory
415:. After working for various newspapers in New York and
2123:
1554:
Ernest Gruening and the American Dissenting Tradition
1230:. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press. p. 57.
804:
Gruening was instrumental in passing America's first
442:
which allowed the bombing of North Vietnam. In 1968,
381:
366:
1650:
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
1114:
976:
Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs
360:
3119:
Democratic Party United States senators from Alaska
3084:
United States Army Field Artillery Branch personnel
1397:Gruening, Ernest (May 5, 1969). "Ernest Gruening".
962:That summarizes Gruening's negative opinion on the
438:, was one of just two senators to vote against the
354:
1551:
1533:Many Battles: The Autobiography of Ernest Gruening
789:developed a plan to resettle refugees fleeing the
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646:Official portrait of Gruening as Governor in 1943
474:-born eye and ear surgeon, who had fought in the
16:Governor of the Alaska Territory and U.S. Senator
3065:
3109:American newspaper reporters and correspondents
3023:Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act
868:, taking third place, behind Gravel and former
1295:. Vol. 47, no. 19. 1946. p. 54.
568:Division of Territories and Island Possessions
2860:
2473:
2220:
2109:
1850:
1412:Kempton, M. (1965). "Bundy-Gruening Debate".
864:, Gruening ran in the general election as an
1515:This article incorporates material from the
1416:. Vol. 152, no. 19. pp. 9β10.
1312:. Oxford University Press. pp. 66, 67.
1200:"Ernest Gruening | Spatacus-educational.com"
3169:United States Army personnel of World War I
1605:Ernest Gruening: Alaska's Greatest Governor
1228:Ernest Gruening: Alaska's Greatest Governor
746:soldiers stationed around Alaska. With the
478:, and was present when Confederate General
462:Ernest Gruening in Haiti, c. 1910s or 1920s
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1309:All the People: Since 1945 (History of Us)
157:December 6, 1939 β April 10, 1953
114:October 6, 1956 β January 3, 1959
65:January 3, 1959 β January 3, 1969
31:
3139:Jewish American people in Alaska politics
605:One of Gruening's areas of expertise was
576:Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration
3114:American people of German-Jewish descent
2488:Alaska's delegation(s) to the 86thβ90th
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1496:United States Department of the Interior
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1359:
1332:
1275:
1066:
831:
819:
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675:rate so high it caused him to declare a
641:
540:from 1920 to 1923 and the editor of the
466:Gruening was born in New York City to a
457:
1864:
1572:
1549:
1411:
1095:. Ernest Gruening Middle School in the
1017:. The cabin is currently listed on the
580:Alaska International Highway Commission
3066:
1439:McAllister, Bill (September 8, 2000).
732:invaded and conquered French Indochina
574:, 1934β1939, and Administrator of the
3149:Military personnel from New York City
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2208:
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1838:
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1186:"Gruening, Ernest | Encyclopedia.com"
1474:
1335:"Hundreds honor civil rights leader"
1333:Morrison, Eric (February 17, 2009).
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1028:(who grew up in Juneau but moved to
1019:National Register of Historic Places
974:In an article about his debate with
578:, 1935β1937. He was a member of the
3018:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
1487:Geographic Names Information System
553:
13:
2125:United States senators from Alaska
1757:U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Alaska
1524:
1374:
1299:
921:In 2006, Norman Jacques, a former
14:
3180:
3164:The Nation (U.S. magazine) people
3094:20th-century American politicians
1622:
1575:Journal of Latin American Studies
1252:"Let us end American colonialism"
1206:
1093:National Statuary Hall Collection
860:. When Gravel won the Democratic
2932:
2909:Department of Alaska (1867β1884)
2884:
2353:
2162:
1923:
1627:
1131:
1117:
534:, Gruening became the editor of
350:
3159:Politicians from Juneau, Alaska
2919:Territory of Alaska (1912β1959)
1645:"Ernest Gruening (id: G000508)"
1492:United States Geological Survey
1460:
1432:
1420:
1405:
1390:
1353:
1337:. Juneau Empire. Archived from
1034:Alaska House of Representatives
810:Alaska Equal Rights Act of 1945
697:
637:
602:in 1958, serving for 10 years.
584:Democratic National Conventions
3144:Journalists from New York City
2914:District of Alaska (1884β1912)
1607:. University of Alaska Press.
1550:Johnson, Robert David (1998).
1326:
1284:
1269:
1244:
1192:
1178:
1152:
1081:University of Alaska Fairbanks
943:
844:Gruening served Alaska in the
815:
1:
3129:Harvard Medical School alumni
3124:Governors of Alaska Territory
2924:Recent history (1959βpresent)
1280:. Vol. 115, no. 20.
1145:
617:from the Mexican government.
453:
1558:. Harvard University Press.
948:In the May 5, 1969 issue of
629:in North America before the
400:from 1939 until 1953, and a
145:Governor of Alaska Territory
97:United States Shadow Senator
7:
3089:United States Army officers
2904:Russian America (1733β1867)
1110:
1062:
694:that he saw as inevitable.
10:
3185:
3104:American newspaper editors
1053:Juneau-Douglas High School
572:Department of the Interior
2996:Aleutian Islands campaign
2941:
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2005:
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1587:10.1017/S0022216X96004634
1531:Gruening, Ernest (1973).
1382:Vol. 123, Page
1164:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
1085:statue of Ernest Gruening
992:
908:Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
662:Territorial Veterans' Act
598:, and was elected to the
566:in 1933, Director of the
564:Inter-American Conference
440:Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
339:
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30:
23:
2949:Russian-American Company
2490:United States Congresses
1785:Party political offices
1643:United States Congress.
1429:. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
1291:"Scourge of the North".
1226:Naske, Claus-M. (2004).
615:Order of the Aztec Eagle
521:Boston Evening Traveller
486:, and he graduated from
3134:Hotchkiss School alumni
2981:Alaska boundary dispute
1603:Naske, Claus-M (2004).
1482:"Mount Ernest Gruening"
806:anti-discrimination law
722:In the spring of 1940,
2986:1925 serum run to Nome
2493:(ordered by seniority)
1517:National Statuary Hall
1107:near his Alaska home.
1076:
1057:Santa Clara University
906:, to vote against the
841:
829:
772:landing on the islands
748:attack on Pearl Harbor
719:
647:
492:Harvard Medical School
463:
413:Harvard Medical School
408:from 1959 until 1969.
1636:at Wikimedia Commons
1105:Mount Ernest Gruening
1089:United States Capitol
1070:
835:
823:
705:
645:
611:U.S. State Department
503:Boston Evening Herald
461:
421:Franklin D. Roosevelt
402:United States Senator
346:Ernest Henry Gruening
324:Field Artillery Corps
312:Years of service
209:Ernest Henry Gruening
48:United States Senator
3048:History of Fairbanks
3036:History of Anchorage
3008:Alaska Statehood Act
2240:United States Senate
1378:Congressional Record
1362:Anchorage Daily News
932:Anchorage Daily News
846:United States Senate
600:United States Senate
484:The Hotchkiss School
434:, and with Oregon's
1866:Governors of Alaska
1341:on October 25, 2015
1306:Hakim, Joy (2010).
1071:Gruening Street in
530:. After serving in
392:, Gruening was the
3154:New Deal in Alaska
2892:Timeline of Alaska
2260:(1958, 1960, 1966)
1763:Served alongside:
1713:Served alongside:
1676:Governor of Alaska
1661:Political offices
1386:(October 10, 1977)
1256:library.alaska.gov
1077:
842:
830:
791:European continent
720:
677:state of emergency
648:
488:Harvard University
476:American Civil War
464:
450:was unsuccessful.
306:United States Army
282:Harvard University
3061:
3060:
2942:Topics and events
2876:History of Alaska
2842:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2455:
2454:
2202:
2201:
2091:
2090:
1936:(1912–1959)
1876:(1884–1912)
1833:
1832:
1824:Succeeded by
1775:Succeeded by
1761:1959β1969
1752:
1734:
1721:Succeeded by
1711:1956β1959
1686:Frank Heintzleman
1683:Succeeded by
1632:Media related to
1565:978-0-674-26060-3
1319:978-0-19-973502-0
1101:Anchorage, Alaska
874:Elmer E. Rasmuson
872:mayor Republican
744:U.S. Armed Forces
631:Revolutionary War
490:in 1907 and from
343:
342:
190:Frank Heintzleman
3176:
3099:Alaska Democrats
2936:
2935:
2888:
2887:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2846:
2845:
2825:
2800:
2792:B. Bartlett
2789:
2782:E. Gruening
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2748:
2727:B. Bartlett
2725:
2718:E. Gruening
2716:
2684:
2663:B. Bartlett
2661:
2654:E. Gruening
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2372:(1958, 1962)
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2194:L. Murkowski
2189:F. Murkowski
2178:
2009:(since 1959)
1974:
1934:Territorial
1801:U.S. Senator
1799:nominee for
1795:
1790:
1766:Bob Bartlett
1764:
1755:
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1730:U.S. Senator
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1501:February 13,
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1278:New Republic
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1261:November 28,
1259:. Retrieved
1255:
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927:Rhode Island
920:
897:
893:Bob Bartlett
891:and Senator
885:Ralph Rivers
882:
843:
838:Bob Bartlett
803:
795:
784:
768:Dutch Harbor
728:Adolf Hitler
724:Nazi Germany
721:
718:in June 1945
698:World War II
688:World War II
681:
673:tuberculosis
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638:Governorship
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330:Battles/wars
238:(1974-06-26)
185:Succeeded by
166:Bob Bartlett
152:
136:U.S. Senator
130:Succeeded by
109:
85:Succeeded by
60:
18:
3079:1974 deaths
3074:1887 births
2382:C. Gruening
2370:E. Gruening
1996:Hendrickson
1985:Hendrickson
1980:Heintzleman
1827:Mike Gravel
1778:Mike Gravel
1770:Ted Stevens
1694:U.S. Senate
1097:Eagle River
964:Vietnam War
944:Vietnam War
912:Vietnam War
900:Wayne Morse
887:, Governor
866:independent
858:Mike Gravel
854:Ted Stevens
816:U.S. Senate
623:Colonialism
532:World War I
448:independent
444:Mike Gravel
436:Wayne Morse
432:Vietnam War
334:World War I
173:Preceded by
120:Preceded by
90:Mike Gravel
71:Preceded by
3068:Categories
2899:Prehistory
2316:Vondersaar
1797:Democratic
1680:1939β1953
1399:The Nation
1375:1977
1237:1889963356
1146:References
1007:in a cabin
951:The Nation
537:The Nation
454:Early life
254:Democratic
215:1887-02-06
162:Lieutenant
3031:oil spill
2974:Fairbanks
2829: (R)
2806: (R)
2795: (D)
2784: (D)
2752: (D)
2729: (D)
2720: (D)
2688: (D)
2665: (D)
2656: (D)
2624: (D)
2601: (D)
2592: (D)
2560: (D)
2537: (D)
2528: (D)
2306:Obermeyer
2063:Murkowski
2043:Sheffield
1991:Stepovich
1890:Swineford
1874:District
1669:John Troy
1595:144948868
1170:March 13,
1030:Anchorage
938:Winnebago
889:Bill Egan
870:Anchorage
752:blackouts
548:La Prensa
315:1917β1918
278:Education
178:John Troy
153:In office
134:Himself (
110:In office
100:from the
75:Himself (
61:In office
3041:timeline
2964:Klondike
2442:Metcalfe
2412:Sonneman
2286:Havelock
2258:Bartlett
2179:Gruening
2154:Sullivan
2139:Bartlett
2083:Dunleavy
1998:(acting)
1987:(acting)
1975:Gruening
1900:Sheakley
1701:New seat
1519:website.
1111:See also
1063:Tributes
1038:defeated
968:Congress
918:number.
757:sabotage
740:Congress
684:wildlife
658:veterans
560:New Deal
524:and the
512:and the
394:governor
270:Children
226:New York
2432:McAdams
2422:Knowles
2363:Class 3
2296:Beasley
2268:special
2251:Class 2
2172:Class 3
2144:Stevens
2132:Class 2
2073:Parnell
2058:Knowles
2038:Hammond
1910:Hoggatt
1885:Kinkead
1810:Class 3
1741:Himself
1723:Himself
1087:to the
1049:KeyBank
1013:of the
1011:Mile 26
1003:Dorothy
862:primary
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765:bombing
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396:of the
2771:Senate
2707:Senate
2643:Senate
2579:Senate
2515:Senate
2376:Gravel
2326:Begich
2282:(1978)
2276:(1972)
2266:(1970
2244:Alaska
2184:Gravel
2149:Begich
2078:Walker
2053:Hickel
2048:Cowper
2028:Miller
2023:Hickel
2007:State
1950:Strong
1805:Alaska
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607:Mexico
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468:Jewish
417:Boston
406:Alaska
260:Spouse
245:, U.S.
228:, U.S.
53:Alaska
2816:House
2739:House
2675:House
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2547:House
2402:Smith
2340:Gross
2280:Hobbs
2274:Guess
2242:from
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1965:Parks
1955:Riggs
1945:Clark
1915:Clark
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925:from
780:Kiska
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