627:"I had subdivided my Kommando into three platoons; each platoon consisted of about 50 men. The persons to be executed were transported by trucks to the place of execution. At each time there was about 18 to 22 persons. The first platoon was placed face to face with the persons about to be executed, and about three men each aimed at each person to be shot. I myself was present at the first volley of the execution, with my face turned away. When the first volley had been fired, I turned around and saw that all persons were lying on the ground. I then left the place of execution and approached the place where the second and third platoons were gathered. The first platoon which had carried out the shootings was recalled, I inspected the men, and then returned to my quarters. I noticed there that the detainees who were in the stadium next to the quarters, some of whom were still to be executed, were driven across the stadium by members of the armed forces and tortured. I did not succeed in apprehending those responsible for the tortures. In order to terminate this spectacle, I had the rear door of the stadium opened and the detainees could march out through it. The members of the armed forces who had participated in this affair disappeared as well. As the remainder of the persons to be executed had also escaped, I informed my Kommando by means of a driver that the executions were terminated. About 6 and 7 days after the executions we started to march towards Dubno."
644:
pointed out that while Schulz was on duty in Russia on 9 August 1941, his men had shot 400 Jews, described as mostly "saboteurs and political functionaries". Schulz's men shot another 74 Jews up until this date. From 24 and 30 August, they executed 157 people, the victims being "Jews, officials, and saboteurs." Schulz used his trip to Berlin as an alibi for these executions. However, the court said this did not necessarily exonerate him since they might've been planned in advance. Another document stated that between 31 August and 6 September 1941, Schulz's men reported the "liquidation of 90 political officials, 72 saboteurs and looters, and 161 Jews." Schulz's lawyer claimed the Jews were not listed as criminals since high command had ordered that the Jews not to be listed as "saboteurs, plunderers, etc" in reports. The judges acknowledged that Schulz had been in Berlin at the time of these shootings, but said he was still in command of the unit. In regard to the reason the victims were shot, however, they said other evidence showed the Jews had been shot simply for being Jews. While testifying about his pre-war career, Schulz downplayed his own
639:"The Ukrainians had taken some Jews up to the former GPU citadel. These Jews had apparently helped the GPU persecute the Ukrainians and the Germans. They had rounded up 800 Jews there, who were supposed to be shot by us tomorrow. They had released them. We continued along the road. There were hundreds of Jews walking along the street with blood pouring from their faces, holes in their heads, their hands broken and their eyes hanging out of their sockets. They were covered in blood. Some of them were carrying others who had collapsed. We went to the citadel; there we saw things that few people had ever seen. The Jews were pouring out of the entrance. There were rows of Jews lying one on top of the other like pigs whimpering horribly. We stopped and tried to see who was in charge of the Kommando. 'Nobody.' Someone had let the Jews go. They were just being hit out of rage and hatred."
686:"I never knew of any cases where members or heads of the Einsatzkommandos acted in the same way as I did. I believe that things in Russia would never have turned out as they did had a few heads of the Einsatzkommandos and Einsatzgruppen declared that they could not carry out these liquidations. The way I see it, the same applies... to the Wehrmacht commanders in whose areas of command the liquidations were carried out of the avalanche could have still been checked if a field marshal or the commanding officer of any army group had intervened. I do not know of or recall any order that stated that SS chiefs or members of the SD or the police would be sent to concentration camps if they refused to carry out an order. I also never heard of such an order during the course of the conversations I had on the subject or indeed from rumors."
266:
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706:, lobbied on Schulz's behalf. Historian Hans Wrobel has compiled evidence that the Senate of Bremen campaigned on Schulz's behalf due to his knowledge of Gestapo informants in circles of leading Bremen Social Democrats during the Nazi era. In 1933, Faust had been arrested and sent to Mißler concentration camp. During his time in custody, he was badly beaten. However, in 1934, Schulz intervened to have Faust released. Faust was expelled to Berlin with his Jewish wife, and housed under "Gestapo supervision" with the coffee entrepreneur
234:
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619:, Schulz claimed that the Lviv executions carried out by his men were legal. He said he had been told that the Russians had massacred about 5000 Ukrainians and Poles before fleeing. Schulz also claimed that German soldiers had been murdered, but could not say how many. Lastly, Schulz said he'd freed 2000 detainees held in a stadium in Lviv after witnessing them being abused by
439:. He'd wanted to study medicine, but was "frustrated by the economic consequences of the war" and for reasons of "expediency," studied political science and law for two semesters instead. Schulz never received a doctorate in law, albeit some called him Dr. Schulz. He studied law for two semesters in Berlin, but then left his studies to join the
514:, Schulz attempted to maintain moral limits. For example, in early 1941, some of the students at his SiPo school were detailed to Einsatzgruppen units in Russia, returning after a few months. According to one student, Schulz objected to the shootings of Jews, and threatened to expel them for unsuitable character if they were involved.
652:"If 'Anti-Semitic' means hatred and destruction I have never been 'Anti-Semitic'. My so-called 'Anti-Semitic' attitude only went to that extent as the immoral influence of the Jews which I saw in my native country, in policy, economics, and culture, which had great power here and which limited the development of our own forces."
600:"Because the orders were given. And I have to say that here, since they were known to all authorities, I assumed at first that this was, in fact, a carefully considered order issued out of wartime necessity. I did not have the feeling that they were completely unjustified, as inhuman as the orders were."
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therefore, to be shot. Consideration was to be given only when they were indispensable as workers. Women and children were to be shot also in order not to have any avengers remain. We were horrified, and raised objections, but they were met with a remark that an order which was given had to be obeyed."
387:
The case of Erwin Schulz was notable for demonstrating that service in the
Einsatzgruppen was voluntary. He did not volunteer for the job, nor did he turn it down. Previously, he'd expressed opposition to mass shootings. Under orders, however, Schulz, despite "serious misgivings", participated in the
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had ordered us to take strict measures against the Jews. It had been determined without doubt that the
Russian side had ordered to have the SS members and Party members shot. As such measures were being taken on the Russian side, they would also have to be taken on our side. All suspected Jews were,
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Schulz repeatedly contradicted himself throughout his testimony. At one point, the judges asked him, "Do you regard that part of the program of the
National Socialist Party insofar as it concerns the Jews, a program a hatred and contempt?" He replied that he did not. Schulz's lawyer claimed that he
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While the court accepted Schulz's release of the detainees, it cast doubt on his defense for the executions, saying the documents listed the shootings as reprisals. This meant that thorough investigations or trials had not been conducted prior to the executions, making them illegal. The court also
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Schulz was found guilty on all counts. However, he was spared execution since he had made an effort to oppose the "intolerable situation", then resigned when he could not stop what was happening. Schulz was sentenced to 20 years in prison instead. This sentence was reviewed by the
502:, disciplined excesses by his subordinates. As late as November 1938, he spoke out against anti-Semitic excesses and prosecuted Nazis and police officers for illegal persecutions and looting. Even as he served in the proto-Einsatzgruppen while establishing Gestapo posts in the
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in the 1960s, Schulz said he "tried to prevent the worst." However, he was then asked why he did not further object to the new orders. He admitted that at the time, he'd attempted to rationalize the orders to himself, despite his personal refusal to carry them
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had a more modest opinion of Jews, but then added that, "It goes without saying that he wanted to reduce again the tremendous influence of Jewry in his
Fatherland to normal proportions." The judges responded that this mindset is what led to the Holocaust.
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massacres of Jewish men. After being ordered to kill Jewish women and children, he protested. When he was unable to get the order retracted, he asked if he could stop. The request was granted within days, with him being discharged on the orders of
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on this point; it was confirmed that this order had come from Hitler. Schulz asked to be relieved of his post, saying he could not handle this kind of job. On 24 August 1941, he left for Berlin, arriving there three days later. He was promoted to
682:" and commuted to 15 years in prison in January 1951. Schulz was paroled on 9 January 1954. He died in 1981. In testimony at the trial of Bruno Streckenbach in the 1970s, Schulz said serving in the Einsatzgruppen was entirely voluntary:
460:
Schulz's direct involvement in Nazism started in 1931. In 1930, he was transferred to the intelligence division of the Bremen police, which dealt with political counter intelligence. In 1931, he started working as an informant for the
673:"It was just this spirit of reduction to what the Nazis called 'normal proportions' which brought about the excesses in Germany leading to disfranchisement, appropriation of property, concentration camp confinement, and worse."
517:
In May 1941, Schulz was appointed chief of
Einsatzkommando 5. The unit departed Germany in June 1941, and arrived in Ukraine in early July 1941. Overall, Einsatzkommando C executed 2,500 to 3,000 people in
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Numerous colleagues testified that Schulz kept his ties with Nazism separate from his professional job, to the extent that they were unaware of his connections. He actively humanely with the use of
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ordered that all Jews not engaged in forced labor, including women and children, were to be slaughtered. Schulz later summarized what happened at the meeting.
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in July 1941. Schulz himself was later proven to have presided over the executions of at least 90 to 100 men by his unit. When Schulz convened with
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660:, as the chief of the Gestapo in Bremen, he had returned all of the stolen property to a certain Jewish jewelry shop owner named "Fischbein".
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himself. Schulz not only faced no consequences for stopping, but was promoted shortly after. By the end of the war, he'd reached the rank of
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428:, hoping to prove themselves as patriots and as men by crushing the revolution. Schulz himself would participate in the suppression of the
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934:
Accidental justice: The trial of Otto
Ohlendorf and the Einsatzgruppen leaders in the American zone of occupation, Germany, 1945–1958
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the commando leaders were ordered to report to
Zhitomir, where the staff of Dr. Rasch was quartered. Here Dr. Rasch informed us that
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473:, and in November, Schulz was appointed the deputy chief. He took over as the head on 1 May 1934. In 1935, he joined the SS and
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424:. Around this time, many German youths who, like Schulz, were not old enough to have served in World War I, enlisted in the
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710:. During his time, Faust repeatedly traveled across Germany in a company car to contact other well-known Social Democrats.
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1940:
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465:. Schulz secretly helped the Nazis gradually take over the offices of the Bremen police. In May 1933, Schulz joined the
751:. Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10. pp. 542–543 in PDF (518–519 in original document)
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He then attempted to distinguish "good Jews" from other Jews. To add to this argument, Schulz claimed that following
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The
Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942
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committing mass killings of civilian population, mostly men of Jewish ethnicity, under the command of
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in the spring of 1921. During his time in the
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664:"If a Jew was an honorable man, his race or religious opinions were of no interest to me."
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956:"Erwin Schulz, Gestapo Chef in Bremen und verurteilter Massenmörder | Spurensuche-Bremen"
778:"From Weimar to Nuremberg: A historical case study of twenty-two Einsatzgruppen officers"
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Hitler's
Enforcers: The Gestapo and the SS Security Service in the Nazi Revolution
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Generation des Unbedingten: das Führungskorps des Reichssicherheitshauptamtes
799:'The Good Old Days': The Holocaust as Seen by Its Perpetrators and Bystanders
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as a member of the 3rd Guards Regiment. He was discharged later that year.
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Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust
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With N.M.T. commentary to testimony of Erwin Schulz (pp. 165–167 in PDF).
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at Zhytomyr on 10 August 1941, Rasch informed him that on the orders of
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in 1941, and operated in the occupied territories of south-eastern
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People convicted by the United States Nuremberg Military Tribunals
742:"Trials of War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals"
507:
470:
340:
339:(27 November 1900 – 11 November 1981) was a German member of the
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749:
Volume IV : "The Einsatzgruppen Case" complete, 1210 pages
469:. In June 1933, the intelligence division was changed into the
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436:
408:
In April 1918, Schulz, then 17, volunteered for service in the
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487:. In April 1940, he was inspector-instructor of cadets of the
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Vanguard of Genocide: The Einsatzgruppen in the Soviet Union
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After finishing high school, Schulz went to a university in
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German police officers convicted of crimes against humanity
1189:"Bremer Entnazifizierungsverfahren: "Hochanständige" Nazis"
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519:
1138:"Tonbandmitschnitt des 1. Frankfurter Auschwitz-Prozesses"
852:
Mirrors of destruction: war, genocide, and modern identity
826:"Tonbandmitschnitt des 1. Frankfurter Auschwitz-Prozesses"
635:, he'd witnessed the aftermath of the release of the Jews:
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20 years imprisonment; commuted to 15 years imprisonment
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1163:"The Einsatzgruppen Case - Military Tribunal II Case 9"
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1114:
Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews
1052:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 663.
1009:"The 1941 NKVD Prison Massacres in Western Ukraine"
797:Klee, Ernst; Dressen, Willi; Riess, Volker (1991).
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1041:
552:Jeckeln had been there, and had reported that the
604:Arrested by the Allies, Schulz wrote a letter to
457:, and in 1926 was appointed a police lieutenant.
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591:from 1 to 28 May 1944. While testifying at the
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37:Schulz's mugshot after his indictment for the
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891:(in German). Hamburger Edition. p. 563.
16:German Nazi SS general, Holocaust perpetrator
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1084:. New York City: Alfred A. Knopf. pp.
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987:. Oxford University Press. pp. 46–47.
2822:History of the Jews in Carpathian Ruthenia
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1116:. Oxford University Press. p. 225.
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477:. In March 1938, Schulz was promoted to
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483:and became the state councilor for the
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1013:The National WWII Museum | New Orleans
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563:Shortly thereafter he questioned both
2468:Ukrainian Righteous Among the Nations
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1727:8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer
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142:Membership in a criminal organization
2893:German Army personnel of World War I
1187:Wolschner, Klaus (21 January 2019).
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699:, including press spokesman for the
2698:Ivanhorod Einsatzgruppen photograph
530:, more Jews needed to be shot. The
512:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
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14:
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2873:Holocaust perpetrators in Ukraine
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695:While in prison, numerous German
2868:Holocaust perpetrators in Russia
2858:20th-century Freikorps personnel
542:"After about two weeks' stay in
416:ended before he saw combat. The
367:planned invasion of Soviet Union
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2122:Special Prosecution Book-Poland
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776:Taylor, James (November 2006).
2863:Military personnel from Berlin
1888:Burning of the Riga synagogues
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915:Osmar, Christopher M. (2010).
880:
801:. Free Press. pp. 85–86.
612:, requesting clemency. At the
1:
2908:Nazis convicted of war crimes
2903:Military personnel of Prussia
2642:Bogdanovka concentration camp
932:Earl, Hilary Camille (2002).
713:
2662:Vapniarka concentration camp
534:for occupied Eastern Russia
361:, which was attached to the
7:
2782:She Paid the Ultimate Price
2672:Janowska concentration camp
2190:Related articles by country
1733:Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz
1398:Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski
983:Browder, George C. (1996).
691:Lobbying on Schulz's behalf
532:Senior SS and police leader
420:collapsed in the face of a
184:July – August 1941
39:Nuremberg Military Tribunal
10:
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2768:Luboml: My Heart Remembers
2667:Pechora concentration camp
2551:Ukrainian People's Militia
2540:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
1793:Lithuanian Security Police
631:According to the diary of
593:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
589:SS-Oberabschnitt Alpenland
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2657:Syrets concentration camp
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2621:Pripyat Marshes massacres
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960:www.spurensuche-bremen.de
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2827:Transnistria Governorate
2719:The Last Jew in Vinnitsa
2545:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
2478:Hermann Friedrich Graebe
2353:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
2169:The Holocaust in Ukraine
1946:Ninth Fort November 1941
1548:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
1303:Humbert Achamer-Pifrader
1142:www.auschwitz-prozess.de
1048:. With contributions by
830:www.auschwitz-prozess.de
579:and appointed deputy to
1368:Franz Walter Stahlecker
887:Wildt, Michael (2003).
856:Oxford University Press
351:. He was the leader of
134:Crimes against humanity
2127:Einsatzgruppen reports
2092:List of Einsatzgruppen
1941:Kaunas 29 October 1941
1438:Friedrich-Wilhelm Bock
688:
675:
666:
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2803:Word of the Righteous
2588:Bila Tserkva massacre
2530:Police Regiment South
2373:Hans Graf von Sponeck
2024:Kremnička and Nemecká
1493:Waldemar Klingelhöfer
1193:Die Tageszeitung: taz
1038:Browning, Christopher
850:Bartov, Omer (2000).
745:(PDF direct download)
684:
671:
662:
650:
637:
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598:
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287:Years of service
2883:German police chiefs
2741:Einsatzgruppen trial
2525:Nachtigall Battalion
2488:Klymentiy Sheptytsky
2343:Walter von Reichenau
2328:Hans-Adolf Prützmann
2107:Einsatzgruppen trial
1969:Operation Tannenberg
1650:Antanas Impulevičius
1523:Hans-Adolf Prützmann
610:Dwight D. Eisenhower
608:, deputy to General
585:SS and Police Leader
422:communist revolution
410:Imperial German Army
337:Erwin Wilhelm Schulz
272:Imperial German Army
152:Einsatzgruppen trial
51:Erwin Wilhelm Schulz
2725:Deutsche Volksliste
2606:Kamianets-Podilskyi
2318:Hans von Obstfelder
2313:Gustav Adolf Nosske
2293:Ernst Kaltenbrunner
2057:Kamianets-Podilskyi
2001:Gully of Petrushino
1518:Gustav Adolf Nosske
1353:Friedrich Panzinger
1283:Ernst Kaltenbrunner
430:Spartacist uprising
180:Span of crimes
2789:The Lemberg Mosaic
2436:Petro Zakhvalynsky
2333:Paul Otto Radomski
1704:Sicherheitspolizei
1660:Algirdas Klimaitis
1458:Friedrich Buchardt
1373:Bruno Streckenbach
565:Bruno Streckenbach
500:protective custody
445:Silesian Uprisings
441:Freikorps Oberland
69:Kingdom of Prussia
2898:Gestapo personnel
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2775:No Place on Earth
2713:Sonderaktion 1005
2599:Durchgangsstrasse
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2288:Friedrich Jeckeln
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1975:Intelligenzaktion
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1812:Ypatingasis būrys
1712:Sicherheitsdienst
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1533:Martin Sandberger
1503:Walter Kutschmann
1488:Friedrich Jeckeln
1278:Reinhard Heydrich
1123:978-0-19-280436-5
994:978-0-19-510479-0
898:978-3-930908-87-5
808:978-0-02-917425-8
587:and commander of
569:Reinhard Heydrich
549:Obergruppenführer
536:Friedrich Jeckeln
398:brigadier general
390:Reinhard Heydrich
353:Einsatzkommando 5
334:
333:
324:Einsatzkommando 5
2925:
2918:SS-Brigadeführer
2818:
2693:Graebe affidavit
2647:Drohobycz Ghetto
2535:Schutzmannschaft
2510:
2509:
2473:Aleksei Glagolev
2426:Hryhoriy Vasiura
2416:Vladimir Katriuk
2411:Anatoliy Kabayda
2406:Feodor Fedorenko
2383:Dieter Wisliceny
2368:Heinrich Seetzen
2283:Günther Herrmann
2268:Hermann Fegelein
2243:
2242:
2191:
2181:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2139:
2138:
2006:Zmievskaya Balka
1936:Kaunas June 1941
1893:Dünamünde Action
1830:
1829:
1758:Schutzmannschaft
1677:
1676:
1478:Erich Isselhorst
1418:Wolfgang Birkner
1413:Ernst Biberstein
1385:Einsatzkommandos
1363:Heinrich Seetzen
1308:Walther Bierkamp
1268:
1267:
1256:Einsatzkommandos
1242:
1235:
1228:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1083:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1047:
1034:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1005:
999:
998:
980:
971:
970:
968:
966:
952:
946:
945:
929:
923:
922:
912:
903:
902:
884:
878:
877:
847:
841:
840:
838:
836:
822:
813:
812:
794:
785:
784:
782:
773:
764:
763:
758:
756:
746:
737:
701:Senate of Bremen
697:Social Democrats
379:SS-Brigadeführer
363:Army Group South
301:SS-Brigadeführer
279:
270:
268:
267:
259:
250:
248:
247:
238:
236:
235:
226:
224:
223:
158:Criminal penalty
130:
86:
83:11 November 1981
61:27 November 1900
60:
58:
35:
21:
20:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2816:
2808:
2796:The White Hotel
2755:
2729:
2708:Generalplan Ost
2703:Katzmann Report
2681:
2677:Priest's Grotto
2630:
2616:Odessa massacre
2555:
2497:
2456:
2440:
2431:Petro Voinovsky
2387:
2348:Walter Schimana
2234:
2189:
2179:
2171:
2166:
2136:
2131:
2102:Commissar Order
2076:
2028:
2010:
1987:
1955:
1917:
1913:Liepāja (Šķēde)
1874:
1856:
1817:
1745:
1720:Ordnungspolizei
1664:
1645:Herberts Cukurs
1628:
1582:
1578:Udo von Woyrsch
1543:Hermann Schaper
1538:Emanuel Schäfer
1513:Josef Meisinger
1498:Wolfgang Kügler
1423:Helmut Bischoff
1390:Sonderkommandos
1388:
1383:
1377:
1318:Erich Ehrlinger
1293:
1287:
1259:
1246:
1216:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1110:Peter Longerich
1107:
1103:
1096:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1050:Jürgen Matthäus
1035:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1007:
1006:
1002:
995:
981:
974:
964:
962:
954:
953:
949:
930:
926:
913:
906:
899:
885:
881:
866:
848:
844:
834:
832:
824:
823:
816:
809:
795:
788:
780:
774:
767:
754:
752:
744:
740:N.M.T. (1945).
738:
721:
716:
708:Ludwig Roselius
693:
555:Reichsführer-SS
485:state of Bremen
480:Sturmbannführer
406:
358:Einsatzgruppe C
312:Einsatzgruppe C
291:
274:
265:
263:
245:
243:
242:
240:Weimar Republic
233:
231:
230:
221:
219:
211:Military career
181:
140:
136:
126:
102:Criminal status
97:
88:
84:
75:
62:
56:
54:
53:
52:
42:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2931:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2626:Sarny massacre
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2573:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2520:Einsatzgruppen
2516:
2514:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2452:Tatiana Markus
2448:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2421:Vasyl Meleshko
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2401:John Demjanjuk
2397:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2358:Heinz Schubert
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2323:Otto Ohlendorf
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2298:Fritz Katzmann
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2273:Lothar Fendler
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2142:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2117:Korherr Report
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2097:The Black Book
2094:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1838:
1836:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1803:
1795:
1790:
1782:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1724:
1716:
1708:
1700:
1692:
1683:
1681:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1655:Konrāds Kalējs
1652:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1624:Albert Widmann
1621:
1619:Heinz Schubert
1616:
1611:
1609:Emil Haussmann
1606:
1604:Joachim Hamann
1601:
1599:Lothar Fendler
1596:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1568:Eduard Strauch
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1468:Gerhard Flesch
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1443:Otto Bradfisch
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1348:Otto Ohlendorf
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1295:Einsatzgruppen
1292:Commanders of
1289:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1250:Einsatzgruppen
1245:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1179:
1154:
1129:
1122:
1101:
1094:
1074:Richard Rhodes
1065:
1058:
1026:
1000:
993:
972:
947:
924:
904:
897:
879:
864:
858:. p. 20.
842:
814:
807:
786:
765:
718:
717:
715:
712:
692:
689:
615:Einsatzgruppen
606:Lucius D. Clay
493:Charlottenburg
405:
402:
332:
331:
328:
327:
320:
316:
315:
308:
304:
303:
298:
294:
293:
288:
284:
283:
261:
255:
254:
217:
213:
212:
208:
207:
204:
203:
200:
199:
190:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
172:
168:
167:
163:
162:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
131:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
89:
87:(aged 80)
81:
77:
76:
63:
50:
48:
44:
43:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2930:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2746:Kharkov Trial
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2652:Mizocz Ghetto
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2594:
2593:Drobytsky Yar
2591:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2506:Organizations
2504:
2494:
2493:Yurii Sokolov
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2483:Omelyan Kovch
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2393:Collaborators
2390:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2263:Kurt Eberhard
2261:
2259:
2258:Werner Braune
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2185:The Holocaust
2183:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2067:Mizocz Ghetto
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2047:Drobytsky Yar
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1852:Slutsk Affair
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1842:Łachwa Ghetto
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1688:Schutzstaffel
1685:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1640:Viktors Arājs
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:Collaborators
1631:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1594:August Becker
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:Other members
1585:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1563:Eugen Steimle
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1448:Werner Braune
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1386:
1382:Commanders of
1380:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1338:Erich Naumann
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1323:Wilhelm Fuchs
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1202:
1198:
1195:(in German).
1194:
1190:
1183:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1125:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1097:
1095:0-375-40900-9
1091:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1061:
1059:0-803-25979-4
1055:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1015:. 7 June 2021
1014:
1010:
1004:
996:
990:
986:
979:
977:
961:
957:
951:
943:
939:
935:
928:
920:
919:
911:
909:
900:
894:
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865:0-19-507723-7
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658:Kristallnacht
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581:Erwin Rösener
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375:Ukrainian SSR
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128:Conviction(s)
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22:
19:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2760:Books, films
2717:
2611:Lviv pogroms
2598:
2513:Perpetrators
2378:Otto Wächter
2363:Erwin Schulz
2362:
2308:Felix Landau
2246:Perpetrators
2180:Main article
2112:Jäger Report
2062:Lviv pogroms
1981:
1973:
1870:Kalevi-Liiva
1847:Minsk Ghetto
1810:
1799:Rollkommando
1798:
1786:
1756:
1740:Sonderdienst
1738:
1731:
1718:
1710:
1702:
1699: (RSHA)
1694:
1686:
1614:Felix Landau
1573:Martin Weiss
1553:Erwin Schulz
1552:
1528:Walter Rauff
1508:Rudolf Lange
1463:Ernst Damzog
1453:Karl Brunner
1433:Walter Blume
1403:Gerhard Bast
1389:
1384:
1333:Bruno Müller
1294:
1254:
1248:
1206:16 September
1204:. Retrieved
1192:
1182:
1170:. Retrieved
1166:
1157:
1145:. Retrieved
1141:
1132:
1113:
1104:
1079:
1068:
1043:
1017:. Retrieved
1012:
1003:
984:
963:. Retrieved
959:
950:
933:
927:
917:
888:
882:
851:
845:
833:. Retrieved
829:
798:
760:
753:. Retrieved
748:
704:Alfred Faust
694:
685:
676:
672:
667:
663:
655:
651:
646:antisemitism
642:
638:
633:Felix Landau
630:
626:
614:
603:
599:
573:
562:
553:
547:
541:
528:Adolf Hitler
516:
497:
478:
459:
448:
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407:
386:
356:
352:
349:Nazi Germany
336:
335:
323:
310:
252:Nazi Germany
95:West Germany
85:(1981-11-11)
25:Erwin Schulz
18:
2853:1981 deaths
2848:1900 births
2253:Paul Blobel
1903:Pogulianski
1473:Ludwig Hahn
1428:Paul Blobel
1408:Rudolf Batz
1343:Arthur Nebe
1313:Horst Böhme
1019:1 September
504:Sudetenland
414:World War I
412:. However,
365:during the
41:(July 1947)
2842:Categories
2338:Otto Rasch
2303:Erich Koch
2278:Hans Frank
1931:Ninth Fort
1775:Lithuanian
1763:Belarusian
1750:Non-German
1483:Karl Jäger
1358:Otto Rasch
1328:Heinz Jost
936:(Thesis).
854:. Oxford:
835:24 January
714:References
680:Peck Panel
575:Oberführer
524:Otto Rasch
510:, and the
491:and SD at
467:Nazi Party
382:Otto Rasch
355:, part of
216:Allegiance
138:War crimes
57:1900-11-27
2581:memorials
2571:Artemivsk
2210:Lithuania
2052:Drohobycz
1982:AB-Aktion
1923:Lithuania
1779:Ukrainian
1558:Franz Six
1201:0931-9085
965:11 August
942:305491289
921:(Thesis).
621:Wehrmacht
544:Berdichev
426:Freikorps
292:1935–1945
290:1918–1919
2817:See also
2686:Evidence
2576:Babi Yar
2461:Rescuers
2042:Babi Yar
2016:Slovakia
1787:Kommando
1767:Estonian
1271:Director
1167:phdn.org
1112:(2010).
1076:(2002).
1040:(2004).
938:ProQuest
874:42022246
343:and the
319:Commands
258:Service/
174:Hundreds
106:Deceased
2445:Victims
2225:Romania
2200:Estonia
2195:Belarus
2085:Records
2034:Ukraine
1908:Rumbula
1898:Jelgava
1862:Estonia
1834:Belarus
1771:Latvian
755:1 March
623:troops.
508:Austria
471:Gestapo
341:Gestapo
193:Ukraine
189:Country
171:Victims
166:Details
2734:Trials
2635:Places
2564:Events
2239:People
2230:Russia
2220:Poland
2215:Norway
2205:Latvia
1993:Russia
1961:Poland
1951:Ponary
1880:Latvia
1826:Crimes
1801:Hamann
1785:Arajs
1723:(Orpo)
1707:(SiPo)
1680:German
1673:Groups
1264:People
1199:
1172:20 May
1147:24 May
1120:
1092:
1056:
991:
940:
895:
872:
862:
805:
455:Bremen
437:Berlin
404:Career
371:Poland
269:
260:branch
249:
237:
225:
197:Russia
120:Nazism
116:Motive
91:Bremen
65:Berlin
2547:(UPA)
2072:Odesa
1086:124–5
781:(PDF)
617:Trial
453:) in
148:Trial
1715:(SD)
1691:(SS)
1253:and
1208:2023
1197:ISSN
1174:2023
1149:2023
1118:ISBN
1090:ISBN
1054:ISBN
1021:2022
989:ISBN
967:2023
893:ISBN
870:OCLC
860:ISBN
837:2023
803:ISBN
757:2015
596:out.
567:and
520:Lviv
489:SiPo
373:and
307:Unit
297:Rank
195:and
80:Died
47:Born
1806:TDA
572:SS-
347:in
2844::
2601:IV
1777:,
1773:,
1769:,
1765:,
1191:.
1165:.
1140:.
1088:.
1029:^
1011:.
975:^
958:.
907:^
868:.
828:.
817:^
789:^
768:^
759:.
747:.
722:^
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506:,
495:.
475:SD
463:SS
400:.
384:.
345:SS
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1023:.
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969:.
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811:.
783:.
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55:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
