1545:. During the course of the war, some commanders and pilots from the former army and air force were recalled to duty. These officers helped turn the tide decisively against Eritrea in 2000. Following the war's end, the Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission, a body founded by the UN, established that the Badme region had in fact belonged to Eritrea. Although the two countries are now at peace, Ethiopia rejected the results of the international court's decision, and continued to occupy Badme. Most observers agree that Ethiopia's rejection of international law, coupled with the high numbers of soldiers maintained on the border by each side – a debilitatingly high number, particularly for the Eritrean side – means that the two countries are effectively still in conflict.
1378:
1970:, of 19 September 2003, to support the implementation of the ceasefire agreement and the peace process, protect United Nations staff, facilities and civilians, support humanitarian and human rights activities; as well as assist in national security reform, including national police training and formation of a new, restructured military. In November 2007, nearly 1,800 Ethiopian troops serving with the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) were presented with UN Peacekeeping medals for their "invaluable contribution to the peace process." Up to three Ethiopian battalions used to constitute Sector 4 of the UN Mission, covering the southern part of the country. The mission ended in 2018.
1513:(OLF) and other opposition factions. After the defeat of the military government, the provisional government disbanded the former national army and relied on its own guerrilla fighters. In 1993, however, the Tigrayan-led government announced plans to create a multi-ethnic defense force. This process entailed the creation of a new professional army and officer class and the demobilization of many of the irregulars who had fought against the military government. With the collapse of the Soviet Union Ethiopia again turned to the Western powers for alliance and assistance. However, many Tigrayan officers remained in command positions. This transformation was still underway when war with
153:
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this army closely. It is unique in the world. And I can bear witness to the fact that it is not quite so chaotic as it seems at first glance, and that on the contrary, it is profoundly disciplined, though in its own unique way. For every
Abyssinian, war is normal business, and military skills and rules of army life in the field enter in the flesh and blood of each of them, just as do the main principles of tactics. On the march, each soldier knows how to arrange necessary comforts for himself and to conserve his strength; but on the other hand, when necessary, he shows such endurance and is capable of action in conditions which are difficult even to imagine.
165:
428:
244:
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1713:
512:
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231:
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1999:
500:
217:
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204:
38:
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1093:) as well as troops from Ghana, Morocco and Tunisia. Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie raised some 3,000 Imperial Bodyguard personnel- about 10 percent of the Ethiopian army's entire strength at that time-and made it part of the UN peacekeeping force in the Congo, along with an air force squadron. This volunteer battalion from the Imperial Bodyguard were authorized by the Emperor. The Tekil (or "Tekel") Brigade was stationed in
464:
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1691:, nicknamed 'Butcher of Mogadishu', the ENDF routinely bombed civilian areas and killed thousands of civilians. Reports of atrocities by forces under his command have made him infamous in Somalia. American reporters touring rural Somalia reported that in village after village, locals had described a reign of terror by the Ethiopian army. In late 2011, Ethiopian troops returned to Somalia (coinciding with
1767:
6013:
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1258:(force), and 20 were created within sixteen months. The "Nabalbal" units entered combat in 1977. When Ethiopian intelligence sources discovered Somali planning to seize the Ogaden, militia brigades were also created; first 30, then a total of 61 brigades totaling 143,350 by 1977–78. It appears that there were five regular line divisions active by the time of the 1977 Ogaden War, and the
838:, due in part to their defeat of Italy in the First Italo-Ethiopian War. However, with Ethiopia surrounded by European colonies, the necessity of ensuring that the Ethiopian army was well-maintained became apparent to the Ethiopian government. The Ethiopian government trained its troops to a very high degree, with
876:
1682:. By November 2008, insurgency had effectively won. The majority of south and central Somalia, along with the capital was now under the control of Islamist factions. Ethiopia had redeployed much of its army out of Somalia by the end of the year. On 16 January 2009, Ethiopian troops withdrew from Mogadishu.
1047:
The
Emperor is by constitutional provision Commander-in-Chief, and to him are reserved all rights respecting the size of the forces and their organization and command, together with the power to appoint, promote, transfer and dismiss military officers. He seeks the advice and consent of Parliament in
854:
army to be undisciplined. They think that it is not in any condition to withstand a serious fight with a well-organized
European army, claiming that the recent war with Italy doesn't prove anything. I will not begin to guess the future and will say only this. Over the course of four months, I watched
1520:
Although the armed forces have significant battlefield experience, their militia orientation has complicated the transition to a structured, integrated military. Ranks and conventional units were only adopted in 1996. A United States-assisted effort to restructure the armed forces was interrupted by
1194:
as its vice-chairman. The Derg was initially supposed to study various military units' grievances, investigate abuses by senior officers and staff, and root out corruption in the military. In the months following its founding, the power of the Derg steadily increased. In July 1974 the Derg obtained
952:
forces. This made
Ethiopia the only country in Africa that has never been colonized. After the Italians had been driven from the country, a British Military Mission to Ethiopia (BMME), under Major General Stephen Butler, was established to reorganize the Ethiopian Army. The Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement
3194:
Since the Bush administration doubted that the
Ethiopians would use the new equipment effectively, it decided to participate in the campaign with American Special Forces and agents of the CIA. It was an offer Ethiopia could not refuse: money, arms, and the creation of an American shield to protect
1834:
The professional army of ENDF took significant casualties during the war, forcing the ENDF to rely on citizen soldiers until it was prepared for a counter-offensive, while it retreated from the northern part of
Ethiopia. When the ENDF took high casualties and the need for more manpower arouse, the
1648:
began, Ethiopian troops launched major offensives in
Mogadishu. Large scale bombardments were carried out on Mogadishu neighborhoods deemed to be insurgent strongholds. ENDF forces were primarily responsible for the large scale bombardment and significant civilian losses that occurred in the city.
1350:
Gebru Tareke listed
Ethiopian ground forces in 1990 as comprising four revolutionary armies organized as task forces, eleven corps, twenty-four infantry divisions, and four mountain divisions, reinforced by five mechanized divisions, two airborne divisions, and ninety-five brigades, including four
1155:
on 23 March. However, over the following month's radicals in the
Ethiopian military came to believe he was acting on behalf of the hated aristocracy, and when a group of notables petitioned for the release of several government ministers and officials who were under arrest for corruption and other
1110:
Emperor Haile
Selassie divided the Ethiopian military into separate commands. The US Army Handbook for Ethiopia notes that each service was provided with training and equipped from different foreign countries "to assure reliability and retention of power." The military consisted of the following:
821:
Secondly, the Ethiopian army was based on a feudal system of organization, and as a result, nearly the entire army was a peasant militia. Russian military experts advising Menelik II suggested trying to achieve full battle collision with Italians, to neutralize the superior firepower of their
1851:
of the ENDF—which had constituted 80% of the officer corps of the ENDF—had defected to the TPLF. This greatly reducing the amount of capable COs and NCOs. This all indicates that the ENDF is coming out of the war enlarged in size, but with significant leadership/officer shortages that raises
2406:
Spencer, Ethiopia at Bay, 2006, 148. Heads of the British Military Mission to Ethiopia were 1941-1943: Major General Stephen Seymour BUTLER, C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O., Reserve of Officers (b. 1880 – d. 1964); April 1943 – 1949: Major General Algernon Edward COTTAM, O.B.E., M.C. (b. 1893 – d.
1672:
against the Somali insurgency. ENDF troops were bogged down and facing a multi front war with no prospect of victory. By Autumn of 2008, the insurgency controlled more than 80% of the territory that had been previously lost in the invasion. As the situation rapidly deteriorated for the
4605:
Bendix, Daniel ; Stanley, Ruth. / Security Sector Reform in Africa. The Promise and the Practice of a New Donor Approach. In: Accord Occasional Paper Series. 2008 ; Vol. 3, No. 2 - includes a note indicating British supported SSDAT/DfID/FCO/MOD defense transformation in
1657:
rocket shelling to bombard densely populated Mogadishu neighborhoods. The ENDF characterized the violence in this period as being part of a 'final push' against the rebels, but the fierce fighting in Mogadishu during the first half of 2007 failed to quell the growing insurgency.
1052:
The Office of the Chief of Staff of the Imperial Ethiopian Armed Forces directed the Commanders of the Army, Air Force, and Navy, and the three army divisions were directly responsible to the Commander of the Army. The three divisions seemingly included the Third Division in the
1040:(with the Fourth, Ninth, Tenth, and Eleventh Brigades, 6,890 strong) respectively. The three divisions had a total of 16,832 troops. In May 1959, the Emperor established the Imperial Territorial Army as a reserve force that provided military training to civil servants.
1027:
was dispatched to Ethiopia and began its work by reorganizing the army into three divisions. On 25 September 1953, Selassie created the Imperial Ministry of National Defense that unified the Army, Air Force, and Navy. By 1956, the First Division had its headquarters at
1262:
estimated the force size at the time as 53,500. With significant Soviet assistance, after that point the army's size grew rapidly; in 1979 it was estimated at 65,000. The 18th and 19th Mountain Infantry Divisions were then established in 1979-80 originally to seize
1830:
published a graphic video in which Amharic-speaking ENDF soldiers killed a group of 9 people in Humera in August 2021 and then put their bodies on fire. The video also shows torturing of one man by soldiers, then tying him up, preparing to throw him in the river.
1351:
mechanized brigades, three artillery brigades, four tank brigades, twelve special commandos and para commandos brigades – including the Spartakiad, which became operational in 1987 under the preparation and guidance of North Koreans – seven
1852:
questions for the future, as in, can the ENDF control the regional militias that has sprung up and that could pose future threats to Ethiopia. With already signs of tensions arising between the central government and militias, with militias such as
1183:: each unit was expected to send three representatives, who were supposed to be privates, NCOs, and junior officers up to the rank of major. According to Bahru Zewde, "senior officers were deemed too compromised by close association to the regime."
1677:
in mid-2008, Ethiopian troops started experiencing desertions. The ENDF began to draw down its forces deployed in Mogadishu and across towns in Somalia. The occupation had a 'corrosive effect' on the ENDF and the Somalia deployment was viewed as a
1819:, has publicly acknowledged the possibility of war crimes taking place within the Tigray Region. Abiy did not however link these actions to the Ethiopian military, and instead cited such reports were likely "propaganda of exaggeration" by the
1253:
was listing a mechanised division in addition to three infantry divisions. Ayele writes that in November 1975, the "Nabalbal" ("Flame") force was created, subdivided into battalion-sized units of 400. Each battalion-sized unit was known as a
2938:
Memo: Meritorious Unit Commendation for 4th Battalion, 31st Infantry, 2d Brigade, 10th Mountain Division (LI), Fort Drum, NY 13602, from 2nd Brigade, 10th MD(LI), 21 January 2004, downloaded from Internet and accessed mid-September 2007.
920:
Ethiopian military aviation efforts were initiated in 1929 when Tafari Mekonnen hired two French pilots and purchased four French biplanes. By the time of the Italian invasion of 1935, the air force had four pilots and thirteen aircraft.
822:
opponent and potentially nullify their problems with arms, training, and organization, rather than engaging in a campaign of harassment. In the battle that ensued wave upon wave of Menelik's warriors successfully attacked the Italians.
866:
In obedience to the agreement with Russia and the order of Menelik II, First Ethiopian officers began to be trained at the First Russian cadet school in 1901. 30 to 40 Ethiopian officers were trained in Russia from 1901 until 1913.
1794:
against the Northern Command of ENDF. Since the beginning of the conflict, ENDF personnel has been accused of involvement in alleged war crimes against civilians in the Tigray Region. These mere accusations include rape and other
861:
Despite such qualities, because of its impetuousness, it is much more difficult to control this army than a well-drilled European army, and I can only marvel at and admire the skill of its leaders and chiefs, of which there is no
1111:
Imperial Bodyguard (also known as the "First Division", 8,000 men); three army divisions; services which included the Airborne, Engineers, and Signal Corps; the Territorial Army (5,000 men); and the police (28,000 men).
1374:(APCs), but readiness was estimated to be only about 30 percent operational, because of the withdrawal of financial support, lack of maintenance expertise and parts from the Soviet Union, Cuba, and other nations.
1899:. The ENDF relies on voluntary military service of people above 18 years of age. Although there is no compulsory military service, armed forces may conduct call-ups when necessary and compliance is compulsory.
1142:
in the armed forces of Ethiopia earlier that year. Its members were not directly involved in those mutinies, nor was this the first military committee organized to support the administration of Prime Minister
1271:, one of the remaining strongholds of the Eritrean insurgents. By the beginning of 1981 recruitment for the 21st and 22nd Mountain Infantry Divisions was underway; soon afterward, preparations for the large
2974:
3348:
758:
directly organized the first battalion of the regular Ethiopian army in February 1899. Leontiev formed the first regular battalion, the kernel of which became the company of volunteers from the former
727:. Due to Ethiopia's location between the Middle East and Africa, it has long been in the middle of Eastern and Western politics and has been subject to foreign invasion and aggression. In 1579, the
1298:
were established instead, distributed amongst the army headquarters. Intensive efforts were made to enlist additional personnel. Total manpower after the reorganization reached a reported 388,000.
1210:
When the Derg gained control of Ethiopia, they lessened their reliance on the West. Instead, they began to draw their equipment and their sources for organizational and training methods from the
4330:
1278:
In April 1988 the Derg reorganized the army. The restoration of relations with Somalia meant that forces could be transferred from the First Revolutionary Army in the Ogaden, to the Second and
2989:
There have been no official numbers of the Ethiopian troop presence in Somalia. But military sources suggest that the initial Ethiopian offensive in December 2006 used as many as 60,000 troops
1301:
In May 1988 the Derg decided that before it could concentrate on destroying the EPLF, it would have to first eliminate the TPLF. Thus Operation Adwa was devised to seize the main TPLF base at
1835:
government started recruiting soldiers en-masse, with The Prime Minister himself leading by example the recruitment effort as well as the war from the frontlines, this happened during the
1925:
called for the eventual reconstitution of the Ethiopian Navy as part of a wider program of security sector reforms, saying that "we should build our naval force capacity in the future".
1856:, where the government arrested 4,000 militia members due to its "illegal activities". The ENDF has significant challenges coming out of the Northern war, such as coping with potential
2326:
1138:"Committee"), was officially announced 28 June 1974 by a group of military officers to maintain law and order due to the powerlessness of the civilian government following widespread
1695:) in large numbers for the first time since their 2009 withdrawal. In 2014 the Ethiopian troops that deployed to a buffer zone in some parts of southern Somalia were integrated into
1294:. The very small Fourth Revolutionary Army became responsible for protecting the border with Kenya and those with Somalia and Sudan. In the place of the previous commands, thirteen
1324:
Cuba provided a significant influx of military advisors and troops over this period, with the largest escalation during the Ogaden War with Somalia, supported by a Soviet airlift:
4147:
1624:
of Ethiopian troops during the invasion. During 2007 military experts estimated 50,000 Ethiopian troops were occupying parts of Somalia. During the war, US Special Forces, CIA
858:
You see remarkable expediency in all the actions and skills of this army, and each soldier has an amazingly intelligent attitude toward managing the mission of the battle.
2611:
2108:
888:
1310:
1279:
1107:. He later became chief of staff of the Armed Forces in July 1974, and then Minister of Defense. He then became chairman of the Derg from September to December 1974.
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of 1935–36, marked for Ethiopia's first time being occupied by a foreign power. Ethiopia's patriots managed to resist and defeat the fascist Italian force after the
914:
4119:
1847:
accusations were made during the war on the ENDF, such tactics are usually very costly in human life. In addition, in the lead-up and early on in the war, tigrayan
783:
is the best-known victory of Ethiopian forces over foreign invaders. It maintained Ethiopia's existence as an independent state. Fought on 1 March 1896 against the
4001:
2673:
2289:
1880:, Ethiopian forces were said to comprise about 300,000 troops. In 2012, the IISS estimated that the ground forces had 135,000 personnel and the air force 3,000.
4048:
2984:
1317:. The TRA's command structure was disrupted when Major General Mulatu Negash, the army commander, was supplanted by the arrival of Mengistu's favorite, Captain
2907:
1207:, along with most of their cabinets, most regional governors, many senior military officers, and officials of the Imperial court found themselves imprisoned.
1872:
in 2000. In 2002 the Ethiopian Defense Forces had a strength of approximately 250,000-350,000 troops. This was roughly the same number maintained during the
1918:
independence in 1991 left Ethiopia landlocked again, but the Ethiopian Navy continued to operate from foreign ports until it finally was disbanded in 1996.
1568:, training the 12th, 13th and 14th Division Reconnaissance Companies, which from July 2003 were being formed into a new Ethiopian anti-terrorism battalion.
5684:
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3132:
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1089:- from July 1960. By 20 July 1960, 3,500 troops for ONUC had arrived in the Congo. The 3,500 consisted of 460 troops from Ethiopia (later to grow into the
3900:
3687:
3028:
2434:
4334:
1974:
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system of organization and adverse circumstances. A special role was played by the Russian military advisers and the volunteers of Leontiev's mission.
1977:(UNAMID) in western Sudan. The Security Council authorized a force of about 26,000 uniformed personnel. The Darfur mission was shut down in 2020–21.
55:
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17:
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1981:
1967:
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in Mogadishu proved to be especially difficult for the ENDF and caused heavy losses, which had reached unsustainable levels by the end of 2007.
1159:
The Derg, which originally consisted of soldiers at the capital, broadened its membership by including representatives from the 40 units of the
1070:
was one of the noted patriotic resistance leaders of Shoa (central Ethiopia) that rose to preeminence in the post-liberation period. He became
102:
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2331:Научная Конференция, Симпозиум, Конгресс на Проекте SWorld – Апробация, Сборник научных трудов и Монография – Россия, Украина, Казахстан, СНГ
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74:
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Baissa, Lemmu (1989). "United States Military Assistance to Ethiopia, 1953-1974: A Reappraisal of a Difficult Patron-Client Relationship".
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Initial reports on the deployment of troops appear to be S/4389 (18 July 1960), S/4417 (c. 23 July 1960), S/4475 (August 1960), and S/4482.
1199:, which included the power to arrest not only military officers but government officials at every level. Soon both former Prime Ministers
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http://ethioembassyuganda.org/democratic-republic-of-congo-unveils-its-keenness-to-strengthen-its-wide-ranging-relations-with-ethiopia/
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shooters, which he chose and invited from Western Africa, with the training of the Russian and French officers. The first Ethiopian
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Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
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Haile Selassie I: My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, King of Kings and Lord of Lords
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groups. They honed both conventional and guerrilla tactics during campaigns in Eritrea, and by repelling an invasion launched by
2308:
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Ethiopian soldiers have also committed many atrocities in the region of Tigray. They have used food and rape as weapons of war.
1043:
In 1960 the U.S. Army Area Handbook for Ethiopia described the very personalized command arrangements then used by the Emperor:
751:. Clapham wrote in the 1980s that the "Abyssinians from a 'superiority complex' which may be traced to Gundet, Gura and Adwa".
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In Somalia, nicknamed as the butcher of Mogadishu, General Gebre and his TPLF soldiers killed tens of thousands of civilians.
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that produce and overhaul different weapons systems. Most of these were built under the Derg regime which planned a large
791:, it was the decisive battle of the First Italo–Ethiopian War. Assisted by all of the major nobles of Ethiopia, including
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Lipsky, George A.; Barnett, Clifford R.; Blanchard, Wendell; Hirsch, Abraham M.; Maday, Bela C.; Teleki, Suzanne (1964).
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regime that fell to the rebel forces in 1991. However, that number was later reduced, and in January 2007, during the
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1963:
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4664:. Vol. II. Translated by Ezekiel Gebions; et al. Chicago: Research Associates School Times Publications.
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1061:) was responsible to the Army Commander, in reality, its commander received his orders directly from the Emperor.
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The former allies EPRDF and PFDJ (former EPLF) led their countries Ethiopia and Eritrea, respectively, into the
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broke out in 1998, a development that saw the ranks of the armed forces swell along with defense expenditures.
1441:. The 30th and 31st Infantry Divisions were the last formed, circa November–December 1989. There were also the
1359:
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Post-conflict Security, Peace and Development: Perspectives from Africa, Latin America, Europe and New Zealand
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Kliment, Charles K.; Francev, Vladimír (1997). Czechoslovak Armored Fighting Vehicles. Atglen, PA: Schiffer.
2327:"The activities of the officer the Kuban Cossack army N.S. Leontjev in the Italian-Ethiopic war in 1895–1896"
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2010:
is celebrated annually as the holiday of the ENDF on October 26. The day celebrates the establishment of
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Ethiopian-Eritrean Wars: Volume 2: Eritrean War of Independence, 1988-1991 & Badme War, 1998-2001
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However, these efforts were not sufficient nor instituted in enough time to stop the rising tide of
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The Ethiopian army had been able to execute the strategic plan of Menelik's headquarters, despite a
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5311:
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3721:. The Henry L. Stimson lectures. New Haven ; London: Yale University Press. pp. 458–461.
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Jeffrey Isima, Report on the current position with regard to the security sector in Ethiopia, 2003
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Counterinsurgency in Somalia: Lessons Learned from the African Union Mission in Somalia, 2007-2013
1036:, with the Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, and Twelfth Brigades (4,500 strong); and Third Division
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1313:'s 603rd and 604th Corps were to play the main role, while the 605th Corps secured the rear, in
1074:
a general and minister of defense of the Imperial Ethiopian Armed Forces until his death in the
1000:, for which Haile Selassie was an outspoken proponent, Ethiopia sent a contingent under General
5809:
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1564:. Part of the training at Camp Hurso has included U.S. Army elements, including 4th Battalion,
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3174:. The Henry L. Stimson lectures. New Haven ; London: Yale University Press. p. 459.
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2014:
for the first time in Ethiopian history, on 26 October 1907. It is celebrated for four days.
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military academy or by Belgian military advisers. He also created his own military school at
839:
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had also grown to about 200,000 members. The mechanized forces of the army comprised 1,200
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405:
314:
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2088:"National Army Day Honors heroes and renews the commitment of ENDF to peace and stability"
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who had traditionally attended the Ethiopian Emperor. Its elite was trained at the French
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3644:
Ethiopian troops invaded Somalia in December 2006 to crush the Islamic Courts Union (ICU)
2839:
2206:
2033:
1888:
1827:
1770:
A destroyed ENDF armored vehicle lays in one of the main streets of Hawzen on 6 June 2021
1674:
1641:
1386:
1259:
1246:
1164:
1023:
On May 22, 1953, a U.S.-Ethiopian Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement was signed. A U.S.
997:
976:. They were used until the 1980s when they participated in the fighting against Somalia.
954:
831:
724:
704:
682:
577:
236:
1048:
declaring war. Traditionally, he assumes personal command of the forces in time of war.'
1032:(First, Second, Third Brigades, 5,300 strong); the Second Division was headquartered at
5814:
5734:
5674:
5639:
5377:
5271:
4809:
3458:
3298:
3243:
3215:
2451:
1712:
1650:
1621:
1272:
1223:
1148:
894:
282:
3718:
Crusade and jihad: the thousand-year war between the Muslim world and the global north
3604:
3171:
Crusade and jihad: the thousand-year war between the Muslim world and the global north
2537:
Solomon Addis Getahun, Ethiopia in the New Millennium: Issues of Democratic Governance
1020:. 3,518 Ethiopian troops served in the war, of which 121 were killed and 536 wounded.
5948:
5539:
5499:
5489:
5484:
5469:
5446:
5081:
4836:
4665:
4618:
4569:
4545:
4510:
4496:
4009:
3908:
3732:
3722:
3448:
3439:, Intra-State and Inter-State Conflicts and Security, Pluto Press, pp. 156–177,
3327:
3185:
3175:
3008:
2868:
2417:
2305:
1844:
1669:
1637:
1605:
1438:
1130:
The Coordinating Committee of the Armed Forces, Police, and Territorial Army, or the
1100:
4471:
With the Armies of Menelik II: Journal of an expedition from Ethiopia to Lake Rudolf
2557:
259:
5372:
4856:
4846:
4814:
4804:
4525:(2nd ed.). Washington DC.: American University, for U.S. Govt. Printing Office
3582:
3518:
3440:
3381:
3268:
3127:
3094:
3067:
2955:
1804:
1665:
1135:
1005:
949:
851:
784:
755:
661:
370:
5621:
5566:
4861:
3936:
3848:
3822:
3321:
3165:
3002:
2590:
2558:"Questions Relating to the Situation in the Republic of the Congo (LEOPOLDVILLE)"
2543:
2312:
2293:
1929:
1815:, and other areas where the conflict is ongoing. The prime minister of Ethiopia,
1808:
1633:
1306:
1268:
964:
tankettes from Czechoslovakia in the late 1940s. They were based on the Romanian
925:
804:
385:
193:
4041:
3541:
3433:"The Production of Somali Conflict and the Role of Internal and External Actors"
3404:
3259:
5473:
5258:
5220:
3901:"How a new 'Great War of Africa' is raging under the cover of a media blackout"
3875:"Ethiopian PM Abiy Ahmed joins army on frontline in Tigray conflict - state TV"
3462:
3432:
3062:
2885:
2038:
1948:
1911:
1853:
1264:
1196:
1168:
1160:
1082:
984:
941:
780:
744:
728:
723:
The Ethiopian army's origins and military traditions date back to the earliest
708:
607:
332:
249:
1433:
To these armies were assigned the operational forces of the army, comprising:
879:
Ethiopian troops transporting supplies by camel through vegetation during the
6038:
5578:
5464:
4841:
4235:
4013:
3912:
3736:
3692:
3546:
3189:
3033:
2979:
2506:
2060:
1952:
1783:
1775:
1679:
1661:
1172:
1058:
1001:
899:
893:
Under the regency of Tafari Mekonnen, the army was modernized. He created an
763:
639:
627:
3688:"Ethiopia issues arrest warrant for Colonel who led deadly Somalia invasion"
3444:
3029:"Ethiopia issues arrest warrant for Colonel who led deadly Somalia invasion"
834:, Ethiopia remained the only nation that had not been colonized by European
3849:"Ethiopia Tigray crisis: From monk to soldier - how war has split a church"
3716:
3638:
3195:
the regime. It began its unprovoked and ultimately unsuccessful invasion...
3169:
2494:
1625:
1529:
1211:
1191:
1067:
937:
905:
796:
552:
505:
352:
6022:
4357:"More Ethiopian troops arrive in Darfur bolstering peacekeeping operation"
3962:
1973:
Many thousands of Ethiopian peacekeepers were also involved in the hybrid
5936:
4215:"Ethiopia Navy to be based in Djibouti, command HQ in Bahir Dar (Report)"
2131:"Russia delivered Pantsir-S1 air defense missile-gun systems to Ethiopia"
2065:
1998:
1956:
1840:
1688:
1613:
1471:
1241:
The Ethiopian army grew considerably under the Derg (1974–1987), and the
1029:
973:
875:
835:
748:
264:
4589:
Adejumobi and Binega, Budgeting for the Military Sector in Africa, Ch. 3
1980:
Ethiopia also provides the entire force for the UN's Abyei mission, the
1282:, the Third (TRA) being responsible for the provinces of Assab, Tigray,
5584:
5426:
4963:
4926:
4544:. Area Handbook (4th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress.
4002:"More than 4,000 arrested in Amhara as Ethiopia cracks down on militia"
2900:
2172:
1922:
1868:
The size of the ENDF has fluctuated significantly since the end of the
1816:
1761:
1654:
1645:
1640:, directly intervened in support of the ENDF. In early 2007, after the
1561:
1329:
1302:
1235:
1009:
989:
808:
617:
582:
557:
290:
4475:
3658:"TPLF loyalists should understand that selective justice is injustice"
2105:"Ethiopian Parliament approves 1.8 billion dollar budget for Military"
1962:
Two major previous Ethiopian missions were in Liberia and Darfur. The
4708:
4539:
3577:
3513:
3376:
2241:
1936:
1474:
1465:
1462:
1456:
1412:
1358:
Forces underarms were estimated at 230,000 in early 1991. Mengistu's
1245:
under Mengistu (1987–1991), especially during the latter regime. The
1227:
1094:
1057:, seen as a hardship post. While technically the Imperial Bodyguard (
957:
at Nairobi and made it responsible to the Ethiopian Minister of War.
4743:
4645:, GfN-SSR/University of Birmingham, 2007. Section on DDR Commission.
4226:
4224:
4140:"Ethiopia, France Sign Military, Navy Deal, Turn 'New Page' in Ties"
3937:"Ethiopia crisis: Arrest warrants for officers amid Tigray fighting"
1935:
The Ethiopian Navy is based in Djibouti, and its headquarters is in
37:
4774:
4636:
Violent Non-State Actors in Africa: Terrorists, Rebels and Warlords
3609:
3551:
3409:
2846:
2837:
Creation noted by "Ethiopia: Mengestu Survives By His Fingertips",
1858:
loss of leadership due to casualties, logistics or equipment losses
1557:
1480:
969:
965:
688:
268:
216:
3823:"Ethiopia's Tigray conflict: How the TPLF has outflanked the army"
3372:"Prospects 2008: Worsening crises wrack Horn of Africa - Ethiopia"
2975:"Ethiopian army pays tribute to its soldiers that died in Somalia"
2821:
2819:
1125:
4221:
4124:
3058:"Somali Prime Minister Conciliatory After Talks About His Future"
2059:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1915:
1907:
1514:
1483:
1419:
1363:
1231:
1215:
759:
732:
329:
4799:
4615:
Security Sector Horizon Scanning 2016 - to support Agile Warrior
4549:
4250:
4120:"Landlocked Ethiopia plans new navy as part of military reforms"
2440:
3775:
2816:
2767:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2189:
The Rising Tide of Cultural Pluralism: The Nation-State at Bay?
1928:
In March 2019, Abiy Ahmed signed defense accords with France's
1583:
1426:
1405:
1291:
1287:
1249:
estimated forces underarms in 1974 at 41,000. By July 1975 the
1139:
1054:
1033:
815:
493:
457:
445:
2804:
2779:
2755:
2672:
See Gebru Tareke, The Ethiopia-Somalia War of 1977 Revisited,
1766:
1114:
Among reported U.S. equipment deliveries to Ethiopia were 120
2028:
1608:
and jets were involved in the military offensive against the
1542:
1398:
1314:
1295:
1283:
1037:
961:
481:
433:
4660:
Haile Selassie I (1999). Harold Marcus; et al. (eds.).
4516:
3239:"So Much to Fear: War Crimes and the Devastation of Somalia"
3146:
Hollar, Jullie (March–April 2008). "Rediscovering Somalia".
2679:
2518:
2512:
2500:
2376:
2364:
1883:
As of 2012, the ENDF consists of two separate branches: the
1823:, currently opposing federal forces in the northern region.
1774:
On 8 November 2020, ENDF troops backed by militias from the
1604:
Approximately 50,000 to 60,000 ENDF troops backed by tanks,
1222:. During this period, Ethiopian forces were often locked in
4916:
4538:
Ofcansky, Thomas P.; Berry, LaVerle Bennette, eds. (1993).
3090:"Somali Capital Empties as Residents Flee Renewed Violence"
2616:
2470:
1873:
1791:
1668:
observed at the that the Ethiopian military aimed to win a
1506:
1453:
1382:
1367:
1219:
1131:
889:
Ethiopian order of battle in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War
788:
469:
2231:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Crabites, Pierre.
1932:, including on support in establishing a naval component.
1560:. Ethiopia allowed the US to station military advisors at
6028:
3755:
3320:
Vrey, Francois; Mandrup, Thomas, eds. (28 October 2017).
2354:
2352:
1552:
in 2001, the Ethiopian army began to train with the U.S.
1541:
of 1998. The war was fought over the disputed region of
3799:
Ethiopia's leader says atrocities reported in Tigray war
1582:
Government forces have been engaged in a battle against
928:. Ethiopia was invaded and occupied by Italy during the
2674:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
2324:
2229:
Transformation and Continuity in Revolutionary Ethiopia
972:
on 9 May 1950 after which they were carried by rail to
687:'FDRE Defense Force') is the military force of
4171:"France, Ethiopia sign defence accords to create navy"
4027:
3431:
Samatar, Abdi Ismail (2013), Bereketeab, Redie (ed.),
2743:
2719:
2349:
1653:
reported that the Ethiopian army extensively utilized
5550:
3751:"Ethiopia Invades Somalia In Fight Against Al-Shabab"
1902:
Modern day Ethiopia, being a landlocked country, has
1355:
battalions, and ten brigades of paramilitary forces.
675:
4680:
The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa,
4495:. Africa@War No. 30. Warwick: Helion & Company.
4458:
The Ethiopian Army: from Victory to Collapse 1977-91
3260:"SOMALIA: Resistance to TFG deepens and diversifies"
825:
4564:Shinn, David Hamilton; Ofcansky, Thomas P. (2004).
3123:"WikiLeaked Cable Confirms U.S.' Secret Somalia Op"
2951:"WikiLeaked Cable Confirms U.S.' Secret Somalia Op"
2799:
The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa
2731:
2707:
2482:
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4049:"Ethiopian army eager to learn from U.S. soldiers"
3771:"Ethiopian Forces formally integrated into AMISOM"
3258:
2388:
1533:Soldier of Ethiopian National Defense Force, 2006.
1497:In 1991 Mengistu's government was overcome by the
1016:, and fought in several engagements including the
953:of 1944 removed the BMME from the jurisdiction of
5905:States and regions with limited or no recognition
4617:Director Strategy, British Army, Andover, c2016,
4490:
4331:"Ethiopian troops awarded UN peacekeeping medals"
3811:Le atrocità commesse dai soldati amhara in Tigray
3708:
3346:
3230:
2852:
2825:
2773:
2761:
2448:"U.S. Forces/Allies in the Korean War: Factsheet"
2151:[Defense Industry Exports: August 2021].
1499:Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front
1156:crimes, three days later the Derg was announced.
811:struck a powerful blow against the Italian army.
743:was also able to defeat the Egyptians in 1876 at
6036:
4659:
4474:. Translated by Seltzer, Richard. Archived from
4423:"RDF Joins Ethiopia For Defense Day Celebration"
2843:(London: Miramoor Publications, 3 November 1989)
754:Following the order of the emperor of Ethiopia,
4686:Further sources on defense in Ethiopia include
4509:Library of Congress Federal Research Division,
2867:Library of Congress Federal Research Division,
2168:"Is Ethiopia Flying Iranian-Made Armed Drones?"
1982:United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei
1968:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1509
1126:Seizure of power by the Derg 1974 and aftermath
4397:"Ethiopia celebrated 7th National Defense Day"
3347:Williams, Paul D.; E. Bruton, Bronwyn (2014).
2555:
2141:
1975:United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur
157:Emblem of the Ethiopian National Defense Force
5600:
4759:
4688:SSR in Ethiopia, A Prerequisite for Democracy
4563:
4537:
3340:
3237:Albin-Lackey, Christopher (8 December 2008).
2863:
2861:
2810:
2785:
2692:
2633:
2631:
2622:
2524:
2476:
2382:
2370:
2191:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 139.
1251:International Institute for Strategic Studies
142:
4284:"Ethiopian peacekeeping missions in Burundi"
4085:
3573:"Horn of Africa's challenges grow - Somalia"
3509:"Horn of Africa's challenges grow - Somalia"
3424:
3236:
1418:Fourth Revolutionary Army (headquartered at
1404:Second Revolutionary Army (headquartered at
731:'s attempt to expand from a coastal base at
169:Flag of the Ethiopian National Defense Force
4201:"Ethiopia's navy will be based in Djibouti"
4078:
4076:
3625:
3319:
3139:
2908:"U.S. trainers prepare Ethiopians to fight"
2165:
1987:
1984:. An Ethiopian officer commands the force.
1955:peacekeeping missions. These have included
1524:
1425:Fifth Revolutionary Army (headquartered at
1411:Third Revolutionary Army (headquartered at
1397:First Revolutionary Army (headquartered at
5607:
5593:
4766:
4752:
4464:
4460:. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
2858:
2801:(New Haven: Yale University, 2009), p. 120
2628:
2587:"The Congo Crisis | The Ethiopian Soldier"
2358:
1554:Combined Joint Task Force - Horn of Africa
1345:
163:
151:
4491:Fontanellaz, Adrien; Cooper, Tom (2018).
4168:
3539:
2657:
2186:
2159:
1906:. Ethiopia reacquired a coastline on the
1748:Learn how and when to remove this message
870:
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
5614:
4634:in Caroline Varin, Dauda Abubakar (eds)
4111:
4073:
3484:Somalia: To Move Beyond the Failed State
3475:
3087:
3055:
2242:"Count Leontiev is spy or adventurer..."
2149:"Savunma Sanayii İhracatı: Ağustos 2021"
1997:
1959:, on the Burundi border, and in Rwanda.
1893:several defense industrial organizations
1765:
1528:
1503:People's Front for Democracy and Justice
1376:
1243:People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
1103:commanded the Third Division during the
983:
874:
4146:. Addis Ababa: Reuters. 13 March 2019.
3430:
3000:
1799:, as well as extrajudicial killings in
1521:mobilization for the war with Eritrea.
1449:, which began training in January 1987.
613:Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)
603:2007–2008 Ethiopian crackdown in Ogaden
14:
6037:
4592:
4117:
3503:
3501:
3145:
3004:Dirty Wars: The World Is a Battlefield
2123:
2099:
2097:
5588:
4773:
4747:
4511:Country Profile: Ethiopia, April 2005
4455:
3931:
3929:
3655:
3402:
2869:Country Profile: Ethiopia, April 2005
2749:
2737:
2725:
2713:
2676:, Vol. 33, No. 3 (2000), pp. 635-667.
2488:
2394:
2111:from the original on 5 September 2022
1087:United Nations Operation in the Congo
563:United Nations Operation in the Congo
4523:U.S. Army Area Handbook for Ethiopia
4169:Forrester, Charles (13 March 2019).
3803:
3714:
3680:
3631:
3565:
3540:Middleton, Roger (2 December 2008).
3164:
3152:Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting
3114:
3088:Heinlein, Peter (13 November 2007).
1863:
1706:
1393:The army commands consisted of the:
1081:Ethiopia contributed troops for the
623:2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia
60:adding citations to reliable sources
31:
3743:
3649:
3605:"Thousands cheer Ethiopia pull-out"
3498:
3364:
3358:Joint Special Operations University
3200:
3158:
3135:from the original on 29 March 2015.
3120:
3056:Heinlein, Peter (19 October 2007).
3021:
2963:from the original on 29 March 2015.
2948:
2942:
2637:Cited in Marina and David Ottaway,
2267:Словари и энциклопедии на Академике
2166:Zwijnenburg, Wim (17 August 2021).
2094:
2024:African military systems after 1900
1702:
769:
416:Defense Industry Sector of Ethiopia
24:
4583:
4429:. 15 February 2019. Archived from
4232:"Ethiopian peacekeeping in Africa"
4181:from the original on 13 March 2019
4150:from the original on 13 March 2019
4082:IISS Military Balance 2012, 434-5.
3926:
3634:"Ethiopia ends Somalia occupation"
3405:"Ethiopia in Somalia: One year on"
3403:Plaut, Martin (28 December 2007).
3283:
3081:
2983:. 23 November 2007. Archived from
2916:. 30 December 2006. Archived from
2641:(New York: Africana, 1978), p. 45.
1422:, 1988: 611th, 612th, 614th Corps)
1415:, 1988: 603rd, 604th, 605th Corps)
1195:key concessions from the Emperor,
1153:Armed Forces Coordinated Committee
1085:operation in the Congo – the
1025:Military Assistance Advisory Group
1012:. It was attached to the American
71:"Ethiopian National Defense Force"
25:
6056:
4693:
4566:Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia
4519:"Section IV: Military Background"
4258:"Ethiopian peacekeeping missions"
3797:Associated Press, 23 March 2021.
3326:. AFRICAN SUN MeDIA. p. 56.
3001:Scahill, Jeremy (23 April 2013).
2654:(New York: Africana, 1978), p. 52
2203:"Emperor Yohannes IV (1872-1889)"
1964:United Nations Mission in Liberia
1618:Tigrayan Peoples Liberation Front
996:In keeping with the principle of
826:Preserving Ethiopian independence
774:
6016: This article incorporates
6011:
5913:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
5685:Democratic Republic of the Congo
5572:
5560:
4682:Yale Library of Military History
4415:
4389:
4349:
4323:
4302:
4276:
4207:
4193:
4057:. 7 January 2007. Archived from
2054:
1821:Tigray People's Liberation Front
1711:
1588:Ogaden National Liberation Front
1201:Tsehafi Taezaz Aklilu Habte-Wold
1105:1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
766:was organized at the same time.
693:Civilian control of the military
654:Ethiopian National Defense Force
588:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
573:1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
510:
498:
486:
474:
462:
450:
438:
426:
242:
229:
215:
202:
137:Ethiopian National Defense Force
36:
18:Ethiopian National Defence Force
4652:in Atieno and Robinson (eds.),
4449:
4162:
4132:
3994:
3980:
3955:
3893:
3867:
3841:
3815:
3791:
3763:
3597:
3533:
3396:
3313:
3251:
3049:
2994:
2967:
2932:
2874:
2831:
2791:
2698:
2666:
2644:
2605:
2579:
2549:
2530:
2427:
2410:
2400:
2318:
2299:
2280:
2255:
2155:(in Turkish). 2 September 2021.
1947:Ethiopia has served in various
1942:
1788:coordinated 'preemptive strike'
47:needs additional citations for
3988:"Ethiopia's Security Dilemmas"
3963:"Ethiopia's Security Dilemmas"
3121:Axe, David (2 December 2010).
3007:. PublicAffairs. p. 208.
2949:Axe, David (2 December 2010).
2652:Ethiopia: Empire in Revolution
2639:Ethiopia: Empire in Revolution
2263:"Nikolay Stepanovich Leontiev"
2234:
2221:
2195:
2180:
2080:
1612:during December 2006. Colonel
1401:, 1988: 601st and 602nd Corps)
180:116 years, 11 months
13:
1:
4118:Maasho, Aaron (3 June 2016).
3809:Panorama, 30 September 2021:
3632:Rice, Xan (26 January 2009).
3291:"World Report 2008 - Somalia"
3208:"World Report 2008 - Somalia"
2853:Fontanellaz & Cooper 2018
2826:Fontanellaz & Cooper 2018
2774:Fontanellaz & Cooper 2018
2762:Fontanellaz & Cooper 2018
2589:. 28 May 2014. Archived from
2435:Ethiopian Korean War Veterans
2325:Сергей Васильевич Куприенко.
2044:
1921:In June 2018, Prime Minister
1782:regions were deployed to the
1687:Under the command of Colonel
1632:units, supported by American
979:
677:Ye'īfēdērī mekelakeya šerawīt
325:Deputy Chief of General Staff
4632:Rebel Movements in Ethiopia,
3656:Osman, Jamal (27 May 2021).
3542:"Ethiopia's Somalia dilemma"
3265:Oxford Analytica Daily Brief
2287:RUSSIAN MISSION TO ABYSSINIA
2049:
1826:The Italian weekly magazine
1616:, a senior ENDF officer and
1492:
1186:The committee elected Major
1122:armored personnel carriers.
930:Italian invasion of Ethiopia
741:Army of the Ethiopian Empire
568:Eritrean War of Independence
7:
5750:Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)
4932:Federal Democratic Republic
4643:No Ownership, No Commitment
3663:Fana Broadcasting Corporate
2227:Clapham, Christopher 1987.
2017:
1966:(UNMIL) was established by
1897:military industrial complex
1076:1960 Ethiopian coup attempt
903:, in 1917 from the earlier
747:, led by Ethiopian Emperor
695:is carried out through the
676:
10:
6061:
4725:"Ethiopia: World Factbook"
3492:International Crisis Group
2650:Marina and David Ottaway,
2187:Rothchild, Donald (1994).
1991:
1759:
1597:
1593:
1575:
1556:(CJTF-HOA) established in
1408:, 1988: 606th-610th Corps)
1372:armored personnel carriers
1341:1989: All forces withdrawn
1280:Third Revolutionary Armies
1226:campaigns against various
1190:as its chairman and Major
988:Ethiopian soldiers in the
934:1941 East African Campaign
886:
737:Ottoman conquest of Habesh
718:
645:Military ranks of Ethiopia
548:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
222:Ethiopian Republican Guard
27:Military force of Ethiopia
5931:
5903:
5620:
5517:
5455:
5338:
5329:
5244:
5235:
5186:
5107:
5098:
5045:
4997:
4993:
4984:
4785:
4650:Defence Reform since 1990
4595:Northeast African Studies
4541:Ethiopia: a country study
3715:Polk, William R. (2018).
2811:Ofcansky & Berry 1993
2786:Ofcansky & Berry 1993
2693:Ofcansky & Berry 1993
2663:Bahru Zewde, 2000, p. 234
2623:Shinn & Ofcansky 2004
2525:Shinn & Ofcansky 2004
2477:Shinn & Ofcansky 2004
2383:Ofcansky & Berry 1993
2371:Ofcansky & Berry 1993
2072:Federal Research Division
2067:Ethiopia: A Country Study
1988:The National Defense Day
1578:Ethiopian-Somali conflict
1571:
665:
638:
528:
523:
421:
411:
404:
394:
384:
379:
369:
361:
351:
343:
338:
323:
308:
296:
281:
274:
258:
192:
184:
174:
162:
150:
143:
141:
136:
5670:Central African Republic
4954:War in Somalia (2006–09)
4466:Bulatovich, Alexander K.
4456:Ayele, Fantahun (2014).
1910:in 1950 and created the
1644:of Mogadishu and Somali
1525:The Ethiopia-Eritrea war
1447:103rd Commando Divisions
1385:tanks at the end of the
1311:Third Revolutionary Army
1018:Battle of Pork Chop Hill
793:Tekle Haymanot of Gojjam
4361:UN News Service Section
4037:. Nations Encyclopedia.
4035:"Ethiopia Armed Forces"
3445:10.2307/j.ctt183p650.14
2556:United Nations (1960).
2292:25 October 2012 at the
1837:TDF–OLA joint offensive
1780:Eritrean Defence Forces
1720:Some of this section's
1600:Somalia War (2006-2009)
1443:102nd Airborne Division
1346:1990-91 Order of Battle
968:variant and arrived in
960:Ethiopia bought twenty
713:Defense Industry Sector
598:Somalia War (2006–2009)
210:Ethiopian Ground Forces
6018:public domain material
5282:Industrial development
5196:National Defense Force
4937:Eritrean–Ethiopian War
4401:Borkena Ethiopian News
2704:IISS 75-76, p. 42
2003:
1994:Defense Day (Ethiopia)
1771:
1586:insurgents led by the
1539:Eritrean-Ethiopian War
1534:
1511:Oromo Liberation Front
1390:
1218:countries, especially
1050:
1008:, to take part in the
993:
884:
871:Under Haile Selassie I
864:
593:Eritrean–Ethiopian War
543:Gugsa Wale's rebellion
310:Chief of General Staff
5830:São Tomé and Príncipe
5690:Republic of the Congo
4976:Territorial evolution
4871:Italo-Ethiopian wars
4513:, accessed July 2012.
3323:African Standby Force
2987:on 26 November 2007.
2546:, accessed July 2012.
2001:
1797:gender based violence
1769:
1760:Further information:
1620:(TPLF) official, was
1598:Further information:
1576:Further information:
1532:
1380:
1188:Mengistu Haile Mariam
1045:
1014:7th Infantry Division
987:
887:Further information:
881:East African Campaign
878:
848:
840:Imperial Russian Army
801:Ras Mengesha Yohannes
699:, which oversees the
315:Field Marshal General
6045:Military of Ethiopia
5615:Militaries of Africa
5505:World Heritage Sites
5442:Water and sanitation
4867:Menelik's Expansions
4711:on 21 September 2020
4093:"The World Factbook"
4061:on 28 September 2007
2871:, accessed July 2012
2433:As described at the
2008:National Defense Day
1870:Ethiopia-Eritrea war
1610:Islamic Courts Union
1550:September 11 attacks
1205:Endelkachew Makonnen
1151:had established the
1145:Endelkachew Makonnen
844:Alexander Bulatovich
518:United Arab Emirates
390:$ 1.8 billion (2023)
56:improve this article
5961:Plazas de soberanía
4609:Prof Laura Cleary,
4568:. Scarecrow Press.
3494:. 23 December 2008.
3102:on 14 November 2007
2840:Africa Confidential
2593:on 31 December 2016
2306:Who Was Count Abai?
2209:on 13 November 2018
2153:SavunmaSanayiST.com
2107:. 28 January 2022.
2034:Ethiopian Air Force
2012:Ministry of Defense
1889:Ethiopian Air Force
1675:military occupation
1642:military occupation
1638:helicopter gunships
1606:helicopter gunships
1387:Ethiopian Civil War
1328:1977–1978: 17,000 (
1260:Library of Congress
1247:Library of Congress
998:collective security
955:East Africa Command
850:"Many consider the
832:Scramble for Africa
725:history of Ethiopia
697:Ministry of Defense
578:Ethiopian Civil War
298:Minister of Defense
237:Ethiopian Air Force
6024:The World Factbook
5302:Telecommunications
5216:Army of the Empire
4897:Italian occupation
4852:Ethiopian–Adal War
4810:Kingdom of Wolaita
4731:. 14 December 2021
4701:"Official website"
4403:. 14 February 2019
4363:. 17 December 2008
4310:"UNMIL in Liberia"
4238:on 28 October 2014
4217:. 3 December 2019.
4203:. 3 December 2019.
3943:. 19 November 2020
3907:. 3 October 2022.
3881:. 26 November 2021
3829:. 18 November 2021
3759:. 11 January 2012.
3437:The Horn of Africa
3384:. 27 December 2007
3360:. pp. 11, 94.
3299:Human Rights Watch
3244:Human Rights Watch
3216:Human Rights Watch
2888:on 30 January 2011
2882:"Recent Additions"
2855:, pp. 18, 68.
2542:2016-03-05 at the
2513:Lipsky et al. 1964
2501:Lipsky et al. 1964
2452:United States Army
2337:on 28 October 2014
2311:2011-07-16 at the
2137:. 27 January 2020.
2090:. 24 October 2023.
2004:
1845:Human wave attacks
1772:
1651:Human Rights Watch
1622:commander-in-chief
1535:
1439:infantry divisions
1391:
1275:were stepping up.
1273:Operation Red Star
1224:counter-insurgency
1175:(Imperial Guard),
1149:Alem Zewde Tessema
994:
895:Imperial Bodyguard
885:
739:was defeated. The
412:Domestic suppliers
283:Commander-in-chief
6008:
6007:
6001:
5985:
5973:
5965:
5705:Equatorial Guinea
5548:
5547:
5513:
5512:
5412:Human trafficking
5325:
5324:
5231:
5230:
5173:Foreign relations
5163:Political parties
5094:
5093:
5090:
5089:
4947:2018 peace summit
4837:Solomonic dynasty
4671:978-0-948390-40-1
4656:, Springer, 2018.
4638:, Springer, 2017.
4623:978-1-907413-35-3
4502:978-1-912390-30-4
4054:Stars and Stripes
3967:www.rusi.orghttps
3779:. 22 January 2014
3728:978-0-300-22290-6
3613:. 16 January 2009
3585:. 5 November 2008
3521:. 5 November 2008
3454:978-0-7453-3311-3
3333:978-1-928357-57-5
3301:. 31 January 2008
3218:. 31 January 2008
3181:978-0-300-22290-6
3014:978-1-56858-727-1
2913:Stars and Stripes
2813:, pp. 278–9.
2788:, pp. 297–8.
2752:, pp. 32–33.
2728:, pp. 29–30.
2515:, pp. 608–9.
1864:Size and strength
1849:military officers
1839:which threatened
1786:in response to a
1758:
1757:
1750:
1370:tanks, and 1,100
1234:in the 1977–1978
1101:Aman Mikael Andom
940:with the help of
917:in January 1935.
787:near the town of
686:
674:
650:
649:
422:Foreign suppliers
371:Reserve personnel
344:Military age
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
6052:
6032:
6015:
6014:
6000:(United Kingdom)
5999:
5997:Tristan da Cunha
5993:Ascension Island
5983:
5971:
5963:
5622:Sovereign states
5609:
5602:
5595:
5586:
5585:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5556:
5533:
5526:
5336:
5335:
5262:
5242:
5241:
5211:Military history
5105:
5104:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4912:1974 coup d'état
4857:Gondarine period
4847:Kingdom of Kaffa
4815:Ethiopian Empire
4805:Kingdom of Aksum
4768:
4761:
4754:
4745:
4744:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4707:. Archived from
4675:
4648:Colin Robinson,
4630:Mesfin, Berouk,
4602:
4579:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4506:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4478:on 14 April 2014
4461:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4333:. Archived from
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4286:. Archived from
4280:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4260:. Archived from
4254:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4234:. Archived from
4228:
4219:
4218:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4144:Voice of America
4136:
4130:
4129:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4099:on 22 March 2016
4095:. Archived from
4089:
4083:
4080:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4020:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3933:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3855:. 3 October 2021
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3670:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3583:Oxford Analytica
3569:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3519:Oxford Analytica
3505:
3496:
3495:
3489:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3382:Oxford Analytica
3368:
3362:
3361:
3355:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3269:Oxford Analytica
3262:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3166:Polk, William R.
3162:
3156:
3155:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3128:Wired (magazine)
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3098:. Archived from
3095:Voice of America
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3068:Voice of America
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3025:
3019:
3018:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2956:Wired (magazine)
2946:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2884:. Archived from
2878:
2872:
2865:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2677:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2655:
2648:
2642:
2635:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2562:
2553:
2547:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2454:. Archived from
2444:
2438:
2431:
2425:
2414:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2333:. Archived from
2322:
2316:
2303:
2297:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2238:
2232:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2205:. Archived from
2199:
2193:
2192:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2101:
2092:
2091:
2084:
2075:
2058:
2057:
2002:Defence Day 2019
1753:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1733:
1715:
1707:
1703:The Northern War
1693:Kenya's invasion
1670:war of attrition
1666:Oxford Analytica
1360:People's Militia
1177:Territorial Army
1006:Kagnew Battalion
785:Kingdom of Italy
770:Ethiopian Empire
756:Nikolay Leontiev
681:
679:
669:
667:
666:የኢፌዲሪ መከላከያ ሠራዊት
524:Related articles
516:
514:
513:
504:
502:
501:
492:
490:
489:
480:
478:
477:
468:
466:
465:
456:
454:
453:
444:
442:
441:
432:
430:
429:
362:Active personnel
248:
246:
245:
235:
233:
232:
220:
219:
208:
206:
205:
194:Service branches
167:
155:
146:
145:
144:የኢፌዲሪ መከላከያ ሠራዊት
134:
133:
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
64:
40:
32:
21:
6060:
6059:
6055:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6050:
6049:
6035:
6034:
6021:
6012:
6009:
6004:
5927:
5899:
5616:
5613:
5583:
5573:
5571:
5561:
5559:
5551:
5549:
5544:
5536:
5529:
5522:
5509:
5451:
5437:Public holidays
5422:Law enforcement
5321:
5260:
5227:
5182:
5086:
5041:
4980:
4942:Border conflict
4862:Zemene Mesafint
4800:Kingdom of Dʿmt
4781:
4772:
4734:
4732:
4723:
4714:
4712:
4699:
4696:
4672:
4641:Laurie Nathan,
4586:
4584:Further reading
4576:
4554:
4552:
4528:
4526:
4503:
4481:
4479:
4452:
4447:
4446:
4436:
4434:
4433:on 25 June 2021
4421:
4420:
4416:
4406:
4404:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4366:
4364:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4340:
4338:
4337:on 29 June 2009
4329:
4328:
4324:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4293:
4291:
4290:on 28 June 2009
4282:
4281:
4277:
4267:
4265:
4264:on 28 June 2009
4256:
4255:
4251:
4241:
4239:
4230:
4229:
4222:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4184:
4182:
4167:
4163:
4153:
4151:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4116:
4112:
4102:
4100:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4081:
4074:
4064:
4062:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4018:
4016:
4008:. 30 May 2022.
4000:
3999:
3995:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3971:
3969:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3946:
3944:
3935:
3934:
3927:
3917:
3915:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3884:
3882:
3879:The Independent
3873:
3872:
3868:
3858:
3856:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3832:
3830:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3808:
3804:
3796:
3792:
3782:
3780:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3729:
3713:
3709:
3699:
3697:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3668:
3666:
3654:
3650:
3630:
3626:
3616:
3614:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3588:
3586:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3556:
3554:
3538:
3534:
3524:
3522:
3507:
3506:
3499:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3467:
3465:
3463:j.ctt183p650.14
3455:
3429:
3425:
3415:
3413:
3401:
3397:
3387:
3385:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3353:
3345:
3341:
3334:
3318:
3314:
3304:
3302:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3274:
3272:
3271:. 26 April 2007
3257:
3256:
3252:
3235:
3231:
3221:
3219:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3182:
3163:
3159:
3144:
3140:
3119:
3115:
3105:
3103:
3086:
3082:
3072:
3070:
3054:
3050:
3040:
3038:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3015:
2999:
2995:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2933:
2923:
2921:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2889:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2866:
2859:
2851:
2847:
2836:
2832:
2824:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2796:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2772:
2768:
2760:
2756:
2748:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2724:
2720:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2691:
2680:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2649:
2645:
2636:
2629:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2594:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2569:
2567:
2560:
2554:
2550:
2544:Wayback Machine
2535:
2531:
2523:
2519:
2511:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2458:on 16 July 2007
2446:
2445:
2441:
2432:
2428:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2381:
2377:
2369:
2365:
2359:Bulatovich 1993
2357:
2350:
2340:
2338:
2323:
2319:
2313:Wayback Machine
2304:
2300:
2294:Wayback Machine
2285:
2281:
2271:
2269:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2210:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2185:
2181:
2164:
2160:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2064:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2020:
1996:
1990:
1945:
1930:Emmanuel Macron
1891:. Ethiopia has
1866:
1764:
1754:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1716:
1705:
1602:
1596:
1580:
1574:
1527:
1495:
1348:
1307:Gondar Province
1269:Sahel Mountains
1128:
1004:, known as the
982:
926:Italian fascism
891:
873:
836:colonial powers
828:
805:Mikael of Wollo
777:
772:
721:
711:as well as the
634:
537:
536:
511:
509:
508:
499:
497:
496:
487:
485:
484:
475:
473:
472:
463:
461:
460:
451:
449:
448:
439:
437:
436:
427:
425:
254:
243:
241:
230:
228:
214:
203:
201:
179:
178:26 October 1907
170:
158:
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6058:
6048:
6047:
6006:
6005:
6003:
6002:
5986:
5974:
5966:
5957:Alboran Island
5945:Canary Islands
5941:
5939:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5909:
5907:
5901:
5900:
5898:
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5807:
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5397:
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5395:
5390:
5385:
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5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5348:Child marriage
5345:
5339:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
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5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
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5150:
5149:
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5141:Prime Minister
5138:
5137:
5136:
5126:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5108:
5102:
5096:
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5047:Administrative
5043:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5003:
5001:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4971:Historiography
4968:
4967:
4966:
4959:Civil conflict
4956:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
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4859:
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4771:
4770:
4763:
4756:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4721:
4705:fdremod.gov.et
4695:
4694:External links
4692:
4684:
4683:
4678:Gebru Tareke,
4676:
4670:
4657:
4646:
4639:
4628:
4625:
4607:
4603:
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4427:Taarifa Rwanda
4414:
4388:
4348:
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4249:
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4131:
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3802:
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3707:
3696:. 30 June 2020
3679:
3648:
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3532:
3497:
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3395:
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3282:
3250:
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3199:
3180:
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3080:
3063:Hiiraan Online
3048:
3037:. 30 June 2020
3020:
3013:
2993:
2966:
2941:
2931:
2920:on 29 May 2009
2899:
2873:
2857:
2845:
2830:
2815:
2803:
2797:Gebru Tareke,
2790:
2778:
2766:
2754:
2742:
2730:
2718:
2706:
2697:
2695:, p. 278.
2678:
2665:
2656:
2643:
2627:
2615:
2604:
2578:
2565:United Nations
2548:
2529:
2527:, p. 280.
2517:
2505:
2503:, p. 608.
2493:
2481:
2469:
2439:
2426:
2409:
2399:
2387:
2385:, p. 279.
2375:
2373:, p. 273.
2363:
2348:
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2279:
2254:
2233:
2220:
2194:
2179:
2158:
2140:
2122:
2093:
2078:
2077:
2051:
2048:
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2043:
2042:
2041:
2039:Ethiopian Navy
2036:
2031:
2026:
2019:
2016:
1992:Main article:
1989:
1986:
1949:United Nations
1944:
1941:
1912:Ethiopian Navy
1904:no active navy
1878:War in Somalia
1865:
1862:
1756:
1755:
1722:listed sources
1719:
1717:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1595:
1592:
1573:
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1526:
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1505:(PFDJ, former
1494:
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1339:
1336:
1333:
1197:Haile Selassie
1161:Ethiopian Army
1127:
1124:
1083:United Nations
981:
978:
872:
869:
846:writing thus:
827:
824:
781:Battle of Adwa
776:
775:Battle of Adwa
773:
771:
768:
729:Ottoman Empire
720:
717:
648:
647:
642:
636:
635:
633:
632:
631:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
608:OLA insurgency
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
534:
533:
532:
530:
526:
525:
521:
520:
423:
419:
418:
413:
409:
408:
402:
401:
400:0.3(2023 est.)
398:
396:Percent of GDP
392:
391:
388:
382:
381:
377:
376:
373:
367:
366:
365:362,000 (2024)
363:
359:
358:
355:
349:
348:
345:
341:
340:
336:
335:
333:Abebaw Tadesse
327:
321:
320:
312:
306:
305:
303:Aisha Mohammed
300:
294:
293:
288:Prime Minister
285:
279:
278:
272:
271:
262:
256:
255:
253:
252:
250:Ethiopian Navy
239:
226:
225:
224:
198:
196:
190:
189:
186:
182:
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176:
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168:
160:
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156:
148:
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139:
138:
130:
129:
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6057:
6046:
6043:
6042:
6040:
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6030:
6026:
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6019:
5998:
5994:
5990:
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5958:
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5868:
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5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5745:Guinea-Bissau
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
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5488:
5486:
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5478:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5448:
5445:
5443:
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5435:
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5423:
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5406:
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5402:
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5398:
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5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5363:Ethnic groups
5361:
5359:
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5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5334:
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5328:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5292:Manufacturing
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5257:
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5234:
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5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5201:Ground Forces
5199:
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5189:
5185:
5179:
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4910:
4908:
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4903:
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4898:
4895:
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4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
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4873:
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4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4842:Zagwe dynasty
4840:
4838:
4835:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
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4808:
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4803:
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4776:
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4730:
4726:
4722:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4697:
4691:
4689:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4667:
4663:
4658:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4633:
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4626:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4577:
4575:0-8108-4910-0
4571:
4567:
4562:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4542:
4536:
4524:
4520:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4498:
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4489:
4477:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4454:
4453:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4418:
4402:
4398:
4392:
4377:
4362:
4358:
4352:
4336:
4332:
4326:
4311:
4305:
4289:
4285:
4279:
4263:
4259:
4253:
4237:
4233:
4227:
4225:
4216:
4210:
4202:
4196:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4165:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4114:
4098:
4094:
4088:
4079:
4077:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4044:
4036:
4030:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3989:
3983:
3968:
3964:
3958:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3930:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3905:The Telegraph
3902:
3896:
3880:
3876:
3870:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3812:
3806:
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3778:
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3766:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3746:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3720:
3719:
3711:
3695:
3694:
3693:Garowe Online
3689:
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3676:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3628:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3600:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3568:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3547:Chatham House
3543:
3536:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3504:
3502:
3493:
3486:
3485:
3478:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3450:
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3442:
3438:
3434:
3427:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3399:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3359:
3352:
3351:
3343:
3335:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3316:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3254:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3233:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3161:
3153:
3149:
3142:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3117:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3084:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3052:
3036:
3035:
3034:Garowe Online
3030:
3024:
3016:
3010:
3006:
3005:
2997:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2980:Garowe Online
2976:
2970:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2945:
2935:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2903:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2854:
2849:
2842:
2841:
2834:
2828:, p. 10.
2827:
2822:
2820:
2812:
2807:
2800:
2794:
2787:
2782:
2776:, p. 13.
2775:
2770:
2763:
2758:
2751:
2746:
2740:, p. 31.
2739:
2734:
2727:
2722:
2716:, p. 55.
2715:
2710:
2701:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2675:
2669:
2660:
2653:
2647:
2640:
2634:
2632:
2625:, p. 26.
2624:
2619:
2613:
2608:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2533:
2526:
2521:
2514:
2509:
2502:
2497:
2491:, p. 10.
2490:
2485:
2479:, p. 40.
2478:
2473:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2436:
2430:
2423:
2422:0-7643-0141-1
2419:
2413:
2403:
2396:
2391:
2384:
2379:
2372:
2367:
2360:
2355:
2353:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2302:
2295:
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2288:
2283:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2243:
2237:
2230:
2224:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2190:
2183:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2098:
2089:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2062:
2061:public domain
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2000:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1953:African Union
1950:
1940:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1885:Ground Forces
1881:
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1855:
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1846:
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1832:
1829:
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1793:
1789:
1785:
1784:Tigray Region
1781:
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1752:
1749:
1741:
1738:December 2021
1729:
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1680:hardship post
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1662:Urban warfare
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1566:31st Infantry
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1319:Lagesse Asfaw
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1174:
1173:Kebur Zabagna
1170:
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1137:
1133:
1123:
1121:
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1102:
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1092:
1091:Tekil Brigade
1088:
1084:
1079:
1077:
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1069:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1059:Kebur Zabagna
1056:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1015:
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1007:
1003:
1002:Mulugeta Buli
999:
991:
986:
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956:
951:
947:
946:South African
943:
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922:
918:
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900:Kebur Zabagna
896:
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765:
764:military band
761:
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750:
746:
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734:
730:
726:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
701:Ground Forces
698:
694:
690:
684:
678:
672:
663:
659:
655:
646:
643:
641:
637:
629:
628:War in Amhara
626:
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112:December 2021
104:
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83:
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73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
6023:
6010:
5989:Saint Helena
5933:Dependencies
5855:South Africa
5845:Sierra Leone
5719:
5650:Burkina Faso
5400:Human rights
5353:Demographics
5343:Architecture
5312:Trade unions
5195:
5112:Constitution
4902:World War II
4830:regnal lists
4733:. Retrieved
4728:
4713:. Retrieved
4709:the original
4704:
4687:
4685:
4679:
4661:
4653:
4649:
4642:
4635:
4631:
4614:
4610:
4598:
4594:
4565:
4553:. Retrieved
4540:
4527:. Retrieved
4522:
4492:
4480:. Retrieved
4476:the original
4470:
4457:
4450:Bibliography
4435:. Retrieved
4431:the original
4426:
4417:
4405:. Retrieved
4400:
4391:
4379:. Retrieved
4365:. Retrieved
4360:
4351:
4339:. Retrieved
4335:the original
4325:
4313:. Retrieved
4304:
4292:. Retrieved
4288:the original
4278:
4266:. Retrieved
4262:the original
4252:
4240:. Retrieved
4236:the original
4209:
4195:
4183:. Retrieved
4174:
4164:
4152:. Retrieved
4143:
4134:
4123:
4113:
4101:. Retrieved
4097:the original
4087:
4063:. Retrieved
4059:the original
4052:
4043:
4029:
4017:. Retrieved
4006:The Guardian
4005:
3996:
3982:
3970:. Retrieved
3966:
3957:
3945:. Retrieved
3940:
3916:. Retrieved
3904:
3895:
3883:. Retrieved
3878:
3869:
3857:. Retrieved
3852:
3843:
3831:. Retrieved
3826:
3817:
3805:
3793:
3781:. Retrieved
3774:
3765:
3754:
3745:
3717:
3710:
3698:. Retrieved
3691:
3682:
3674:
3667:. Retrieved
3661:
3651:
3643:
3639:The Guardian
3637:
3627:
3615:. Retrieved
3608:
3599:
3587:. Retrieved
3576:
3567:
3555:. Retrieved
3545:
3535:
3523:. Retrieved
3512:
3483:
3477:
3466:, retrieved
3436:
3426:
3414:. Retrieved
3408:
3398:
3386:. Retrieved
3375:
3366:
3349:
3342:
3322:
3315:
3303:. Retrieved
3294:
3285:
3273:. Retrieved
3264:
3253:
3242:
3232:
3220:. Retrieved
3211:
3202:
3193:
3170:
3160:
3147:
3141:
3126:
3116:
3104:. Retrieved
3100:the original
3093:
3083:
3071:. Retrieved
3061:
3051:
3039:. Retrieved
3032:
3023:
3003:
2996:
2988:
2985:the original
2978:
2969:
2954:
2944:
2934:
2922:. Retrieved
2918:the original
2911:
2902:
2890:. Retrieved
2886:the original
2876:
2848:
2838:
2833:
2806:
2798:
2793:
2781:
2769:
2764:, p. 9.
2757:
2745:
2733:
2721:
2709:
2700:
2668:
2659:
2651:
2646:
2638:
2618:
2607:
2595:. Retrieved
2591:the original
2581:
2568:. Retrieved
2564:
2551:
2532:
2520:
2508:
2496:
2484:
2472:
2460:. Retrieved
2456:the original
2442:
2429:
2412:
2402:
2397:, p. 7.
2390:
2378:
2366:
2339:. Retrieved
2335:the original
2330:
2320:
2301:
2282:
2270:. Retrieved
2266:
2257:
2236:
2228:
2223:
2211:. Retrieved
2207:the original
2197:
2188:
2182:
2171:
2161:
2152:
2143:
2134:
2125:
2113:. Retrieved
2082:
2066:
2053:
2005:
1979:
1972:
1961:
1946:
1943:Peacekeeping
1939:, Ethiopia.
1934:
1927:
1920:
1901:
1882:
1867:
1833:
1825:
1801:Hagere Selam
1773:
1744:
1735:
1724:
1686:
1683:
1660:
1626:paramilitary
1603:
1581:
1547:
1536:
1519:
1496:
1488:
1432:
1392:
1357:
1349:
1335:1978: 12,000
1323:
1300:
1277:
1255:
1240:
1212:Soviet Union
1209:
1192:Atnafu Abate
1185:
1158:
1129:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1095:Stanleyville
1080:
1071:
1068:Abebe Aregai
1064:
1063:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1022:
995:
959:
938:World War II
923:
919:
906:Mahal Safari
904:
898:
892:
865:
860:
857:
849:
829:
820:
813:
797:Ras Makonnen
778:
753:
722:
657:
653:
651:
553:World War II
506:South Africa
353:Conscription
347:18 years old
318:Birhanu Jula
260:Headquarters
185:Current form
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
5937:territories
5860:South Sudan
5287:Land reform
5277:Foreign aid
5249:Agriculture
5178:Foreign aid
5027:Earthquakes
4892:World War I
4795:Prehistoric
4735:21 December
4715:21 December
4555:21 December
4529:21 December
4482:21 December
3305:24 February
3222:24 February
2597:30 December
2570:29 December
2462:15 February
2213:29 December
1957:Ivory Coast
1841:Addis Abeba
1813:Debre Abbay
1725:may not be
1689:Gabre Heard
1628:units, and
1614:Gabre Heard
1472:air defense
1338:1984: 3,000
1030:Addis Ababa
974:Addis Ababa
830:During the
749:Yohannes IV
735:during the
709:Naval Force
380:Expenditure
265:Addis Ababa
5972:(Portugal)
5935:and other
5918:Somaliland
5840:Seychelles
5805:Mozambique
5790:Mauritania
5775:Madagascar
5730:The Gambia
5665:Cape Verde
5480:Literature
5383:Healthcare
5261:(currency)
5158:Parliament
5124:Government
4964:Tigray war
4927:Ogaden War
4907:Revolution
4381:27 October
4367:27 October
4341:27 October
4315:27 October
4242:27 October
4177:. London.
4175:Jane's 360
4103:27 October
4065:14 January
3468:11 January
3106:11 January
3073:11 January
2924:14 January
2892:27 October
2750:Ayele 2014
2738:Ayele 2014
2726:Ayele 2014
2714:Ayele 2014
2489:Ayele 2014
2395:Ayele 2014
2341:27 October
2272:27 October
2247:27 October
2245:Retrieved
2173:Bellingcat
2115:28 January
2045:References
1923:Abiy Ahmed
1817:Abiy Ahmed
1762:Tigray War
1655:BM-21 Grad
1646:insurgency
1562:Camp Hurso
1548:After the
1475:battalions
1466:battalions
1457:battalions
1381:Ethiopian
1330:Ogaden War
1303:Adi Ramets
1236:Ogaden War
1214:and other
1065:Balambaras
1010:Korean War
990:Korean War
980:Korean War
862:shortage."
809:Menelik II
618:Tigray War
583:Ogaden War
558:Korean War
291:Abiy Ahmed
276:Leadership
82:newspapers
5795:Mauritius
5417:Languages
5358:Education
5317:Transport
5267:Companies
5206:Air Force
5168:Elections
5129:President
5060:Governors
5022:Volcanoes
5007:Mountains
4986:Geography
4922:Civil War
4606:Ethiopia.
4468:(1993) .
4014:0261-3077
3913:0307-1235
3737:982652240
3669:19 August
3578:ReliefWeb
3514:ReliefWeb
3416:25 August
3377:ReliefWeb
3275:29 August
3190:982652240
2050:Citations
1937:Bahir Dar
1914:in 1955.
1501:(EPRDF),
1493:From 1991
1463:artillery
1413:Kombolcha
1353:BM-rocket
1267:, in the
1228:guerrilla
1165:Air Force
911:Saint-Cyr
852:Ethiopian
705:Air Force
671:romanized
339:Personnel
6039:Category
5995: /
5991: /
5984:(France)
5979: /
5959: /
5955: /
5951: /
5947: /
5895:Zimbabwe
5870:Tanzania
5720:Ethiopia
5715:Eswatini
5695:Djibouti
5660:Cameroon
5645:Botswana
5567:Ethiopia
5540:Category
5495:Religion
5432:Polygamy
5388:Maternal
5297:Taxation
5188:Military
5100:Politics
4779:articles
4775:Ethiopia
4611:Ethiopia
4550:92000507
4376:"UNAMID"
4185:13 March
4179:Archived
4154:13 March
4148:Archived
3941:BBC News
3853:BBC News
3827:BBC News
3610:BBC News
3552:BBC News
3410:BBC News
3295:Refworld
3212:Refworld
3168:(2018).
3154:: 13–15.
3133:Archived
2961:Archived
2540:Archived
2437:website.
2309:Archived
2290:Archived
2109:Archived
2018:See also
1916:Eritrean
1887:and the
1828:Panorama
1778:and the
1727:reliable
1558:Djibouti
1484:brigades
1481:commando
970:Djibouti
950:Nigerian
842:officer
689:Ethiopia
535:See list
406:Industry
269:Ethiopia
5981:Réunion
5977:Mayotte
5969:Madeira
5964:(Spain)
5953:Melilla
5880:Tunisia
5850:Somalia
5835:Senegal
5820:Nigeria
5810:Namibia
5800:Morocco
5765:Liberia
5760:Lesotho
5710:Eritrea
5680:Comoros
5655:Burundi
5630:Algeria
5553:Portals
5524:Outline
5470:Cuisine
5457:Culture
5393:Women's
5368:Famines
5331:Society
5307:Tourism
5237:Economy
5153:Council
5117:history
5072:Woredas
5055:Regions
4999:Geology
4875:1887–89
4820:Emperor
4787:History
4729:cia.gov
4437:25 June
4407:25 June
4125:Reuters
3617:9 March
2135:Borkena
1908:Red Sea
1805:Hitsats
1634:AC-130s
1594:Somalia
1515:Eritrea
1420:Nekemte
1364:T-54/55
1232:Somalia
1216:Comecon
1136:Amharic
1118:and 39
942:British
760:Senegal
733:Massawa
719:History
685:
673::
662:Amharic
529:History
330:General
175:Founded
96:scholar
5923:Tigray
5890:Zambia
5885:Uganda
5825:Rwanda
5780:Malawi
5740:Guinea
5635:Angola
5579:Africa
5500:Sports
5427:People
5378:Health
5272:Energy
5082:Kebele
5077:Cities
5012:Rivers
4885:Second
4777:
4668:
4621:
4572:
4548:
4499:
4019:5 June
4012:
3972:5 June
3947:5 June
3918:5 June
3911:
3885:5 June
3859:5 June
3833:5 June
3783:16 May
3776:AMISOM
3735:
3725:
3700:6 July
3557:29 May
3461:
3451:
3330:
3188:
3178:
3148:Extra!
3041:6 July
3011:
2424:, 134.
2420:
2407:1964).
2063:.
1809:Humera
1776:Amhara
1697:AMISOM
1630:Marine
1584:Ogaden
1572:Ogaden
1427:Gondar
1406:Asmera
1366:, 100
1309:. The
1292:Gojjam
1290:, and
1288:Gondar
1203:, and
1181:Police
1140:mutiny
1055:Ogaden
1034:Asmara
992:, 1951
915:Holeta
897:, the
816:feudal
807:, and
515:
503:
494:Israel
491:
479:
467:
458:Turkey
455:
446:Russia
443:
431:
386:Budget
247:
234:
207:
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
6020:from
5949:Ceuta
5865:Sudan
5815:Niger
5770:Libya
5755:Kenya
5735:Ghana
5725:Gabon
5700:Egypt
5640:Benin
5531:Index
5490:Music
5485:Media
5447:Women
5259:Birr
5254:Banks
5067:Zones
5037:Fauna
5032:Flora
5017:Lakes
4880:First
4613:, in
4294:8 May
4268:8 May
3589:4 May
3525:4 May
3488:(PDF)
3459:JSTOR
3388:4 May
3354:(PDF)
2561:(PDF)
2029:DAVEC
1543:Badme
1399:Harar
1315:Wello
1296:corps
1284:Wello
1265:Nakfa
1038:Harar
962:AH-IV
640:Ranks
482:India
434:China
103:JSTOR
89:books
5875:Togo
5785:Mali
5675:Chad
5474:wine
5405:LGBT
5373:Flag
5221:Navy
5146:list
5134:list
4917:Derg
4825:list
4737:2021
4717:2021
4666:ISBN
4619:ISBN
4601:(3).
4570:ISBN
4557:2021
4546:LCCN
4531:2021
4497:ISBN
4484:2021
4439:2021
4409:2021
4383:2014
4373:and
4369:2014
4343:2014
4317:2014
4296:2009
4270:2009
4244:2014
4187:2019
4156:2019
4105:2014
4067:2007
4021:2023
4010:ISSN
3974:2023
3949:2023
3920:2023
3909:ISSN
3887:2023
3861:2023
3835:2023
3785:2024
3733:OCLC
3723:ISBN
3702:2024
3671:2024
3619:2024
3591:2024
3559:2024
3527:2024
3470:2024
3449:ISBN
3418:2024
3390:2024
3328:ISBN
3307:2024
3277:2024
3224:2024
3186:OCLC
3176:ISBN
3108:2024
3075:2024
3043:2024
3009:ISBN
2926:2007
2894:2014
2599:2016
2572:2016
2464:2007
2418:ISBN
2343:2014
2274:2014
2249:2014
2215:2018
2117:2022
2006:The
1951:and
1874:Derg
1854:Fano
1792:TPLF
1636:and
1507:EPLF
1454:tank
1445:and
1383:T-62
1368:T-62
1256:hayl
1220:Cuba
1179:and
1169:Navy
1132:Derg
1072:Ras,
948:and
789:Adwa
779:The
745:Gura
683:lit.
658:ENDF
652:The
470:Iran
357:None
188:1996
75:news
6029:CIA
5465:Art
3756:NPR
3441:doi
1790:by
1699:.
1509:),
1470:12
1461:40
1452:32
1437:31
1305:in
1120:M75
1116:M59
966:R-1
936:of
660:) (
58:by
6041::
6027:.
4727:.
4703:.
4690:.
4599:11
4597:.
4521:.
4425:.
4399:.
4359:.
4223:^
4173:.
4142:.
4122:.
4075:^
4051:.
4004:.
3965:.
3939:.
3928:^
3903:.
3877:.
3851:.
3825:.
3773:.
3753:.
3731:.
3690:.
3673:.
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