371:
2241:
358:, post-TPLF government of Ethiopia, Terje Skjerdal and Mulatu Alemayehu Moges found that freedom of print, broadcast and journalistic online media had increased greatly, but had also become highly polarised in terms of promoting ethnic nationalism. They found very strong growth in regional media, which tended to avoid or weaken reports on incidents showing "us" (the region and ethnicity with which a news medium is associated) negatively and to strengthen reports showing "them" (another region or ethnicity) as perpetrators of injustice. Online
2253:
2229:
2266:
438:(WFP) was visited by federal police, who requested a list of ethnic Tigrayan staff based on an "order of identifying ethnic Tigrayans from all government agencies and NGOs". The WFP stated to the police that it doesn't identify staff by ethnicity. Federal authorities stated that the investigation related to "suspects linked to Tigrayan authorities, not Tigrayans" and that the reports of the visit were a "complete misrepresentation of the event". The head of security for the
2777:
19:
2195:
2208:
2786:
1132:
The
Ethiopian government has been rounding up ethnic Tigrayan security forces deployed in United Nations and African peacekeeping missions abroad and forcing them onto flights to the Ethiopian capital of Addis Ababa, where it is feared they may face torture or even execution, according to an internal
524:
based on ethnic identity. A health worker who was one of the detainees said after his release that "a priest, two women with small children and a beggar" were among the detainees, and that conditions were "miserable", with around 30 detainees per room. Lawyer Desta Mesfin stated in May that none of
583:. Andargachew stated to a crowd that soldiers should use "the most savage of cruelties". He stated, "I tell you, you must not hesitate from resorting to the most barbaric of cruelties when you face . You must be merciless, you must act beyond what our Amhara or Ethiopian cultural values permit."
543:
said that the
November mass detentions "swept up anyone of Tigrayan descent, many of whom had no ties to the rebels or even affinity for them," including "mothers with children and the elderly". The detainees were selected based on "a mix of hints: their surnames, details listed on identification
476:
had their weapons removed in early
November. An official stated that the reason was "not ... due to ethnicity but due to infiltration of TPLF elements in various entities which is part of an ongoing investigation". Some of the Tigrayan soldiers in Ethiopian contributions to peacekeeping missions,
528:
In July 2021, a further wave of arrests of ethnic
Tigrayans and of journalists took place. The EHRC stated that it was "monitoring the situation closely" and that "Such measures could aggravate the public's concerns on the risk of ethnic profiling." A federal police spokesperson stated that the
1099:
Ethiopian police visited a U.N. World Food
Programme (WFP) office in Amhara region to request a list of ethnic Tigrayan staff, according to an internal U.N. security report seen by Reuters on Friday. ... The U.N. report said that the local police chief informed the WFP office of "the order of
433:
interviewed six
Ethiopian Airlines employees, who estimated that 200 staff with "Tigrayan sounding names" had been put on indefinite leave. Staff member Kiros Alemu stated that passengers with Tigrayan names had been prevented from boarding flights. In early November, an office of the
1672:
337:
was argued by Zeray
Wolqait to be a "Voice of Genocide". He stated that ESAT "call and encourag massacres of the population of Tigray and listing or threaten to list people who deserved to die and should be exterminated." Zeray stated that ESAT was run by the
321:
and showing Harari ethnicity on their identity cards were allowed to vote in regional elections. Academic Sarah Vaughn explains the Harari state was created to overturn the marginalization of
Hararis within their homeland since the Abyssinian invasion of the
404:, stated that she had been blocked from boarding a flight leaving Addis Ababa despite having valid documents. She stated that she was "illegally and unlawfully profiled." Semhal stated that in 2020, she had been detained by 20 armed police in
1557:
390:
or refused permission to board, prevented from overseas travel, and an "order of identifying ethnic
Tigrayans from all government agencies and NGOs" being used by federal police to request a list of ethnic Tigrayans from an office of the
532:
Another wave of arrests of
Tigrayans took place in early November 2021, including "dozens of priests, monks, deacons and others" of Tigrayan ethnicity arrested in Addis Ababa according to an Ethiopian Orthodox Church official. The
1662:
916:
1238:
399:
missions were disarmed and some forcibly flown back to Ethiopia, at the risk of torture or execution, according to United Nations officials. On 31 January 2021, Semhal Meles, daughter of former prime minister
1094:
1547:
462:, a former senior member of the TPLF, was accused of trying to supply weapons to the TPLF. Tedros denied that he was taking sides, and stated that he was "only one side and that is the side of peace."
1774:
208:
were initially strongly discriminated against, but adopted Amharic as their official language when the Derg came to power, and discrimination against them dropped. Both the Haile Selassie and the
1640:
1059:
342:. He quoted ESAT journalist Mesay Mekonnen calling for "drying the water so as to catch the fish" as a way of removing Tigrayan dominance in Ethiopia. Zeray interpreted this as a call for
924:
507:, at the time federal Attorney-General, about 700 ethnic Tigrayans were detained in Addis Ababa in November 2020, dropping to around 300 in December 2020, on suspicion of links to the
452:(HRW) reported Tigrayans having their homes arbitrarily searched by federal security forces. Bank accounts opened in the Tigray Region were suspended from mid-November to 3 December.
852:
185:
were persecuted. The imperial forces ordered the confiscation of Harari property and mass arrests of Harari men, as a result an estimated 10,000 Hararis fled their homeland in 1948.
592:
2323:
1663:"News Analysis: Fresh wave of arbitrary arrest of Tigrayans in Addis Abeba; Rights commission says it is monitoring the situation, Fed. police deny arrests target Tigrayans"
1527:
2760:
1705:
1086:
1127:
773:
427:– pilots, caterers, technicians and security guards – were told to return their identification badges to the airline and not return to work until further notice.
1158:
265:
recognised in administrative and territorial structuring, but is overridden by smaller scale territorial divisions and is not given direct political authority.
2714:
572:, calling ethnic Tigrayans "traitors", calling for neighbours to "weed" them, and calling for authorities to detain ethnic Tigrayans in "concentration camps".
1741:
1764:
1607:
1011:
416:
by one police officer. Semhal interpreted the arrest as being for the "dual crime, it seems, being born into a political family with a Tigrayan identity.
395:. Tigrayans' houses were arbitrarily searched and Tigrayan bank accounts were suspended. Ethnic Tigrayan members of Ethiopian components of United Nations
281:
1814:
1630:
212:
governments relocated numerous Amharas into southern Ethiopia where they served in government administration, courts, church and even in school, where
1183:
677:
938:
802:
1483:
2734:
1478:
556:, which formally permitted the mass detentions, as "'legitimizing and legalizing unlawful practices' and creating a 'real climate of fear'."
842:
2013:
1350:
481:
and 40 in Somalia, were forcibly flown back to Ethiopia. United Nations officials expressed concern that the returning soldiers could be
2095:
1992:
1517:
891:
1695:
2346:
2169:
1117:
1980:
1153:
1006:
579:, a federal Ethiopian government advisor and British citizen, made statements that researcher Mehari Taddele Maru interpreted as
1429:
2219:
1964:
1807:
1205:
370:
2691:
2023:
1439:
1412:
1305:
1046:
498:
245:
2674:
446:, Gebreegziabher Mebratu Melese, was fired based on recommendations by the Ethiopian Ministry of Defence in early November.
2143:
1912:
762:
529:
police "did not and does not arrest citizens based on their identity unless otherwise they are involved in criminal acts."
2818:
2808:
2755:
2627:
2566:
2245:
2164:
2065:
1997:
1255:
508:
423:(EHRC) reported Tigrayans being forced to take leave from work and prevented from overseas travel. Tigrayan employees of
236:
106:
1581:
1145:
1041:
2659:
2453:
2434:
2341:
2292:
1800:
1315:
1265:
553:
534:
420:
2709:
2287:
2018:
1731:
1599:
362:
was found to have increased considerably, mostly originating from the Ethiopian diaspora in Western universities.
2126:
1976:
1001:
2637:
2362:
521:
296:
121:
became prime minister in 2018 led to strengthening of media diversity and strengthening of ethnically focussed
1382:
568:
increased in November 2021. Journalists, politicians and pro-federal-government activists used hate speech on
2100:
2043:
2033:
1954:
1848:
812:
250:
1331:
489:. The senior military attaché at Ethiopia's United Nations mission in New York, a Tigrayan, was also fired.
2530:
2444:
2413:
2372:
1987:
1858:
1473:
1055:
605:
944:"The Politics of Linguistic Homogenization in Ethiopia and the Conflict over the Status of 'Afaan Oromoo'"
2789:
2702:
2367:
2131:
2121:
2090:
660:
1288:
149:
against the non-dominant ethnic groups in Ethiopia from 1950 to 1992, during the later reign of Emperor
2823:
2750:
2642:
2057:
1959:
1838:
455:
292:
117:, Ogaden, Oromos and other ethnic groups continued during TPLF rule. Liberalisation of the media after
569:
459:
145:(MAR) project were used by Charles E. Riddle to study the degrees of discrimination by the dominant
2664:
1942:
1905:
1879:
1823:
710:
634:
881:
177:
language was legally banned from education, public speaking and use in administration. During the
2719:
2606:
2505:
2302:
1853:
958:
383:
197:
193:
704:
2556:
2520:
2473:
2199:
2159:
2105:
2038:
613:
580:
239:(TPLF), who replaced the Derg in 1991, introduced a political restructuring of Ethiopia called
188:
The Derg culturally rejected the Tigrayans, who decreased their usage of Amharic, reverting to
1631:"News: Tigrayans repatriated from Saudi Arabia kept in detention, police unwilling to comment"
240:
2813:
2525:
2297:
2075:
1971:
486:
154:
74:
66:
668:
1863:
1522:
435:
392:
514:
In April 2021, 500 ethnic Tigrayans were held in a detention centre in Addis Ababa, which
8:
2780:
2483:
2136:
1898:
1456:
966:
847:
639:
429:
224:
during the 70s, Hararis, Somalis and Oromo Muslims were targeted by the Derg Government.
61:
elites perceived the southern minority languages as an obstacle to the development of an
2611:
2576:
2468:
1736:
970:
731:
625:
549:
539:
449:
424:
387:
161:. Amharas dominated during the Haile Selassie epoch. Systematic discrimination against
142:
58:
268:
Ethnic states that were not part of the core traditional Abyssinian realm such as the
261:
as better examples of multi-lingual, multi-ethnic states in which ethnic diversity is
2591:
2488:
2478:
2080:
1435:
1408:
1311:
1261:
1118:"U.N. Fears Ethiopia Purging Ethnic Tigrayan Officers From Its Peacekeeping Missions"
609:
576:
189:
102:
1214:
735:
2679:
2586:
2500:
2070:
2028:
1947:
1700:
962:
723:
617:
504:
386:
occurred, with Ethiopians of Tigrayan ethnicity being put on indefinite leave from
323:
126:
295:. By January 1999, 52,000 "Eritrean" Ethiopians had been deported to Eritrea. The
2596:
2561:
2551:
2495:
2085:
1769:
1603:
1571:
1548:"Exclusive: Ethiopia says disarms Tigrayan peacekeepers in Somalia over security"
1402:
1090:
949:
920:
917:"Ethiopia volatile with fighting, ethnic profiling of Tigrayans – UN rights boss"
886:
719:
621:
318:
1366:
661:"Proving Genocide in Ethiopia: The Dolus Specialis of Intent to Destroy a Group"
309:
As of 2003, Oromos, Amharas and other members of the majority population in the
2318:
1667:
1635:
1122:
629:
595:
expressed concern about the ethnic profiling of Tigrayans during the conflict.
516:
213:
178:
174:
173:, and suffered little discrimination. Under the Haile Selassie government, the
150:
70:
34:
287:
Ethiopians classified as "ethnically Eritrean" were deported from Ethiopia to
2802:
2601:
2571:
2546:
2515:
2510:
2258:
2234:
807:
727:
466:
439:
409:
374:
The Tigray conflict has separated more than 6,000 children from their parents
314:
310:
303:
277:
273:
201:
182:
146:
94:
78:
2684:
2632:
2581:
1792:
469:
413:
401:
396:
232:
205:
110:
98:
1002:"Ethnic Ethiopians: A Case Study of Discrimination Occurrence in Ethiopia"
843:"Ethiopia Airlines accused of ethnic profiling over civil war with Tigray"
317:, constituting 7% of the residents of the region. Only those speaking the
2271:
1765:"Briton released from death row accused of inciting genocide in Ethiopia"
995:
993:
991:
565:
478:
443:
359:
269:
258:
162:
122:
82:
1921:
836:
834:
832:
830:
379:
355:
221:
130:
118:
1725:
1723:
1598:
Paravicini, Giulia; Endeshaw, Dawit; Houreld, Katharine (7 May 2021).
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
988:
974:
943:
18:
2377:
166:
90:
86:
1100:
identifying ethnic Tigrayans from all government agencies and NGOs".
827:
1827:
1720:
1498:
705:"Being in and out of Africa: The Impact of Duality of Ethiopianism"
343:
339:
62:
1087:"Ethiopian police seeking lists of ethnic Tigrayans – U.N. report"
875:
873:
2213:
1552:
545:
482:
473:
405:
288:
254:
217:
170:
169:
were initially culturally assimilated with the Amharas, speaking
114:
1732:"Mass Detentions of Civilians Fan 'Climate of Fear' in Ethiopia"
1541:
1539:
1537:
1185:
Oromo children's books keep once-banned Ethiopian language alive
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
882:"Ethiopia accused of using ethnic profiling to target Tigrayans"
2382:
1756:
1593:
1591:
1465:
1307:
The Role of Civil Society in Africa's Quest for Democratization
870:
204:
were strongly discriminated against throughout the period. The
40:
1518:"Ethnic profiling of Tigrayans heightens tensions in Ethiopia"
1890:
1696:"People fleeing Ethiopia allege attacks, forced conscription"
1622:
1534:
1026:
865:
796:
794:
761:
Skjerdal, Terje; Moges, Mulatu Alemayehu (26 November 2020).
537:
stated that the "arrests appeared to be based on ethnicity".
408:
and held for 48 hours without access to a lawyer and without
327:
1687:
1588:
1600:"Ethiopia's crackdown on ethnic Tigrayans snares thousands"
652:
334:
209:
158:
1138:
911:
909:
791:
253:, gave too much formal power to ethnicity. He recommended
22:
Protestors demand democratization in Ethiopia at the 2009
1597:
1576:
23:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1042:"Ethnic Federalism: Its Promise and Pitfalls for Africa"
756:
754:
752:
525:
the Tigrayan detainees had been brought before a judge.
465:
Around 200 to 300 Tigrayan soldiers participating in an
906:
695:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1655:
1572:"WHO boss Dr Tedros denies supporting Tigray leaders"
1074:
749:
51:"ethnic identification, ethnic hatred, ethnicization"
544:
cards and drivers licenses, even the way they speak
333:
In 2017, the Ethiopian Satellite Television station
200:, treated by MAR and Riddle as an ethnic group, and
1105:
291:in a program that started in June 1998, during the
249:, argued that the new structure, formalised in the
1474:"ESAT Radio and Television: The Voice of Genocide"
1310:. Springer International Publishing. p. 134.
942:
703:
1564:
1257:Islam in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives
770:Fojo Media Institute, International Media Support
593:United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
2800:
1404:Conflict and Intervention in the Horn of Africa
37:epoch has been described using terms including
669:Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies
410:being informed of the reason for her detention
1906:
1808:
1431:The Politics of Distributing Social Transfers
760:
136:
1822:
330:into an Amhara Christian military garrison.
313:were discriminated against in favour of the
1515:
302:In 2001, 12,000 Amharas were expelled from
26:protests outside the ExCel Centre in London
2735:Famine in northern Ethiopia (2020–present)
1913:
1899:
1815:
1801:
1516:Freudenthal, Emmanuel (17 December 2020).
1146:"DFAT country information report Ethiopia"
800:
763:"The ethnification of the Ethiopian media"
659:Dago, Habtamu; Eisen, Joanne Dale (2017).
586:
2204:
931:
801:Novgrodsky, Noah Benjamin (1 June 1999).
658:
2452:
2355:
1400:
1039:
369:
326:in 1887 which turned the Muslim city of
129:targeting Tigrayans occurred during the
17:
2014:Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)
1546:Houreld, Katharine (17 December 2020).
1545:
1471:
1461:. University of Edinburgh. p. 235.
1434:. Oxford University Press. p. 63.
1303:
1154:Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
1007:Southern Illinois University Carbondale
840:
2801:
2096:2021–2022 Ethiopian state of emergency
1730:Dahir, Abdi Latif (17 November 2021).
1584:from the original on 11 December 2020.
1427:
1253:
1130:from the original on 16 January 2021.
1097:from the original on 16 January 2021.
999:
937:
879:
841:Zelalem, Zecharias (4 December 2020).
701:
280:regions were excluded from the ruling
2692:Predictions of a genocide in Ethiopia
1894:
1796:
1777:from the original on 28 November 2021
1762:
1744:from the original on 17 November 2021
1729:
1628:
1560:from the original on 16 January 2021.
1530:from the original on 16 January 2021.
1486:from the original on 16 December 2020
1047:The Yale Journal of International Law
1000:Riddle, Chase E. (2 September 2016).
880:Roussi, Antoaneta (31 January 2021).
779:from the original on 24 December 2020
499:Predictions of a genocide in Ethiopia
246:The Yale Journal of International Law
2785:
2144:2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia
1708:from the original on 8 November 2021
1693:
1407:. Monthly Review Press. p. 86.
1164:from the original on 21 January 2022
967:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007852
894:from the original on 31 January 2021
855:from the original on 23 January 2021
299:protested against the deportations.
194:discrimination against the Tigrayans
57:. During the Haile Selassie period,
1998:Resignation of Hailemariam Desalegn
1304:Ibrahim, Abadir (8 December 2016).
1062:from the original on 18 August 2020
243:. Alemante G. Selassie, writing in
13:
1454:
1247:
384:ethnic profiling against Tigrayans
14:
2835:
2293:Transitional Government of Tigray
2029:Formation of the Prosperity Party
1675:from the original on 13 July 2021
1610:from the original on 13 July 2021
1472:Wolqait, Zeray (23 August 2017).
923:. 9 December 2020. Archived from
535:Ethiopian Human Rights Commission
421:Ethiopian Human Rights Commission
31:Ethnic discrimination in Ethiopia
2784:
2776:
2775:
2715:Refoulement of Eritrean refugees
2288:Ethiopian National Defense Force
2264:
2251:
2239:
2227:
2206:
2193:
1763:Brown, Will (28 November 2021).
1643:from the original on 18 May 2021
1014:from the original on 21 May 2018
683:from the original on 3 July 2021
509:Tigray People's Liberation Front
237:Tigray People's Liberation Front
216:were eliminated and replaced by
165:occurred throughout the period.
107:Tigray People's Liberation Front
2756:EHRC–OHCHR Tigray investigation
2429:
2165:Ethiopia–Tigray peace agreement
2127:2021 Ethiopian general election
1458:Ethnicity and Power in Ethiopia
1448:
1421:
1394:
1375:
1359:
1352:OROMO CONTINUE TO FLEE VIOLENCE
1343:
1324:
1297:
1281:
1231:
1198:
1176:
604:Tigray War massacres and other
382:that started in November 2020,
133:that started in November 2020.
1920:
1694:Anna, Cara (8 November 2021).
1040:Selassie, Alemante G. (2003).
559:
297:Ethiopian Human Rights Council
1:
2101:ENDF National Unity Offensive
2044:2020 Tigray regional election
2034:COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia
1955:1995 Constitution of Ethiopia
1629:Fasil, Mahlet (10 May 2021).
1428:Lavers, Tom (14 March 2022).
1056:William & Mary Law School
645:
492:
365:
349:
251:1995 Constitution of Ethiopia
227:
2414:Casualties of the Tigray war
2200:Ethiopian federal government
2019:2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia summit
1333:History of Harar and Hararis
1240:ETHIOPIANS: AMHARA AND OROMO
7:
1368:Ethiopia. Status of Amharas
598:
113:and discrimination against
10:
2840:
2819:Discrimination in Ethiopia
2809:Race-related controversies
2751:ACHPR Tigray investigation
1993:2016–18 state of emergency
1401:Selassie, Bereket (1980).
1384:An interview with the WSLF
1293:. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
496:
456:Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus
412:. She was threatened with
220:. In the aftermath of the
137:Abyssinian Empire and Derg
2773:
2743:
2727:
2700:
2620:
2539:
2461:
2443:
2422:
2406:
2399:
2332:
2311:
2280:
2185:
2178:
2152:
2114:
2056:
2006:
1943:History of Western Tigray
1935:
1928:
1872:
1834:
1390:. Horn of Africa Journal.
1260:. ABC-CLIO. p. 227.
460:World Health Organization
2671:Destruction of Heritage
2066:Northern Command attacks
1254:Feener, Michael (2004).
728:10.1177/0021934707307833
711:Journal of Black Studies
635:Human rights in Ethiopia
2303:Eritrean Defence Forces
2091:TDF–OLA joint offensive
587:International reactions
575:In late November 2021,
548:..." Laetitia Bader of
2170:Interim Administration
2039:Hachalu Hundessa riots
1988:2014–16 Oromo protests
1960:Eritrean–Ethiopian War
1207:Language & Culture
702:Jalata, Asafa (2009).
581:incitement to genocide
375:
293:Eritrean-Ethiopian War
27:
2710:Hamdayet (Ethiopians)
2298:Tigray Defense Forces
2076:Asmara rocket attacks
1972:Elections in Ethiopia
1844:Ethnic discrimination
373:
155:Mengistu Haile Mariam
75:Mengistu Haile Mariam
67:Ethnic discrimination
33:during and since the
21:
2024:Tripartite Agreement
1580:. 19 December 2020.
1523:The New Humanitarian
1126:. 23 November 2020.
1093:. 13 November 2020.
436:World Food Programme
393:World Food Programme
354:In 2020, during the
69:occurred during the
1339:. pp. 141–144.
927:on 9 December 2020.
848:The Daily Telegraph
803:"Identity Politics"
640:Slavery in Ethiopia
570:online social media
430:The Daily Telegraph
346:against Tigrayans.
105:was implemented by
65:national identity.
1737:The New York Times
1157:. 12 August 2020.
815:on 18 January 2021
554:state of emergency
540:The New York Times
477:including four in
458:, the head of the
450:Human Rights Watch
425:Ethiopian Airlines
388:Ethiopian Airlines
376:
143:Minorities at Risk
55:"ethnic profiling"
28:
2824:Racism by country
2796:
2795:
2769:
2768:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2081:Mekelle offensive
2052:
2051:
1888:
1887:
1849:Human trafficking
1441:978-0-19-286252-5
1414:978-0-85345-539-4
1220:on 9 October 2022
577:Andargachew Tsege
442:headquarters, in
241:ethnic federalism
103:Ethnic federalism
2831:
2788:
2787:
2779:
2778:
2459:
2458:
2450:
2449:
2435:Internment camps
2430:Ethnic profiling
2404:
2403:
2353:
2352:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2216:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2183:
2182:
2071:Battle of Humera
1948:Welkait question
1933:
1932:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1859:Police brutality
1817:
1810:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1701:Associated Press
1691:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1543:
1532:
1531:
1513:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1355:, September 1981
1347:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1219:
1213:, archived from
1212:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1163:
1150:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1114:
1103:
1102:
1083:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1037:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1019:
997:
986:
985:
983:
981:
946:
935:
929:
928:
913:
904:
903:
901:
899:
877:
868:
864:
862:
860:
838:
825:
824:
822:
820:
811:. Archived from
798:
789:
788:
786:
784:
778:
767:
758:
747:
746:
744:
742:
707:
699:
693:
692:
690:
688:
682:
665:
656:
522:arbitrary arrest
505:Gedion Timotheos
127:Ethnic profiling
2839:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2765:
2739:
2723:
2696:
2660:Sexual violence
2647:
2616:
2535:
2439:
2418:
2387:
2351:
2334:
2328:
2307:
2276:
2265:
2263:
2252:
2250:
2240:
2238:
2228:
2226:
2207:
2205:
2194:
2192:
2174:
2148:
2110:
2106:Battle of Shire
2086:Operation Alula
2048:
2002:
1965:border conflict
1924:
1919:
1889:
1884:
1868:
1830:
1821:
1791:
1790:
1780:
1778:
1770:The Independent
1761:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1728:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1692:
1688:
1678:
1676:
1671:. 5 July 2021.
1661:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1644:
1627:
1623:
1613:
1611:
1604:Thomson Reuters
1596:
1589:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1544:
1535:
1514:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1470:
1466:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1302:
1298:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1252:
1248:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1190:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1116:
1115:
1106:
1091:Thomson Reuters
1085:
1084:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1038:
1027:
1017:
1015:
998:
989:
979:
977:
950:African Affairs
939:Bulcha, Mekuria
936:
932:
921:Thomson Reuters
915:
914:
907:
897:
895:
887:Financial Times
878:
871:
858:
856:
839:
828:
818:
816:
799:
792:
782:
780:
776:
765:
759:
750:
740:
738:
720:SAGE Publishing
700:
696:
686:
684:
680:
663:
657:
653:
648:
601:
589:
562:
520:interpreted as
501:
495:
368:
352:
319:Harari language
230:
196:became strong.
139:
77:epochs against
47:"ethnification"
12:
11:
5:
2837:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2794:
2793:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2747:
2745:
2744:Investigations
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2705:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2456:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2424:
2423:Discrimination
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2410:
2408:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2261:
2248:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2202:
2189:
2187:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1939:
1937:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1895:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1839:Child marriage
1835:
1832:
1831:
1820:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1797:
1789:
1788:
1755:
1719:
1686:
1668:Addis Standard
1654:
1636:Addis Standard
1621:
1587:
1563:
1533:
1497:
1464:
1455:Vaughn, Sara.
1447:
1440:
1420:
1413:
1393:
1374:
1371:, 1 March 1993
1358:
1342:
1323:
1316:
1296:
1280:
1266:
1246:
1243:, January 2017
1230:
1197:
1175:
1137:
1123:Foreign Policy
1104:
1073:
1025:
987:
930:
905:
869:
826:
790:
748:
694:
650:
649:
647:
644:
643:
642:
637:
632:
600:
597:
588:
585:
561:
558:
552:described the
517:Addis Standard
494:
491:
367:
364:
351:
348:
229:
226:
179:Haile Selassie
151:Haile Selassie
141:Data from the
138:
135:
109:(TPLF) leader
71:Haile Selassie
35:Haile Selassie
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2836:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2791:
2782:
2772:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2685:Negash mosque
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
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2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
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2553:
2550:
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2545:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2412:
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2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2347:Inquiry Board
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:organisations
2331:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2262:
2260:
2249:
2247:
2236:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2203:
2201:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:Peace process
2151:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1977:2005 election
1975:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1759:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1726:
1724:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1690:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1658:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1625:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1592:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1460:
1459:
1451:
1443:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1416:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1397:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1319:
1317:9783319183831
1313:
1309:
1308:
1300:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1269:
1267:9781576075166
1263:
1259:
1258:
1250:
1242:
1241:
1234:
1216:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1147:
1141:
1134:
1133:U.N. account.
1129:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1003:
996:
994:
992:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
951:
945:
940:
934:
926:
922:
918:
912:
910:
893:
889:
888:
883:
876:
874:
867:
854:
850:
849:
844:
837:
835:
833:
831:
814:
810:
809:
808:Boston Review
804:
797:
795:
775:
771:
764:
757:
755:
753:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
712:
706:
698:
679:
675:
671:
670:
662:
655:
651:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
602:
596:
594:
584:
582:
578:
573:
571:
567:
557:
555:
551:
547:
542:
541:
536:
530:
526:
523:
519:
518:
512:
510:
506:
503:According to
500:
490:
488:
484:
480:
475:
471:
468:
467:African Union
463:
461:
457:
453:
451:
447:
445:
441:
440:African Union
437:
432:
431:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
398:
394:
389:
385:
381:
372:
363:
361:
357:
347:
345:
341:
336:
331:
329:
325:
324:Harar Emirate
320:
316:
315:Harari people
312:
311:Harari Region
307:
305:
304:Oromia Region
300:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
247:
242:
238:
234:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
186:
184:
183:Harari people
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
42:
36:
32:
25:
20:
16:
2814:Race and law
2783: /
2567:Kola Tembien
2557:Mahbere Dego
2526:Ziban Gedena
2521:Hagere Selam
2400:Human rights
2333:Human rights
2281:Institutions
2237: /
1979: /
1880:Demographics
1843:
1824:Human rights
1779:. Retrieved
1768:
1758:
1746:. Retrieved
1735:
1710:. Retrieved
1699:
1689:
1677:. Retrieved
1666:
1657:
1645:. Retrieved
1634:
1624:
1612:. Retrieved
1575:
1566:
1551:
1521:
1488:. Retrieved
1479:Horn Affairs
1477:
1467:
1457:
1450:
1430:
1423:
1403:
1396:
1383:
1377:
1367:
1361:
1351:
1345:
1332:
1326:
1306:
1299:
1289:
1283:
1271:. Retrieved
1256:
1249:
1239:
1233:
1222:, retrieved
1215:the original
1206:
1200:
1189:, retrieved
1184:
1178:
1166:. Retrieved
1152:
1140:
1131:
1121:
1098:
1064:. Retrieved
1051:
1045:
1016:. Retrieved
1005:
978:. Retrieved
954:
948:
933:
925:the original
896:. Retrieved
885:
857:. Retrieved
846:
817:. Retrieved
813:the original
806:
781:. Retrieved
769:
739:. Retrieved
715:
709:
697:
685:. Retrieved
673:
667:
654:
614:Hagere Selam
590:
574:
563:
538:
531:
527:
515:
513:
502:
470:peacekeeping
464:
454:
448:
428:
418:
414:decapitation
402:Meles Zenawi
397:peacekeeping
377:
353:
332:
308:
301:
286:
267:
262:
244:
233:Meles Zenawi
231:
187:
181:regime, the
153:and that of
140:
111:Meles Zenawi
54:
50:
46:
38:
30:
29:
15:
2638:3rd Mekelle
2607:2nd Mekelle
2506:1st Mekelle
2220:Involvement
1854:LGBT rights
1748:17 November
1490:16 December
1273:23 February
1191:14 February
961:: 325–352.
783:24 December
722:: 189–214.
566:hate speech
560:Hate speech
479:South Sudan
472:mission in
444:Addis Ababa
378:During the
360:hate speech
284:coalition.
259:Switzerland
214:Oromo texts
123:hate speech
2803:Categories
2680:Debre Damo
2484:Zalambessa
2445:War crimes
2407:Casualties
2186:Key actors
1929:Background
1922:Tigray war
1781:1 December
1712:8 November
1168:5 November
1066:16 January
1018:16 January
898:1 February
859:16 January
819:20 January
646:References
606:war crimes
497:See also:
493:Detentions
380:Tigray War
366:Tigray War
356:Abiy Ahmed
350:Abiy Ahmed
228:TPLF/EPRDF
222:Ogaden War
131:Tigray War
119:Abiy Ahmed
2701:Refugees/
2643:Adi Daero
2612:Kombolcha
2577:Gira Aras
2562:2nd Wukro
2496:1st Wukro
2469:Mai Kadra
2454:Massacres
2378:Seb Hidri
2356:Non-state
2132:Spillover
2122:Reactions
626:Mai Kadra
198:Eritreans
167:Tigrayans
91:Eritreans
87:Tigrayans
63:Ethiopian
2781:Category
2592:Galikoma
2489:Dengelat
2312:Militias
2160:Overview
2058:Timeline
1981:violence
1873:See also
1864:Polygamy
1828:Ethiopia
1775:Archived
1742:Archived
1706:Archived
1673:Archived
1641:Archived
1608:Archived
1582:Archived
1558:Archived
1528:Archived
1484:Archived
1224:24 March
1159:Archived
1128:Archived
1095:Archived
1060:Archived
1012:Archived
980:31 March
941:(1997).
892:Archived
853:Archived
774:Archived
736:62802580
678:Archived
599:See also
511:(TPLF).
487:executed
483:tortured
344:genocide
340:Ginbot 7
263:de facto
190:Tigrinya
2790:Commons
2633:Berhale
2628:Dedebit
2501:Hitsats
2479:Adigrat
2214:Eritrea
2007:Prelude
1936:History
1679:13 July
1647:13 July
1614:13 July
1553:Reuters
957:(384).
866:Alt URL
618:Hitsats
610:Adigrat
564:Online
546:Amharic
474:Somalia
406:Mekelle
289:Eritrea
255:Nigeria
235:of the
218:Amharic
202:Somalis
171:Amharic
157:of the
147:Amharas
115:Amharas
95:Somalis
79:Hararis
2761:ICHREE
2665:Hawzen
2597:Chenna
2587:Togoga
2552:Debano
2474:Humera
2383:Yikono
2324:UFEFCF
2269:
2259:Amhara
2256:
2235:Tigray
2232:
2211:
2179:Groups
2115:Impact
1438:
1411:
1314:
1264:
1058:: 51.
975:723182
973:
741:3 July
734:
687:3 July
622:Humera
278:Harari
274:Somali
206:Oromos
192:, and
99:Oromos
59:Amhara
53:, and
41:racism
2720:Shire
2675:Aksum
2531:Gijet
2363:EHRCO
2137:Sudan
1388:(PDF)
1337:(PDF)
1290:Kulub
1218:(PDF)
1211:(PDF)
1162:(PDF)
1149:(PDF)
971:JSTOR
777:(PDF)
766:(PDF)
732:S2CID
718:(2).
681:(PDF)
676:(7).
664:(PDF)
630:Aksum
328:Harar
282:EPRDF
175:Oromo
163:Afars
83:Afars
2728:Food
2703:IDPs
2621:2022
2602:Kobo
2572:Zamr
2547:Bora
2540:2021
2516:Goda
2511:Axum
2462:2020
2373:HRCE
2368:ERCS
2342:EHRC
2319:Fano
2272:Afar
2246:TPLF
1783:2021
1750:2021
1714:2021
1681:2021
1649:2021
1616:2021
1492:2020
1436:ISBN
1409:ISBN
1312:ISBN
1275:2017
1262:ISBN
1226:2021
1193:2016
1170:2022
1068:2021
1020:2021
982:2021
900:2021
861:2021
821:2021
785:2020
743:2021
689:2021
591:The
419:The
335:ESAT
276:and
270:Afar
257:and
210:Derg
159:Derg
97:and
73:and
2582:Guh
1826:in
1577:BBC
963:doi
959:OUP
724:doi
550:HRW
485:or
24:G20
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