Etruscan civilization

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to Italy. To fit the Etruscan skulls into an ethnological grid they were compared with skeletal remains of the first thousand years B.C.E. All skulls were found to be male; their age ranged from 20 to 60 years, with an average age of about thirty. A comparison of the median sagittal outlines of the Etruscan skulls and the contemporary Hallstatt-Celtic skulls from North Bavaria showed that the former were shorter and lower. Maximum skull length, minimum frontal breadth, ear bregma height, bizygomatical breadth and orbital breadth of the Etruscan skulls were statistically significantly less developed compared to Hallstatt-Celtics from North Bavaria. In comparison to other contemporary skeletal remains the Etruscan skulls had no similarities in common with Hallstatt-Celtic skulls from North Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg but rather with Hallstatt-Celtic skulls from Hallstatt in Austria. Compared to chronologically adjacent skeletal remains the Etruscan skulls did not show similarities with Early Bronze Age skulls from Moravia but with Latène-Celtic skulls from Manching in South Bavaria. Due to the similarities of the Etruscan skulls with some Celtic skulls from South Bavaria and Austria, it seems more likely that the Etruscans were original inhabitants of Etruria than immigrants.

1643: 685: 700: 4129: 958: 3962: 3081: 715: 973: 1768: 658: 2433: 2974: 3136: 947: 1955: 2766: 2288: 69: 1944: 1081:

amply demonstrated by archeologists, to contacts with the Greeks and the Eastern Mediterranean and not to mass migrations. The facial features (the profile, almond-shaped eyes, large nose) in the frescoes and sculptures, and the depiction of reddish-brown men and light-skinned women, influenced by archaic Greek art, followed the artistic traditions from the Eastern Mediterranean, that had spread even among the Greeks themselves, and to a lesser extent also to other several civilizations in the central and western Mediterranean up to the

861:

similar tongue, they still retain some other indications of their mother country. For they neither worship the same gods as the Lydians nor make use of similar laws or institutions, but in these very respects they differ more from the Lydians than from the Pelasgians. Indeed, those probably come nearest to the truth who declare that the nation migrated from nowhere else, but was native to the country, since it is found to be a very ancient nation and to agree with no other either in its language or in its manner of living.

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antecedents. As for linguistic relationships, Lydian is an Indo-European language. Lemnian, which is attested by a few inscriptions discovered near Kamania on the island of Lemnos, was a dialect of Etruscan introduced to the island by commercial adventurers. Linguistic similarities connecting Etruscan with Raetic, a language spoken in the sub-Alpine regions of northeastern Italy, further militate against the idea of eastern origins.

2920: 3333: 1483:), so much so as to initially absorb techniques and figurative models and soon more properly cultural models, with the introduction, for example, of writing, of a new way of banqueting, of a heroic funerary ideology, that is, a new aristocratic way of life, such as to profoundly change the physiognomy of Etruscan society. Thus, thanks to the growing number of contacts with the Greeks, the Etruscans entered what is called the 3277: 3256: 1980:

originated at Rome. A second criterion is the opinion of the ancient sources. These would indicate that certain institutions and customs came directly from the Etruscans. Rome is located on the edge of what was Etruscan territory. When Etruscan settlements turned up south of the border, it was presumed that the Etruscans spread there after the foundation of Rome, but the settlements are now known to have preceded Rome.

3741: 3734: 3685: 3622: 484: 12527: 4664: 3263: 3727: 3720: 3713: 3699: 3692: 3678: 3657: 3650: 3643: 3636: 3629: 3615: 3608: 3601: 3594: 3587: 3580: 3573: 3566: 3424: 3375: 3340: 2407:, appearing finally on the figureheads of sailing ships as a nude female upper torso. It is also possible that Greek and Roman attitudes to the Etruscans were based on a misunderstanding of the place of women within their society. In both Greece and the earliest Republican Rome, respectable women were confined to the house and mixed-sex socialising did not occur. Thus, the freedom of 1495:. Also directly Phoenician, or otherwise Near Eastern, craftsmen, merchants and artists contributed to the spread in southern Europe of Near Eastern cultural and artistic motifs. The last three phases of Etruscan civilization are called, respectively, Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic, which roughly correspond to the homonymous phases of the ancient Greek civilization. 2997:(especially engraved bronze mirrors). Etruscan sculpture in cast bronze was famous and widely exported, but few large examples have survived (the material was too valuable, and recycled later). In contrast to terracotta and bronze, there was apparently little Etruscan sculpture in stone, despite the Etruscans controlling fine sources of marble, including 998:

connection between the Tyrrhenians and the Pelasgians solely on the basis of certain Greek and local traditions and on the mere fact that there had been trade between the Etruscans and Greeks. He noted that, even if these stories include historical facts suggesting contact, such contact is more plausibly traceable to cultural exchange than to migration.

1105:, were painted by Greek painters or, in any case, foreigner artists. These images have, therefore, a very limited value for a realistic representation of the Etruscan population. It was only from the end of the 4th century BC that evidence of physiognomic portraits began to be found in Etruscan art and Etruscan portraiture became more realistic. 1463:, regarded as the oldest phase, that occupied a large area of northern and central Italy during the Iron Age. The Etruscans themselves dated the origin of the Etruscan nation to a date corresponding to the 11th or 10th century BC. The Villanovan culture emerges with the phenomenon of regionalization from the late Bronze Age culture called " 2460:, had a significant military tradition. In addition to marking the rank and power of certain individuals, warfare was a considerable economic advantage to Etruscan civilization. Like many ancient societies, the Etruscans conducted campaigns during summer months, raiding neighboring areas, attempting to gain territory and combating 8676:

Seven Etruscan skulls were found in Corneto Tarquinia in the years 1881 and 1882 and were given as present to Rostock's anatomical collection in 1882. The origin of the Etruscans who were contemporary with the Celts is not yet clear; according to Herodotus they had emigrated from Lydia in Asia Minor

8270:

The facial features, however, are not likely to constitute a true portrait, but rather partake of a formula for representing the male in Etruria in Archaic art. It has been observed that the formula used—with the face in profile, showing almond-shaped eyes, a large nose, and a domed up profile of the

3175:

wrote that literary culture was one of the great achievements of the Etruscans. Little is known of it and even what is known of their language is due to the repetition of the same few words in the many inscriptions found (by way of the modern epitaphs) contrasted in bilingual or trilingual texts with

1113:

There have been numerous biological studies on the Etruscan origins, the oldest of which dates back to the 1950s when research was still based on blood tests of modern samples, and DNA analysis (including the analysis of ancient samples) was not yet possible. It is only in very recent years, with the

1033:

emerged around 900 BC, was built by people whose ancestors had inhabited that region for at least the previous 200 years. Based on this cultural continuity, there is now a consensus among archeologists that Proto-Etruscan culture developed, during the last phase of the Bronze Age, from the indigenous

1032:

A 2012 survey of the previous 30 years' archaeological findings, based on excavations of the major Etruscan cities, showed a continuity of culture from the last phase of the Bronze Age (13th–11th century BC) to the Iron Age (10th–9th century BC). This is evidence that the Etruscan civilization, which

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But mitochondrial DNA only records information on the entirely female line, a tiny fraction of the many tens of thousands of lineages that have contributed to any person's genome. To understand what really happened in an individual's history, it is incomparably more valuable to examine all ancestral

2398:

Similarly, the behavior of some wealthy women is not uniquely Etruscan. The apparent promiscuous revelry has a spiritual explanation. Swaddling and Bonfante (among others) explain that depictions of the nude embrace, or symplegma, "had the power to ward off evil", as did baring the breast, which was

1405:

published in 2017, British archeologist Phil Perkins, echoing an earlier article of his from 2009, provides an analysis of the state of DNA studies and writes that "none of the DNA studies to date conclusively prove that Etruscans were an intrusive population in Italy that originated in the Eastern

767:

It was only in the 5th century BC, when the Etruscan civilization had been established for several centuries, that Greek writers started associating the name "Tyrrhenians" with the "Pelasgians", and even then, some did so in a way that suggests they were meant only as generic, descriptive labels for

860:

For this reason, therefore, I am persuaded that the Pelasgians are a different people from the Tyrrhenians. And I do not believe, either, that the Tyrrhenians were a colony of the Lydians; for they do not use the same language as the latter, nor can it be alleged that, though they no longer speak a

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of the Etruscan inscriptions is not a problem. As in Greek, the characters were subject to regional and temporal changes. Overall, one can distinguish an archaic script from the 7th to 5th centuries from a more recent script from the 4th to 1st centuries BC, in which some characters were no longer

2946:

show many of the same differences in form to Greek ones that Etruscan temples do, but like the Greeks, use stone, in which they closely copy Greek conventions. The houses of the wealthy were evidently often large and comfortable, but the burial chambers of tombs, often filled with grave-goods, are

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as a means of acquiring valuable resources, such as land, prestige, goods, and slaves. It is likely that individuals taken in battle would be ransomed back to their families and clans at high cost. Prisoners could also potentially be sacrificed on tombs to honor fallen leaders of Etruscan society,

2390:

at Rome and perhaps even its model. The Etruscans could have used any model of the eastern Mediterranean. That the growth of this class is related to the new acquisition of wealth through trade is unquestioned. The wealthiest cities were located near the coast. At the center of the society was the

1979:

The main criterion for deciding whether an object originated at Rome and traveled by influence to the Etruscans, or descended to the Romans from the Etruscans, is date. Many, if not most, of the Etruscan cities were older than Rome. If one finds that a given feature was there first, it cannot have

997:

explained in detail why he believes that ancient Greek historians' accounts on Etruscan origins should not even count as historical documents. He argues that the ancient story of the Etruscans' 'Lydian origins' was a deliberate, politically motivated fabrication, and that ancient Greeks inferred a

3170:

around this time. Only a few fragments survive, religious and especially funeral texts, most of which are late (from the 4th century BC). In addition to the original texts that have survived to this day, there are a large number of quotations and allusions from classical authors. In the

1080:

of Etruscan civilization with the question of its origins. Orientalization was an artistic and cultural phenomenon that spread among the Greeks themselves, and throughout much of the central and western Mediterranean, not only in Etruria. Orientalizing period in the Etruscans was due, as has been

873:

The Romans, however, give them other names: from the country they once inhabited, named Etruria, they call them Etruscans, and from their knowledge of the ceremonies relating to divine worship, in which they excel others, they now call them, rather inaccurately, Tusci, but formerly, with the same

740:

Literary and historical texts in the Etruscan language have not survived, and the language itself is only partially understood by modern scholars. This makes modern understanding of their society and culture heavily dependent on much later and generally disapproving Roman and Greek sources. These

459:

remains only partly understood, making modern understanding of their society and culture heavily dependent on much later and generally disapproving Roman and Greek sources. In the Etruscan political system, authority resided in its individual small cities, and probably in its prominent individual

1163:

was present in the same percentages found in the previously analyzed Iron Age Latins, and in the Etruscan DNA was completely absent a signal of recent admixture with Anatolia and the Eastern Mediterranean. Both Etruscans and Latins joined firmly the European cluster, west of modern Italians. The

1017:, that can support a migration theory. The most marked and radical change that has been archaeologically attested in the area is the adoption, starting in about the 12th century BC, of the funeral rite of incineration in terracotta urns, which is a Continental European practice, derived from the 984:

The question of the origins of the Etruscans has long been a subject of interest and debate among historians. In modern times, all the evidence gathered so far by prehistoric and protohistoric archaeologists, anthropologists, and etruscologists points to an autochthonous origin of the Etruscans.

4075:

In the middle of the 7th century BC, the Romans adopted the Etruscan writing system and letters. In particular, they used the three different characters C, K and Q for a K sound. Z was also initially adopted into the Roman alphabet, although the affricate TS did not occur in the Latin language.

8550:

Interestingly, although Iron Age individuals were sampled from both Etruscan (n=3) and Latin (n=6) contexts, we did not detect any significant differences between the two groups with f4 statistics in the form of f4(RMPR_Etruscan, RMPR_Latin; test population, Onge), suggesting shared origins or

7004:

Il termine "Villanoviano" è entrato nella letteratura archeologica quando, a metà dell '800, il conte Gozzadini mise in luce le prime tombe ad incinerazione nella sua proprietà di Villanova di Castenaso, in località Caselle (BO). La cultura villanoviana coincide con il periodo più antico della

1397:

followed by the Turks, other populations from the Mediterranean and the Cornish after. This study was much criticized by other geneticists, because "data represent severely damaged or partly contaminated mtDNA sequences" and "any comparison with modern population data must be considered quite

8046:

Etruscan origins lie in the distant past. Despite the claim by Herodotus, who wrote that Etruscans migrated to Italy from Lydia in the eastern Mediterranean, there is no material or linguistic evidence to support this. Etruscan material culture developed in an unbroken chain from Bronze Age

1975:

foundation of Rome followed by an Etruscan invasion typically speak of an Etruscan "influence" on Roman culture – that is, cultural objects which were adopted by Rome from neighboring Etruria. The prevailing view is that Rome was founded by Latins who later merged with Etruscans. In this

848:, a Greek living in Rome, dismissed many of the ancient theories of other Greek historians and postulated that the Etruscans were indigenous people who had always lived in Etruria and were different from both the Pelasgians and the Lydians. Dionysius noted that the 5th-century historian 3953:

As all four artifacts date from the 7th century B.C. come from, the alphabets are always written clockwise. The last object has the special feature that, in addition to the letters of the alphabet, almost all consonants are shown in sequence in connection with the vowels I, A, U and E

613:, likely a loan into Greek. On this hypothesis, the Tusci were called the "people who build towers" or "the tower builders". This proposed etymology is made the more plausible because the Etruscans preferred to build their towns on high precipices reinforced by walls. Alternatively, 1654:

and into Campania. Some small towns in the sixth century BC disappeared during this time, ostensibly subsumed by greater, more powerful neighbors. However, it is certain that the political structure of the Etruscan culture was similar to, albeit more aristocratic than,

4076:

Later, Z was replaced in the alphabet by the newly formed letter G, which was derived from C, and Z was finally placed at the end of the alphabet. The letters Θ, Φ and Ψ were omitted by the Romans because the corresponding aspirated sounds did not occur in their language.

503:(Greek Ῥασέννα), a stem from the Etruscan Rasna (𐌛𐌀𐌔𐌍𐌀), the people. Evidence of inscriptions as Tular Rasnal (𐌕𐌖𐌋𐌀𐌛 𐌛𐌀𐌔𐌍𐌀𐌋), "boundary of the people", or Mechlum Rasnal (𐌌𐌄𐌙𐌋 𐌛𐌀𐌔𐌍𐌀𐌋). "community of the people", attest to its autonym usage. The 1976:

interpretation, Etruscan cultural objects are considered influences rather than part of a heritage. Rome was probably a small settlement until the arrival of the Etruscans, who constructed the first elements of its urban infrastructure such as the drainage system.

1710:. From the first half of the 5th century BC, the new political situation meant the beginning of the Etruscan decline after losing their southern provinces. In 480 BC, Etruria's ally Carthage was defeated by a coalition of Magna Graecia cities led by 3098:

which have been found so far, only a small minority of which are of significant length. Attested from 700 BC to AD 50, the relation of Etruscan to other languages has been a source of long-running speculation and study. The Etruscans are believed to have spoken a

892:

The Alpine tribes have also, no doubt, the same origin (of the Etruscans), especially the Raetians; who have been rendered so savage by the very nature of the country as to retain nothing of their ancient character save the sound of their speech, and even that is

2411:

could have been misunderstood as implying their sexual availability. It is worth noting that a number of Etruscan tombs carry funerary inscriptions in the form "X son of (father) and (mother)", indicating the importance of the mother's side of the family.

2673:

That many Roman cities were formerly Etruscan was well known to all the Roman authors. Some cities were founded by Etruscans in prehistoric times, and bore entirely Etruscan names. Others were colonized by Etruscans who Etruscanized the name, usually

8689:

Ghirotto, Silvia; Tassi, Francesca; Fumagalli, Erica; Colonna, Vincenza; Sandionigi, Anna; Lari, Martina; Vai, Stefania; Petiti, Emmanuele; Corti, Giorgio; Rizzi, Ermanno; De Bellis, Gianluca; Caramelli, David; Barbujani, Guido (6 February 2013).

1213:

were genetically similar, with genetic differences between the examined Etruscans and Latins found to be insignificant. The Etruscan individuals and contemporary Latins were distinguished from preceding populations of Italy by the presence of

2321:, an ancient symbol of that power, appears as a motif in Etruscan decoration. The adherents to this state power were united by a common religion. Political unity in Etruscan society was the city-state, which was probably the referent of 699: 9694:

A massive Greek impact is clear especially in the coastal territory, which has led many to believe that the Etruscans were entirely Hellenized. Countless depictions show that Greek myths were, indeed, adopted and well-known to the

2058:) that succeeded kings of Latin and Sabine origin. Etruscophile historians would argue that this, together with evidence for institutions, religious elements and other cultural elements, proves that Rome was founded by Etruscans. 7005:

civiltà etrusca, in particolare durante i secoli IX e VIII a.C. e i termini di Villanoviano I, II e III, utilizzati dagli archeologi per scandire le fasi evolutive, costituiscono partizioni convenzionali della prima età del Ferro

8117:

Briquel's convincing demonstration that the famous story of an exodus, led by Tyrrhenus from Lydia to Italy, was a deliberate political fabrication created in the Hellenized milieu of the court at Sardis in the early 6th cent.

4067:

No further Etruscan literature has survived and from the early 1st century AD, inscriptions with Etruscan characters have ceased to exist. All existing ancient Etruscan written documents are systematically collected in the

2695:

in Egypt, Mesopotamia and Greece. They built canals and dams to irrigate the land, and drained and reclaimed swamps. The archaeological remains of this infrastructure are still evident in the maritime southwestern parts of

1159:, spanning from 800 to 1 BC, and concluding that the Etruscans were autochthonous (locally indigenous), and they had a genetic profile similar to their Latin neighbors. In the Etruscan individuals the ancestral component 8996:

It's likely that Basque, Paleo-Sardinian, Minoan, and Etruscan developed on the continent in the course of the Neolithic Revolution. Sadly, the true diversity of the languages that once existed in Europe will never be

2797:

that acted continually on the world of man and could be dissuaded or persuaded in favor of human affairs. How to understand the will of deities, and how to behave, had been revealed to the Etruscans by two initiators,

2666:, or Roman ethnic groups, but the names survive from inscriptions and their ruins are of aesthetic and historic interest in most of the cities of central Italy. Etruscan cities flourished over most of Italy during the 1881:

times, when Etruria was just one of many regions controlled by Rome, the number of cities in the league increased by three. This is noted on many later grave stones from the 2nd century BC onwards. According to

2383:

The princely tombs were not of individuals. The inscription evidence shows that families were interred there over long periods, marking the growth of the aristocratic family as a fixed institution, parallel to the

3204:

have survived, which are mainly religious. Etruscan imaginative literature is evidenced only in references by later Roman authors, but it is evident from their visual art that the Greek myths were well-known.

2670:, marking the farthest extent of Etruscan civilization. They were gradually assimilated first by Italics in the south, then by Celts in the north and finally in Etruria itself by the growing Roman Republic. 625:

having observed in the first century B. C., "here is no reason that the Greeks should not have called by this name, both from their living in towers and from the name of one of their rulers." In his recent

9286:

Some Roman technical achievements began in Etruscan expertise. Though the Etruscans never came up with an aqueduct, they were good at drainage, and hence they were the ancestors of Rome's monumental sewer

9268:

The later Romans' own grandiose picture of the early days of their city was intended to glamorize its origins, but only with the arrival of the Etruscans did anything like an urban center begin to develop.

2806:, a female figure. Their teachings were kept in a series of sacred books. Three layers of deities are evident in the extensive Etruscan art motifs. One appears to be divinities of an indigenous nature: 370:

On the origins of the Etruscans a large body of literature has flourished; however, the consensus among modern scholars is that the Etruscans were an indigenous population. The earliest evidence of a

1310:, based on Etruscan samples from Tuscany and Latium, concluded that the Etruscans were an indigenous population, showing that Etruscan mtDNA appears to fall very close to a Neolithic population from 764:

to Dionysus referred to them as pirates. Unlike later Greek authors, these authors did not suggest that Etruscans had migrated to Italy from the east, and did not associate them with the Pelasgians.

2989:

Etruscan art was produced by the Etruscan civilization between the 9th and 2nd centuries BC. Particularly strong in this tradition were figurative sculpture in terracotta (particularly lifesize on

8271:

top of the head—has its parallels in images from the eastern Mediterranean. But these features may show only artistic conventions and are therefore of limited value for determining ethnicity.

13855: 829:

bears inscriptions in a language with strong structural resemblances to the language of the Etruscans. The discovery of these inscriptions in modern times has led to the suggestion of a "

1369:, Etruria, and Campania, stated that the Etruscans had no significant heterogeneity, and that all mitochondrial lineages observed among the Etruscan samples appear typically European or 1291:, and Present-day, and concluded that the Etruscans appear as a local population, intermediate between the prehistoric and the other samples, placing in the temporal network between the 9442: 432:. The reduction in Etruscan territory was gradual, but after 500 BC, the political balance of power on the Italian peninsula shifted away from the Etruscans in favor of the rising 856:

and was regarded as an important source and authority for the history of Lydia, never suggested a Lydian origin of the Etruscans and never named Tyrrhenus as a ruler of the Lydians.

13850: 1398:

hazardous", and archaeologists, who argued that the study was not clear-cut and had not provided evidence that the Etruscans were an intrusive population to the European context.

1009:, who have analyzed Bronze Age and Iron Age remains that were excavated in the territory of historical Etruria have pointed out that no evidence has been found, related either to 2955:, and these, together with some city walls, are the only Etruscan constructions to survive. Etruscan architecture is not generally considered as part of the body of Greco-Roman 335:, with a common language and culture who formed a federation of city-states. After conquering adjacent lands, its territory covered, at its greatest extent, roughly what is now 7904: 7861: 4128: 961:

Putto Graziani, hollow-cast bronze on which is engraved the Etruscan inscription "To the god Tec Sans as a gift" (Tec Sans was the protectress of childhood), 3-2nd century BC,

888:, said that the Rhaetians were Etruscans who had been driven into the mountains by the invading Gauls; and he asserted that the inhabitants of Raetia were of Etruscan origin. 3884:) further south to Campania, which was controlled by the Etruscans at the time. In the following centuries the Etruscans consistently used the letters mentioned, so that the 12574: 1642: 6765: 232: 207: 2001:

or sacred ditch. Then, they proceeded to the walls. Romulus was required to kill Remus when the latter jumped over the wall, breaking its magic spell (see also under

3889:

used, including the X for a sh sound. In addition, in writing and language, the emphasis on the first syllable meant that internal vowels were not reproduced, e.g.

2303:

and tribal forms. Rome was in a sense the first Italic state, but it began as an Etruscan one. It is believed that the Etruscan government style changed from total

588:, literally "the Tuscan name". Based on a knowledge of Umbrian grammar, linguists can infer that the base form of the word turskum is *Tursci, which would, through 2934:

Relatively little is known about the architecture of the ancient Etruscans. They adapted the native Italic styles with influence from the external appearance of

684: 8749:

Tassi, Francesca; Ghirotto, Silvia; Caramelli, David; Barbujani, Guido; et al. (2013). "Genetic evidence does not support an Etruscan origin in Anatolia".

1406:

Mediterranean or Anatolia" and "there are indications that the evidence of DNA can support the theory that Etruscan people are autochthonous in central Italy".

5052: 2317:

The government was viewed as being a central authority, ruling over all tribal and clan organizations. It retained the power of life and death; in fact, the

1418: 1393:(two haplotypes in common). While, the modern populations with the shortest genetic distance from the ancient Etruscans, based solely on mtDNA and FST, were 1041:

is most accurately described as an early phase of the Etruscan civilization. It is possible that there were contacts between northern-central Italy and the

1825:, the alternative name for the Etruscans. Although there is no consensus on which cities were in the league, the following list may be close to the mark: 68: 9908: 3240:. This alphabet from Cumae is therefore also called Euboean or Chalcidian Alphabet. The oldest written records of the Etruscans date from around 700 BC. 3158:

in the 8th century BC (until it was no longer used, at the beginning of the 1st century AD). Etruscan inscriptions disappeared from

1471:. In the last Villanovan phase, called the recent phase (about 770–730 BC), the Etruscans established relations of a certain consistency with the first 2722:. It was developed around the area by these early predecessors of the Romans who cultivated plant as nearly as possible in their natural habitat. The 12567: 9011: 10275: 9048: 7272:

transcription, the references in Dennis's footnotes link to the texts in English or Latin; the reader may also find the English of some of them on

2529: 13845: 11597: 9419: 4462: 874:

accuracy as the Greeks, they called them Thyrscoï . Their own name for themselves, however, is the same as that of one of their leaders, Rasenna.

10188:

An undisturbed late Etruscan family tomb, reused between the 3rd and 1st century BC, reassembled in the National Archeological Museum of Perugia

3180:. Out of the aforementioned genres, is just one such Volnio (Volnius) cited in classical sources mentioned. With a few exceptions, such as the 822:

to the Italian peninsula, as part of which the Pelasgians colonized the area he called Tyrrhenia, and they then came to be called Tyrrhenians.

10251: 9434: 11629: 10185: 8648:"The Etruscan skulls of the Rostock anatomical collection – How do they compare with the skeletal findings of the first thousand years B.C.?" 6165: 5347: 5222: 4486: 677:

ca. 530 BCE, showing the narrative of Dionysus's capture by Tyrrhenian pirates and transfiguration of them into dolphins in the seventh

12560: 12260: 11612: 10427: 4474: 4307: 1338:

and the "most likely separation time between Tuscany and Western Anatolia falls around 7,600 years ago", at the time of the migrations of

1053:

Islands, Asia Minor, and the Near East are attested only centuries later, when Etruscan civilization was already flourishing and Etruscan

5552: 1248:, found in an individual dated 700-600 BC, and carried exactly the M314 derived allele also found in a Middle Bronze Age individual from 957: 9465: 3023:

and other fittings, which survive in large numbers where the wooden superstructure has vanished. Etruscan art was strongly connected to

708: 12224: 11154: 4692: 4635: 3531: 13835: 12358: 7899: 7856: 6557: 4079:

The Etruscan alphabet spread across the northern and central parts of the Italian peninsula. It is assumed that the formation of the

3209: 1307: 1276: 10191: 9339:

Briquel, Dominique; Svensson Pär (2007). Etruskerna. Alhambras pocket encyklopedi, 99-1532610-6; 88 (1. uppl.). Furulund: Alhambra.

12265: 10754: 6051: 1487:. In this phase, there was a heavy influence in Greece, most of Italy and some areas of Spain, from the most advanced areas of the 1330:, as already supported by archaeological evidence and anthropological research, and that genetic links between Tuscany and western 865:

The credibility of Dionysius of Halicarnassus is arguably bolstered by the fact that he was the first ancient writer to report the

1877:. The league was mostly an economic and religious league, or a loose confederation, similar to the Greek states. During the later 630:, Robert Beekes claims the Greek word is a "loanword from a Mediterranean language", a hypothesis that goes back to an article by 621:

have speculated that Etruscan houses may have seemed like towers to the simple Latins. The proposed etymology has a long history,

12925: 11830: 10508: 9688:

Nielsen, Marjatta; Rathje, Annette. "Artumes in Etruria—the Borrowed Goddess". In Fischer-Hansen, Tobias; Poulsen, Birte (eds.).

1130:, autosomal DNA being the "most valuable to understand what really happened in an individual's history", as stated by geneticist 9214: 7418: 993:(1947), have shown that early historians' assumptions and assertions on the subject were groundless. In 2000, the etruscologist 788:. They all described Lemnos as having been settled by Pelasgians, whom Thucydides identified as "belonging to the Tyrrhenians" ( 11042: 8162:. Sessions de linguistique et de littérature (in French). Paris: Presses de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (published 1992): 7–35. 408:

The territorial extent of Etruscan civilization reached its maximum around 750 BC, during the foundational period of the

12508: 11671: 10553: 9511: 9123: 9087: 8318: 8185: 8139: 7636: 6909: 6827: 1342:(EEF) from Anatolia to Europe in the early Neolithic. The ancient Etruscan samples had mitochondrial DNA haplogroups (mtDNA) 13227: 12945: 12305: 11580: 11388: 7447: 7439: 7276:

or other Internet sites. As the work has already been done by Dennis and Thayer, the complete work-up is not repeated here.

4292: 3001:, which seems not to have been exploited until the Romans. Most surviving Etruscan art comes from tombs, including all the 1983:

Etruscan settlements were frequently built on hills – the steeper the better – and surrounded by thick walls. According to

745:

who had migrated there from Greece. Others maintained that they were indigenous to central Italy and were not from Greece.

714: 13740: 13483: 13431: 11634: 11497: 10332: 6046: 5891: 4867: 4045: 1702:

managed to expand its sphere of influence at the expense of the Greeks, and Etruria saw itself relegated to the northern

1667:, led to an enrichment of the Etruscans and to the expansion of their influence in the Italian peninsula and the western 381:, considered to be the earliest phase of Etruscan civilization, which itself developed from the previous late Bronze Age 10145:

Etruscan by Definition: The Culture, Regional, and Personal Identity of the Etruscans: Papers in Honor of Sybille Haynes

7711: 7481: 7415:

Some inscriptions, such as the cippus of Cortona, feature the Raśna (pronounced Rashna) alternative, as is described at

3961: 3941: 3080: 1164:

Etruscans were a mixture of WHG, EEF, and Steppe ancestry; 75% of the Etruscan male individuals were found to belong to

13622: 13293: 12353: 11938: 11565: 11398: 11159: 9261: 8382: 8352: 7754: 7362: 6997: 6969: 6724: 6656: 4640: 4346: 2609: 1076:

One of the most common mistakes for a long time, even among some scholars of the past, has been to associate the later

13840: 13734: 13342: 11585: 11560: 11403: 9974: 9641: 9344: 9222: 8989: 8410: 8110: 8039: 7684: 7605: 7513: 7295: 7173: 7031: 6939: 6868: 6792: 6749: 4350: 1365:

An earlier mtDNA study published in 2004, based on about 28 samples of individuals, who lived from 600 to 100 BC, in

703:

Urn in the shape of a hut, which represents the typical Etruscan house of the Villanovan phase, 8th century BC, from

318: 9501: 9113: 8504:(6466). Washington D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science (published November 8, 2019): 708–714. 5651: 12583: 11957: 11238: 11124: 9077: 7050: 6605: 5057: 4605: 3936: 2947:

the nearest approach to them to survive. In the southern Etruscan area, tombs have large rock-cut chambers under a

1141:

An archeogenetic study focusing on the question of Etruscan origins was published in September 2021 in the journal

985:

There is no archaeological or linguistic evidence of a migration of the Lydians or Pelasgians into Etruria. Modern

332: 17: 3922:, around 70 objects with model alphabets have been preserved from the early period. The most famous of these are: 3011:

wares in black were the early and native styles of fine Etruscan pottery. There was also a tradition of elaborate

2037:) river. A heavily discussed topic among scholars is who was the founding population of Rome. In 390 BC, the 1377:

were shared with modern populations. Allele sharing between the Etruscans and modern populations is highest among

13752: 12081: 11993: 11840: 11835: 11666: 11534: 10707: 10240: 10216: 8180:. Mélanges de l'École française de Rome: Antiquité (in Italian). Vol. 126–2. Rome: École française de Rome. 5949: 5646: 4507: 4069: 1326:) and to other Tuscan populations, strongly suggesting that the Etruscan civilization developed locally from the 923:. All are divided into a number of states. The Raeti are believed to be people of Tuscan race driven out by the 13860: 13728: 13632: 13576: 12734: 12029: 11617: 11094: 10668: 9321: 8935: 7327: 7135: 5674: 4685: 4575: 4230: 2583: 2512: 2127:

of Avele Feluske, who is shown as a warrior wielding the fasces. The most telling Etruscan feature is the word

401:

in 90 BC, and only in 27 BC the whole Etruscan territory was incorporated into the newly established

13617: 13551: 13350: 13082: 13005: 12856: 12280: 12111: 11998: 11529: 11524: 10230: 8176:

Bartoloni, Gilda (2014). "Gli artigiani metallurghi e il processo formativo nelle "Origini" degli Etruschi".

6550: 6434: 4932: 4480: 4422: 4417: 4401: 2408: 1062: 741:

ancient writers differed in their theories about the origin of the Etruscan people. Some suggested they were

3844:. The science of writing quickly reached central and northern Etruria. From there, the alphabet spread from 3030:

The Etruscan musical instruments seen in frescoes and bas-reliefs are different types of pipes, such as the

2054:, the "Etruscan quarter", and that there was an Etruscan line of kings (albeit ones descended from a Greek, 12039: 11978: 11963: 11815: 11676: 11129: 10590: 10498: 10123: 9673:

Maras, Daniele F. (2015). "Etruscan and Italic Literacy and the Case of Rome". In Bloome, W. Martin (ed.).

7092:

Bartoloni, Gilda (2000). "Le origini e la diffusione della cultura villanoviana". In Torelli, Mario (ed.).

5067: 4610: 4543: 4027: 3043: 2862: 2631: 603:

As for the original meaning of the root, *Turs-, a widely cited hypothesis is that it, like the word Latin

464:

to the north and the Greeks to the south, and they filled their large family tombs with imported luxuries.

8647: 7587: 7074:(2000). "Le origini degli Etruschi: una questione dibattuta fin dall'antichità". In Torelli, Mario (ed.). 1749:

had started annexing Etruscan cities. This led to the loss of the northern Etruscan provinces. During the

1275:

Among the older studies, only based on mitochondrial DNA, a mtDNA study, published in 2018 in the journal

13865: 13746: 13698: 13389: 12876: 12383: 12101: 11947: 11729: 11639: 11539: 11425: 11393: 11078: 10658: 10271: 8283: 7464: 7251: 6570: 5911: 4656: 4497: 3100: 2271: 1671:. Here, their interests collided with those of the Greeks, especially in the sixth century BC, when 1257: 460:

families. At the height of Etruscan power, elite Etruscan families grew very rich through trade with the

5656: 1698:

led to a new distribution of power in the western Mediterranean. Though the battle had no clear winner,

688:

Biconical cinerary urn with crest-shaped helmet lid, 9th–8th century BC, from Monterozzi (Fontanaccia),

13692: 13686: 13637: 13627: 13057: 13042: 12905: 12438: 12066: 11886: 11793: 11766: 11701: 11575: 11109: 11035: 10653: 10579: 10422: 9155: 7962: 7926: 7723: 7459: 7388: 6439: 6409: 4590: 4549: 3919: 3523: 3201: 3185: 2939: 2498: 845: 622: 496: 9411: 3005:

wall-paintings, a minority of which show scenes of feasting and some narrative mythological subjects.

2374: 13804: 13087: 12468: 12234: 12157: 12121: 11139: 11104: 11099: 10620: 10600: 10442: 10407: 10291: 10060: 9542: 6848: 6389: 6178: 6115: 5681: 5402: 4678: 4620: 4585: 4580: 4108: 3107:, and the majority consensus is that Etruscan is related only to other members of what is called the 3042:), the alabaster pipe and the famous double pipes, accompanied on percussion instruments such as the 3016: 2421: 2378: 2025:'. This in itself, however, is not enough to prove Etruscan origin conclusively. If Tiberius is from 1045:

at the end of the Bronze Age. However contacts between the inhabitants of Etruria and inhabitants of

693: 657: 7264:

The entire subject with complete ancient sources in footnotes was worked up by George Dennis in his

4950: 2432: 2009:

meaning 'Roman', a form that mirrors other attested ethnonyms in that language with the same suffix

1205:

from the Orientalizing period (700-600 BC). The study concluded that Etruscans (900–600 BC) and the

1187:

The conclusions of the 2021 study are in line with a 2019 study previously published in the journal

580:

is thought by linguists to have been the Umbrian word for "Etruscan", based on an inscription on an

13710: 13062: 12915: 12851: 12483: 12473: 12453: 12423: 12378: 12076: 11918: 11850: 11820: 11800: 11681: 11357: 11322: 11119: 10797: 8398: 6543: 6525: 6462: 6009: 5961: 5926: 5716: 4922: 4600: 4335: 4193: 3104: 2184: 1464: 1131: 1034: 972: 937: 589: 382: 212: 10295: 9966: 7124:

Etruscan Italy: Etruscan Influences on the Civilizations of Italy from Antiquity to the Modern Era

6219: 4083:, probably in the 6th century BC, was fundamentally influenced by Etruscan. The characters of the 2881:, the earth goddess. In addition, some Greek and Roman gods were inspired by the Etruscan system: 1767: 13798: 13473: 13365: 13327: 12822: 12752: 12363: 12126: 11983: 11953: 11928: 11845: 11805: 11744: 11643: 11408: 11378: 10817: 10325: 10110: 8601:"The female ancestor's tale: Long-term matrilineal continuity in a nonisolated region of Tuscany" 6199: 5956: 5809: 5641: 5540: 5235: 5092: 4493: 4365: 4282: 4039: 2973: 2566: 1750: 1237: 1233: 1160: 1119: 907: 780:, did seem to suggest that the Tyrrhenians were originally Pelasgians who migrated to Italy from 394: 8580: 5307: 946: 721:

pendant with a large equilateral cross of concentric circles flanked by four small right-facing

13758: 13704: 13652: 13642: 13478: 13421: 13092: 12061: 12049: 11825: 11810: 11502: 11144: 10638: 10633: 8373:

Perkins, Phil (2009). "DNA and Etruscan identity". In Perkins, Phil; Swaddling, Judith (eds.).

6531: 6507: 6064: 5566: 4937: 4625: 3832:

The script with these letters was first used in southern Etruria around 700 BC in the Etruscan

3012: 2956: 2485: 1339: 1229: 1197:

individuals from the areas around Rome, of which four were Etruscan individuals, one buried in

1090: 825:

There is some evidence suggesting a link between the island of Lemnos and the Tyrrhenians. The

9032:

The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age

8340: 8236:

The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age

8219:(1989). "Divergent trajectories in central Italy 1200–500 BC". In Champion, Timothy C. (ed.). 8100: 7165: 2282: 2119:. An example of the fasces are the remains of bronze rods and the axe from a tomb in Etruscan 1954: 768:"non-Greek" and "indigenous ancestors of Greeks", respectively. The 5th-century BC historians 443:

that date to around 700 BC. The Etruscans developed a system of writing derived from the

13722: 13566: 13518: 13504: 13332: 13072: 12985: 12935: 12614: 12368: 12295: 12275: 12189: 12138: 11896: 11876: 11686: 11248: 11134: 11114: 11028: 10643: 10548: 10478: 10199: 10157: 9957:

in Greek Vase Painting". In Faulkner, Andrew; Vergados, Athanassios; Schwab, Andreas (eds.).

9457: 9253: 8600: 8599:

Leonardi, Michela; Sandionigi, Anna; Conzato, Annalisa; Vai, Stefania; Lari, Martina (2018).

8253:. Enciclopedia del Mediterraneo (in Italian). Vol. 26. Milan: Jaca Book. pp. 10–19. 8130:

Briquel, Dominique (2013). "Etruscan Origins and the Ancient Authors". In Turfa, Jean (ed.).

7984: 7216: 5746: 5382: 4615: 4595: 4517: 4051:

Building inscription of the tomb of San Manno near Perugia – 30-word consecration inscription

3930: 3135: 2982: 2914: 1972: 1359: 1343: 1206: 1098: 884: 10452: 10235: 5896: 3971:

The most important Etruscan written monuments that contain a large number of words include:

1177: 1169: 13770: 13647: 13586: 13571: 13494: 13458: 13414: 13404: 13182: 13154: 12960: 12804: 12702: 12646: 12219: 12034: 11923: 11901: 11555: 11453: 11337: 11205: 10880: 9912: 9624:(2014). "Ethnicity and Language in the Ancient Mediterranean". In McInerney, Jeremy (ed.). 8703: 8505: 8445: 8031: 7190:"A good map of the Italian range and cities of the culture at the beginning of its history" 6960:

Benelli, Enrico (2021). "Le origini. Dai racconti del mito all'evidenza dell'archeologia".

6889: 6424: 6194: 5871: 5836: 5634: 5367: 5287: 4997: 4992: 4777: 4433: 4224: 4148: 2978: 2287: 2055: 1948: 1484: 1351: 1347: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1245: 1181: 1094: 1077: 1070: 811: 7127: 7114: 4054: 760:. He mentioned them as residing in central Italy alongside the Latins. The 7th-century BC 8: 13792: 13523: 13426: 13409: 13399: 13254: 13177: 13000: 12995: 12930: 12830: 12740: 12503: 12493: 12448: 12214: 12179: 12174: 11891: 11512: 11448: 11368: 10749: 10678: 10673: 8984:]. Translated by Waight, Caroline (I ed.). New York: Random House. p. 217. 8306: 6399: 5751: 5360: 5302: 4957: 4912: 4395: 4383: 4360: 4262: 3108: 3075: 1715: 1085:. Actually, many of the tombs of the Late Orientalizing and Archaic periods, such as the 830: 504: 9916: 8707: 8509: 8449: 8432:"The origin and legacy of the Etruscans through a 2000-year archeogenomic time transect" 3015:, which sprung from its Greek equivalent; the Etruscans were the main export market for 2765: 1783:

According to legend, there was a period between 600 BC and 500 BC in which an

13830: 13716: 13612: 13607: 13602: 13581: 13546: 13541: 13499: 13463: 13322: 13217: 13139: 13112: 13052: 12955: 12940: 12778: 12758: 12478: 12463: 12443: 12300: 12241: 12194: 12116: 11973: 11943: 11933: 11908: 11881: 11788: 11781: 11717: 11473: 11468: 11185: 10792: 10743: 10362: 10318: 10098: 9950: 9933: 9894: 9578: 8916: 8862: 8837: 8813: 8788: 8726: 8691: 8628: 8536: 8493: 8466: 8431: 8059: 7673: 7610: 7486: 7232: 6615: 6497: 6429: 6414: 6404: 6384: 6349: 6324: 6299: 6182: 5741: 5706: 5616: 5571: 5527: 5372: 5032: 4917: 4356: 4296: 3999: 3225: 2935: 2807: 2802:, a childlike figure born from tilled land and immediately gifted with prescience, and 2711: 1784: 1651: 1460: 1454: 1327: 1086: 1038: 990: 950: 941: 378: 149: 8663: 3958:). This syllabic writing system was probably used to practice the written characters. 2861:

Ruling over this pantheon of lesser deities were higher ones that seem to reflect the

2093:

were traditionally considered of Etruscan origin – the golden crown, the sceptre, the

1201:

from the Villanovan era (900-800 BC) and three buried in La Mattonara Necropolis near

374:

that is identifiably Etruscan dates from about 900 BC. This is the period of the

13561: 13556: 13489: 13448: 13442: 13283: 13202: 13197: 13192: 13187: 12990: 12970: 12920: 12910: 12891: 12428: 12418: 12290: 12204: 12169: 12096: 12086: 11864: 11734: 11648: 11478: 11458: 11432: 11420: 11215: 11210: 11195: 11190: 11175: 11007: 10840: 10787: 10696: 10688: 10573: 10538: 10488: 10043: 10008: 9970: 9938: 9899: 9637: 9507: 9340: 9317: 9257: 9246: 9218: 9119: 9083: 8985: 8955: 8908: 8867: 8818: 8766: 8731: 8667: 8620: 8541: 8471: 8406: 8378: 8348: 8314: 8181: 8155: 8135: 8106: 8105:. Oxford Companions (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 291–292. 8077: 8035: 7750: 7680: 7653: 7509: 7426: 7323: 7311: 7291: 7169: 7158: 7131: 7071: 7027: 6993: 6965: 6935: 6905: 6864: 6823: 6788: 6745: 6720: 6652: 6600: 6590: 6419: 6319: 6145: 6120: 5921: 5831: 5821: 5796: 5337: 5297: 5157: 5147: 5002: 4902: 4877: 4737: 4725: 4501: 4311: 4143: 4088: 4033: 4022: 3547: 3189: 3071: 3024: 2835: 2755: 2739: 2625: 1988: 1965: 1943: 1668: 1492: 1426: 1299: 1189: 1173: 1165: 1135: 1082: 994: 807: 614: 456: 398: 102: 92: 8920: 8632: 8444:(39). Washington DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science: eabi7673. 8080:(2000). "Le origini degli Etruschi: una questione dibattuta sin dall'antichità". In 5966: 13778: 13360: 13355: 13278: 13212: 13207: 13077: 13047: 13015: 12871: 12816: 12795: 12773: 12552: 12498: 12320: 12270: 12251: 12246: 12199: 12106: 12044: 12024: 12012: 11968: 11771: 11751: 11739: 11602: 11483: 11200: 11063: 11055: 10730: 10701: 10628: 10528: 10465: 10372: 10367: 10357: 10349: 10195: 10140: 10012: 9962: 9928: 9920: 9629: 8947: 8898: 8857: 8849: 8808: 8800: 8758: 8721: 8711: 8659: 8612: 8531: 8521: 8513: 8461: 8453: 8436: 8027: 7629: 7315: 6897: 6856: 6695: 6685: 6595: 6359: 6110: 6095: 6075: 6016: 5901: 5861: 5761: 5729: 5661: 5596: 5497: 5477: 5387: 5242: 5142: 5087: 5042: 5027: 4117: 4092: 4084: 4030:– grave inscription of Laris Pulena with nine lines of text on a sarcophagus scroll 4009: 3965: 3193: 3172: 3124: 3112: 3084: 2874: 2675: 2525: 2427: 2404: 2267: 1938: 1776: 1711: 1695: 1688: 1468: 1442: 1143: 1018: 1014: 1010: 849: 647: 618: 473: 444: 439:

The earliest known examples of Etruscan writing are inscriptions found in southern

386: 286: 11570: 8611:(3). New York City: John Wiley & Sons (published September 6, 2018): 497–506. 6990:

Gli etruschi tra VIII e VII secolo a.C. nel territorio di Castelfranco Emilia (MO)

6125: 953:, one of the world's great archaeological finds, 2nd quarter of the 6th century BC 13301: 13269: 13264: 13244: 13107: 13067: 13037: 13020: 12980: 12965: 12950: 12881: 12866: 12783: 12763: 12636: 12408: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12285: 12209: 12071: 11590: 11488: 11373: 11273: 11180: 10832: 10725: 10648: 10518: 10513: 10417: 10397: 10186:(Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici dell'Umbria) "The Cai Cutu Etruscan tomb" 9621: 9187: 8973: 8716: 8403:

Who We Are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past

8291: 8178:" Origines " : percorsi di ricerca sulle identità etniche nell'Italia antica 7615: 7491: 7469: 7189: 6575: 6502: 6394: 6289: 6244: 6160: 6135: 5991: 5971: 5931: 5876: 5766: 5621: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5492: 5217: 5202: 5137: 4987: 4927: 4792: 4708: 4537: 4340: 3881: 3873: 3865: 3853: 3849: 3833: 3120: 3035: 2870: 2855: 2823: 2659: 2653: 2400: 2296: 2123:. This allowed archaeologists to identify the depiction of a fasces on the grave 2038: 1984: 1960: 1902: 1891: 1762: 1719: 1664: 1637: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1414: 1386: 1378: 1221: 1115: 966: 902: 898: 834: 631: 136: 13159: 8201:

Bagnasco Gianni, Giovanna. "Origine degli Etruschi". In Bartoloni, Gilda (ed.).

7053:(2000). "I caratteri originali della civiltà Etrusca". In Torelli, Mario (ed.). 2045:, and as a result may have lost many – though not all – of its earlier records. 748:

The first Greek author to mention the Etruscans, whom the Ancient Greeks called

13784: 13680: 13674: 13274: 13249: 13122: 13117: 13102: 13097: 13032: 13027: 13010: 12975: 12768: 12746: 12690: 12629: 12541: 12488: 12458: 12403: 12310: 12184: 12131: 12091: 11761: 11756: 11607: 11507: 11463: 11415: 11363: 11317: 11285: 11243: 11220: 10855: 10736: 10663: 10493: 10473: 10437: 10074: 9027: 8951: 8216: 8019: 7533: 6690: 6673: 6492: 6364: 6249: 6204: 6068: 5841: 5791: 5522: 5292: 5105: 4962: 4892: 4812: 4468: 4272: 4252: 4187: 4080: 4060: 3985: 3177: 3147: 2998: 2719: 2692: 2667: 2453: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2200: 2165: 2062: 2002: 1821:, or Tarquinnii, as it was known by the Romans. Tyrrhenus gave his name to the 1800: 1703: 1633: 1311: 581: 550: 452: 433: 352: 327:) was an ancient civilization created by the Etruscans, a people who inhabited 177: 9633: 9394: 8887:"Mosaics of ancient mitochondrial DNA: positive indicators of nonauthenticity" 8223:. London and New York: Taylor & Francis (published 2005). pp. 89–102. 3914:. Small Etruscan bottle from 630 to 620 BCE with an early form of the alphabet 3188:

that remain are inscriptions, mainly funerary. The language is written in the

1809:). According to a legend, the Etruscan League of twelve cities was founded by 1151:

and the uniparental markers (Y-DNA and mtDNA) of 48 Iron Age individuals from

13824: 13468: 13306: 12810: 12684: 12656: 12413: 12054: 11624: 11312: 11290: 11149: 10950: 10812: 10720: 10714: 10595: 10392: 9998: 8134:. London and New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 36–56. 8081: 7719: 7455: 6815: 6811: 6457: 6294: 6214: 6209: 6036: 5981: 5976: 5736: 5711: 5701: 5691: 5576: 5487: 5482: 5452: 5407: 5377: 5342: 5152: 5122: 4742: 4630: 4181: 4160: 4018: 3975: 3229: 3181: 3140: 3019:. Etruscan temples were heavily decorated with colorfully painted terracotta 2942:

began with Etruscan styles, and then accepted still further Greek influence.

2878: 2749: 2253: 2247: 2180: 2155: 2150: 2145: 1992: 1656: 1202: 1180:, while the most common mitochondrial DNA haplogroup among the Etruscans was 1148: 1123: 799: 448: 409: 389:

system. Etruscan civilization dominated Italy until it fell to the expanding

9924: 8903: 8886: 8517: 6309: 6254: 5881: 5851: 3236:

from the western Greek colonists that came from their homeland, the Euboean

12841: 12696: 12676: 12531: 12338: 12143: 11913: 11517: 11383: 11332: 11307: 11011: 10930: 10822: 10802: 10483: 10432: 9942: 8959: 8912: 8871: 8822: 8770: 8735: 8671: 8624: 8545: 8475: 8457: 7269: 7119: 6585: 6472: 6467: 6354: 6339: 6239: 6229: 6224: 6150: 6140: 6080: 6021: 5986: 5786: 5696: 5686: 5447: 5442: 5112: 5022: 4762: 4668: 4389: 4218: 4174: 2994: 2968: 2943: 2562: 2505: 2457: 2210: 2170: 2050: 1878: 1772: 1746: 1742: 1480: 1472: 1284: 1210: 1058: 1054: 1006: 826: 718: 662: 402: 390: 258: 225: 9435:"Ancient Roman wine production may hold clues for battling climate change" 7576:

were used less often, mainly by Cicero and Horace, and they lack cognates.

6901: 6860: 2789:; that is, all visible phenomena were considered to be a manifestation of 13394: 13259: 12433: 12373: 12343: 11696: 11327: 10807: 10782: 10382: 6610: 6279: 6234: 6189: 6130: 6100: 6090: 5996: 5916: 5586: 5502: 5432: 5392: 5177: 5047: 4907: 4757: 4530: 4443: 4198: 3906: 3885: 3146:

Etruscan texts, written in a space of seven centuries, use a form of the

2990: 2707: 2205: 2194: 2189: 2175: 2160: 2102: 2070: 1822: 1288: 1057:

was well established. The first of these attested contacts relate to the

986: 749: 515: 511: 10310: 8526: 3663: 3353: 3290: 3283: 3269: 2085:– seem to be Etruscan. The last kings may have borne the Etruscan title 802:(who was king of Lydia). Strabo added that the Pelasgians of Lemnos and 11691: 11300: 10764: 8762: 8616: 8430:

Posth, Cosimo; Zaro, Valentina; Spyrou, Maria A. (September 24, 2021).

7273: 7202:

The topic of the "League of Etruria" is covered in Freeman, pp. 562–65.

6988:

Neri, Diana (2012). "Il periodo villanoviano nell'Emilia occidentale".

6700: 6477: 6284: 6105: 5781: 5581: 5397: 5277: 5247: 5127: 4982: 4716: 4523: 3926: 3705: 3539: 3409: 3116: 2952: 2928: 2786: 2328: 2308: 2111:. The latter was a bundle of whipping rods surrounding a double-bladed 1887: 1488: 1292: 1280: 1225: 1050: 1042: 1022: 1002: 794:). As Strabo and Herodotus told it, the migration to Lemnos was led by 773: 742: 593: 263: 82: 3550:

in this model alphabet were mirrored and arranged from right to left:

3311: 1021:; there is nothing about it that suggests an ethnic contribution from 12661: 10975: 10960: 10935: 10905: 10875: 10543: 10377: 8982:

Die Reise unserer Gene: Eine Geschichte über uns und unsere Vorfahren

8377:. London: The British Museum Research Publications. pp. 95–111. 6744:. Duckworth Archaeological Histories. London: Duckworth. p. 32. 6482: 6379: 6369: 5866: 5846: 5257: 5252: 5007: 4977: 4967: 4852: 4837: 4802: 4210: 4204: 3955: 3900: 3869: 3841: 3430: 3395: 3381: 3325: 3297: 3150:

due to close contact between the Etruscans and the Greek colonies at

3095: 2851: 2576: 2572: 2552: 2470: 2120: 1914: 1858: 1854: 1846: 1830: 1818: 1814: 1738: 1374: 1370: 1335: 1102: 1026: 920: 795: 769: 689: 417: 348: 73:

Extent of Etruscan civilization and the twelve Etruscan League cities

10850: 9895:"Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean" 9458:"Vite Maritata, an Ancient Vine-Growing Technique, Makes a Comeback" 9018:, Treccani, Rome 1997, vol. VII, p. 1173 e s 1970, p. 922. (Italian) 8494:"Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean" 8099:

Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther, eds. (2014).

7345:"Celti ed Etruschi nell'Etruria Padana e nell'Italia settentrionale" 3996:) – ritual text as a bustrophedon with 62 lines and around 300 words 3388: 3346: 3318: 3304: 13379: 12861: 12666: 12609: 12348: 12333: 12328: 12229: 11263: 11258: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10965: 10945: 10777: 10772: 10563: 10523: 10412: 10255: 9163: 9052: 8853: 8804: 7344: 7247: 6892:(2017). "The Etruscans". In Farney, Gary D.; Bradley, Gary (eds.). 6851:(2014). "Ethnicity and the Etruscans". In McInerney, Jeremy (ed.). 6772:. Translated by Hartmann, Thomas Michael. Los Angeles: Getty Trust. 6487: 6314: 6031: 6026: 5601: 5591: 5437: 5327: 5322: 5267: 5262: 5197: 5192: 5012: 4872: 4862: 4857: 4832: 4767: 4406: 3946: 3845: 3670: 3535: 3416: 3402: 3367: 3360: 3233: 3221: 3115:, that is unrelated directly to other known language groups. Since 3051: 3008: 2919: 2898: 2790: 2783: 2638: 2619: 2613: 2599: 2540: 2536: 2478: 2466: 2395:. The Etruscans were a monogamous society that emphasized pairing. 2311: 2304: 2300: 1997: 1906: 1895: 1874: 1862: 1727: 1699: 1676: 1646:

Etruscan territories and major spread pathways of Etruscan products

1382: 1331: 1303: 1194: 1066: 977: 815: 757: 722: 425: 412:. Its culture flourished in three confederacies of cities: that of 375: 364: 356: 132: 8264:

de Grummond, Nancy Thomson (2014). "Ethnicity and the Etruscans".

7907:

from the original on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022.

7864:

from the original on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022.

7860:. Book VI, Chapter II. Perseus Digital Library. Tufts University. 7564:

was clearly the principal term used to designate things Etruscan;

3332: 1279:, compared both ancient and modern samples from Tuscany, from the 791:τὸ δὲ πλεῖστον Πελασγικόν, τῶν καὶ Λῆμνόν ποτε καὶ Ἀθήνας Τυρσηνῶν 607:, means "tower", and comes from the ancient Greek word for tower: 393:

beginning in the late 4th century BC as a result of the

12641: 12602: 11295: 11020: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10900: 10895: 10885: 10860: 10558: 10387: 6580: 6344: 6269: 6085: 5886: 5826: 5776: 5771: 5756: 5606: 5547: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5422: 5312: 5282: 5272: 5187: 5172: 5077: 5072: 4972: 4897: 4882: 4827: 4797: 4787: 4013: 3911: 3868:) to the Po Valley. In southern Etruria, the writing spread from 3857: 3538:. A western Greek model alphabet is engraved on the edge of this 3276: 3255: 3237: 3197: 3163: 3088: 3059: 3047: 3020: 2948: 2924: 2894: 2886: 2847: 2819: 2715: 2697: 2437: 2132: 2090: 1918: 1866: 1842: 1838: 1810: 1787:

was formed among twelve Etruscan settlements, known today as the

1726:

and Campania weakened, and the area was taken over by Romans and

1707: 1684: 1672: 1394: 1390: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1249: 1152: 916: 866: 726: 674: 573: 569: 483: 440: 413: 371: 336: 328: 268: 8249:

d'Agostino, Bruno (2003). "Teorie sull'origine degli Etruschi".

7903:. Book V, Chapter II. Perseus Digital Library. Tufts University. 7630:"'Cui bono?' The beneficiary phrases of the third Iguvine table" 7115:"The origins of the Etruscans: new evidence for an old question" 6964:(in Italian). Milan: Idea Libri-Rusconi Editore. pp. 9–24. 6719:. Edinburgh: National Museums Scotland Enterprises. p. 13. 5132: 3740: 3733: 3684: 3621: 3262: 2923:

3D view, facing west, of the Etruscan Hypogeum of the Volumnis,

2730:

that naturally intertwine with trees such as maples or willows.

1385:

from the South West of Britain (five haplotypes in common), the

931: 13149: 11988: 10605: 10533: 10071:. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 405–422. 8748: 7894: 7851: 7791:

Kretschmer, Paul. "Nordische Lehnwörter im Altgriechischen" in

7545: 7541: 7228: 7126:. Provo, UT: Museum of Art, Brigham Young University. pp. 6374: 6304: 6264: 6259: 6155: 6041: 5936: 5906: 5816: 5561: 5557: 5457: 5412: 5332: 5207: 5182: 4887: 4847: 4842: 4822: 4817: 4772: 4012:– travertine block with 46 lines and about 125 words from near 4006:) – contract text with a length of 32 lines and about 200 words 3891: 3861: 3726: 3719: 3712: 3698: 3691: 3677: 3656: 3649: 3642: 3635: 3628: 3614: 3607: 3600: 3593: 3586: 3579: 3572: 3565: 3423: 3374: 3213: 3167: 3159: 3151: 3119:(1998), it is widely accepted that the Tyrsenian family groups 3039: 3002: 2890: 2882: 2839: 2831: 2803: 2461: 2318: 2116: 2107: 2022: 1834: 1826: 1723: 1660: 1476: 1366: 1046: 853: 819: 803: 785: 777: 753: 734: 360: 340: 9628:. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 17–33. 9484:

Etruscan Mythology, Sacred History and Legend: An Introduction

7508:. Philadelphia: Penn Museum of Archaeology. pp. 201–208. 7397:

The syncopated form, Rasna, is inscriptional and is inflected.

3339: 310: 13127: 12651: 12624: 11268: 11051: 10995: 10955: 10940: 10890: 10865: 10845: 10610: 10585: 10568: 10402: 10203: 10050:, series Civilisations U, éditions Armand Colin, Paris, 1993. 9656: 8688: 7798: 7712: 7448: 7440: 6329: 6274: 5856: 5611: 5417: 5317: 5212: 5167: 5162: 5117: 5082: 5037: 4807: 4782: 4732: 3837: 3543: 3527: 3522:

One of the oldest Etruscan written documents is found on the

3217: 3155: 3031: 2902: 2866: 2843: 2827: 2799: 2794: 2772: 2727: 2592: 2558: 2491: 2441: 2124: 2074: 2066: 2042: 2034: 1926: 1922: 1910: 1870: 1804: 1680: 1253: 1241: 1156: 1127: 789: 781: 730: 704: 668: 666: 608: 529: 519: 461: 344: 253: 9302:. Trans. Alfred Church and William Brodribb. New York, 2003. 8598: 7156:

Rix, Helmut (2008). "Etruscan". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.).

1753:, Etruria was conquered by Rome in the 3rd century BC. 1650:

Etruscan expansion was focused both to the north beyond the

13856:

States and territories disestablished in the 1st century BC

12619: 11776: 11253: 10970: 10870: 10113:, editor. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1975). 10031:

Etruscan Life and Afterlife: A Handbook of Etruscan Studies

9335: 9333: 8568: 8556: 8492:

Antonio, Margaret L.; Gao, Ziyue; M. Moots, Hannah (2019).

8304: 8268:. Chichester, Uk: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 413–414. 8238:. Enciclopedia del Mediterraneo. London: Thames and Hudson. 8205:(in Italian). Milan: Ulrico Hoepli Editore. pp. 47–81. 7980: 7537: 7212: 6992:(in Italian). Florence: All'Insegna del Giglio. p. 9. 6334: 5427: 5062: 4752: 4747: 3877: 3196:. Many thousand inscriptions in Etruscan are known, mostly 3055: 2811: 2723: 2663: 2518: 2386: 1883: 1850: 1734: 1659:

in the south. The mining and commerce of metal, especially

1422: 1198: 962: 924: 879: 838: 429: 421: 9046: 8375:

Etruscan by Definition: Papers in Honour of Sybille Haynes

8098: 8022:(2010). "Italy, Languages of". In Gagarin, Michael (ed.). 2977:

5th century BC fresco of dancers and musicians,

584:

from a nearby region. The inscription contains the phrase

8221:

Centre and Periphery – Comparative Studies in Archaeology

7890: 7888: 6787:(in Italian). Rome: L'Erma di Bretschneider. p. 15. 4095:

languages can also be traced back to Etruscan alphabets.

3027:; the afterlife was of major importance in Etruscan art. 2314:(as the Roman Republic) in the 6th century BC. 2112: 1995:

according to Etruscan ritual; that is, they began with a

1459:

The Etruscan civilization begins with the early Iron Age

1448: 1355: 301: 289: 13851:

States and territories established in the 9th century BC

10005:, Oxford; Chichester; Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell, 2016. 9330: 8978:

A Short History of Humanity: A New History of Old Europe

8026:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 97–102. 7024:

La cultura villanoviana. All'inizio della storia etrusca

7017: 7015: 7013: 6822:. The Peoples of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 44. 3546:. In accordance with later Etruscan writing habits, the 2105:), and above all the primary symbol of state power: the 2065:, the people were said to have been divided into thirty 2005:). The name of Rome is attested in Etruscan in the form 1964:, long considered an Etruscan bronze, feeding the twins 1240:(Etruscans ~27–33%, Latins ~24–37%). The only sample of 1097:, as well as other tombs from the archaic period in the 10198:-licensed photos, laser scans, panoramas), data from a 7747:

The Etruscan Language: An Introduction, Revised Edition

7087: 7085: 6855:. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 405–422. 4057:– Clockwise dedication inscription on a bucchero bottle 2048:

Later history relates that some Etruscans lived in the

1714:. A few years later, in 474 BC, Syracuse's tyrant 1138:

analysis, which contains less and limited information.

9893:

Antonio, Margaret L.; et al. (November 8, 2019).

7961: 7925: 7885: 7387: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2322: 161:• Last Etruscan cities formally absorbed by Rome 49: 10290: 10069:

A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean

9677:. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. p. 202. 9626:

A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean

9526: 7363:"Etruschi e Celti della Gallia meridionale – parte 1" 7066: 7064: 7045: 7043: 7010: 6853:

A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean

1898:, where a leader was chosen to represent the league. 319: 307: 304: 12582: 9953:(2016). "Visualizing Divinity: The Reception of the 9692:. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 261. 9527:

Boëthius, Axel; Ling, Roger; Rasmussen, Tom (1994).

9520: 9007: 9005: 7082: 7026:(in Italian) (III ed.). Rome: Carocci editore. 2327:, "district". Etruscan texts name quite a number of 2138: 1236:; Etruscans ~66–72%, Latins ~62–75%), and one-third 556:

The ancient Romans referred to the Etruscans as the

298: 295: 11535:

Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia

9961:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 29–52. 9909:

American Association for the Advancement of Science

9690:

From Artemis to Diana: The Goddess of Man and Beast

9495: 9493: 9486:. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology. 9477: 9475: 9311: 8405:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 53–59. 8266:

Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean

7503: 6672:Potts, Charlotte R.; Smith, Christopher J. (2022). 2850:, whose name is related in some way to the city of 2331:, without much of a hint as to their function: The 1441:) "developed on the continent in the course of the 1122:of Etruscan samples have been published, including 576:", which can refer to their wider region. The term 292: 10296:"Britannica. Ancient Italic people: the Etruscans" 10024:Out of Etruria: Etruscan Influence North and South 9557: 9393: 9245: 9111: 8786: 8491: 8282: 8242: 8024:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome 7672: 7290:(3rd ed.). Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 28. 7157: 7113: 7061: 7040: 3949:vessel from the necropolis of Sorbo near Cerveteri 1419:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology 976:Sarcophagus of the Spouses, about 1st century BC, 9391: 9243: 9002: 7652: 2605:260 BC: Subjugation by the Gauls in the Po Valley 2481:coalition against Greece off the coast of Corsica 2452:The Etruscans, like the contemporary cultures of 1691:, whose interests also collided with the Greeks. 1687:. This led the Etruscans to ally themselves with 1334:date back to at least 5,000 years ago during the 385:in the same region, part of the central European 13822: 10019:. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002. 9490: 9472: 9212: 9042: 9040: 8171: 8169: 7744: 7406:The topic is covered in Pallottino, p. 133. 7310: 6843: 6841: 6839: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6634: 3232:in the 8th century BC. The Etruscans adopted an 3228:, the Etruscans came under the influence of the 2658:The range of Etruscan civilization is marked by 2077:, but the names of at least two of the tribes – 1134:, whereas previously studies were based only on 568:). Their Roman name is the origin of the terms " 13768: 9481: 9248:Cultures and Values: A survey of the humanities 8692:"Origins and evolution of the Etruscans' mtDNA" 8429: 7231:as a remnant of the 12 cities "beyond the 6810: 4036:– model of a sheep's liver with 40 inscriptions 3903:also distinguish between Old and New Etruscan. 428:. The league in northern Italy is mentioned in 10192:Hypogeum of the Volumnis digital media archive 10033:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1986. 9892: 9611:, Newton & Compton publishers, Rome, 1977. 9282:Rome: A cultural, visual, and personal history 9049:"L'Italia preromana. I siti etruschi: Bologna" 8782: 8780: 8586: 8574: 8562: 8487: 8485: 8368: 8366: 8364: 8334: 8332: 8330: 8276: 8257: 8248: 8158:(1990). "Le problème des origines étrusques". 8102:The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization 8092: 8088:(in Italian). Milan: Bompiani. pp. 43–51. 8052: 7745:Bonfante, Giuliano; Bonfante, Larissa (2002). 7322:(Rev. ed.). Manchester University Press. 7096:(in Italian). Milan: Bompiani. pp. 53–71. 7078:(in Italian). Milan: Bompiani. pp. 43–51. 7057:(in Italian). Milan: Bompiani. pp. 25–41. 6955: 6953: 6951: 6925: 6923: 6921: 2691:The Etruscans were aware of the techniques of 1917:city-states in northern Italy, which included 42: 12568: 11036: 10326: 10088:. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. 9614: 9316:(in French). Éditions du Chêne. p. 142. 9107: 9105: 9071: 9069: 9037: 8166: 7937: 6836: 6758: 6631: 6551: 4686: 3186:only written records in the Etruscan language 3054:, and later by stringed instruments like the 1675:of Italy founded colonies along the coast of 932:Archeological evidence and modern etruscology 901:also put the Etruscans in the context of the 12971:Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia) 10428:Arruns Tarquinius (son of Tarquin the Proud) 10171:. In Farney, Gary D.; Bradley, Gary (eds.). 9949: 9583:La langue étrusque Problèmes et perspectives 9213:Davis, Madison; Frankforter, Daniel (2004). 8972: 8682: 8645: 8639: 8592: 8401:(2018). "Ancient DNA Opens the Floodgates". 8194: 8003: 7957: 7955: 7804: 7658:Introduction: A Grammar of Oscan and Umbrian 7304: 7285: 7107: 7105: 7103: 6776: 2662:. They were entirely assimilated by Italic, 2551:from 396 BC: Invasion of the Celts into the 1932: 1118:, that comprehensive studies containing the 9379:The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History 9372: 9370: 9354: 9352: 8878: 8829: 8789:"The Etruscans: A population-genetic study" 8777: 8482: 8361: 8327: 8263: 8227: 8200: 8148: 8123: 8070: 8012: 7832: 7749:. Manchester University Press. p. 51. 7151: 7149: 7147: 6948: 6918: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6847: 6717:Treasures from Tuscany: the Etruscan legacy 1302:studies, published in 2013 in the journals 537:), from which the Romans derived the names 12575: 12561: 11043: 11029: 10333: 10319: 10079:Etruscan Civilization: A Cultural History. 9385: 9102: 9066: 8966: 8927: 8058: 7679:. New York: Greenwich House. p. 730. 6782: 6764: 6671: 6558: 6544: 4693: 4679: 2618:183 BC: Foundation of the Roman colony in 2517:482 BC: Beginning of the conflict between 2291:Etruscan mother and child, 500–450 BC 2029:, then Ruma would have been placed on the 1733:In the 4th century BC, Etruria saw a 1252:(1631–1531 BC). While the four samples of 416:(Tuscany, Latium and Umbria), that of the 67: 10340: 10128:The Etruscans: a very short introduction 9967:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198728788.003.0002 9932: 9687: 9596:Introduction to the study of the Etruscan 9432: 8902: 8861: 8812: 8751:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 8742: 8725: 8715: 8605:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 8589:, Table 2 Sample Information, Rows 33-35. 8535: 8525: 8465: 8423: 8391: 8175: 7952: 7670: 7506:Etruscan Myth, Sacred History, and Legend 7100: 7091: 7021: 6699: 6689: 6646: 2793:power and that power was subdivided into 2718:region of Italy which may be relevant to 2643:from 40 BC: Final Romanization of Etruria 2497:510 BC: Fall of the Etruscan kingship of 1722:. Etruria's influence over the cities of 1308:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1277:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 572:", which refers to their heartland, and " 478: 10130:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. 10081:Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2000. 9620: 9367: 9349: 9075: 8940:Trends in Ecology & Evolution (TREE) 8551:extensive genetic exchange between them. 8347:. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 109–118. 8298: 8215: 8209: 7635:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University. 7497: 7360: 7144: 6930:Shipley, Lucy (2017). "Where is home?". 6896:. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 637–672. 6877: 6806: 6804: 6739: 4042:– sacrificial instructions with 70 words 3960: 3905: 3134: 3079: 2972: 2918: 2524:474 BC: Defeat of the Etruscans against 2431: 2299:system of society, with remnants of the 2295:The historical Etruscans had achieved a 2286: 1953: 1942: 1901:There were two other Etruscan leagues (" 1766: 1641: 1224:. Their DNA was a mixture of two-thirds 971: 956: 945: 878:Similarly, the 1st-century BC historian 833:" comprising Etruscan, Lemnian, and the 713: 698: 683: 656: 482: 12926:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca 10175:. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 637–672. 9877:The Etruscan Language: An Introduction. 9851:The Etruscan Language: An Introduction. 9838:The Etruscan Language: An Introduction. 9825:The Etruscan Language: An Introduction. 9799:The Etruscan Language: An Introduction. 9786:The Etruscan Language: An Introduction. 9773:The Etruscan Language: An Introduction. 9734:The Etruscan Language: An Introduction. 9708:The Etruscan Language: An Introduction. 9445:from the original on February 29, 2024. 9358: 8933: 8884: 8835: 8646:Claassen, Horst; Wree, Andreas (2004). 8372: 8338: 8233: 8154: 8129: 8076: 8018: 7943: 7608:. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. 7484:. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. 7164:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 7070: 7049: 6983: 6981: 6959: 6929: 2905:also appear extensively in art motifs. 1817:. Tarchon lent his name to the city of 1425:, concludes that it is likely that the 1001:Several archaeologists specializing in 814:, there was a Pelasgian migration from 27:Pre-Roman civilization of ancient Italy 14: 13846:9th-century BC establishments in Italy 13823: 10048:Les Étrusques, peuple de la différence 10017:The Etruscan Language: An Introduction 9721:The Etruscans. History, religion, art. 9609:The "mystery" of the Etruscan language 9563: 9455: 9422:from the original on January 13, 2024. 9279: 8341:"Chapter 8: DNA and Etruscan identity" 7698: 7696: 7342: 7320:The Etruscan language. An introduction 6714: 3982:) – ritual text with around 1400 words 2726:from which wine is made are a kind of 2131:, which appears as an Etruscan deity, 1449:Periodization of Etruscan civilization 844:However, the 1st-century BC historian 12556: 11024: 10314: 10040:. London: British Museum Press, 2006. 9875:Larissa Bonfante, Giuliano Bonfante: 9849:Larissa Bonfante, Giuliano Bonfante: 9836:Larissa Bonfante, Giuliano Bonfante: 9823:Larissa Bonfante, Giuliano Bonfante: 9812:Die Etrusker. History, Religion, Art. 9797:Larissa Bonfante, Giuliano Bonfante: 9784:Larissa Bonfante, Giuliano Bonfante: 9771:Larissa Bonfante, Giuliano Bonfante: 9732:Larissa Bonfante, Giuliano Bonfante: 9706:Larissa Bonfante, Giuliano Bonfante: 9672: 9529:Etruscan and early Roman architecture 9499: 9482:Grummond, De; Thomson, Nancy (2006). 9433:Limbergen, Dimitri Van (2024-01-04). 9363:. Rizzoli International Publications. 9182: 9180: 8397: 8305:A Ciba Foundation Symposium (1959) . 7763: 7552:. Cognate words developed, including 7111: 6888: 6801: 3139:Samples of Etruscan script, from the 3087:. 3rd–2nd century BC, San Marco near 2782:The Etruscan system of belief was an 2582:310 BC: Defeat against the Romans at 1389:(four haplotypes in common), and the 467: 11581:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 10503: 10137:. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1997. 10105:. Milan: Hoepli, 1942 (English ed., 8934:Gilbert, Marcus Thomas Pius (2005). 8311:Medical Biology and Etruscan Origins 8286:(1984). "Il problema del ritratto". 8032:10.1093/acref/9780195170726.001.0001 7910: 7530:Dictionnaire Illustré Latin Français 7416: 7279: 7246: 6987: 6978: 6934:. London: Reaktion. pp. 28–46. 6674:"The Etruscans: Setting New Agendas" 4048:– two fragments of a sacrificial vow 2588:300 BC: Pyrgi becomes a Roman colony 2375:Etruscan society: Rise of the family 1737:invasion end its influence over the 1193:that analyzed the remains of eleven 10179: 10095:, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017. 10086:The Archaeology of Etruscan Society 9381:. Rizzoli Harper Collins Publisher. 9047:Giovanna Bermond Montanari (2004). 8658:(2). Amsterdam: Elsevier: 157–163. 8313:. London: J & A Churchill Ltd. 7693: 7504:Thomson de Grummond, Nancy (2006). 7155: 5892:Western Mexico Shaft Tomb Tradition 2858:, possibly, the god of the people. 2693:water accumulation and conservation 2548:396 BC: Destruction of Veii by Rome 1108: 1037:, and that the subsequent Iron Age 709:Musée d'art et d'histoire de Genève 507:etymology however remains unknown. 24: 11050: 10298:. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica 9995:(in Italian). Milan: Hoepli, 2012. 9985: 9959:The Reception of the Homeric Hymns 9468:from the original on Jan 13, 2024. 9177: 8891:European Journal of Human Genetics 8842:American Journal of Human Genetics 8793:American Journal of Human Genetics 8006:Naturalis Historia, Liber III, 133 7979: 7286:Cary, M.; Scullard, H. H. (1979). 7225:] (in Latin). Vol. V.33. 7211: 6678:Journal of Archaeological Research 4063:– Two dice with the numbers 1 to 6 2535:430 BC 406 BC: Defeat against the 2465:not unlike the sacrifices made by 1756: 1473:Greek immigrants in southern Italy 1381:(seven haplotypes in common), the 1256:extracted belonged to haplogroups 652: 25: 13877: 13735:United Provinces of Central Italy 10210: 10118:The Etruscans: Lost Civilizations 9376: 9215:"The Shakespeare Name Dictionary" 8787:C. Vernesi e Altri (March 2004). 7671:Partridge, Eric (1983). "tower". 7627: 6932:The Etruscans: Lost Civilizations 4021:– parallel texts in Etruscan and 2361:, and so on. The people were the 2139:Roman families of Etruscan origin 1991:founded Rome, they did so on the 776:and the 1st-century BC historian 596:, be likely to lead to the form, 180:(5th century BC onward) 13836:Archaeological cultures in Italy 12584:List of historic states of Italy 12537: 12536: 12525: 11006: 10755:English words of Etruscan origin 10629:Battle of Alalia (540 BC–535 BC) 10451: 10001:and Carpino A. Alexandra (eds). 9869: 9856: 9843: 9830: 9817: 9804: 9791: 9778: 9765: 9752: 9739: 9726: 9713: 9700: 9681: 9675:A Companion to Ancient Education 9666: 9650: 9601: 9588: 9572: 9535: 9449: 9426: 9404: 9305: 9292: 9273: 9237: 9206: 9082:. Wayne State University Press. 9014:, "La cultura villanoviana", in 7780:Etymological Dictionary of Greek 7642:from the original on 2022-10-09. 7588:"Online Etymological Dictionary" 6606:List of ancient peoples of Italy 6521: 6520: 5293:Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans 4662: 4127: 3739: 3732: 3725: 3718: 3711: 3704: 3697: 3690: 3683: 3676: 3669: 3662: 3655: 3648: 3641: 3634: 3627: 3620: 3613: 3606: 3599: 3592: 3585: 3578: 3571: 3564: 3429: 3422: 3415: 3408: 3401: 3394: 3387: 3380: 3373: 3366: 3359: 3352: 3345: 3338: 3331: 3324: 3317: 3310: 3303: 3296: 3289: 3282: 3275: 3268: 3261: 3254: 3192:, a script related to the early 2962: 2764: 2748: 1467:", part of the central European 1059:Greek colonies in Southern Italy 927:, their leader was named Raetus. 628:Etymological Dictionary of Greek 499:the Etruscans called themselves 285: 230: 205: 13717:Provisional Government of Milan 12266:Orders, decorations, and medals 10708:Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum 10509:Etruscan names for Greek heroes 10278:from the original on 9 May 2017 10147:. London: British Museum, 2009. 10120:, London: Reaktion Books, 2017. 10057:, éditions Fayard, Paris, 1999. 9456:Mazzeo, Jacopo (June 6, 2023). 9412:"The Etruscans and agriculture" 9148: 9139: 9021: 8936:"Assessing ancient DNA studies" 8309:; O'Connor, Cecilia M. (eds.). 8066:(in Italian). Rome: Tumminelli. 7997: 7973: 7919: 7876: 7867: 7845: 7829:Homeric Hymn to Dionysus, 7.7–8 7823: 7810: 7785: 7772: 7738: 7729: 7705: 7664: 7646: 7621: 7599: 7579: 7522: 7475: 7433: 7423:The Palaeolinguistic Connection 7409: 7400: 7380: 7354: 7336: 7258: 7252:"Campanian Etruscans mentioned" 7240: 7205: 7196: 7182: 7160:The Ancient Languages of Europe 4070:Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum 4046:Lead strip from Santa Marinella 2993:or temples), wall-painting and 2908: 2901:). The Greek heroes taken from 1947:A former Etruscan walled town, 905:to the north, and wrote in his 810:. According to the logographer 806:then followed Tyrrhenus to the 491:English: Boundary of the People 12916:City of Fiume and its District 10669:Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC) 10644:Battle of the Cremera (477 BC) 10272:"Etruscan Lion Plaque Pendant" 10252:"Etruscan weapons and warfare" 10067:. In McInerney, Jeremy (ed.). 9500:Simon, Erika (20 April 2009). 9300:The Annals & The Histories 7361:Amendola, Carlo (2019-08-28). 6733: 6708: 6665: 6647:Bartoloni, Gilda, ed. (2012). 4231:Praetorian prefecture of Italy 3942:Bucchero cockerel from Viterbo 3937:Bucchero amphora from Formello 3920:tablet of Marsiliana d’Albegna 3532:National Archaeological Museum 3524:tablet of Marsiliana d’Albegna 2686: 2017:'(someone) from Volsinii' and 1873:. Some modern authors include 1718:defeated the Etruscans at the 1502: 784:by way of the Greek island of 752:, was the 8th-century BC poet 514:, the Etruscans were known as 347:, as well as what are now the 13: 1: 13351:County of Apulia and Calabria 12857:Campagna e Marittima Province 9993:Introduzione all'Etruscologia 9506:. University of Texas Press. 9503:The religion of the Etruscans 9252:. Thomson/Wadsworth. p. 9016:Enciclopedia dell'Arte Antica 8885:Bandelt, Hans-Jürgen (2005). 8836:Bandelt, Hans-Jürgen (2004). 8664:10.1016/S0940-9602(04)80032-3 8343:. In Naso, Alessandro (ed.). 8203:Introduzione all'Etruscologia 7660:. Boston: Gibb & Company. 7528:According to Félix Gaffiot's 6783:Della Fina, Giuseppe (2005). 6770:The Etruscans Outside Etruria 6651:(in Italian). Milan: Hoepli. 6649:Introduzione all'Etruscologia 6620: 4341:Byzantine reconquest of Italy 3130: 3094:Etruscans left around 13,000 2545:406 BC: Siege of Veii by Rome 2445: 2436:Etruscan warrior, found near 2409:women within Etruscan society 2276: 2073:. Few Etruscan words entered 1909:, the main city of which was 1535:Villanovan III (Bologna area) 1498: 1215: 915:Adjoining these the (Alpine) 10674:Battle of Populonia (282 BC) 10499:Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum 10461: 10241:Resources in other libraries 10173:The Peoples of Ancient Italy 10003:A Companion to the Etruscans 9568:. London: Thames and Hudson. 9312:Jean-Paul Thuillier (2006). 9118:. Indiana University Press. 8717:10.1371/journal.pone.0055519 8284:Bianchi Bandinelli, Ranuccio 7702:The Bonfantes (2003), p. 51. 7548:, and others) used the term 6894:The Peoples of Ancient Italy 6785:Etruschi, la vita quotidiana 6625: 4402:Mid-16th c. to early 19th c. 4028:Sarcophagus of Laris Pulenas 3825: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3750: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2323: 1627: 1547:Villanovan IV (Bologna area) 897:The first-century historian 694:Museo archeologico nazionale 487:Boundary stone from Cortona 50: 7: 13753:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 13747:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 13699:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza 12877:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza 12306:Water supply and sanitation 11730:Italian geographical region 11598:Monarchy and the World Wars 11540:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 11426:War of the Sicilian Vespers 11079:Timeline of Italian history 10659:Capture of Fidenae (435 BC) 10150:* Torelli, M. (ed.) (2001) 10065:Ethnicity and the Etruscans 9188:"The Etruscan League of 12" 9112:John Franklin Hall (1996). 9079:Etruscan life and afterlife 7944:Morritt, Robert D. (2010). 7532:, the major authors of the 7227:The passage identifies the 6742:Tarquinia. An Etruscan City 6571:Daily life of the Etruscans 4098: 3530:, which is now kept in the 3065: 2733: 2415: 2272:Daily life of the Etruscans 1411:A Short History of Humanity 1246:haplogroup J-M12 (J2b-L283) 1176:, whose direct ancestor is 989:and archeologists, such as 869:of the Etruscans: Rasenna. 10: 13882: 13693:Duchy of Modena and Reggio 13687:Duchy of Massa and Carrara 13088:Prince-Bishopric of Trento 13058:Duchy of Modena and Reggio 13043:Duchy of Massa and Carrara 12225:Inventions and discoveries 11635:Fall of the Fascist regime 11618:Fourth War of Independence 11576:Expedition of the Thousand 11566:Second War of Independence 10664:Battle of Veii (c. 396 BC) 10654:Battle of Fidenae (437 BC) 10580:Sarcophagus of the Spouses 10423:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 10164:. London: Routledge, 2013. 9885: 9392:Dora Jane Hamblin (1975). 9244:Cunningham, Reich (2006). 9076:Bonfante, Larissa (1986). 8976:; Trappe, Thomas (2021) . 8952:10.1016/j.tree.2005.07.005 7963:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 7927:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 7713: 7449: 7441: 7425:. Etruscan. Archived from 7389:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 7192:. mysteriousetruscans.com. 7022:Bartoloni, Gilda (2012) . 6715:Goring, Elizabeth (2004). 6691:10.1007/s10814-021-09169-x 3980:Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis 3555: 3245: 3171:1st century BC, 3069: 2966: 2940:ancient Roman architecture 2912: 2737: 2681: 2651: 2499:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 2425: 2419: 2372: 2280: 2265: 2261: 1936: 1805: 1760: 1631: 1505: 1452: 935: 852:, who was originally from 846:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 790: 645: 641: 623:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 609: 530: 520: 471: 451:(coastal areas located in 43: 13805:Free Territory of Trieste 13665: 13595: 13534: 13517: 13441: 13378: 13341: 13323:Principality of Benevento 13315: 13292: 13237: 13226: 13168: 13138: 12890: 12840: 12794: 12725: 12712: 12675: 12590: 12521: 12319: 12165: 12156: 12020: 12011: 11999:Security and intelligence 11872: 11863: 11725: 11716: 11659: 11586:Third War of Independence 11561:First War of Independence 11548: 11441: 11350: 11231: 11168: 11087: 11071: 11062: 11004: 10831: 10763: 10687: 10619: 10601:Tomb of the Roaring Lions 10460: 10449: 10443:Titus Vestricius Spurinna 10408:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus 10348: 10292:Nancy Thomson de Grummond 10236:Resources in your library 9634:10.1002/9781118834312.ch2 9516:– via Google Books. 9135:– via Google Books. 9098:– via Google Books. 8004:Plinius Secundus, Gaius. 7782:Brill (2010) pp.1520-1521 6766:Camporeale, Giovannangelo 6740:Leighton, Robert (2004). 5682:Indus Valley Civilisation 4245:Romano-Barbarian Kingdoms 3127:are related to Etruscan. 3109:Tyrsenian language family 2647: 2598:264 BC 100 BC: Defeat of 2422:Etruscan military history 2379:Women in Etruscan society 2368: 2039:city of Rome was attacked 1971:Those who subscribe to a 1933:Possible founding of Rome 1612: 1599: 1586: 1557: 1512: 1401:In the collective volume 1166:haplogroup R1b (R1b M269) 980:, Museo etrusco Guarnacci 831:Tyrrhenian language group 397:; Etruscans were granted 246: 184: 173: 169: 159: 146: 142: 128: 120: 116: 108: 98: 88: 78: 66: 61: 34: 13841:Ancient peoples of Italy 13711:Italian United Provinces 13063:Principality of Piombino 12852:Patrimony of Saint Peter 11677:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus 11672:Institutional referendum 10798:National Etruscan Museum 10649:Battle of Cumae (474 BC) 10055:La civilisation étrusque 9531:. Yale University Press. 9462:Wine Enthusiast Magazine 9217:. Taylor & Francis. 8234:Burkert, Walter (1992). 8064:L'origine degli Etruschi 7969:. Book I, Chapters 30 1. 6463:Ancient Maritime History 4336:Italy in the Middle Ages 4194:Roman expansion in Italy 3556:Early Etruscan alphabet 3111:, which in itself is an 2834:, the goddess of death; 2612:in the campaign against 2115:, carried by the king's 1694:Around 540 BC, the 1035:Proto-Villanovan culture 967:Museo Gregoriano Etrusco 938:Proto-Villanovan culture 673:painted by the Athenian 447:, which was used in the 383:Proto-Villanovan culture 213:Proto-Villanovan culture 13799:Italian Social Republic 13474:Principality of Taranto 13366:Principality of Taranto 13328:Principality of Salerno 13083:Bishopric of Tarantasia 12906:Bishopric of Bressanone 12823:Duchy of the Pentapolis 12200:Emigration and diaspora 11409:Guelphs and Ghibellines 11394:the Sardinian Judicates 10818:Tumulus of Montefortini 10167:Turfa, Jean MacIntosh. 10091:Naso, Alessandro (ed). 10026:. Oxford: B.A.R., 1981. 9991:Bartoloni, Gilda (ed). 9925:10.1126/science.aay6826 9598:, Leo S. Olschki, 1991. 9416:Un Mondo Ecosostenibile 9359:Torelli, Mario (2000). 9192:mysteriousetruscans.com 8904:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201476 8518:10.1126/science.aay6826 7465:A Greek–English Lexicon 7112:Moser, Mary E. (1996). 4544:European migrant crisis 4494:Italian Social Republic 4409:Italy (1801–1814) 4366:Guelphs and Ghibellines 4040:Lead Plaque of Magliano 3910:Bucchero cockerel from 3526:from the hinterland of 3105:Paleo-European language 2846:; and the ever-popular 2826:, the goddess of love; 2637:79 BC: Capitulation of 2567:Dionysius I of Syracuse 2486:naval victory at Alalia 1890:met once a year at the 1706:with full ownership of 1469:Urnfield culture system 1238:Steppe-related ancestry 1168:, especially its clade 1120:whole genome sequencing 798:/ Tyrsenos, the son of 725:among its symbols from 667: 13705:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 13479:Terra Sancti Benedicti 13383:(from the 9th century) 13093:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 12082:Science and technology 12030:Italian regions by GDP 11831:Marine protected areas 11503:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 10639:Siege of Rome (508 BC) 10634:Siege of Rome (509 BC) 9862:Steven Roger Fischer: 9758:Steven Roger Fischer: 9745:Steven Roger Fischer: 9564:Spivey, Nigel (1997). 9543:"I banchetti etruschi" 8458:10.1126/sciadv.abi7673 8339:Perkins, Phil (2017). 7842:, Vol. 2 (2000) p. 211 7343:Sassatelli, Giuseppe. 6532:Post-classical History 6508:Cradle of Civilization 5567:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 5268:Massylii Confederation 4227:(286 AD–476 AD) 4157:(12th–6th c. BC) 4151:(18th–3rd c. BC) 3968: 3915: 3194:Euboean Greek alphabet 3143: 3091: 3013:Etruscan vase painting 2986: 2957:classical architecture 2931: 2449: 2292: 2097:(a special robe), the 1968: 1951: 1780: 1647: 1340:Early European Farmers 1244:extracted belonged to 1091:Tomb of the Triclinium 981: 969: 954: 929: 895: 876: 863: 737: 711: 696: 681: 492: 489:Etruscan: Tular Rasnal 479:Ethnonym and etymology 62:900 BC–27 BC 13861:Former confederations 13723:Republic of San Marco 13505:Crown Colony of Malta 13333:Principality of Capua 13073:Marquisate of Saluzzo 12936:County of Santa Fiora 12598:Etruscan civilization 12281:Public administration 11389:the Holy Roman Empire 10549:Monterozzi necropolis 10342:Etruscan civilization 10222:Etruscan civilization 10200:University of Ferrara 10158:Turfa, Jean MacIntosh 9607:Romolo A. Staccioli, 9158:[Etruscans]. 7986:Ab Urbe Condita Libri 7795:22 (1934) pp. 110 ff. 7456:Liddell, Henry George 7218:Ab Urbe Condita Libri 6902:10.1515/9781614513001 6890:Turfa, Jean MacIntosh 6861:10.1002/9781118834312 6849:De Grummond, Nancy T. 5278:Kingdom of Mauretania 4487:Italy in World War II 4190:(509 BC–27 BC) 4184:(753 BC–509 BC) 4163:(8th–3rd c. BC) 4155:Etruscan civilization 3964: 3931:Regolini-Galassi tomb 3909: 3224:in the course of the 3208:With the founding of 3138: 3083: 2983:Monterozzi necropolis 2976: 2922: 2915:Etruscan architecture 2710:technique exploiting 2630:82 BC: Repression of 2435: 2290: 1957: 1946: 1779:, c. 400 BC 1770: 1645: 1571:Middle Orientalizing 1507:Etruscan civilization 1489:eastern Mediterranean 1417:, co-director of the 1358:, with a minority of 1199:Veio Grotta Gramiccia 1099:Monterozzi necropolis 1069:, and the consequent 975: 960: 949: 913: 890: 885:Ab Urbe Condita Libri 871: 858: 717: 702: 687: 660: 582:ancient bronze tablet 486: 281:Etruscan civilization 89:Common languages 13519:French Revolutionary 13459:State of the Presidi 13183:Republic of Florence 13155:Domini di Terraferma 12805:Exarchate of Ravenna 12703:Western Roman Empire 12647:Nuragic civilization 12509:World Heritage Sites 11964:Council of Ministers 11702:Coronavirus pandemic 11100:Currency and coinage 10881:Civita di Bagnoregio 10554:Mythological figures 10206:research partnership 10143:and Philip Perkins. 10061:De Grummond, Nancy T 10053:Briquel, Dominique. 9418:. 21 November 2022. 9298:Tacitus, Cornelius. 9160:Dizionario di storia 8838:"Etruscan artifacts" 8307:Wolstenholme, Gordon 8290:(in Italian). Roma: 7838:John Pairman Brown, 6116:Senegambia Megaliths 5368:Proto-Indo-Europeans 5308:Kingdom of the Aurès 5288:Kingdom of Ouarsenis 4581:Currency and coinage 4520:(1970s–1980s) 4475:Italy in World War I 4386:(14th–16th c.) 4221:(27 BC–286 AD) 4149:Nuragic civilization 3986:Clay Tablet of Capua 2979:Tomb of the Leopards 2927:, Italy, cut from a 2775:on the Chimera's leg 2571:358 BC: Alliance of 2511:508 BC: War between 2056:Demaratus of Corinth 1949:Civita di Bagnoregio 1563:Early Orientalizing 1558:Orientalizing period 1443:Neolithic Revolution 1413:, German geneticist 1095:Tomb of the Leopards 1078:Orientalizing period 1071:orientalizing period 812:Hellanicus of Lesbos 13793:Free State of Fiume 13741:Kingdom of Sardinia 13484:Neapolitan Republic 13432:Kingdom of Sardinia 13427:Republic of Sassari 13255:Catepanate of Italy 13178:Republic of Cospaia 13001:Duchy of Montferrat 12996:March of Montferrat 12931:County of Guastalla 12831:Exarchate of Africa 12040:Automotive industry 11979:Metropolitan cities 11525:Early Modern period 11498:Kingdom of Sardinia 11449:Italian city-states 10750:Tyrsenian languages 10679:Roman-Etruscan Wars 10591:Terracotta warriors 10099:Pallottino, Massimo 10036:Bonfante, Larissa. 10029:Bonfante, Larissa. 10022:Bonfante, Larissa. 9951:Strauss Clay, Jenny 9917:2019Sci...366..708A 9864:History of Writing. 9760:History of Writing. 9747:History of Writing. 8708:2013PLoSO...855519G 8587:Antonio et al. 2019 8575:Antonio et al. 2019 8563:Antonio et al. 2019 8510:2019Sci...366..708A 8450:2021SciA....7.7673P 8060:Pallottino, Massimo 7991:The History of Rome 7769:Book I, Section 30. 7592:the English use of 7417:Bodroghy, Gabor Z. 7386:Rasenna comes from 7223:The History of Rome 7120:Hall, John Franklin 5752:Ancestral Puebloans 5263:Kingdom of Blemmyes 4958:Aegean Civilization 4384:Italian Renaissance 4361:Italian city-states 3076:Tyrsenian languages 2624:90 BC: Granting of 2608:205 BC: Support of 2557:384 BC: Plunder of 2283:Etruscan governance 1793:Etruscan Federation 1751:Roman–Etruscan Wars 1579:Late Orientalizing 1485:Orientalizing phase 1295:and the Roman Age. 1172:and its derivative 756:, in his work, the 733:, 700–650 BC. 592:and a word-initial 395:Roman–Etruscan Wars 13866:Pre-Indo-Europeans 13623:Lucca and Piombino 13500:Malta Protectorate 13464:Duke of San Donato 13218:Republic of Ancona 13140:Republic of Venice 13053:Duchy of Mirandola 12941:Duchy of Guastalla 12779:Duchy of Tridentum 12759:Duchy of Benevento 12726:Barbarian kingdoms 12102:Telecommunications 11469:Maritime republics 10793:Monteleone Chariot 10744:Tabula Cortonensis 10524:Haruspex/Extispicy 10363:Villanovan culture 10258:on 30 January 2016 10162:The Etruscan World 10044:Briquel, Dominique 10009:Bonfante, Giuliano 9810:Friedhelm Prayon: 9719:Friedhelm Prayon: 9594:Mauro Cristofani, 9579:Massimo Pallottino 9400:. Time Life Books. 8763:10.1002/ajpa.22319 8617:10.1002/ajpa.23679 8418:lineages together. 8156:Briquel, Dominique 8132:The Etruscan World 8078:Briquel, Dominique 7611:A Latin Dictionary 7487:A Latin Dictionary 7312:Bonfante, Giuliano 7072:Briquel, Dominique 6616:Villanovan culture 6498:Ancient Literature 6047:Indigenous Peoples 5707:Satavahana Dynasty 5313:Kingdom of Makuria 5283:Kingdom of Nobatia 5273:Kingdom of Numidia 5253:Nasamones Chiefdom 5248:Garamantes Kingdom 5033:Barbarian Kingdoms 4357:Maritime republics 4343:(6th–8th c.) 4297:Carolingian Empire 4004:Tabula Cortonensis 3969: 3916: 3226:Greek colonization 3144: 3092: 2987: 2985:, Tarquinia, Italy 2936:Greek architecture 2932: 2830:, the god of war; 2712:companion planting 2591:280 BC: Defeat of 2513:Clusium and Aricia 2494:against the Greeks 2490:524 BC: Defeat at 2450: 2293: 2061:Under Romulus and 1969: 1952: 1781: 1652:Apennine Mountains 1648: 1613:Hellenistic period 1461:Villanovan culture 1455:Villanovan culture 1409:In his 2021 book, 1328:Villanovan culture 1209:(900–500 BC) from 1087:Tomb of the Augurs 1039:Villanovan culture 991:Massimo Pallottino 982: 970: 955: 951:Monteleone chariot 942:Villanovan culture 919:are the Raeti and 738: 712: 697: 682: 493: 468:Legend and history 379:Villanovan culture 150:Villanovan culture 13818: 13817: 13814: 13813: 13661: 13660: 13628:Massa and Carrara 13513: 13512: 13490:Hospitaller Malta 13449:Kingdom of Naples 13443:Kingdom of Sicily 13374: 13373: 13284:Duchy of Sorrento 13203:Republic of Genoa 13198:Republic of Siena 13193:Republic of Massa 13188:Republic of Lucca 12921:County of Gorizia 12911:Corsican Republic 12892:Holy Roman Empire 12550: 12549: 12517: 12516: 12152: 12151: 12087:Southern question 12007: 12006: 11939:Political parties 11887:Foreign relations 11859: 11858: 11712: 11711: 11433:Kingdom of Naples 11421:Kingdom of Sicily 11018: 11017: 10788:Impasto (pottery) 10539:Liver of Piacenza 10489:Chimera of Arezzo 10217:Library resources 10141:Swaddling, Judith 9513:978-0-292-70687-3 9125:978-0-8425-2334-9 9089:978-0-8143-1813-3 8897:(10): 1106–1112. 8652:Annals of Anatomy 8320:978-0-470-71493-5 8187:978-2-7283-1138-5 8141:978-0-415-67308-2 7967:Roman Antiquities 7946:Stones that Speak 7931:Roman Antiquities 7840:Israel and Hellas 7807:, pp. 32–34. 7805:Strauss Clay 2016 7654:Carl Darling Buck 7585:According to the 7429:on 16 April 2008. 7393:Roman Antiquities 7316:Bonfante, Larissa 7288:A History of Rome 7051:Colonna, Giovanni 6911:978-1-61451-520-3 6829:978-0-631-22038-1 6601:Etruscan religion 6591:Etruscan language 6568: 6567: 6146:Sahelian Kingdoms 6121:Pre-Imperial Mali 5797:St. Johns culture 5338:Kingdom of Altava 5333:Kingdom of Alodia 5303:Kingdom of Masuna 5298:Kingdom of Capsus 5148:Kingdom of Simien 4903:Achaemenid Empire 4703: 4702: 4550:COVID-19 pandemic 4546:(2014–2016) 4540:(2007–2009) 4534:(1992–2001) 4526:(1986–1992) 4504:(1943–1945) 4502:Italian Civil War 4489:(1940–1945) 4483:(1922–1943) 4477:(1914–1918) 4471:(1882–1960) 4465:(1861–1946) 4437:(1815–1871) 4398:(1545–1648) 4392:(1494–1559) 4353:in southern Italy 4321: 4320: 4312:Holy Roman Empire 4144:Prehistoric Italy 4034:Liver of Piacenza 4000:Tablet of Cortona 3860:, and later from 3830: 3829: 3520: 3519: 3246:Euboean alphabet 3190:Etruscan alphabet 3101:Pre-Indo-European 3072:Etruscan language 2756:Chimera of Arezzo 2740:Etruscan religion 2626:Roman citizenship 2477:550 BC: Etruscan- 2405:apotropaic device 1989:Romulus and Remus 1966:Romulus and Remus 1669:Mediterranean Sea 1625: 1624: 1553: 1548: 1541: 1536: 1513:Villanovan period 1493:ancient Near East 1427:Etruscan language 1373:, but only a few 1300:mitochondrial DNA 1147:and analyzed the 1136:mitochondrial DNA 1083:Iberian Peninsula 995:Dominique Briquel 808:Italian Peninsula 586:turskum ... nomen 457:Etruscan language 420:with the eastern 399:Roman citizenship 277: 276: 242: 241: 238: 237: 218: 217: 16:(Redirected from 13873: 13779:Kingdom of Italy 13766: 13765: 13532: 13531: 13361:County of Sicily 13356:County of Aversa 13279:Byzantine Sicily 13265:Theme of Lucania 13235: 13234: 13213:Republic of Pisa 13208:Republic of Noli 13078:Duchy of Spoleto 13048:Duchy of Merania 12946:Kingdom of Italy 12872:Duchy of Ferrara 12817:Duchy of Perugia 12796:Byzantine Empire 12774:Duchy of Spoleto 12741:Ostrogothic rule 12723: 12722: 12591:Pre-Roman period 12577: 12570: 12563: 12554: 12553: 12540: 12539: 12532:Italy portal 12529: 12528: 12469:National symbols 12163: 12162: 12018: 12017: 11870: 11869: 11723: 11722: 11603:Kingdom of Italy 11530:Napoleonic Italy 11069: 11068: 11045: 11038: 11031: 11022: 11021: 11010: 10731:Lemnian language 10702:Cippus Perusinus 10621:Military history 10455: 10373:Founding of Rome 10368:Padanian Etruria 10335: 10328: 10321: 10312: 10311: 10307: 10305: 10303: 10287: 10285: 10283: 10267: 10265: 10263: 10254:. Archived from 10196:creative commons 10180:Cities and sites 10013:Bonfante Larissa 9980: 9946: 9936: 9880: 9873: 9867: 9860: 9854: 9847: 9841: 9834: 9828: 9821: 9815: 9808: 9802: 9795: 9789: 9782: 9776: 9769: 9763: 9756: 9750: 9743: 9737: 9730: 9724: 9717: 9711: 9704: 9698: 9697: 9685: 9679: 9678: 9670: 9664: 9661:De lingua Latina 9654: 9648: 9647: 9622:Haarmann, Harald 9618: 9612: 9605: 9599: 9592: 9586: 9576: 9570: 9569: 9561: 9555: 9554: 9552: 9550: 9539: 9533: 9532: 9524: 9518: 9517: 9497: 9488: 9487: 9479: 9470: 9469: 9453: 9447: 9446: 9439:The Conversation 9430: 9424: 9423: 9408: 9402: 9401: 9399: 9389: 9383: 9382: 9374: 9365: 9364: 9356: 9347: 9337: 9328: 9327: 9309: 9303: 9296: 9290: 9289: 9277: 9271: 9270: 9251: 9241: 9235: 9234: 9232: 9231: 9210: 9204: 9203: 9201: 9199: 9184: 9175: 9174: 9172: 9170: 9152: 9146: 9143: 9137: 9136: 9134: 9132: 9109: 9100: 9099: 9097: 9096: 9073: 9064: 9063: 9061: 9059: 9044: 9035: 9025: 9019: 9009: 9000: 8999: 8974:Krause, Johannes 8970: 8964: 8963: 8931: 8925: 8924: 8906: 8882: 8876: 8875: 8865: 8833: 8827: 8826: 8816: 8784: 8775: 8774: 8746: 8740: 8739: 8729: 8719: 8686: 8680: 8679: 8643: 8637: 8636: 8596: 8590: 8584: 8578: 8572: 8566: 8560: 8554: 8553: 8539: 8529: 8489: 8480: 8479: 8469: 8437:Science Advances 8427: 8421: 8420: 8395: 8389: 8388: 8370: 8359: 8358: 8336: 8325: 8324: 8302: 8296: 8295: 8280: 8274: 8273: 8261: 8255: 8254: 8246: 8240: 8239: 8231: 8225: 8224: 8213: 8207: 8206: 8198: 8192: 8191: 8173: 8164: 8163: 8152: 8146: 8145: 8127: 8121: 8120: 8096: 8090: 8089: 8074: 8068: 8067: 8056: 8050: 8049: 8016: 8010: 8009: 8001: 7995: 7994: 7977: 7971: 7970: 7959: 7950: 7949: 7941: 7935: 7934: 7923: 7917: 7914: 7908: 7892: 7883: 7880: 7874: 7871: 7865: 7849: 7843: 7836: 7830: 7827: 7821: 7814: 7808: 7802: 7796: 7789: 7783: 7776: 7770: 7767: 7761: 7760: 7742: 7736: 7735:Partridge (1983) 7733: 7727: 7716: 7715: 7709: 7703: 7700: 7691: 7690: 7678: 7668: 7662: 7661: 7650: 7644: 7643: 7641: 7634: 7628:Weiss, Michael. 7625: 7619: 7603: 7597: 7596:dates from 1706. 7591: 7583: 7577: 7526: 7520: 7519: 7501: 7495: 7479: 7473: 7452: 7451: 7444: 7443: 7437: 7431: 7430: 7413: 7407: 7404: 7398: 7396: 7384: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7374: 7358: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7340: 7334: 7333: 7308: 7302: 7301: 7283: 7277: 7262: 7256: 7255: 7244: 7238: 7237: 7209: 7203: 7200: 7194: 7193: 7186: 7180: 7179: 7163: 7153: 7142: 7141: 7117: 7109: 7098: 7097: 7089: 7080: 7079: 7068: 7059: 7058: 7047: 7038: 7037: 7019: 7008: 7007: 6985: 6976: 6975: 6957: 6946: 6945: 6927: 6916: 6915: 6886: 6875: 6874: 6845: 6834: 6833: 6808: 6799: 6798: 6780: 6774: 6773: 6762: 6756: 6755: 6737: 6731: 6730: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6693: 6669: 6663: 6662: 6644: 6596:Etruscan origins 6560: 6553: 6546: 6524: 6523: 6166:African Kingdoms 6017:Ortoiroid People 5730:Northern America 5553:Bactria–Margiana 5348:African Kingdoms 5323:Nemencha Kingdom 5318:Kingdom of Hodna 5223:African Kingdoms 5123:Kingdom of Kerma 5028:Migration Period 4868:Israel and Judah 4705: 4704: 4695: 4688: 4681: 4669:Italy portal 4667: 4666: 4665: 4396:Catholic revival 4249: 4248: 4131: 4121: 4103: 4102: 4010:Cippus Perusinus 3966:Cippus Perusinus 3743: 3736: 3729: 3722: 3715: 3708: 3701: 3694: 3687: 3680: 3673: 3666: 3659: 3652: 3645: 3638: 3631: 3624: 3617: 3610: 3603: 3596: 3589: 3582: 3575: 3568: 3553: 3552: 3433: 3426: 3419: 3412: 3405: 3398: 3391: 3384: 3377: 3370: 3363: 3356: 3349: 3342: 3335: 3328: 3321: 3314: 3307: 3300: 3293: 3286: 3279: 3272: 3265: 3258: 3243: 3242: 3202:very short texts 3173:Diodorus Siculus 3085:Cippus Perusinus 2768: 2752: 2714:named after the 2447: 2428:Padanian Etruria 2391:married couple, 2360: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2326: 2268:Etruscan society 2021:'(someone) from 1939:Founding of Rome 1813:and his brother 1808: 1807: 1777:bronze sculpture 1712:Syracuse, Sicily 1696:Battle of Alalia 1600:Classical period 1551: 1546: 1539: 1534: 1503: 1465:Proto-Villanovan 1283:, Etruscan age, 1220: 1217: 1144:Science Advances 1109:Genetic research 1063:Phoenician-Punic 1019:Urnfield culture 1015:social practices 1011:material culture 850:Xanthus of Lydia 793: 792: 672: 648:Etruscan origins 619:Larissa Bonfante 612: 611: 533: 532: 523: 522: 474:Etruscan history 445:Euboean alphabet 387:Urnfield culture 355:, south-eastern 323: 317: 316: 313: 312: 309: 306: 303: 300: 297: 294: 291: 234: 233: 222: 221: 209: 208: 202: 201: 186: 185: 178:Etruscan coinage 71: 53: 46: 45: 32: 31: 21: 18:Etruscan culture 13881: 13880: 13876: 13875: 13874: 13872: 13871: 13870: 13821: 13820: 13819: 13810: 13764: 13667: 13666:Post-Napoleonic 13657: 13591: 13527: 13521: 13509: 13451: 13447: 13446:(1130–1816) and 13445: 13437: 13382: 13370: 13337: 13311: 13302:Emirate of Bari 13288: 13275:Theme of Sicily 13270:Duchy of Naples 13245:Duchy of Amalfi 13230: 13222: 13170: 13169:Other Republics 13164: 13142: 13134: 13128:County of Tenda 13108:County of Savoy 13068:Duchy of Reggio 13038:Duchy of Mantua 12966:March of Friuli 12898: 12896: 12894: 12886: 12882:Duchy of Urbino 12867:Duchy of Castro 12844: 12836: 12790: 12784:Duchy of Tuscia 12764:Duchy of Friuli 12727: 12718: 12716: 12714: 12708: 12687:(753 BC–509 BC) 12671: 12586: 12581: 12551: 12546: 12526: 12513: 12484:Public holidays 12315: 12261:Life expectancy 12148: 12003: 11919:Law enforcement 11855: 11708: 11655: 11644:Social Republic 11608:Colonial Empire 11591:Capture of Rome 11544: 11437: 11346: 11239:Ancient peoples 11227: 11164: 11125:Historic states 11083: 11058: 11049: 11019: 11014: 11000: 10827: 10759: 10726:Raetic language 10683: 10615: 10519:Fanum Voltumnae 10514:Tiburtine Sibyl 10504:Etruscan League 10456: 10447: 10418:Servius Tullius 10398:Caelius Vibenna 10344: 10339: 10301: 10299: 10281: 10279: 10270: 10261: 10259: 10250: 10247: 10246: 10245: 10225: 10224: 10220: 10213: 10182: 10133:Spivey, Nigel. 10116:Shipley, Lucy. 10075:Haynes, Sybille 9988: 9986:Further reading 9983: 9977: 9888: 9883: 9874: 9870: 9861: 9857: 9848: 9844: 9835: 9831: 9822: 9818: 9809: 9805: 9796: 9792: 9783: 9779: 9770: 9766: 9757: 9753: 9744: 9740: 9731: 9727: 9718: 9714: 9705: 9701: 9686: 9682: 9671: 9667: 9655: 9651: 9644: 9619: 9615: 9606: 9602: 9593: 9589: 9577: 9573: 9562: 9558: 9548: 9546: 9541: 9540: 9536: 9525: 9521: 9514: 9498: 9491: 9480: 9473: 9454: 9450: 9431: 9427: 9410: 9409: 9405: 9390: 9386: 9377:Dupey, Trevor. 9375: 9368: 9357: 9350: 9338: 9331: 9324: 9310: 9306: 9297: 9293: 9280:Hughes (2012). 9278: 9274: 9264: 9242: 9238: 9229: 9227: 9225: 9211: 9207: 9197: 9195: 9186: 9185: 9178: 9168: 9166: 9154: 9153: 9149: 9144: 9140: 9130: 9128: 9126: 9110: 9103: 9094: 9092: 9090: 9074: 9067: 9057: 9055: 9045: 9038: 9026: 9022: 9012:Gilda Bartoloni 9010: 9003: 8992: 8971: 8967: 8946:(10): 541–544. 8932: 8928: 8883: 8879: 8834: 8830: 8785: 8778: 8747: 8743: 8687: 8683: 8644: 8640: 8597: 8593: 8585: 8581: 8573: 8569: 8561: 8557: 8490: 8483: 8428: 8424: 8413: 8396: 8392: 8385: 8371: 8362: 8355: 8337: 8328: 8321: 8303: 8299: 8292:Editori Riuniti 8288:L'arte classica 8281: 8277: 8262: 8258: 8247: 8243: 8232: 8228: 8217:Stoddart, Simon 8214: 8210: 8199: 8195: 8188: 8174: 8167: 8153: 8149: 8142: 8128: 8124: 8113: 8097: 8093: 8075: 8071: 8057: 8053: 8042: 8020:Wallace, Rex E. 8017: 8013: 8002: 7998: 7978: 7974: 7960: 7953: 7942: 7938: 7924: 7920: 7915: 7911: 7893: 7886: 7881: 7877: 7872: 7868: 7850: 7846: 7837: 7833: 7828: 7824: 7815: 7811: 7803: 7799: 7790: 7786: 7777: 7773: 7768: 7764: 7757: 7743: 7739: 7734: 7730: 7710: 7706: 7701: 7694: 7687: 7669: 7665: 7651: 7647: 7639: 7632: 7626: 7622: 7616:Perseus Project 7604: 7600: 7586: 7584: 7580: 7527: 7523: 7516: 7502: 7498: 7492:Perseus Project 7480: 7476: 7470:Perseus Project 7438: 7434: 7414: 7410: 7405: 7401: 7385: 7381: 7372: 7370: 7359: 7355: 7347: 7341: 7337: 7330: 7309: 7305: 7298: 7284: 7280: 7263: 7259: 7245: 7241: 7210: 7206: 7201: 7197: 7188: 7187: 7183: 7176: 7154: 7145: 7138: 7110: 7101: 7090: 7083: 7069: 7062: 7048: 7041: 7034: 7020: 7011: 7000: 6986: 6979: 6972: 6958: 6949: 6942: 6928: 6919: 6912: 6887: 6878: 6871: 6846: 6837: 6830: 6809: 6802: 6795: 6781: 6777: 6768:, ed. (2004) . 6763: 6759: 6752: 6738: 6734: 6727: 6713: 6709: 6670: 6666: 6659: 6645: 6632: 6628: 6623: 6576:Fanum Voltumnae 6564: 6513: 6512: 6503:Ancient Warfare 6453: 6445: 6444: 6185: 6171: 6170: 6071: 6057: 6056: 6012: 6002: 6001: 5952: 5942: 5941: 5812: 5802: 5801: 5732: 5722: 5721: 5717:Middle Kingdoms 5677: 5667: 5666: 5637: 5627: 5626: 5543: 5533: 5532: 5518:Eurasian Nomads 5513:Five Barbarians 5508:Four Barbarians 5493:Pannonian Avars 5363: 5361:Eurasian Steppe 5353: 5352: 5238: 5228: 5227: 5218:Nilotic Peoples 5143:Kingdom of Axum 5138:Kingdom of Kush 5133:Kingdom of Dʿmt 5108: 5098: 5097: 4953: 4943: 4942: 4728: 4709:Ancient history 4699: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4650: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4606:Historic states 4570: 4562: 4561: 4538:Great Recession 4469:Colonial Empire 4458: 4450: 4449: 4448: 4429: 4379: 4371: 4370: 4331: 4323: 4322: 4246: 4238: 4237: 4177: 4167: 4166: 4139: 4119: 4112: 4101: 3899:. Accordingly, 3216:and Kyme (lat. 3133: 3078: 3070:Main articles: 3068: 2971: 2965: 2917: 2911: 2865:system: Tin or 2856:populus Romanus 2822:, a civil god; 2780: 2779: 2778: 2777: 2776: 2771:Inscription of 2769: 2760: 2759: 2758: 2753: 2742: 2736: 2689: 2684: 2656: 2654:Etruscan cities 2650: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2401:western culture 2381: 2373:Main articles: 2371: 2285: 2279: 2274: 2266:Main articles: 2264: 2259: 2233:– Patrician (?) 2141: 1985:Roman mythology 1961:Capitoline Wolf 1941: 1935: 1903:Lega dei popoli 1892:Fanum Voltumnae 1789:Etruscan League 1765: 1763:Etruscan cities 1759: 1757:Etruscan League 1720:Battle of Cumae 1640: 1638:Etruria Campana 1632:Main articles: 1630: 1614: 1601: 1588: 1559: 1514: 1509: 1501: 1457: 1451: 1435:Paleo-Sardinian 1415:Johannes Krause 1222:steppe ancestry 1218: 1116:archaeogenetics 1114:development of 1111: 1043:Mycenaean world 944: 936:Main articles: 934: 908:Natural History 903:Rhaetian people 899:Pliny the Elder 655: 653:Ancient sources 650: 644: 632:Paul Kretschmer 545:(Etruria), and 490: 488: 481: 476: 470: 343:, and northern 321: 288: 284: 273: 231: 206: 162: 152: 137:Ancient history 124:Etruscan League 74: 57: 56: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13879: 13869: 13868: 13863: 13858: 13853: 13848: 13843: 13838: 13833: 13816: 13815: 13812: 13811: 13809: 13808: 13802: 13796: 13790: 13789: 13788: 13785:Italian Empire 13775: 13773: 13763: 13762: 13756: 13750: 13744: 13738: 13732: 13729:Roman Republic 13726: 13720: 13714: 13708: 13702: 13696: 13690: 13684: 13681:Duchy of Lucca 13678: 13675:Duchy of Genoa 13671: 13669: 13663: 13662: 13659: 13658: 13656: 13655: 13650: 13645: 13640: 13635: 13630: 13625: 13620: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13599: 13597: 13593: 13592: 13590: 13589: 13584: 13579: 13574: 13569: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13549: 13544: 13538: 13536: 13529: 13515: 13514: 13511: 13510: 13508: 13507: 13502: 13497: 13492: 13487: 13481: 13476: 13471: 13466: 13461: 13455: 13453: 13439: 13438: 13436: 13435: 13429: 13424: 13419: 13418: 13417: 13412: 13407: 13402: 13397: 13386: 13384: 13376: 13375: 13372: 13371: 13369: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13353: 13347: 13345: 13339: 13338: 13336: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13319: 13317: 13313: 13312: 13310: 13309: 13304: 13298: 13296: 13290: 13289: 13287: 13286: 13281: 13272: 13267: 13262: 13257: 13252: 13250:Duchy of Gaeta 13247: 13241: 13239: 13232: 13228:Southern Italy 13224: 13223: 13221: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13185: 13180: 13174: 13172: 13171:(c. 1000–1797) 13166: 13165: 13163: 13162: 13157: 13152: 13146: 13144: 13136: 13135: 13133: 13132: 13131: 13130: 13125: 13123:County of Nice 13120: 13118:Duchy of Aosta 13115: 13110: 13105: 13098:Savoyard state 13095: 13090: 13085: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13035: 13033:Duchy of Milan 13030: 13028:Duchy of Ivrea 13025: 13024: 13023: 13018: 13013: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12988: 12983: 12978: 12973: 12968: 12963: 12958: 12953: 12943: 12938: 12933: 12928: 12923: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12902: 12900: 12888: 12887: 12885: 12884: 12879: 12874: 12869: 12864: 12859: 12854: 12848: 12846: 12838: 12837: 12835: 12834: 12828: 12827: 12826: 12820: 12814: 12801: 12799: 12792: 12791: 12789: 12788: 12787: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12769:Duchy of Ivrea 12766: 12761: 12750: 12744: 12738: 12735:Odoacer's rule 12731: 12729: 12720: 12710: 12709: 12707: 12706: 12700: 12699:(27 BC–395 AD) 12694: 12693:(509 BC–27 BC) 12691:Roman Republic 12688: 12681: 12679: 12673: 12672: 12670: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12633: 12632: 12630:Cisalpine Gaul 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12606: 12605: 12594: 12592: 12588: 12587: 12580: 12579: 12572: 12565: 12557: 12548: 12547: 12545: 12544: 12534: 12522: 12519: 12518: 12515: 12514: 12512: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12466: 12461: 12456: 12451: 12446: 12441: 12436: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12416: 12411: 12406: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12386: 12381: 12376: 12371: 12366: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12346: 12341: 12336: 12331: 12325: 12323: 12317: 12316: 12314: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12273: 12268: 12263: 12258: 12257: 12256: 12255: 12254: 12239: 12238: 12237: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12166: 12160: 12154: 12153: 12150: 12149: 12147: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12135: 12134: 12129: 12124: 12114: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12092:Stock exchange 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12058: 12057: 12052: 12042: 12037: 12032: 12027: 12021: 12015: 12009: 12008: 12005: 12004: 12002: 12001: 11996: 11994:Municipalities 11991: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11961: 11954:Prime Minister 11951: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11905: 11904: 11894: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11873: 11867: 11861: 11860: 11857: 11856: 11854: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11841:Regional parks 11838: 11836:National parks 11833: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11797: 11796: 11786: 11785: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11748: 11747: 11745:Climate change 11737: 11732: 11726: 11720: 11714: 11713: 11710: 11709: 11707: 11706: 11705: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11684: 11679: 11674: 11663: 11661: 11657: 11656: 11654: 11653: 11652: 11651: 11646: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11621: 11620: 11610: 11605: 11595: 11594: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11552: 11550: 11546: 11545: 11543: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11521: 11520: 11510: 11508:Duchy of Savoy 11505: 11500: 11495: 11494: 11493: 11492: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11445: 11443: 11439: 11438: 11436: 11435: 11430: 11429: 11428: 11418: 11416:Lombard League 11413: 11412: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11354: 11352: 11348: 11347: 11345: 11344: 11343: 11342: 11341: 11340: 11338:Western Empire 11330: 11325: 11323:Roman conquest 11320: 11315: 11305: 11304: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11277: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11244:Italic peoples 11235: 11233: 11229: 11228: 11226: 11225: 11224: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11172: 11170: 11166: 11165: 11163: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11091: 11089: 11085: 11084: 11082: 11081: 11075: 11073: 11066: 11060: 11059: 11048: 11047: 11040: 11033: 11025: 11016: 11015: 11005: 11002: 11001: 10999: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10858: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10837: 10835: 10829: 10828: 10826: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10769: 10767: 10761: 10760: 10758: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10740: 10737:Tabula Capuana 10733: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10711: 10704: 10699: 10693: 10691: 10685: 10684: 10682: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10625: 10623: 10617: 10616: 10614: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10474:Apollo of Veii 10470: 10468: 10458: 10457: 10450: 10448: 10446: 10445: 10440: 10438:Lars Tolumnius 10435: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10354: 10352: 10346: 10345: 10338: 10337: 10330: 10323: 10315: 10309: 10308: 10288: 10268: 10244: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10227: 10226: 10215: 10214: 10212: 10211:External links 10209: 10208: 10207: 10189: 10181: 10178: 10177: 10176: 10165: 10155: 10148: 10138: 10131: 10121: 10114: 10096: 10089: 10084:Izzet, Vedia. 10082: 10072: 10058: 10051: 10041: 10038:Etruscan Myths 10034: 10027: 10020: 10006: 9996: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9981: 9975: 9947: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9881: 9868: 9855: 9842: 9829: 9816: 9803: 9790: 9777: 9764: 9751: 9738: 9725: 9712: 9699: 9680: 9665: 9649: 9642: 9613: 9600: 9587: 9571: 9556: 9534: 9519: 9512: 9489: 9471: 9448: 9425: 9403: 9384: 9366: 9348: 9329: 9322: 9304: 9291: 9284:. p. 24. 9272: 9263:978-0534582272 9262: 9236: 9223: 9205: 9194:. 2 April 2009 9176: 9162:(in Italian). 9147: 9138: 9124: 9115:Etruscan Italy 9101: 9088: 9065: 9051:(in Italian). 9036: 9028:Walter Burkert 9020: 9001: 8990: 8965: 8926: 8877: 8854:10.1086/425180 8848:(5): 919–920. 8828: 8805:10.1086/383284 8799:(4): 694–704. 8776: 8741: 8681: 8638: 8591: 8579: 8567: 8555: 8481: 8422: 8411: 8390: 8384:978-0861591732 8383: 8360: 8354:978-1934078495 8353: 8326: 8319: 8297: 8275: 8256: 8241: 8226: 8208: 8193: 8186: 8165: 8147: 8140: 8122: 8111: 8091: 8082:Torelli, Mario 8069: 8051: 8040: 8011: 7996: 7993:]. Book 5. 7972: 7951: 7948:. p. 272. 7936: 7918: 7909: 7884: 7875: 7866: 7844: 7831: 7822: 7809: 7797: 7784: 7771: 7762: 7756:978-0719055409 7755: 7737: 7728: 7704: 7692: 7685: 7663: 7645: 7620: 7598: 7578: 7534:Roman Republic 7521: 7514: 7496: 7474: 7432: 7408: 7399: 7379: 7353: 7335: 7328: 7303: 7296: 7278: 7257: 7239: 7204: 7195: 7181: 7174: 7143: 7136: 7099: 7081: 7060: 7039: 7032: 7009: 6999:978-8878145337 6998: 6977: 6971:978-8862623049 6970: 6947: 6940: 6917: 6910: 6876: 6869: 6835: 6828: 6816:Rasmussen, Tom 6812:Barker, Graeme 6800: 6793: 6775: 6757: 6750: 6732: 6726:978-1901663907 6725: 6707: 6684:(4): 597–644. 6664: 6658:978-8820348700 6657: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6566: 6565: 6563: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6540: 6537: 6536: 6535: 6534: 6528: 6515: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6493:Historiography 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6186: 6179:Southeast Asia 6177: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6169: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6072: 6069:Central Africa 6063: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6013: 6008: 6007: 6004: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5953: 5948: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5813: 5808: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5733: 5728: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5720: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5678: 5673: 5672: 5669: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5638: 5633: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5625: 5624: 5619: 5617:Fergana Valley 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5572:Yavana Kingdom 5569: 5564: 5555: 5550: 5544: 5539: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5525: 5523:Nomadic Empire 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5364: 5359: 5358: 5355: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5239: 5234: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5109: 5106:Horn of Africa 5104: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4954: 4949: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4729: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4719: 4712: 4711: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4697: 4690: 4683: 4675: 4672: 4671: 4652: 4651: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4564: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4557: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4527: 4515: 4505: 4490: 4484: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4459: 4456: 4455: 4452: 4451: 4447: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4438: 4428: 4427: 4426: 4425: 4420: 4412: 4411: 4410: 4404: 4399: 4393: 4387: 4380: 4377: 4376: 4373: 4372: 4369: 4368: 4363: 4354: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4329: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4319: 4318: 4317:962–1801 4315: 4304: 4303: 4300: 4289: 4288: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4255: 4247: 4244: 4243: 4240: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4234: 4233: 4225:Western Empire 4222: 4216: 4215: 4214: 4201: 4196: 4185: 4178: 4173: 4172: 4169: 4168: 4165: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4133: 4132: 4124: 4123: 4114: 4113: 4106: 4100: 4097: 4065: 4064: 4061:Tuscanian dice 4058: 4055:Aryballe Poupé 4052: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4016: 4007: 3997: 3994:Tegula Capuana 3983: 3951: 3950: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3918:Alongside the 3828: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3748:Transcription 3745: 3744: 3737: 3730: 3723: 3716: 3709: 3702: 3695: 3688: 3681: 3674: 3667: 3660: 3653: 3646: 3639: 3632: 3625: 3618: 3611: 3604: 3597: 3590: 3583: 3576: 3569: 3562: 3558: 3557: 3518: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3438:Transcription 3435: 3434: 3427: 3420: 3413: 3406: 3399: 3392: 3385: 3378: 3371: 3364: 3357: 3350: 3343: 3336: 3329: 3322: 3315: 3308: 3301: 3294: 3287: 3280: 3273: 3266: 3259: 3252: 3248: 3247: 3148:Greek alphabet 3132: 3129: 3113:isolate family 3067: 3064: 3034:(the pipes of 2999:Carrara marble 2967:Main article: 2964: 2961: 2913:Main article: 2910: 2907: 2770: 2763: 2762: 2761: 2754: 2747: 2746: 2745: 2744: 2743: 2738:Main article: 2735: 2732: 2720:climate change 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2668:Roman Iron Age 2652:Main article: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2644: 2641: 2635: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2606: 2603: 2596: 2589: 2586: 2580: 2569: 2555: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2533: 2530:Battle of Cyme 2522: 2515: 2509: 2502: 2495: 2488: 2482: 2454:Ancient Greece 2420:Main article: 2417: 2414: 2370: 2367: 2281:Main article: 2278: 2275: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2243:Urgulania gens 2240: 2237:Tarquitia gens 2234: 2231:Tarquinia gens 2228: 2226:Tapsennia gens 2223: 2221:Spurinnia gens 2218: 2216:Sanquinia gens 2213: 2208: 2203: 2201:Perpernia gens 2198: 2192: 2187: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2166:Caesennia gens 2163: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2063:Numa Pompilius 2003:Pons Sublicius 1937:Main article: 1934: 1931: 1775:, an Etruscan 1761:Main article: 1758: 1755: 1743:Adriatic coast 1704:Tyrrhenian Sea 1634:Etruria Padana 1629: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1597: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587:Archaic period 1584: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1543: 1542: 1537: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1526:Villanovan II 1523: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1511: 1500: 1497: 1453:Main article: 1450: 1447: 1346:(subclades of 1312:Central Europe 1293:Eneolithic Age 1110: 1107: 987:etruscologists 933: 930: 911:(AD 79): 837:spoken in the 654: 651: 646:Main article: 643: 640: 551:Tyrrhenian Sea 547:Mare Tyrrhēnum 480: 477: 472:Main article: 469: 466: 453:Southern Italy 434:Roman Republic 424:, and that of 363:, and western 353:Emilia-Romagna 275: 274: 272: 271: 266: 261: 256: 250: 248: 244: 243: 240: 239: 236: 235: 228: 219: 216: 215: 210: 198: 197: 192: 182: 181: 175: 171: 170: 167: 166: 163: 160: 157: 156: 153: 147: 144: 143: 140: 139: 130: 129:Historical era 126: 125: 122: 118: 117: 114: 113: 110: 106: 105: 100: 96: 95: 90: 86: 85: 80: 76: 75: 72: 64: 63: 59: 58: 55: 54: 47: 44:𐌓𐌀𐌔𐌄𐌍𐌍𐌀 39: 38: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13878: 13867: 13864: 13862: 13859: 13857: 13854: 13852: 13849: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13837: 13834: 13832: 13829: 13828: 13826: 13806: 13803: 13800: 13797: 13794: 13791: 13786: 13783: 13782: 13780: 13777: 13776: 13774: 13772: 13767: 13760: 13757: 13754: 13751: 13748: 13745: 13742: 13739: 13736: 13733: 13730: 13727: 13724: 13721: 13718: 13715: 13712: 13709: 13706: 13703: 13700: 13697: 13694: 13691: 13688: 13685: 13682: 13679: 13676: 13673: 13672: 13670: 13664: 13654: 13651: 13649: 13646: 13644: 13641: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13600: 13598: 13594: 13588: 13585: 13583: 13580: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13539: 13537: 13533: 13530: 13525: 13520: 13516: 13506: 13503: 13501: 13498: 13496: 13493: 13491: 13488: 13485: 13482: 13480: 13477: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13469:Duchy of Sora 13467: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13456: 13454: 13450: 13444: 13440: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13416: 13413: 13411: 13408: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13398: 13396: 13393: 13392: 13391: 13388: 13387: 13385: 13381: 13377: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13348: 13346: 13344: 13340: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13320: 13318: 13314: 13308: 13307:Muslim Sicily 13305: 13303: 13300: 13299: 13297: 13295: 13291: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13248: 13246: 13243: 13242: 13240: 13236: 13233: 13229: 13225: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13175: 13173: 13167: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13147: 13145: 13141: 13137: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13100: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12954: 12952: 12949: 12948: 12947: 12944: 12942: 12939: 12937: 12934: 12932: 12929: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12919: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12907: 12904: 12903: 12901: 12893: 12889: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12849: 12847: 12843: 12839: 12832: 12829: 12824: 12821: 12818: 12815: 12812: 12811:Duchy of Rome 12809: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12793: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12748: 12745: 12742: 12739: 12736: 12733: 12732: 12730: 12724: 12721: 12711: 12704: 12701: 12698: 12695: 12692: 12689: 12686: 12685:Roman Kingdom 12683: 12682: 12680: 12678: 12674: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12657:Magna Graecia 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12631: 12628: 12627: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12604: 12601: 12600: 12599: 12596: 12595: 12593: 12589: 12585: 12578: 12573: 12571: 12566: 12564: 12559: 12558: 12555: 12543: 12535: 12533: 12524: 12523: 12520: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12326: 12324: 12322: 12318: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12253: 12250: 12249: 12248: 12245: 12244: 12243: 12240: 12236: 12233: 12232: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12167: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12155: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12119: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12047: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12022: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12010: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11959: 11955: 11952: 11949: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11903: 11900: 11899: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11874: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11862: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11795: 11792: 11791: 11790: 11787: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11769: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11746: 11743: 11742: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11727: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11715: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11687:Years of Lead 11685: 11683: 11682:Economic Boom 11680: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11669: 11668: 11665: 11664: 11662: 11658: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11625:Fascist Italy 11623: 11619: 11616: 11615: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11600: 11599: 11596: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11571:Niçard exodus 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11558: 11557: 11554: 11553: 11551: 11547: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11519: 11516: 11515: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11471: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11451: 11450: 11447: 11446: 11444: 11440: 11434: 11431: 11427: 11424: 11423: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11361: 11360: 11359: 11356: 11355: 11353: 11349: 11339: 11336: 11335: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11310: 11309: 11306: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11291:Magna Graecia 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11246: 11245: 11242: 11241: 11240: 11237: 11236: 11234: 11230: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11178: 11177: 11174: 11173: 11171: 11167: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11092: 11090: 11086: 11080: 11077: 11076: 11074: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11061: 11057: 11053: 11046: 11041: 11039: 11034: 11032: 11027: 11026: 11023: 11013: 11009: 11003: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10951:San Giovenale 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10838: 10836: 10834: 10830: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10813:Tomb of Orcus 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10770: 10768: 10766: 10762: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10745: 10741: 10739: 10738: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10721:Pyrgi Tablets 10719: 10717: 10716: 10715:Liber Linteus 10712: 10710: 10709: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10694: 10692: 10690: 10686: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10626: 10624: 10622: 10618: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10596:Titus Larcius 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10581: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10471: 10469: 10467: 10463: 10459: 10454: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10393:Aulus Vibenna 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10355: 10353: 10351: 10347: 10343: 10336: 10331: 10329: 10324: 10322: 10317: 10316: 10313: 10297: 10293: 10289: 10277: 10273: 10269: 10257: 10253: 10249: 10248: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10205: 10201: 10197: 10193: 10190: 10187: 10184: 10183: 10174: 10170: 10169:The Etruscans 10166: 10163: 10159: 10156: 10153: 10152:The Etruscans 10149: 10146: 10142: 10139: 10136: 10132: 10129: 10125: 10122: 10119: 10115: 10112: 10111:David Ridgway 10108: 10107:The Etruscans 10104: 10100: 10097: 10094: 10090: 10087: 10083: 10080: 10076: 10073: 10070: 10066: 10062: 10059: 10056: 10052: 10049: 10045: 10042: 10039: 10035: 10032: 10028: 10025: 10021: 10018: 10014: 10010: 10007: 10004: 10000: 9999:Sinclair Bell 9997: 9994: 9990: 9989: 9978: 9976:9780191795510 9972: 9968: 9964: 9960: 9956: 9955:Homeric Hymns 9952: 9948: 9944: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9926: 9922: 9918: 9914: 9910: 9906: 9902: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9890: 9878: 9872: 9865: 9859: 9852: 9846: 9839: 9833: 9826: 9820: 9813: 9807: 9800: 9794: 9787: 9781: 9774: 9768: 9761: 9755: 9748: 9742: 9735: 9729: 9722: 9716: 9709: 9703: 9696: 9691: 9684: 9676: 9669: 9662: 9658: 9653: 9645: 9643:9781444337341 9639: 9635: 9631: 9627: 9623: 9617: 9610: 9604: 9597: 9591: 9584: 9580: 9575: 9567: 9560: 9544: 9538: 9530: 9523: 9515: 9509: 9505: 9504: 9496: 9494: 9485: 9478: 9476: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9452: 9444: 9440: 9436: 9429: 9421: 9417: 9413: 9407: 9398: 9397: 9396:The Etruscans 9388: 9380: 9373: 9371: 9362: 9361:The Etruscans 9355: 9353: 9346: 9345:9789188992970 9342: 9336: 9334: 9325: 9319: 9315: 9314:Les Étrusques 9308: 9301: 9295: 9288: 9283: 9276: 9269: 9265: 9259: 9255: 9250: 9249: 9240: 9226: 9224:9780203642276 9220: 9216: 9209: 9193: 9189: 9183: 9181: 9165: 9161: 9157: 9151: 9142: 9127: 9121: 9117: 9116: 9108: 9106: 9091: 9085: 9081: 9080: 9072: 9070: 9054: 9050: 9043: 9041: 9033: 9029: 9024: 9017: 9013: 9008: 9006: 8998: 8993: 8991:9780593229422 8987: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8969: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8949: 8945: 8941: 8937: 8930: 8922: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8896: 8892: 8888: 8881: 8873: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8855: 8851: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8832: 8824: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8783: 8781: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8745: 8737: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8709: 8705: 8702:(2): e55519. 8701: 8697: 8693: 8685: 8678: 8673: 8669: 8665: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8649: 8642: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8595: 8588: 8583: 8576: 8571: 8564: 8559: 8552: 8547: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8519: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8488: 8486: 8477: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8459: 8455: 8451: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8438: 8433: 8426: 8419: 8414: 8412:9780198821250 8408: 8404: 8400: 8394: 8386: 8380: 8376: 8369: 8367: 8365: 8356: 8350: 8346: 8342: 8335: 8333: 8331: 8322: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8301: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8279: 8272: 8267: 8260: 8252: 8245: 8237: 8230: 8222: 8218: 8212: 8204: 8197: 8189: 8183: 8179: 8172: 8170: 8161: 8157: 8151: 8143: 8137: 8133: 8126: 8119: 8114: 8112:9780191016752 8108: 8104: 8103: 8095: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8073: 8065: 8061: 8055: 8048: 8043: 8041:9780195170726 8037: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8015: 8007: 8000: 7992: 7988: 7987: 7982: 7981:Livius, Titus 7976: 7968: 7964: 7958: 7956: 7947: 7940: 7932: 7928: 7922: 7913: 7906: 7902: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7889: 7879: 7870: 7863: 7859: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7841: 7835: 7826: 7819: 7813: 7806: 7801: 7794: 7788: 7781: 7775: 7766: 7758: 7752: 7748: 7741: 7732: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7708: 7699: 7697: 7688: 7686:9780517414255 7682: 7677: 7676: 7667: 7659: 7655: 7649: 7638: 7631: 7624: 7617: 7613: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7595: 7589: 7582: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7558:Tusculanensis 7555: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7525: 7517: 7515:9781931707862 7511: 7507: 7500: 7493: 7489: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7471: 7467: 7466: 7461: 7460:Scott, Robert 7457: 7453: 7445: 7436: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7412: 7403: 7394: 7390: 7383: 7368: 7364: 7357: 7350:(in Italian). 7346: 7339: 7331: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7307: 7299: 7297:0-312-38395-9 7293: 7289: 7282: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7261: 7253: 7249: 7243: 7236: 7234: 7230: 7224: 7220: 7219: 7214: 7213:Livius, Titus 7208: 7199: 7191: 7185: 7177: 7175:9780521684958 7171: 7167: 7162: 7161: 7152: 7150: 7148: 7139: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7116: 7108: 7106: 7104: 7095: 7088: 7086: 7077: 7073: 7067: 7065: 7056: 7052: 7046: 7044: 7035: 7033:9788843022618 7029: 7025: 7018: 7016: 7014: 7006: 7001: 6995: 6991: 6984: 6982: 6973: 6967: 6963: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6943: 6941:9781780238623 6937: 6933: 6926: 6924: 6922: 6913: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6872: 6870:9781444337341 6866: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6844: 6842: 6840: 6831: 6825: 6821: 6820:The Etruscans 6817: 6813: 6807: 6805: 6796: 6794:9788882653330 6790: 6786: 6779: 6771: 6767: 6761: 6753: 6751:0-7156-3162-4 6747: 6743: 6736: 6728: 6722: 6718: 6711: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6668: 6660: 6654: 6650: 6643: 6641: 6639: 6637: 6635: 6630: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6561: 6556: 6554: 6549: 6547: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6538: 6533: 6529: 6527: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6516: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6458:Human History 6456: 6455: 6449: 6448: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6350:Mueang Pahang 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6295:Gangga Negara 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6195:Austronesians 6193: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6184: 6180: 6175: 6174: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6126:Djenné-Djenno 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6070: 6066: 6061: 6060: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6014: 6011: 6006: 6005: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5951: 5946: 5945: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5811: 5806: 5805: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5747:Mississippian 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5731: 5726: 5725: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5712:Sangam Period 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5702:Maurya Empire 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5692:Mahajanapadas 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5676: 5671: 5670: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5636: 5631: 5630: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5577:Kushan Empire 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5542: 5537: 5536: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5453:Proto-Mongols 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5378:Indo-Iranians 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5362: 5357: 5356: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5237: 5232: 5231: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5153:Harla Kingdom 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5110: 5107: 5102: 5101: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5068:British Isles 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4952: 4947: 4946: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4730: 4727: 4722: 4721: 4718: 4714: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4696: 4691: 4689: 4684: 4682: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4673: 4670: 4660: 4658: 4654: 4653: 4647: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4566: 4565: 4555: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4518:Years of Lead 4516: 4513: 4509: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4445: 4442: 4441: 4436: 4435: 4431: 4430: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4414: 4413: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4381: 4375: 4374: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4316: 4313: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4302:774–962 4301: 4298: 4294: 4291: 4290: 4287:568–774 4286: 4284: 4281: 4280: 4277:435–534 4276: 4274: 4271: 4270: 4267:493–553 4266: 4264: 4261: 4260: 4257:476–493 4256: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4242: 4241: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4213: 4212: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4179: 4176: 4171: 4170: 4162: 4161:Magna Graecia 4159: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4125: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4104: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4077: 4073: 4071: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4020: 4019:Pyrgi Tablets 4017: 4015: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3977: 3976:Liber Linteus 3974: 3973: 3972: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3957: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3893: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3735: 3731: 3728: 3724: 3721: 3717: 3714: 3710: 3707: 3703: 3700: 3696: 3693: 3689: 3686: 3682: 3679: 3675: 3672: 3668: 3665: 3661: 3658: 3654: 3651: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3637: 3633: 3630: 3626: 3623: 3619: 3616: 3612: 3609: 3605: 3602: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3588: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3574: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3560: 3559: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3425: 3421: 3418: 3414: 3411: 3407: 3404: 3400: 3397: 3393: 3390: 3386: 3383: 3379: 3376: 3372: 3369: 3365: 3362: 3358: 3355: 3351: 3348: 3344: 3341: 3337: 3334: 3330: 3327: 3323: 3320: 3316: 3313: 3309: 3306: 3302: 3299: 3295: 3292: 3288: 3285: 3281: 3278: 3274: 3271: 3267: 3264: 3260: 3257: 3253: 3250: 3249: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3230:Greek culture 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3182:Liber Linteus 3179: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3142: 3141:Liber linteus 3137: 3128: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3063: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3044:tintinnabulum 3041: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2963:Art and music 2960: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2944:Roman temples 2941: 2937: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2863:Indo-European 2859: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2785: 2774: 2767: 2757: 2751: 2741: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2704:Vite maritata 2701: 2699: 2694: 2679: 2677: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2655: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2633: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2584:Lake Vadimone 2581: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2520: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2508:besieges Rome 2507: 2503: 2500: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2475: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2423: 2413: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2396: 2394: 2389: 2388: 2380: 2376: 2366: 2364: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2289: 2284: 2273: 2269: 2255: 2254:Volumnia gens 2252: 2249: 2248:Verginia gens 2246: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2181:Herminia gens 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2156:Caecinia gens 2154: 2152: 2151:Arruntia gens 2149: 2147: 2146:Ancharia gens 2144: 2143: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2099:sella curulis 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2052: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1999: 1994: 1993:Palatine Hill 1990: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1967: 1963: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1886:, the twelve 1885: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1745:. Meanwhile, 1744: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1657:Magna Graecia 1653: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1620: 1617: 1611: 1607: 1604: 1602:(480–320 BC) 1598: 1594: 1591: 1589:(580–480 BC) 1585: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1565: 1562: 1560:(720–580 BC) 1556: 1550: 1545: 1544: 1538: 1533: 1532: 1528: 1525: 1524: 1520: 1518:Villanovan I 1517: 1515:(900–720 BC) 1508: 1504: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1456: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1404: 1399: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1203:Civitavecchia 1200: 1196: 1192: 1191: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1149:autosomal DNA 1146: 1145: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1124:autosomal DNA 1121: 1117: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 999: 996: 992: 988: 979: 974: 968: 964: 959: 952: 948: 943: 939: 928: 926: 922: 918: 912: 910: 909: 904: 900: 894: 889: 887: 886: 881: 875: 870: 868: 862: 857: 855: 851: 847: 842: 840: 836: 832: 828: 823: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 765: 763: 759: 755: 751: 746: 744: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 710: 706: 701: 695: 691: 686: 680: 676: 671: 670: 664: 659: 649: 639: 637: 633: 629: 624: 620: 616: 606: 601: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 554: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 527: 517: 513: 508: 506: 502: 498: 495:According to 485: 475: 465: 463: 458: 454: 450: 449:Magna Graecia 446: 442: 437: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 410:Roman Kingdom 406: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 377: 373: 368: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 333:ancient Italy 330: 326: 325: 315: 282: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 251: 249: 247:Today part of 245: 229: 227: 224: 223: 220: 214: 211: 204: 203: 200: 199: 196: 193: 191: 188: 187: 183: 179: 176: 172: 168: 164: 158: 154: 151: 145: 141: 138: 134: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 104: 101: 97: 94: 91: 87: 84: 81: 77: 70: 65: 60: 52: 48: 41: 40: 33: 30: 19: 13781:(1861–1946) 13759:Papal States 13587:Transpadania 13160:Stato da Màr 12842:Papal States 12753:Lombard rule 12717:Early Modern 12705:(395–476 AD) 12697:Roman Empire 12677:Ancient Rome 12597: 12369:Architecture 12339:Quattrocento 12296:Social class 12276:Prostitution 12190:Demographics 12112:Trade unions 12055:Central Bank 11897:Human rights 11877:Constitution 11660:Contemporary 11630:World War II 11518:Italian Wars 11442:Early modern 11384:Papal States 11362:Italy under 11308:Ancient Rome 11280: 10931:Poggio Colla 10823:Vicus Tuscus 10803:Negau helmet 10742: 10735: 10713: 10706: 10578: 10479:Architecture 10433:Lars Porsena 10341: 10302:21 September 10300:. Retrieved 10280:. Retrieved 10260:. Retrieved 10256:the original 10231:Online books 10221: 10172: 10168: 10161: 10151: 10144: 10135:Etruscan Art 10134: 10127: 10117: 10106: 10103:Etruscologia 10102: 10092: 10085: 10078: 10068: 10064: 10054: 10047: 10037: 10030: 10023: 10016: 10002: 9992: 9958: 9954: 9904: 9898: 9876: 9871: 9866:pp. 141–142. 9863: 9858: 9850: 9845: 9837: 9832: 9824: 9819: 9811: 9806: 9798: 9793: 9785: 9780: 9772: 9767: 9759: 9754: 9746: 9741: 9733: 9728: 9720: 9715: 9707: 9702: 9693: 9689: 9683: 9674: 9668: 9660: 9652: 9625: 9616: 9608: 9603: 9595: 9590: 9582: 9574: 9566:Etruscan Art 9565: 9559: 9547:. Retrieved 9545:(in Italian) 9537: 9528: 9522: 9502: 9483: 9461: 9451: 9438: 9428: 9415: 9406: 9395: 9387: 9378: 9360: 9313: 9307: 9299: 9294: 9285: 9281: 9275: 9267: 9247: 9239: 9228:. Retrieved 9208: 9196:. Retrieved 9191: 9167:. Retrieved 9159: 9150: 9141: 9129:. Retrieved 9114: 9093:. Retrieved 9078: 9056:. Retrieved 9031: 9023: 9015: 8995: 8981: 8977: 8968: 8943: 8939: 8929: 8894: 8890: 8880: 8845: 8841: 8831: 8796: 8792: 8757:(1): 11–18. 8754: 8750: 8744: 8699: 8695: 8684: 8675: 8655: 8651: 8641: 8608: 8604: 8594: 8582: 8577:, p. 2. 8570: 8565:, p. 3. 8558: 8549: 8527:2318/1715466 8501: 8497: 8441: 8435: 8425: 8416: 8402: 8399:Reich, David 8393: 8374: 8344: 8310: 8300: 8287: 8278: 8269: 8265: 8259: 8251:Gli Etruschi 8250: 8244: 8235: 8229: 8220: 8211: 8202: 8196: 8177: 8159: 8150: 8131: 8125: 8116: 8101: 8094: 8086:Gli Etruschi 8085: 8072: 8063: 8054: 8045: 8023: 8014: 8005: 7999: 7990: 7985: 7975: 7966: 7945: 7939: 7930: 7921: 7912: 7898: 7878: 7869: 7855: 7847: 7839: 7834: 7825: 7817: 7812: 7800: 7792: 7787: 7779: 7774: 7765: 7746: 7740: 7731: 7707: 7674: 7666: 7657: 7648: 7623: 7609: 7601: 7593: 7581: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7529: 7524: 7505: 7499: 7485: 7477: 7463: 7435: 7427:the original 7422: 7411: 7402: 7392: 7382: 7371:. Retrieved 7369:(in Italian) 7366: 7356: 7338: 7319: 7306: 7287: 7281: 7270:LacusCurtius 7266:Introduction 7265: 7260: 7242: 7226: 7222: 7217: 7207: 7198: 7184: 7159: 7123: 7093: 7075: 7054: 7023: 7003: 6989: 6962:Gli Etruschi 6961: 6931: 6893: 6852: 6819: 6784: 6778: 6769: 6760: 6741: 6735: 6716: 6710: 6681: 6677: 6667: 6648: 6586:Etruscan art 6530:Followed by 6468:Protohistory 6340:Tarumanagara 6230:Singhanavati 6225:Suvarnabhumi 6151:Ghana Empire 6081:Dhar Tichitt 6022:Guanahatabey 5962:Casma–Sechin 5787:Thule people 5697:Nanda Empire 5687:Vedic Period 5541:Central Asia 5448:Hephthalites 5443:Iranian Huns 5236:North Africa 5113:Land of Punt 5017: 4715:Preceded by 4655: 4645: 4553: 4552:(2020– 4529: 4511: 4510:(1946– 4434:Risorgimento 4432: 4390:Italian Wars 4378:Early modern 4209: 4203: 4175:Ancient Rome 4154: 4081:Oscan script 4078: 4074: 4066: 4023:Punic script 4003: 3993: 3989: 3979: 3970: 3952: 3933:in Cerveteri 3917: 3896: 3890: 3831: 3521: 3207: 3200:, and a few 3145: 3096:inscriptions 3093: 3029: 3007: 2995:metalworking 2988: 2969:Etruscan art 2933: 2909:Architecture 2860: 2818:, the moon; 2815: 2781: 2703: 2702: 2690: 2672: 2657: 2602:against Rome 2595:against Rome 2579:against Rome 2563:Santa Severa 2532:(also Cumae) 2506:Lars Porsena 2458:Ancient Rome 2451: 2397: 2392: 2385: 2382: 2362: 2316: 2294: 2211:Rasinia gens 2171:Ceionia gens 2128: 2106: 2103:curule chair 2098: 2095:toga palmata 2094: 2089:, while the 2086: 2082: 2078: 2060: 2051:Vicus Tuscus 2049: 2047: 2030: 2026: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 1996: 1982: 1978: 1970: 1959: 1905:"): that of 1900: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1782: 1773:Mars of Todi 1732: 1693: 1649: 1618:Hellenistic 1615:(320–27 BC) 1510:(900–27 BC) 1506: 1479:and then in 1458: 1429:(as well as 1410: 1408: 1402: 1400: 1364: 1298:A couple of 1297: 1274: 1211:Latium vetus 1188: 1186: 1142: 1140: 1112: 1075: 1065:colonies in 1055:ethnogenesis 1031: 1007:Protohistory 1000: 983: 914: 906: 896: 891: 883: 877: 872: 864: 859: 843: 827:Lemnos Stele 824: 766: 762:Homeric Hymn 761: 747: 739: 679:Homeric Hymn 678: 663:Dionysus Cup 635: 627: 604: 602: 597: 585: 577: 565: 561: 557: 555: 546: 542: 538: 534: 525: 509: 500: 494: 438: 407: 403:Roman Empire 369: 280: 278: 259:Vatican City 226:Roman Empire 195:Succeeded by 194: 189: 29: 13807:(1947–1954) 13801:(1943–1945) 13795:(1920–1924) 13787:(1882–1960) 13771:unification 13761:(1814–1870) 13755:(1815–1866) 13749:(1816–1861) 13743:(1814–1860) 13737:(1859–1860) 13731:(1849–1850) 13725:(1848–1849) 13707:(1815–1859) 13701:(1814–1859) 13695:(1814–1859) 13689:(1814–1829) 13683:(1815–1847) 13677:(1815–1848) 13567:Parthenopea 13528:(1792–1815) 13486:(1647–1648) 13452:(1282–1816) 13434:(1324–1861) 13395:Agugliastra 13260:Longobardia 12897:independent 12747:Vandal rule 12434:Italophilia 12394:Coat of arm 12344:Cinquecento 12220:Immigration 12170:Aristocracy 12035:Agriculture 11929:Nationality 11902:LGBT rights 11816:Earthquakes 11697:Mani pulite 11613:World War I 11556:Unification 11549:Late modern 11513:Renaissance 11358:Middle Ages 11351:Middle Ages 11328:Roman Italy 11095:Citizenship 10808:Portonaccio 10783:Etruscology 10383:Tyrrhenians 10093:Etruscology 9911:: 708–714. 9549:24 November 9145:Livy VII.21 9058:October 12, 8345:Etruscology 8008:(in Latin). 7778:Beekes, R. 7367:CelticWorld 7094:Gi Etruschi 7076:Gi Etruschi 7055:Gi Etruschi 6701:10023/24245 6611:Tyrrhenians 6435:Philippines 6280:Tambralinga 6235:Sungai Batu 6190:Melanesians 6131:Igodomigodo 6065:West Africa 5917:Teotihuacan 5810:Mesoamerica 5622:Tarim Basin 5587:Transoxiana 4938:Mesopotamia 4908:Sea Peoples 4576:Citizenship 4531:Mani pulite 4444:Young Italy 4263:Ostrogothic 4199:Roman Italy 4118:History of 3895:instead of 3886:deciphering 3840:), today's 3210:Pithekussai 3017:Greek vases 2953:necropoleis 2938:. In turn, 2869:, the sky, 2814:, the sun; 2708:viticulture 2687:Agriculture 2448:500 BC 2399:adopted by 2329:magistrates 2256:– Patrician 2250:– Patrician 2239:– Patrician 2206:Persia gens 2197:– Patrician 2195:Lartia gens 2190:Erucia gens 2176:Cilnia gens 2161:Caelia gens 1888:city-states 1823:Tyrrhenians 1806:Δωδεκάπολις 1797:Dodecapolis 1608:480–320 BC 1595:580–480 BC 1582:625–580 BC 1574:680–625 BC 1566:720–680 BC 1529:800–720 BC 1521:900–800 BC 1403:Etruscology 1289:Renaissance 1132:David Reich 750:Tyrrhenians 638:from 1934. 516:Tyrrhenians 512:Attic Greek 359:, southern 190:Preceded by 155:900 BC 121:Legislature 83:City-states 13825:Categories 13638:Pontecorvo 13596:Monarchies 13582:Subalpinia 13547:Cispadania 13542:Cisalpinia 13524:Napoleonic 13231:(774–1139) 13143:(697–1797) 12845:(754–1870) 12807:(584–751) 12755:(568–774) 12504:Traditions 12494:Television 12479:Philosophy 12444:Literature 12384:Cathedrals 12354:Settecento 12215:Healthcare 12180:Corruption 12175:Censorship 11934:Parliament 11892:Government 11692:Maxi Trial 11640:Resistance 11369:Ostrogoths 11301:Messapians 11186:Villanovan 11176:Prehistory 11169:Prehistory 10841:Acquarossa 10765:Archeology 10282:2 February 10262:3 November 10063:. (2014). 9814:pp. 38–40. 9695:Etruscans. 9323:2842776585 9230:2011-09-14 9156:"Etruschi" 9095:2009-04-22 7373:2022-02-15 7329:0719055407 7274:WikiSource 7137:0842523340 6621:References 6478:Bronze Age 6473:Copper Age 6385:Shailendra 6300:Sri Ksetra 6285:Langkasuka 6205:Micronesia 6106:Senegambia 5957:Caral-Supe 5897:Teuchitlán 5882:Chupícuaro 5852:Gran Coclé 5782:Pre-Dorset 5675:South Asia 5582:Badakhshan 5398:Tocharians 5373:Afanasievo 4983:Pelasgians 4933:The Levant 4717:prehistory 4524:Maxi Trial 4407:Napoleonic 3927:Alabastron 3856:, today's 3540:wax tablet 3176:Latin and 3152:Pithecusae 3131:Literature 3032:plagiaulos 2991:sarcophagi 2929:laser scan 2897:), Pacha ( 2873:his wife ( 2787:polytheism 2660:its cities 2634:in Etruria 2426:See also: 2309:oligarchic 2277:Government 2069:and three 1913:, and the 1621:320–27 BC 1605:Classical 1552:680–540 BC 1540:720–680 BC 1499:Chronology 1375:haplotypes 1371:West Asian 1281:Prehistory 1228:ancestry ( 1226:Copper Age 1219: 30% 1051:Aegean Sea 1023:Asia Minor 1003:Prehistory 893:corrupted. 774:Thucydides 743:Pelasgians 594:epenthesis 590:metathesis 564:(singular 528:, earlier 339:, western 264:San Marino 165:27 BC 109:Government 13831:Etruscans 13613:Guastalla 13603:Benevento 13535:Republics 13390:Judicates 13238:Byzantine 12895:and other 12833:(585–698) 12825:(554–752) 12819:(554–752) 12813:(533–751) 12798:(584–751) 12749:(435–534) 12743:(493–553) 12737:(476–493) 12728:(476–774) 12662:Iapygians 12464:Mythology 12439:Libraries 12359:Ottocento 12301:Terrorism 12242:Languages 12195:Education 12117:Transport 12067:Companies 11974:Provinces 11944:President 11909:Judiciary 11882:Elections 11794:Volcanoes 11789:Volcanism 11782:Apennines 11767:Mountains 11735:Peninsula 11718:Geography 11649:Civil War 11374:Byzantium 11281:Etruscans 11216:Canegrate 11211:Golasecca 11196:Rinaldone 11191:Terramare 11181:Neolithic 10976:Vetulonia 10961:Tarquinia 10936:Populonia 10906:Fescennia 10876:Cerveteri 10833:Key sites 10544:Mezentius 10378:Tyrrhenus 10154:. London. 7933:. 1.28–3. 7900:Geography 7857:Geography 7718: in 7419:"Origins" 7395:. I.30.3. 7318:(2002) . 7268:. In the 7233:Apennines 6626:Citations 6483:Axial Age 6440:Singapore 6425:Indonesia 6380:Srivijaya 6370:Dvaravati 6220:Hồng Bàng 6215:Polynesia 6210:Melanesia 6200:Australia 6052:Seafaring 6010:Caribbean 5867:Cuicuilco 5847:Xochipala 5822:Epi-Olmec 5635:East Asia 5043:Germanics 5018:Etruscans 5008:Tartessos 5003:Talaiotic 4978:Illyrians 4968:Thracians 4853:Phoenicia 4838:Phrygians 4803:Babylonia 4726:Near East 4498:Partisans 4253:Odoacer's 4211:Optimates 4205:Populares 3956:Syllabary 3929:from the 3901:linguists 3870:Tarquinia 3842:Cerveteri 3021:antefixes 2951:in large 2852:Populonia 2577:Cerveteri 2573:Tarquinia 2553:Po Valley 2471:Patrocles 2393:tusurthir 2185:Patrician 2121:Vetulonia 1915:Po Valley 1815:Tyrrhenus 1739:Po Valley 1673:Phocaeans 1628:Expansion 1477:Pithecusa 1360:mtDNA H1b 1336:Neolithic 1285:Roman age 1103:Tarquinia 1027:Near East 921:Vindelici 882:, in his 796:Tyrrhenus 770:Herodotus 723:swastikas 690:Tarquinia 598:E-trus-ci 543:Tyrrhēnia 526:Tyrrhēnoi 505:Tyrsenian 497:Dionysius 418:Po Valley 349:Po Valley 99:Religion 36:Etruscans 13572:Piedmont 13422:Oristano 13415:Logudoro 13405:Cagliari 13380:Sardinia 13113:Piedmont 12862:Holy See 12713:Medieval 12667:Picentes 12610:Samnites 12542:Category 12429:Internet 12419:Folklore 12349:Seicento 12334:Trecento 12329:Duecento 12291:Religion 12252:Regional 12230:Italians 12205:Gambling 12097:Taxation 11924:Military 11865:Politics 11667:Republic 11454:Florence 11379:Lombards 11318:Republic 11264:Samnites 11259:Picentes 11201:Apennine 11160:Railways 11140:Military 11088:By topic 11072:Overview 11056:articles 10991:Volterra 10986:Volsinii 10981:Vie Cave 10966:Tuscania 10946:Rusellae 10778:Cuniculi 10773:Bucchero 10697:Alphabet 10689:Language 10574:Religion 10564:Poppilia 10413:Tanaquil 10276:Archived 10124:Smith, C 9943:31699931 9907:(6466). 9466:Archived 9443:Archived 9420:Archived 9287:systems. 9198:25 April 9169:29 March 9164:Treccani 9131:22 April 9053:Treccani 8960:16701432 8921:19958417 8913:16077732 8872:15457405 8823:15015132 8771:23900768 8736:23405165 8696:PLOS ONE 8672:15125046 8633:52161000 8625:30187463 8546:31699931 8476:34559560 8062:(1947). 7905:Archived 7862:Archived 7818:Theogony 7816:Hesiod, 7656:(1904). 7637:Archived 7594:Etruscan 7482:Tyrrheni 7450:Τυρσηνός 7442:Τυρρηνός 7248:Polybius 6818:(2000). 6526:Category 6488:Iron Age 6452:See also 6410:Thailand 6400:Malaysia 6390:Cambodia 6360:Kalingga 6315:Quduqian 6076:Kintampo 6032:Kalinago 6027:Saladoid 5992:Tiwanaku 5927:Veracruz 5902:Veraguas 5862:Tlatilco 5762:Mogollon 5742:Hopewell 5657:Mongolia 5602:Margiana 5597:Khorasan 5592:Khwarazm 5438:Xionites 5388:Tungusic 5328:Laguatan 5243:Carthage 5198:Sarapion 5193:Avalites 5158:Barbaria 5128:Macrobia 5093:Caucasus 5013:Guanches 4913:Anatolia 4863:Arameans 4858:Alashiya 4833:Hittites 4657:Timeline 4621:Military 4569:By topic 4508:Republic 4492:Fascist 4463:Monarchy 4418:Republic 4330:Medieval 4308:Germanic 4293:Frankish 4188:Republic 4109:a series 4107:Part of 4099:See also 4089:Faliscan 3947:Bucchero 3850:Velathri 3846:Volterra 3542:made of 3536:Florence 3234:alphabet 3222:Campania 3198:epitaphs 3066:Language 3052:crotales 3048:tympanum 3025:religion 3009:Bucchero 2899:Dionysus 2854:and the 2784:immanent 2734:Religion 2639:Volterra 2620:Saturnia 2614:Hannibal 2600:Volsinii 2541:Campania 2537:Samnites 2526:Syracuse 2521:and Rome 2504:508 BC: 2484:540 BC: 2467:Achilles 2444:, dated 2416:Military 2358:macstrev 2312:republic 2305:monarchy 2301:chiefdom 2019:Sveama-χ 2015:Velzna-χ 1998:pomerium 1907:Campania 1896:Volsinii 1879:imperial 1875:Rusellae 1863:Volterra 1827:Arretium 1785:alliance 1741:and the 1728:Samnites 1700:Carthage 1689:Carthage 1677:Sardinia 1592:Archaic 1491:and the 1332:Anatolia 1304:PLOS One 1195:Iron Age 1178:R1b-U152 1170:R1b-P312 1067:Sardinia 978:Volterra 917:Noricans 816:Thessaly 758:Theogony 719:Etruscan 615:Giuliano 539:Tyrrhēnī 535:Tyrsēnoi 531:Τυρσηνοί 521:Τυρρηνοί 426:Campania 376:Iron Age 365:Campania 357:Lombardy 174:Currency 133:Iron Age 112:Chiefdom 103:Etruscan 93:Etruscan 13653:Corsica 13643:Tuscany 13608:Etruria 13557:Liguria 13410:Gallura 13400:Arborea 13316:Lombard 13016:Tuscany 13006:Trieste 12642:Ligures 12603:Etruria 12499:Theatre 12474:Palaces 12454:Museums 12424:Gardens 12409:Fashion 12399:Cuisine 12379:Castles 12321:Culture 12271:Poverty 12247:Italian 12158:Society 12139:Welfare 12107:Tourism 12077:Exports 12045:Banking 12025:Economy 12013:Economy 11969:Regions 11851:Valleys 11821:Islands 11801:Beaches 11772:Prealps 11752:Geology 11740:Climate 11404:Normans 11364:Odoacer 11313:Kingdom 11296:Ligures 11232:Ancient 11206:Nuragic 11155:Postage 11130:Judaism 11120:Genetic 11110:Fashion 11105:Economy 11064:History 10926:Perusia 10921:Orvieto 10916:Norchia 10911:Fidenae 10901:Falerii 10896:Etruria 10886:Clusium 10861:Bologna 10856:Baratti 10559:Persius 10529:Jewelry 10466:society 10462:Culture 10388:Tarchon 10358:Origins 10350:History 9934:7093155 9913:Bibcode 9900:Science 9886:Sources 9879:p. 117. 9840:p. 133. 9762:S. 140. 9749:S. 138. 9663:, 5.55. 9585:, 1978. 9034:, 1992. 8863:1182123 8814:1181945 8727:3566088 8704:Bibcode 8537:7093155 8506:Bibcode 8498:Science 8467:8462907 8446:Bibcode 8084:(ed.). 7720:Liddell 7675:Origins 7574:Etrūria 7570:Etrusia 7566:Etruscī 7468:at the 7122:(ed.). 6581:Etruria 6415:Vietnam 6405:Myanmar 6345:Kantoli 6320:Pan Pan 6290:Tagaung 6270:Tun Sun 6183:Oceania 6161:Pygmies 6086:Oualata 5972:Paracas 5932:Totonac 5912:Cholula 5887:Quelepa 5877:Mezcala 5872:Zapotec 5837:Huastec 5827:Capacha 5777:Sinagua 5772:Patayan 5767:Fremont 5757:Hohokam 5607:Parthia 5548:Bactria 5528:Siberia 5473:Tuyuhun 5468:Xianbei 5463:Kumo Xi 5423:Xiongnu 5383:Scythia 5188:Aromata 5173:Mosylon 5078:Thracia 5073:Illyria 4998:Nuragic 4993:Torrean 4988:Argaric 4973:Dacians 4898:Phrygia 4883:Chaldea 4828:Mitanni 4798:Assyria 4788:Berbers 4641:Railway 4636:Postage 4611:Judaism 4601:Genetic 4591:Fashion 4586:Economy 4554:present 4512:present 4481:Fascism 4423:Kingdom 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