259:, which is a protein produced by the kidneys in response to poor oxygen delivery. As a result, more erythropoeitin is produced to encourage red blood cell production and increase oxygen-carrying capacity. This results in secondary polycythemia, which can be an appropriate response to hypoxic conditions such as chronic smoking, obstructive sleep apnea, and high altitude. Furthermore, certain genetic conditions can impair the body's accurate detection of oxygen levels in the serum, which leads to excess erythropoeitin production even without hypoxia or impaired oxygen delivery to tissues. Alternatively, certain types of cancers, most notably renal cell carcinoma, and medications such as testosterone use can cause inappropriate erythropoeitin production that stimulates red cell production despite adequate oxygen delivery.
43:
764:
rely on additional red cell mass for necessary oxygen delivery, unless the patient is clearly symptomatic and experiences relief from phlebotomy. It is unclear if patients with secondary polycythemia are at elevated thrombotic risk, but aspirin can be considered for patients at elevated cardiovascular risk or for patients with
Chuvash polycythemia. The first-line treatment for post-transplant erythrocytosis specificity is
443:. Studies suggest that mean arterial pressure (MAP) only increases when hematocrit levels are 20% over baseline. When hematocrit levels are lower than that percentage, the MAP decreases in response, which may be due, in part, to the increase in viscosity and the decrease in plasma layer width. Furthermore, affected individuals may have other associated conditions alongside
106:("absolute polycythemia") or to a decrease in the volume of plasma ("relative polycythemia"). Absolute polycythemia can be due to genetic mutations in the bone marrow ("primary polycythemia"), physiologic adaptations to one's environment, medications, and/or other health conditions. Laboratory studies such as serum
173:
causes a reduction in plasma volume, resulting in (amongst other changes) a relative increase in red blood cell count. If relative polycythemia is deemed unlikely because the patient has no other signs of hemoconcentration, and has sustained polycythemia without clear loss of body fluids, the patient
133:
Polycythemia is defined as serum hematocrit (Hct) or hemoglobin (HgB) exceeding normal ranges expected for age and sex, typically Hct >49% in healthy adult men and >48% in women, or HgB >16.5 g/dL in men or >16.0 g/dL in women. The definition is different for neonates and varies
763:
For secondary polycythemia, management involves addressing the underlying etiology of increased erythropoeitin production, such as smoking cessation, CPAP for sleep apnea, or removing any EPO-producing tumours. Phlebotomy is not typically recommended for patients with physiologic polycythemia, who
785:
due to the blood being able to store more oxygen. This idea has led to the illegal use of blood doping and transfusions among professional athletes, as well as use of altitude training or elevation training masks to simulate a low-oxygen environment. However, the benefits of altitude training for
1630:
Salazar Vázquez, B. Y., Cabrales, P., Tsai, A. G., Johnson, P. C., & Intaglietta, M. (2008). Lowering of blood pressure by increasing hematocrit with non nitric oxide scavenging red blood cells. American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology, 38(2), 135–142.
284:(snoring, apneic episodes), and any family history of hematologic conditions or polycythemia. A thorough cardiopulmonary exam including auscultation of the heart and lungs can help evaluate for cardiac shunting or chronic pulmonary disease. An abdominal exam can assess for
680:
Polycythemia is often asymptomatic; patients may not experience any notable symptoms until their red cell count is very high. For patients with significant elevations in hemoglobin or hematocrit (often from polycythemia vera), some non-specific symptoms include:
734:
The prevalence of primary polycythemia (polycythemia vera) was estimated to be approximately 44–57 per 100,000 individuals in the United States. Secondary polycythemia is considered to be more common, but its exact prevalence is unknown. In one study using the
99:, and there is significant overlap in the two findings, but the terms are not the same: polycythemia describes any increase in hematocrit and/or hemoglobin, while erythrocytosis describes an increase specifically in the number of red blood cells in the blood.
462:
Primary familial polycythemia, also known as primary familial and congenital polycythemia (PFCP), exists as a benign hereditary condition, in contrast with the myeloproliferative changes associated with acquired PCV. In many families, PFCP is due to an
279:
The first step to evaluate new polycythemia in any individual is to conduct a detailed history and physical exam. Patients should be asked about smoking history, altitude, medication use, personal bleeding and clotting history, symptoms of
262:
Primary polycythemia, on the other hand, is caused by genetic mutations or defects of the red cell progenitors within the bone marrow, leading to overgrowth and hyperproliferation of red blood cells regardless of erythropoeitin levels.
530:
Genetic – Heritable causes of secondary polycythemia include abnormalities in hemoglobin oxygen release, which results in a greater inherent affinity for oxygen than normal adult hemoglobin and reduces oxygen delivery to
586:
Post-transplant erythrocytosis – About 10–15% of patients after renal transplantation are found to have polycythemia at 24 months after transplantation, which can be associated with increased thrombotic (clotting) risk.
2959:
233:). Hypoxia can be either acute or chronic. Acute hypoxia can occur as a result of perinatal complications. Chronic fetal hypoxia is associated with maternal risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes and smoking.
2320:
2301:
2274:
221:
Polycythemia in newborns is defined as hematocrit > 65%. Significant polycythemia can be associated with blood hyperviscosity, or thickening of the blood. Causes of neonatal polycythemia include:
755:
for management of primary polycythemia, which involves reducing thrombotic risk, symptom amelioration and monitoring for further hematologic complications. Treatment can include phlebotomy, aspirin, and
847:
830:
3650:
2952:
239:: delayed cord clamping and the stripping of the umbilical cord towards the baby can cause the residual blood in the cord/placenta to enter fetal circulation, which can increase blood volume.
312:(CBC). The CBC is often repeated to evaluate for persistent polycythemia. If an etiology of polycythemia is unclear from history or physical, additional laboratory evaluation might include:
266:
Increased hematocrit and red cell mass with polycythemia increases the viscosity of blood, leading to impaired blood flow and contributing to an increased risk of clotting (thrombosis).
956:
McMullin MF, Bareford D, Campbell P, Green AR, Harrison C, Hunt B, et al. (July 2005). "Guidelines for the diagnosis, investigation and management of polycythaemia/erythrocytosis".
2945:
117:
Mild polycythemia on its own is often asymptomatic. Treatment for polycythemia varies, and typically involves treating its underlying cause. Treatment of primary polycythemia (see
508:). Many athletes train at high altitude to take advantage of this effect, which can be considered a legal form of blood doping, although the efficacy of this strategy is unclear.
425:
are also produced. A hallmark of polycythemia vera is an elevated hematocrit, with Hct > 55% seen in 83% of cases. A somatic (non-hereditary) mutation (V617F) in the
1468:
Ang SO, Chen H, Hirota K, Gordeuk VR, Jelinek J, Guan Y, et al. (December 2002). "Disruption of oxygen homeostasis underlies congenital
Chuvash polycythemia".
125:, antiplatelet therapy to reduce risk of blood clots, and additional cytoreductive therapy to reduce the number of red blood cells produced in the bone marrow.
153:
is not a true increase in the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood, but rather an elevated laboratory finding caused by reduced blood plasma (
786:
athletes to improve sea-level performance are not universally accepted, with one reason being athletes at altitude might exert less power during training.
739:
dataset, the prevalence of unexplained erythrocytosis is 35.1 per 100,000, and was higher among males and among individuals between ages 50–59 and 60–69.
165:, such as through burns, dehydration, and stress. A specific type of relative polycythemia is Gaisböck syndrome. In this syndrome, primarily occurring in
511:
Hypoxic disease-associated – for example, in cyanotic heart disease where blood oxygen levels are reduced significantly; in hypoxic lung disease such as
208:
Alternatively, additional red blood cells may have been received through another process—for example, being over-transfused (either accidentally or, as
147:
Different diseases or conditions can cause polycythemia in adults. These processes are discussed in more detail in their respective sections below.
736:
632:
in the presence of oxygen. Clusters of patients with
Chuvash erythrocytosis have been found in other populations, such as on the Italian island of
2173:
Tremblay D, Alpert N, Taioli E, Mascarenhas J (August 2021). "Prevalence of unexplained erythrocytosis and thrombocytosis - an NHANES analysis".
255:
The pathophysiology of polycythemia varies based on its cause. The production of red blood cells (or erythropoeisis) in the body is regulated by
3333:
2566:
205:, medications, other genetic mutations that impact the body's ability to transport or detect oxygen, or, rarely because of certain cancers.
3348:
3338:
2771:
583:
Blood doping – Athletes who take erythropoietin-stimulating agents or receive blood transfusions to increase their red blood cell mass.
2922:
2424:
2874:
2696:
1908:
535:
Conditions where the secondary polycythemia is not caused by physiologic adaptation, and occurs irrespective of body needs include:
2766:
1781:
Wajcman H, Galactéros F (2005). "Hemoglobins with high oxygen affinity leading to erythrocytosis. New variants and new concepts".
413:(PCV) (a.k.a. polycythemia rubra vera (PRV)) occurs when excess red blood cells are produced as a result of an abnormality of the
2706:
2155:
3328:
569:
use – people whose testosterone levels are high, including athletes who abuse steroids, people on testosterone replacement for
376:
369:
1714:
1601:
114:
might be helpful to clarify the cause of polycythemia if the physical exam and patient history do not reveal a likely cause.
3231:
2583:
852:
835:
1232:
Stefanini M, Urbas JV, Urbas JE (July 1978). "Gaisböck's syndrome: its hematologic, biochemical and hormonal parameters".
2738:
2108:"Autosomal dominant erythrocytosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with an activating HIF2 alpha mutation"
636:, located in the Bay of Naples. Patients with Chuvash erythrocytosis experience a significantly elevated risk of events.
3236:
3645:
3014:
2747:
2718:
243:
1514:
Shahani S, Braga-Basaria M, Maggio M, Basaria S (September 2009). "Androgens and erythropoiesis: past and present".
3557:
3532:
3323:
2778:
2650:
431:
gene, also present in other myeloproliferative disorders, is found in 95% of cases. Symptoms include headaches and
3624:
3574:
3142:
2937:
769:
1418:"Von Hippel-Lindau-dependent polycythemia is endemic on the island of Ischia: identification of a novel cluster"
2711:
2417:
1959:"A family with erythrocytosis establishes a role for prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 in oxygen homeostasis"
17:
2732:
2640:
3316:
2805:
2757:
548:
1292:
Lee G, Arcasoy MO (June 2015). "The clinical and laboratory evaluation of the patient with erythrocytosis".
3552:
3475:
3293:
3241:
2662:
1105:"The 2016 revision to the World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia"
229:
Poor oxygen delivery (hypoxia) in utero resulting in compensatory increased production of red blood cells (
3052:
3542:
3447:
3384:
2814:
2688:
2552:
2507:
1557:
Kwaan HC, Wang J (October 2003). "Hyperviscosity in polycythemia vera and other red cell abnormalities".
1375:
577:
2390:
3389:
3379:
3270:
3265:
2752:
2578:
406:
192:
3419:
3128:
3124:
3084:
2679:
2669:
2657:
2410:
1416:
Perrotta S, Nobili B, Ferraro M, Migliaccio C, Borriello A, Cucciolla V, et al. (January 2006).
696:
629:
597:
520:
3655:
3485:
3406:
2645:
2339:
600:, leading to increased erythropoietin production, have been shown to cause secondary polycythemia:
496:
Secondary polycythemia in which the production of erythropoietin increases appropriately is called
1734:"Physiological implications of altitude training for endurance performance at sea level: a review"
191:
is the overproduction of red blood cells due to a primary process in the bone marrow (a so-called
3581:
3547:
3152:
3072:
3062:
3009:
2850:
2701:
807:
471:
382:
365:
489:
Secondary polycythemia is caused by either natural or artificial increases in the production of
3462:
3280:
3189:
3172:
2841:
2502:
2010:"A novel erythrocytosis-associated PHD2 mutation suggests the location of a HIF binding groove"
668:
2287:
2283:
811:
618:
in Russia. Chuvash erythrocytosis is associated with homozygosity for a C598T mutation in the
3396:
3104:
2821:
2588:
2295:
2291:
619:
560:
1103:
Arber DA, Orazi A, Hasserjian R, Thiele J, Borowitz MJ, Le Beau MM, et al. (May 2016).
504:
Altitude related – Polycythemia can be a normal adaptation to living at high altitudes (see
474:
gene. PFCP can cause an increase of up to 50% in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood;
3434:
3424:
3226:
3182:
2831:
2826:
2634:
2520:
1957:
Percy MJ, Zhao Q, Flores A, Harrison C, Lappin TR, Maxwell PH, et al. (January 2006).
540:
309:
8:
3619:
3602:
3452:
3308:
3218:
2880:
2625:
2433:
2324:
1329:"The Placenta in Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome and Twin Anemia Polycythemia Sequence"
611:
3537:
3493:
3470:
3360:
3137:
2912:
2885:
2490:
2198:
2137:
2083:
2058:
2034:
2009:
1985:
1958:
1939:
1806:
1758:
1733:
1670:
1645:
1539:
1493:
1447:
1356:
1257:
1134:
1034:
1009:
981:
922:
897:
719:
652:
464:
2333:
2329:
519:; conditions that reduce blood flow to the kidney e.g. renal artery stenosis. Chronic
478:
3370:
3288:
3258:
3199:
3177:
2994:
2917:
2907:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2797:
2629:
2618:
2608:
2542:
2525:
2516:
2498:
2460:
2350:
2237:
2229:
2218:"Improving athletic performance: is altitude residence or altitude training helpful?"
2202:
2190:
2129:
2088:
2039:
1990:
1931:
1882:
1861:"Prevalence of blood doping in samples collected from elite track and field athletes"
1841:
1837:
1798:
1763:
1715:"Malcolm Gladwell: 'If my books appear oversimplified, then you shouldn't read them'"
1675:
1597:
1574:
1531:
1485:
1439:
1395:
1348:
1328:
1309:
1249:
1214:
1168:
1126:
1085:
1039:
973:
969:
927:
752:
524:
505:
432:
410:
400:
202:
118:
55:
2141:
2057:
Percy MJ, Furlow PW, Lucas GS, Li X, Lappin TR, McMullin MF, Lee FS (January 2008).
1810:
1543:
1497:
1451:
1261:
1197:
Sarkar S, Rosenkrantz TS (August 2008). "Neonatal polycythemia and hyperviscosity".
1138:
985:
50:
Diagram illustrating normal composition of blood compared to anemia and polycythemia
3612:
3439:
3099:
3040:
3004:
2613:
2598:
2537:
2379:
2182:
2119:
2078:
2070:
2029:
2021:
1980:
1970:
1943:
1923:
1872:
1833:
1790:
1753:
1745:
1665:
1657:
1566:
1523:
1477:
1429:
1387:
1360:
1340:
1301:
1241:
1206:
1116:
1075:
1029:
1021:
965:
917:
909:
757:
596:
Rare inherited mutations in three genes which all result in increased stability of
566:
552:
418:
2967:
2186:
1010:"JAK2 unmutated erythrocytosis: current diagnostic approach and therapeutic views"
875:
481:
had PFCP, which is speculated to have given him an advantage in endurance events.
3569:
3355:
3247:
3167:
2792:
2344:
2124:
2107:
2025:
1877:
1860:
1824:
Kralovics R, Prchal JT (February 2000). "Congenital and inherited polycythemia".
1121:
1104:
782:
712:
692:
556:
320:
289:
111:
3194:
2809:
2437:
2355:
2008:
Percy MJ, Furlow PW, Beer PA, Lappin TR, McMullin MF, Lee FS (September 2007).
1963:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1434:
1417:
1305:
1245:
1210:
1160:
1025:
642:
605:
490:
427:
343:
339:
332:
325:
256:
230:
201:
is the most common cause of polycythemia. It occurs in reaction to chronically
107:
103:
84:
80:
2402:
2314:
2310:
1661:
3639:
3133:
2973:
2233:
1391:
1080:
1063:
765:
293:
1975:
1859:
Sottas PE, Robinson N, Fischetto G, Dollé G, Alonso JM, Saugy M (May 2011).
42:
3253:
3094:
2241:
2217:
2194:
2133:
2092:
2043:
1994:
1935:
1886:
1845:
1802:
1693:
1679:
1632:
1578:
1535:
1489:
1443:
1399:
1352:
1313:
1218:
1172:
1130:
1089:
1043:
977:
931:
570:
444:
440:
436:
285:
209:
170:
102:
Polycythemia has many causes. It can describe an increase in the number of
95:
concentration are increased in the blood. Polycythemia is sometimes called
2059:"A gain-of-function mutation in the HIF2A gene in familial erythrocytosis"
1767:
1749:
3597:
3499:
3365:
3067:
2603:
2561:
2074:
1570:
1253:
870:
574:
544:
516:
414:
356:
281:
158:
154:
1344:
913:
3607:
3564:
3505:
3343:
2572:
1527:
456:
448:
162:
122:
92:
76:
60:
2266:
1927:
1794:
3510:
2969:
2374:
2106:
Gale DP, Harten SK, Reid CD, Tuddenham EG, Maxwell PH (August 2008).
801:
615:
372:(VHL) genetic testing, if high suspicion for familial erythrocytosis
288:, which can be seen in polycythemia vera. Examination of digits for
3303:
2385:
1481:
688:
452:
422:
297:
195:). These can be familial or congenital, or acquired later in life.
3026:
1513:
500:
Conditions which may result in physiologic polycythemia include:
166:
896:
Mithoowani S, Laureano M, Crowther MA, Hillis CM (August 2020).
895:
655:
erythrocytosis and increased hypoxia-inducible factors activity.
3030:
2481:
2305:
2278:
2172:
1415:
795:
633:
3651:
Haemorrhagic and haematological disorders of fetus and newborn
3414:
3161:
955:
747:
The management of polycythemia varies based on its etiology:
663:
647:
475:
88:
1858:
1007:
1698:
512:
1102:
1008:
Gangat N, Szuber N, Pardanani A, Tefferi A (August 2021).
760:
or cytoreductive medications based on risk stratification.
667:
are associated with autosomal dominant erythrocytosis and
435:, and signs on physical examination include an abnormally
708:
Pain in abdomen from enlarged spleen in polycythemia vera
624:
409:
affecting red blood cell precursors in the bone marrow.
27:
Laboratory diagnosis of high hemoglobin content in blood
2105:
1956:
1906:
1643:
781:
Polycythemia is theorized to increased performance in
2007:
1694:"Polycythemia, Primary Familial snd Congenital; PFCP"
2256:
1907:
Keohane C, McMullin MF, Harrison C (November 2013).
1467:
614:
form of erythrocytosis endemic in patients from the
161:). Relative polycythemia is often caused by loss of
1596:(7th ed.). Lippencott Williams & Wilkins.
1231:
776:
523:(which can be present in heavy smokers) and rarely
2056:
1644:Tefferi A, Vannucchi AM, Barbui T (January 2018).
1158:
493:, hence an increased production of erythrocytes.
2215:
1780:
1196:
379:to evaluate for high-affinity hemoglobin variants
3637:
2216:Fulco, C. S.; Rock, P. B.; Cymerman, A. (2000).
1909:"The diagnosis and management of erythrocytosis"
898:"Investigation and management of erythrocytosis"
308:Polycythemia is often initially identified on a
2432:
1823:
1167:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
766:angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
2953:
2418:
242:The recipient twin in a pregnancy undergoing
2567:Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
1852:
1731:
1646:"Polycythemia vera treatment algorithm 2018"
725:Numbness or tingling in different body parts
274:
2451:
2222:Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine
216:
2960:
2946:
2923:Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin
2425:
2411:
1291:
718:Itchiness, especially after a hot shower (
628:), which is needed for the destruction of
41:
2875:Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
2697:Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia
2123:
2082:
2033:
1984:
1974:
1876:
1757:
1669:
1618:Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment
1556:
1516:Journal of Endocrinological Investigation
1433:
1373:
1326:
1199:Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
1120:
1079:
1033:
921:
591:
484:
142:
137:
1712:
1633:https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2007-0081OC
551:, and endocrine abnormalities including
389:
303:
1620:. McGraw Hill Lange. 2008. p. 438.
1591:
1376:"Regulation of the erythropoietin gene"
1159:Pillai AA, Fazal S, Babiker HM (2022).
394:
375:Hemoglobin (globin-gene) sequencing or
316:Blood smear to evaluate cell morphology
75:) is a laboratory finding in which the
14:
3638:
1732:Bailey DM, Davies B (September 1997).
1509:
1507:
1061:
645:for loss-of-function mutations of the
377:high-performance liquid chromatography
319:Iron panel to evaluate for concurrent
2941:
2480:
2406:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1559:Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis
1463:
1461:
1411:
1409:
1294:European Journal of Internal Medicine
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
685:A ruddy (red) complexion, or plethora
385:might be considered in specific cases
362:Abdominal imaging, such as ultrasound
350:
300:can help assess for chronic hypoxia.
3232:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
2584:triosephosphate isomerase deficiency
1374:Ebert BL, Bunn HF (September 1999).
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1057:
1055:
1053:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
865:
863:
861:
798:, a decrease in red blood cell count
2739:paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
2707:Donath–Landsteiner hemolytic anemia
2687:
2063:The New England Journal of Medicine
1504:
346:tests) or oxygen dissociation tests
24:
3237:Transient tachypnea of the newborn
1893:
1738:British Journal of Sports Medicine
1594:Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests
1458:
1406:
1268:
1185:
992:
250:
184:can be split into two categories:
25:
3667:
3015:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
2748:Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
2719:Mixed autoimmune hemolytic anemia
2252:
1145:
1050:
938:
880:
858:
359:if high suspicion for sleep apnea
244:twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
3533:Vertically transmitted infection
2779:Hemolytic disease of the newborn
1838:10.1097/00008480-200002000-00006
1333:Twin Research and Human Genetics
970:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05535.x
804:, a decrease in blood cell count
777:Relation to athletic performance
527:can also impair oxygen delivery.
3625:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
3575:Group B streptococcal infection
3143:Intrauterine growth restriction
2209:
2166:
2148:
2099:
2050:
2001:
1950:
1817:
1774:
1725:
1706:
1686:
1637:
1624:
1610:
1585:
1550:
1367:
1320:
1225:
1064:"How I treat polycythemia vera"
729:
338:Oxygen saturation (usually via
2968:Conditions originating in the
2712:Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria
1096:
958:British Journal of Haematology
841:
824:
610:or Chuvash polycythemia is an
459:is the mainstay of treatment.
13:
1:
3317:Vitamin K deficiency bleeding
2187:10.1080/10428194.2021.1888377
1826:Current Opinion in Pediatrics
1327:Couck I, Lewi L (June 2016).
817:
770:angiotensin receptor blockers
742:
661:Gain-of-function mutations in
269:
128:
3476:Periventricular leukomalacia
3294:Persistent fetal circulation
3242:Meconium aspiration syndrome
2663:Southeast Asian ovalocytosis
2651:Minkowski–Chauffard syndrome
2125:10.1182/blood-2008-04-153718
2026:10.1182/blood-2007-04-084434
1878:10.1373/clinchem.2010.156067
1122:10.1182/blood-2016-03-643544
853:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
836:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
705:Unusual bleeding, nosebleeds
7:
3385:Intraventricular hemorrhage
789:
691:, transient blurry vision (
675:
578:hormone replacement therapy
407:myeloproliferative diseases
10:
3672:
3390:Germinal matrix hemorrhage
3380:Velamentous cord insertion
3271:Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
2772:Drug-induced nonautoimmune
2753:Thrombotic microangiopathy
2579:pyruvate kinase deficiency
1713:Burkeman O (29 Sep 2013).
1435:10.1182/blood-2005-06-2422
1306:10.1016/j.ejim.2015.03.007
1246:10.1177/000331977802900703
1211:10.1016/j.siny.2008.02.003
1026:10.1038/s41375-021-01290-6
451:. Transformation to acute
405:Primary polycythemias are
398:
193:myeloproliferative disease
3590:
3525:
3484:
3461:
3433:
3420:Necrotizing enterocolitis
3405:
3302:
3279:
3217:
3210:
3151:
3129:Large for gestational age
3125:Small for gestational age
3117:
3081:
3049:
3023:
2991:
2980:
2900:
2840:
2791:
2758:Hemolytic–uremic syndrome
2678:
2670:Hereditary stomatocytosis
2658:Hereditary elliptocytosis
2551:
2536:
2489:
2473:
2444:
2365:
2260:
1662:10.1038/s41408-017-0042-7
697:transient ischemic attack
651:gene are associated with
630:hypoxia-inducible factors
598:hypoxia-inducible factors
549:Von Hippel–Lindau disease
521:carbon monoxide poisoning
515:; in chronic obstructive
498:physiologic polycythemia.
275:History and physical exam
54:
49:
40:
35:
3646:Red blood cell disorders
2646:Hereditary spherocytosis
1392:10.1182/blood.V94.6.1864
1081:10.1182/blood.2018834044
871:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
711:Pain in hands and feet (
449:formation of blood clots
237:Umbilical cord stripping
217:Polycythemia in neonates
3582:Neonatal conjunctivitis
3073:Single umbilical artery
3063:Umbilical cord prolapse
3010:Placental insufficiency
2983:complicating pregnancy,
2851:Mean corpuscular volume
2815:Diamond–Blackfan anemia
2767:Drug-induced autoimmune
2702:Cold agglutinin disease
2508:Plummer–Vinson syndrome
2175:Leukemia & Lymphoma
1976:10.1073/pnas.0508423103
1062:Spivak JL (July 2019).
848:"Relative polycythemia"
831:"Absolute polycythemia"
808:Capillary leak syndrome
472:erythropoietin receptor
366:Erythropoietin receptor
3558:ureaplasma urealyticum
3266:Wilson–Mikity syndrome
3190:Brachial plexus injury
2503:Iron-deficiency anemia
669:pulmonary hypertension
592:Altered oxygen sensing
485:Secondary polycythemia
246:can have polycythemia.
199:Secondary polycythemia
178:or true polycythemia.
143:Polycythemia in adults
138:Differential diagnoses
3506:Congenital hypertonia
3397:Anemia of prematurity
3105:Shoulder presentation
2822:Pure red cell aplasia
2589:hexokinase deficiency
1750:10.1136/bjsm.31.3.183
659:HIF2α erythrocytosis:
390:Absolute polycythemia
304:Laboratory evaluation
182:Absolute polycythemia
151:Relative polycythemia
3511:Congenital hypotonia
3425:Meconium peritonitis
3227:Intrauterine hypoxia
3183:Subgaleal hemorrhage
2827:Sideroblastic anemia
2635:Hemoglobin C disease
2521:Megaloblastic anemia
2075:10.1056/NEJMoa073123
1650:Blood Cancer Journal
1571:10.1055/s-2003-44552
695:), other signs of a
640:PHD2 erythrocytosis:
541:Renal cell carcinoma
395:Primary polycythemia
310:complete blood count
189:Primary polycythemia
134:by age in children.
3620:Neonatal withdrawal
3603:Perinatal mortality
3453:Sclerema neonatorum
3309:hematologic disease
2626:Sickle cell disease
2156:"Polycythemia Vera"
1592:Wallach JB (2007).
1345:10.1017/thg.2016.29
914:10.1503/cmaj.191587
810:, another cause of
612:autosomal recessive
445:high blood pressure
3553:mycoplasma hominis
3538:Neonatal infection
3494:Gray baby syndrome
3471:Perinatal asphyxia
3361:Hyperbilirubinemia
3138:Postterm pregnancy
2985:labour or delivery
2913:Sulfhemoglobinemia
2366:External resources
1922:(nov18 1): f6667.
1865:Clinical Chemistry
1719:Guardian newspaper
1528:10.1007/BF03345745
720:aquagenic pruritis
702:Dizziness, fatigue
653:autosomal dominant
561:Cushing's syndrome
465:autosomal dominant
383:Bone marrow biopsy
351:Additional testing
3633:
3632:
3521:
3520:
3371:Neonatal jaundice
3289:Pneumopericardium
3259:Pneumomediastinum
3200:Klumpke paralysis
3178:Caput succedaneum
3113:
3112:
2981:Maternal factors
2935:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2918:Reticulocytopenia
2908:Methemoglobinemia
2896:
2895:
2787:
2786:
2727:
2726:
2526:Pernicious anemia
2469:
2468:
2461:Polycythemia vera
2400:
2399:
1928:10.1136/bmj.f6667
1795:10.1081/HEM-58571
1603:978-0-7817-3055-6
1115:(20): 2391–2405.
908:(32): E913–E918.
876:Polycythemia vera
812:hemoconcentration
753:polycythemia vera
620:von Hippel–Lindau
525:methemoglobinemia
506:altitude sickness
419:white blood cells
411:Polycythemia vera
401:Polycythemia vera
370:von Hippel–Lindau
203:low oxygen levels
119:polycythemia vera
81:volume percentage
66:
65:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3663:
3613:Infant mortality
3448:Erythema toxicum
3440:thermoregulation
3407:Gastrointestinal
3215:
3214:
3211:Affected systems
3088:
3056:
3041:Chorioamnionitis
3034:
3005:Placenta praevia
2998:
2989:
2988:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2939:
2938:
2685:
2684:
2599:hemoglobinopathy
2549:
2548:
2487:
2486:
2478:
2477:
2449:
2448:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2404:
2403:
2258:
2257:
2246:
2245:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2181:(8): 2030–2033.
2170:
2164:
2163:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2127:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2086:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2037:
2020:(6): 2193–2196.
2005:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1978:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1913:
1904:
1891:
1890:
1880:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1761:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1673:
1641:
1635:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1511:
1502:
1501:
1465:
1456:
1455:
1437:
1413:
1404:
1403:
1386:(6): 1864–1877.
1371:
1365:
1364:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1289:
1266:
1265:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1194:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1156:
1143:
1142:
1124:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1083:
1059:
1048:
1047:
1037:
1020:(8): 2166–2181.
1005:
990:
989:
953:
936:
935:
925:
893:
878:
867:
856:
845:
839:
828:
783:endurance sports
758:myelosuppressive
616:Chuvash Republic
567:Anabolic steroid
553:pheochromocytoma
467:mutation in the
417:. Often, excess
328:mutation testing
212:, deliberately).
121:) could involve
45:
33:
32:
21:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3656:Hematopathology
3636:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3586:
3570:Neonatal sepsis
3517:
3486:Musculoskeletal
3480:
3457:
3438:
3429:
3401:
3356:Hydrops fetalis
3307:
3298:
3275:
3248:Pleural disease
3206:
3168:Cephalohematoma
3147:
3109:
3082:
3077:
3050:
3045:
3024:
3019:
2992:
2984:
2982:
2976:
2966:
2936:
2927:
2892:
2836:
2795:
2783:
2723:
2674:
2540:
2532:
2465:
2440:
2438:red blood cells
2431:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2361:
2360:
2269:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2214:
2210:
2171:
2167:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2104:
2100:
2055:
2051:
2006:
2002:
1955:
1951:
1911:
1905:
1894:
1857:
1853:
1822:
1818:
1779:
1775:
1730:
1726:
1711:
1707:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1642:
1638:
1629:
1625:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1590:
1586:
1555:
1551:
1512:
1505:
1470:Nature Genetics
1466:
1459:
1414:
1407:
1372:
1368:
1325:
1321:
1290:
1269:
1230:
1226:
1195:
1186:
1177:
1175:
1157:
1146:
1101:
1097:
1060:
1051:
1006:
993:
954:
939:
894:
881:
868:
859:
846:
842:
829:
825:
820:
792:
779:
745:
732:
713:erythromelalgia
699:(TIA) or stroke
693:amaurosis fugax
678:
594:
557:adrenal adenoma
487:
479:Eero Mäntyranta
437:enlarged spleen
403:
397:
392:
353:
321:iron deficiency
306:
290:erythromelalgia
277:
272:
253:
251:Pathophysiology
219:
145:
140:
131:
112:genetic testing
104:red blood cells
85:red blood cells
71:(also known as
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3669:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3600:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3567:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3548:herpes simplex
3545:
3535:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3496:
3490:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3465:
3463:Nervous system
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3320:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3285:
3283:
3281:Cardiovascular
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3157:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3131:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3053:umbilical cord
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2986:
2978:
2977:
2965:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2942:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2846:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2817:
2812:
2810:Fanconi anemia
2803:
2801:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2704:
2699:
2693:
2691:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2637:
2632:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2569:
2557:
2555:
2546:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2495:
2493:
2484:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2430:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2382:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2347:
2336:
2317:
2298:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:Classification
2254:
2253:External links
2251:
2248:
2247:
2228:(2): 162–171.
2208:
2165:
2147:
2118:(3): 919–921.
2098:
2069:(2): 162–168.
2049:
2000:
1969:(3): 654–659.
1949:
1892:
1871:(5): 762–769.
1851:
1816:
1773:
1744:(3): 183–190.
1724:
1705:
1685:
1636:
1623:
1609:
1602:
1584:
1565:(5): 451–458.
1549:
1522:(8): 704–716.
1503:
1482:10.1038/ng1019
1476:(4): 614–621.
1457:
1428:(2): 514–519.
1405:
1366:
1339:(3): 184–190.
1319:
1300:(5): 297–302.
1267:
1240:(7): 520–533.
1224:
1205:(4): 248–255.
1184:
1161:"Polycythemia"
1144:
1095:
1074:(4): 341–352.
1049:
991:
964:(2): 174–195.
937:
879:
857:
840:
822:
821:
819:
816:
815:
814:
805:
799:
791:
788:
778:
775:
774:
773:
761:
744:
741:
731:
728:
727:
726:
723:
716:
709:
706:
703:
700:
686:
677:
674:
673:
672:
656:
643:Heterozygosity
637:
608:erythrocytosis
593:
590:
589:
588:
584:
581:
564:
533:
532:
528:
509:
491:erythropoietin
486:
483:
399:Main article:
396:
393:
391:
388:
387:
386:
380:
373:
363:
360:
352:
349:
348:
347:
340:pulse oximetry
336:
333:erythropoeitin
329:
323:
317:
305:
302:
276:
273:
271:
268:
257:erythropoietin
252:
249:
248:
247:
240:
234:
231:erythropoeisis
218:
215:
214:
213:
206:
196:
144:
141:
139:
136:
130:
127:
108:erythropoeitin
97:erythrocytosis
64:
63:
58:
52:
51:
47:
46:
38:
37:
29:
26:
18:Erythrocytosis
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3668:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3134:Preterm birth
3132:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2979:
2975:
2974:fetal disease
2971:
2963:
2958:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2832:Myelophthisic
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2780:
2777:
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2770:
2768:
2765:
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2700:
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2227:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
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2184:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1789:(2): 91–106.
1788:
1784:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
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1191:
1189:
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1132:
1128:
1123:
1118:
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1099:
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1077:
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1000:
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987:
983:
979:
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948:
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903:
899:
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888:
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877:
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862:
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854:
849:
844:
838:
837:
832:
827:
823:
813:
809:
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803:
800:
797:
794:
793:
787:
784:
771:
767:
762:
759:
754:
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738:
724:
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670:
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424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
402:
384:
381:
378:
374:
371:
367:
364:
361:
358:
357:Sleep studies
355:
354:
345:
341:
337:
334:
330:
327:
324:
322:
318:
315:
314:
313:
311:
301:
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267:
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228:
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185:
183:
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177:
172:
168:
164:
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156:
152:
148:
135:
126:
124:
120:
115:
113:
109:
105:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
73:polycythaemia
70:
62:
59:
57:
53:
48:
44:
39:
34:
19:
3498:
3254:Pneumothorax
3246:
3160:
3153:Birth trauma
3095:Breech birth
3085:presentation
3083:
3051:
3025:
2993:
2881:normochromic
2873:
2849:
2731:
2639:
2597:
2571:
2560:
2453:Polycythemia
2452:
2384:
2373:
2349:
2338:
2319:
2300:
2273:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2159:
2150:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2017:
2013:
2003:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1919:
1915:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1832:(1): 29–34.
1829:
1825:
1819:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1718:
1708:
1697:
1688:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1626:
1617:
1612:
1593:
1587:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1519:
1515:
1473:
1469:
1425:
1421:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1297:
1293:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1202:
1198:
1176:. Retrieved
1164:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1071:
1067:
1017:
1013:
961:
957:
905:
901:
869:
851:
843:
834:
826:
780:
746:
733:
730:Epidemiology
679:
662:
658:
646:
639:
623:
604:
595:
571:hypogonadism
545:liver tumors
539:Neoplasms –
534:
497:
495:
488:
468:
461:
447:, including
426:
404:
335:(EPO) levels
307:
286:splenomegaly
278:
265:
261:
254:
236:
226:
220:
210:blood doping
198:
188:
181:
180:
175:
171:hypertension
150:
149:
146:
132:
116:
101:
96:
72:
69:Polycythemia
68:
67:
36:Polycythemia
3598:Miscarriage
3500:muscle tone
3366:Kernicterus
3219:Respiratory
3195:Erb's palsy
3100:Asynclitism
3068:Nuchal cord
2886:hypochromic
2842:Blood tests
2604:Thalassemia
2562:enzymopathy
2491:Nutritional
2160:Mayo Clinic
575:transgender
517:sleep apnea
415:bone marrow
282:sleep apnea
174:likely has
163:body fluids
159:dehydration
155:hypovolemia
110:levels and
3640:Categories
3608:Stillbirth
3565:Omphalitis
3526:Infections
3435:Integument
2867:macrocytic
2862:microcytic
2857:normocytic
2820:Acquired:
2806:Hereditary
2573:glycolysis
2553:Hereditary
2351:DiseasesDB
1783:Hemoglobin
1178:2022-11-01
1165:StatPearls
818:References
743:Management
457:Phlebotomy
270:Evaluation
129:Definition
123:phlebotomy
93:hemoglobin
77:hematocrit
61:Hematology
3334:Anti-Kell
2972:period /
2970:perinatal
2538:Hemolytic
2375:eMedicine
2234:0095-6562
2203:232078345
1234:Angiology
802:Cytopenia
455:is rare.
423:platelets
344:blood gas
91:) and/or
56:Specialty
3304:Bleeding
2995:placenta
2796:(mostly
2793:Aplastic
2733:membrane
2680:Acquired
2641:membrane
2541:(mostly
2434:Diseases
2386:Orphanet
2380:Ped/1848
2242:10685591
2195:33645402
2142:14580718
2134:18650473
2093:18184961
2044:17579185
1995:16407130
1936:24246666
1887:21427381
1846:10676771
1811:10609812
1803:15921161
1680:29321547
1656:(1): 3.
1579:14631544
1544:30908506
1536:19494706
1498:15582610
1490:12415268
1452:17065771
1444:16210343
1400:10477715
1353:27098457
1314:25837692
1262:42326090
1219:18424246
1173:30252337
1139:18338178
1131:27069254
1090:31151982
1044:34021251
1014:Leukemia
986:11681060
978:16029446
932:32778603
790:See also
689:Headache
676:Symptoms
531:tissues.
453:leukemia
298:cyanosis
294:clubbing
227:Hypoxia:
176:absolute
3543:rubella
3173:Chignon
3027:chorion
2345:D011086
2084:2295209
2035:1976349
1986:1334658
1944:1490914
1768:9298550
1759:1332514
1671:5802495
1361:7376104
1035:8324477
923:7829024
606:Chuvash
439:and/or
433:vertigo
87:in the
3118:Growth
3031:amnion
2798:normo-
2543:normo-
2517:Macro-
2499:Micro-
2482:Anemia
2292:2A20.4
2240:
2232:
2201:
2193:
2140:
2132:
2091:
2081:
2042:
2032:
1993:
1983:
1942:
1934:
1885:
1844:
1809:
1801:
1766:
1756:
1678:
1668:
1600:
1577:
1542:
1534:
1496:
1488:
1450:
1442:
1398:
1359:
1351:
1312:
1260:
1254:686487
1252:
1217:
1171:
1137:
1129:
1088:
1042:
1032:
984:
976:
930:
920:
796:Anemia
737:NHANES
634:Ischia
622:gene (
331:Serum
157:, cf.
3591:Other
3415:Ileus
3162:scalp
2901:Other
2630:trait
2619:delta
2609:alpha
2356:10295
2334:776.4
2330:289.0
2315:P61.1
2311:D75.1
2199:S2CID
2138:S2CID
2112:Blood
2014:Blood
1940:S2CID
1912:(PDF)
1807:S2CID
1540:S2CID
1494:S2CID
1448:S2CID
1422:Blood
1380:Blood
1357:S2CID
1258:S2CID
1135:S2CID
1109:Blood
1068:Blood
982:S2CID
664:HIF2α
559:with
476:skier
441:liver
169:men,
167:obese
89:blood
79:(the
3349:Rh E
3344:Rh D
3339:Rh c
2689:AIHA
2614:beta
2340:MeSH
2325:9-CM
2296:KA8A
2288:3A81
2284:3A80
2238:PMID
2230:ISSN
2191:PMID
2130:PMID
2089:PMID
2040:PMID
1991:PMID
1932:PMID
1883:PMID
1842:PMID
1799:PMID
1764:PMID
1699:OMIM
1676:PMID
1598:ISBN
1575:PMID
1532:PMID
1486:PMID
1440:PMID
1396:PMID
1349:PMID
1310:PMID
1250:PMID
1215:PMID
1169:PMID
1127:PMID
1086:PMID
1040:PMID
974:PMID
928:PMID
902:CMAJ
751:See
648:PHD2
555:and
513:COPD
469:EPOR
428:JAK2
421:and
326:JAK2
3437:and
3329:ABO
3324:HDN
3306:and
2436:of
2391:729
2321:ICD
2302:ICD
2275:ICD
2183:doi
2120:doi
2116:112
2079:PMC
2071:doi
2067:358
2030:PMC
2022:doi
2018:110
1981:PMC
1971:doi
1967:103
1924:doi
1920:347
1916:BMJ
1873:doi
1834:doi
1791:doi
1754:PMC
1746:doi
1666:PMC
1658:doi
1567:doi
1524:doi
1478:doi
1430:doi
1426:107
1388:doi
1341:doi
1302:doi
1242:doi
1207:doi
1117:doi
1113:127
1076:doi
1072:134
1030:PMC
1022:doi
966:doi
962:130
918:PMC
910:doi
906:192
850:at
833:at
768:or
625:VHL
573:or
368:or
342:or
296:or
83:of
3642::
3136:/
3127:/
2808::
2519::
2501::
2389::
2378::
2354::
2343::
2332:,
2328::
2313:,
2309::
2306:10
2294:,
2290:,
2286:,
2282::
2279:11
2236:.
2226:71
2224:.
2220:.
2197:.
2189:.
2179:62
2177:.
2158:.
2136:.
2128:.
2114:.
2110:.
2087:.
2077:.
2065:.
2061:.
2038:.
2028:.
2016:.
2012:.
1989:.
1979:.
1965:.
1961:.
1938:.
1930:.
1918:.
1914:.
1895:^
1881:.
1869:57
1867:.
1863:.
1840:.
1830:12
1828:.
1805:.
1797:.
1787:29
1785:.
1762:.
1752:.
1742:31
1740:.
1736:.
1717:.
1696:.
1674:.
1664:.
1652:.
1648:.
1573:.
1563:29
1561:.
1538:.
1530:.
1520:32
1518:.
1506:^
1492:.
1484:.
1474:32
1472:.
1460:^
1446:.
1438:.
1424:.
1420:.
1408:^
1394:.
1384:94
1382:.
1378:.
1355:.
1347:.
1337:19
1335:.
1331:.
1308:.
1298:26
1296:.
1270:^
1256:.
1248:.
1238:29
1236:.
1213:.
1203:13
1201:.
1187:^
1163:.
1147:^
1133:.
1125:.
1111:.
1107:.
1084:.
1070:.
1066:.
1052:^
1038:.
1028:.
1018:35
1016:.
1012:.
994:^
980:.
972:.
960:.
940:^
926:.
916:.
904:.
900:.
882:^
874::
860:^
547:,
543:,
292:,
3029:/
2961:e
2954:t
2947:v
2800:)
2643::
2628:/
2601::
2564::
2545:)
2474:↓
2445:↑
2426:e
2419:t
2412:v
2323:-
2304:-
2277:-
2267:D
2244:.
2205:.
2185::
2162:.
2144:.
2122::
2095:.
2073::
2046:.
2024::
1997:.
1973::
1946:.
1926::
1889:.
1875::
1848:.
1836::
1813:.
1793::
1770:.
1748::
1721:.
1702:.
1682:.
1660::
1654:8
1606:.
1581:.
1569::
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1526::
1500:.
1480::
1454:.
1432::
1402:.
1390::
1363:.
1343::
1316:.
1304::
1264:.
1244::
1221:.
1209::
1181:.
1141:.
1119::
1092:.
1078::
1046:.
1024::
988:.
968::
934:.
912::
772:.
722:)
715:)
671:.
580:.
563:.
20:)
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