698:
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have a horse's head or a trident on the reverse instead of the usual reverse type. Apparently later issues have thinner, flat flans. These bronzes were minted in the double, single, and half denominations. Most of them have no monograms, but some of them bear the ΡΚ symbol associated with Groups IV-VII at Mint B, and a few have a trident, anchor with ΔΙ, or an Ε. The anchor was one of the main symbols of the
Seleucid dynasty and ΔΙ is a monogram used by the Seleucids, so Holt interpreted it as commemorating Euthydemus' treaty with Antiochus III in 206 BC. Simon Glenn is sceptical of this argument, seeing the anchor and other symbols as control marks, but he entertains the possibility that the anchor indicates "a shared production process" between the anchor bronzes and the coinage produced by Antiochus III in Bactria.
422:", a 1.6-1.7 km long stone wall with towers and a central fortress guarding a key pass. Landislav Stančo tentatively links the archaeological evidence with the nomad threat. However, Stančo also notes that Derbent wall seems to have been designed not to defend against an attack from Sogdia to the northwest, but from Bactria to the southeast. Hundreds of arrowheads also seem to indicate an attack on the wall from the southeast. Stančo proposes that Euthydemus was originally based in Sogdia and built the fortifications to protect himself from Bactria, before seizing control of the latter. Lucas Christopoulos goes further, proposing that he controlled a large area going from Sogdiana to
498:
490:
601:
632:
443:
628:(ca. 8.27 g), and small numbers of silver tetradrachms and drachms, and all three monograms are used. Some of the gold staters are die-linked to earlier Diodotid coins minted in the name of "Antiochus," but it is possible that the linked coins are modern forgeries. At Mint B, these coins are followed by Group II (CR1-CR3), which consists of gold staters and silver tetradrachms with portrait type 1 (but with some features similar to portrait model 3). Most of these coins use the Η with triangle monogram.
563:
as a visibly aged man with very large jowls; his hair also interacts with the diadem in a more natural way. Portrait type 1 is the earliest and portrait type 4 is the latest and these coins have often been interpreted as showing
Euthydemus aging over the course of a long reign. However, Simon Glenn argues that the types instead represent a shift from 'idealising' portraiture to 'naturalising', pointing out that distinctions of age in the first three types are highly subjective. This shift to
506:
644:
staters and silver tetradrachms, with a monogram composed of Ρ, Η, and Α. This is followed by the first issue at Mint B to use a 12 o'clock die axis, Group IV (B13), consisting only of tetradrachms, all with the ΡΚ monogram, and produced in much large numbers than had previously been the case at Mint B. The third portrait type, introduced only at Mint B, characterises Group V (B14-B15), which consists of tetradrachms and drachms.
624:; they use either of the two monograms, plus the letters ΤΙ, ΑΝ, Α, Ν, or no monogram at all. These additional letters may have referred to the specific batch of bullion used in minting the coins. Partway through this issue, Mint A switches to a 12 o'clock die axis (i.e. the top of the obverse is aligned with the top of the reverse). At Mint A, Group I continues after this change. At Mint B ("Group I"), the coins consist of gold
38:
651:(A15) with a reverse modelled on Mint B's Group V, known from a single example weighing 32.73 g. This issue is generally associated with the end of Antiochus III's siege of Bactra in 206 BC. Group III is much smaller than previous issues at Mint A and is the last issue produced by the mint in Euthydemus' reign. At Mint B, the introduction of portrait 4 coincides with the large issue of Groups VI and VII (B17).
593:
with two shorter vertical lines hanging down from the corners of the triangle, and another with an Α contained within a Π. Mint B initially used three monograms, of which the most long-lasting was a combination of Ρ and Η; later these were replaced by a monogram combining a Ρ and a Κ. A putative "Mint C" has now been shown to be identical with "Mint B". Frank Holt and Brian Kritt identify "Mint B" with
293:
339:
Bactria by destroying their descendants. (...) finally
Euthydemus sent off his son Demetrius to ratify the agreement. Antiochus, on receiving the young man and judging him from his appearance, conversation, and dignity of bearing to be worthy of royal rank, in the first place promised to give him one of his daughters in marriage and next gave permission to his father to style himself king
685:('God'); it is unclear whether he used this title in life or if it was assigned to him by Agathocles. His coins were imitated by the nomadic tribes of Central Asia for decades after his death; these imitations are called "barbaric" because of their crude style. Lyonnet proposes that these coins were produced by refugees fleeing the destruction of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom by the
562:
on his coinage. The second shows him with a tall, large face with heavier jowls; his eye is smaller and the diadem is much narrower. The third portrait is similar, but with the hair above his forehead stylised as a series of semicircles. Finally, in the fourth portrait style, Euthydemus is portrayed
480:
This is a further indication, alongside the passages from
Polybius, that Euthydemus had made his son Demetrius a junior partner in his rule during his lifetime. The reference to Demetrius as a "glorious conqueror" might refer to a specific victory, in the conflict with Antiochus III or in India, or
664:
with beveled edges (like the bronze of the
Diodotids) and no monograms. These coins were issued in four denominations, referred to by modern scholars as a double unit (5.26-11.82 g), a single unit (2.95-5.07 g), a half unit (1.47-2.28 g), and a quarter unit (0.76-0.79 g). Some of the quarter units
592:
Like the earlier
Diodotid coinage and that of Euthydemus' successors, monograms and die links allow the precious metal coinage to be divided into two mints, which produced coins simultaneously. "Mint A" uses two types of monogram: one in the form of vertical line bisecting an equilateral triangle,
417:
was expanded and large numbers of
Euthydemus' bronze coins have been found there, as was as hundreds of arrowheads and other remains indicating a violent assault. Coin finds also seem to indicate that Euthydemus was responsible for the first construction of the Derbent Wall, otherwise known as the
338:
For
Euthydemus himself was a native of Magnesia, and he now, in defending himself to Teleas, said that Antiochus was not justified in attempting to deprive him of his kingdom, as he himself had never revolted against the king, but after others had revolted he had possessed himself of the throne of
557:
There are four distinct versions of the obverse portrait, presumably reflecting different models given to the die engravers. The first of these is an 'idealising' portrait, depicting him as a young or middle-aged man, with very large eyes, an arching eyebrow, pointed nose and protruding chin, the
546:, naked, seated on a rock, resting his club on a neighbouring rock or on his knee, with a legend reading ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΕΥΘΥΔΗΜΟΥ ('of King Euthydemos'). Heracles was apparently a popular deity in Bactria, associated with Alexander the Great, but this reverse type is very similar to coins minted by the
643:
The next period starts with the introduction of the second portrait type. At Mint A, Group II (A11-A14) only tetradrachms were minted in this period, all with the bisected triangle monogram, sometimes accompanied by a Ν or an Α. At Mint B this issue consisted of Group III (CR4), composed of gold
358:
The war lasted altogether three years and after the
Seleucid army left, the kingdom seems to have recovered quickly from the assault. The death of Euthydemus has been roughly estimated to 200 BC or perhaps 195 BC. He was succeeded by Demetrius, who went on to invade northwestern regions of
597:, the kingdom's capital. Holt identifies "Mint A" with Ai Khanoum, while Kritt prefers some other location near Ai Khanoum. Simon Glenn emphasises the that "we do not know the location of either mint" and that it is particularly uncertain whether there was a mint at Ai Khanoum at all.
659:
In addition to the precious metal coinage, Euthydemus also produced bronze coins. Almost all have a bearded male head, identified as
Heracles, on the obverse and a rearing horse on the reverse with the legend ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΕΥΘΥΔΗΜΟΥ ('of King Euthydemos'). The earlier coins have thick
354:
Polybius also relates that Euthydemus negotiated peace with Antiochus III by suggesting that he deserved credit for overthrowing the descendants of the original rebel Diodotus, and that he was protecting Central Asia from nomadic invasions thanks to his defensive efforts.
513:
Euthydemus minted coins in gold, silver and bronze at two mints, known as 'Mint A' and 'Mint B'. He produced significantly more coins than any of his successors and was the last Greco-Bactrian coinage to include gold denominations until the time of
383:"... if did not yield to this demand, neither of them would be safe: seeing that great hoards of Nomads were close at hand, who were a danger to both; and that if they admitted them into the country, it would certainly be utterly barbarised."
567:
represents a substantial divergence from the usual iconography of Hellenistic kings, whose coinage usually showed them in a youthful, idealised guise, regardless of their age. Portrait type 4 has been compared with a Roman-period bust in the
733:
collection, has often been suggested as a possible statue of the Bactrian ruler Euthydemus, based on resemblance with his effigy on coinage. This is now rejected, as the statue in question is now considered as a 1st century portrait of a
612:
The earliest coins use portrait type 1 and have a 6 o'clock die axis (i.e. the top of the obverse is aligned with the bottom of the reverse). At Mint A, these coins, Group I (A1-A10) consist of silver
327:, before Antiochus finally decided to recognize the new ruler, and to offer one of his daughters to Euthydemus's son Demetrius around 206 BC. As part of the peace treaty, Antiochus was given
371:
Polybius claims that Euthydemus justified his kingship during his peace negotiations with Antiochus III in 206 BC by reference to the threat of attack by nomads on the
319:), the modern Herirud. Although he commanded 10,000 horsemen, Euthydemus initially lost a battle on the Arius and had to retreat. He then successfully resisted a
550:
in western Asia Minor, near Euthydemus' home city of Magnesia. Heracles continues to appear on the coinage of Euthydemus' immediate successors, Demetrius and
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471:
with its fair trees, furnishing it with libations and burnt-offerings, so that you may graciously preserve free from care, together with divine
1611:
397:
Archaeological evidence from coin finds shows that Euthydemus' reign saw extensive activity at fortresses in northwestern Bactria (the modern
272:
proposed that Euthydemus was the son of a Greek general called Antimachus or Apollodotus, born c. 295 BC, whom he considered to be the son of
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779:
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commander or a client ruler. The style of the statue itself is consistent with the style of the Republican period, rather than the
3495:
4174:
O. Bopearachchi, "Monnaies gréco-bactriennes et indo-grecques, Catalogue raisonné", Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, 1991, p.453
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Bordeaux, Olivier (2021). "Monetary Policies during the early Graeco-Bactrian Kingdom (250-190 BCE)". In Mairs, Rachel (ed.).
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The Impact of Seleucid Decline on the Eastern Iranian Plateau: The Foundations of Arsacid Parthia and Graeco-Bactria
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1947:
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458:, northeastern Greco-Bactria, and dated to 200-195 BC, a Greek by the name of Heliodotus, dedicating an altar to
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in 1894 as a bust of Euthydemus, known as the "Torlonia Euthydemus." This identification has been contested by
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This fragrant altar to you, Hestia, most honoured among the gods, Heliodotus established in the grove of
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At Mint A, the introduction of portrait type 4 is marked by the start of Group III (A16-A17) and a gold
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1549:(2011). "The Emergence of the Greco-Baktrian and Indo-Greek Kingdoms". In Wright, Nicholas L. (ed.).
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475:, Euthydemus, greatest of all kings and his outstanding son Demetrius, renowned for fine victories
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742:. The style of the broad-brimmed hat on the statue is also very different from the Hellenistic
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1804:. Routledge worlds, vol. 15. Abingdon, Oxon & New York: Routledge. pp. 249–285.
1747:. Routledge worlds, vol. 15. Abingdon, Oxon & New York: Routledge. pp. 313–327.
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1641:(1981). "The Euthydemid coinage of Bactria: further hoard evidence from Ai-Khanoum".
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Coins from Asia Minor and the East: Selections from the Colin E. Pitchfork Collection
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Des Indo-Grecs aux Sassanides: données pour L'histoire et la géographie historique
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Euthydemus is also featured on the 'pedigree' coinage produced by the later kings
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From the Indo-Greeks to the Sassanids: Data for History and Historical Geography
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1574:. Routledge worlds, vol. 15. Abingdon, Oxon & New York. pp. 510–519.
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Dynastic transitions in the coinage of Bactria: Antiochus-Diodotus-Euthydemus
1457:
551:
462:, mentions Euthydemus as the greatest of all kings, and his son Demetrius I.
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518:(ca. 170-145 BC). Euthydemus' gold and silver issues are all minted on the
515:
406:
372:
1837:"Greek Culture in Afghanistan and India: Old Evidence and New Discoveries"
1809:
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diadem is very broad. The overall appearance is very similar to images of
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530:, his face is depicted in profile, clean-shaven, with unruly hair, and a
523:
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281:
205:
72:
1800:
Stančo, Ladislav (2021). "Southern Uzbekistan". In Mairs, Rachel (ed.).
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http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp326_dionysian_rituals_china.pdf
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horsemen even before he ascended the throne of Bactria in 250-230 BC.
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2013:
1932:
985:
Lucas, Christopoulos; Dionysian rituals and the Golden Zeus of China
134:
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1621:
Money and Power in Hellenistic Bactria: Euthydemus I to Antimachus I
1550:
1520:
228:, constructed several fortresses, including the Derbent Wall in the
224:
from 209 to 206 BC. Euthydemus expanded the Bactrian territory into
4186:"History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE"
4120:
4045:
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344:
265:
217:
209:
28:
1404:
1279:
These may be coins of Diodotus I in the name of the Seleucid king
307:
Little is known of his reign until 208 BC when he was attacked by
3857:
3485:
3454:
3448:
3288:
2684:
1882:
1555:. Adelaide: Numismatic Association of Australia. pp. 47–51.
297:
151:
115:
49:
1110:
1108:
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3715:
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2699:
744:
686:
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594:
564:
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459:
375:
324:
261:
225:
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197:
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1101:
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1045:
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311:, whom he tried in vain to resist on the shores of the river
292:
245:
172:
103:
1743:
Lyonnet, Bertille (2021). "Sogdia". In Mairs, Rachel (ed.).
1353:
1120:
762:
760:
726:
706:
468:
431:
181:: from εὐθύς (“straight or genuine”) and δῆμος (“people”);
1521:"Some Observations on the Chronology of the Early Kushans"
1416:
1042:
1004:
526:
of ca. 16.13 g and all have the same basic design. On the
1442:"A Faience Head of a Graeco-Bactrian King from Ai Khanum"
1394:
1392:
1227:
1225:
1062:
1060:
967:
943:
931:
604:
Barbaric copy of a coin of Euthydemus from the region of
366:
16:
Greco-Bactrian king and founder of the Euthydemid dynasty
1198:
926:
adding to his own the elephants belonging to Euthydemus.
820:
757:
1477:
1475:
1283:
or coins of a putative successor of Diodotus II called
1389:
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1531:] (in French). Leuven: Peeters. pp. 41–53.
1472:
501:
Coin of Euthydemus, 'middle-aged' portrait (type 3).
1365:
1341:
1317:
1305:
1261:
1237:
1183:
1168:
1156:
1084:
1667:Thundering Zeus: The Making of Hellenistic Bactria
1016:
804:"User-submitted name Euthydemos - Behind the Name"
1329:
493:Coin of Euthydemus, 'youthful' portrait (type 1).
4207:
1669:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
509:Coin of Euthydemus, 'old age' portrait (type 4).
430:walled cities together with enrolled Hellenized
287:
1707:. Lancaster, PA: Classical Numismatics Group.
681:. On this coinage he bears the royal epithet,
580:, who identifies the bust as a general of the
538:kings, ultimately deriving from depictions of
3382:
1948:
1545:
1515:
1439:
1051:
1010:
4183:
3389:
3375:
1955:
1941:
1610:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1038:Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum: 54.1569
897:. Cambridge University Press. p. 73.
875:
873:
871:
845:. Cambridge University Press. p. 74.
639:, depicting 'Euthydemus Theos' ('the God')
196:. He is thought to have originally been a
3496:Campaigns of Alexander the Great in India
1623:. New York: American Numismatic Society.
1496:"EUTHYDEMUS in the Encyclopaedia Iranica"
248:, though it is uncertain from which one (
232:, and issued a very substantial coinage.
4184:Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2 April 2019).
3569:
1802:The Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek World
1745:The Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek World
1572:The Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek world
1569:
696:
630:
599:
504:
496:
488:
441:
291:
1834:
1742:
1705:New Discoveries in Bactrian Numismatics
1435:
1433:
1431:
1422:
998:
891:Tarn, William Woodthorpe (2010-06-24).
868:
839:Tarn, William Woodthorpe (2010-06-24).
4208:
1962:
1799:
1721:
1688:. London: Classical Numismatic Group.
1481:
973:
961:
949:
937:
826:
692:
587:
572:, which was accordingly identified by
367:Activities on the Central Asian Steppe
276:, and that he married a sister of the
3769:
3767:
3370:
2887:Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos
1936:
1777:
1702:
1683:
1618:
1410:
1398:
1383:
1371:
1359:
1347:
1335:
1311:
1299:
1287:
1267:
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1243:
1231:
1216:
1204:
1177:
1162:
1150:
1138:
1126:
1114:
1095:
1078:
1066:
1025:
766:
668:
437:
208:in 224 BC. Literary sources, notably
3355:Hellenistic rulers were preceded by
1661:
1637:
1428:
1323:
1192:
917:
890:
838:
1728:. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
13:
884:
481:look forward to future victories.
14:
4252:
4188:. BRILL – via Google Books.
3404:kings, territories and chronology
1870:
1493:
654:
534:- this iconography is typical of
446:Section of the Kuliab inscription
36:
4226:3rd-century BC monarchs in Asia
4177:
4168:
1509:
1487:
1273:
1031:
979:
894:The Greeks in Bactria and India
842:The Greeks in Bactria and India
784:Wiktionary, the free dictionary
450:In an inscription found in the
1446:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
911:
880:Polybius 11.34 Siege of Bactra
859:
832:
796:
772:
729:but formerly belonging to the
689:in the mid-second century BC.
1:
3359:in most of their territories.
2157:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter
1440:Bopearachchi, Osmund (1998).
1413:, pp. 137 & 156-158.
751:
721:Euthydemus" bust, now in the
244:from one of the Magnesias in
182:
96:
59:
288:War with the Seleucid Empire
235:
216:resisted an invasion by the
212:, record how he and his son
7:
2152:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
1785:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1783:Hellenistic Royal Portraits
1722:Lerner, Jeffrey D. (1999).
701:The "Torlonia Euthydemus",
413:. The Seleucid fortress at
10:
4257:
484:
173:
4164:
4153:
4144:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4118:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4055:
4050:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4028:
4023:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3948:
3936:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3917:
3912:
3910:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3888:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3866:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3844:
3834:
3832:
3822:
3817:
3815:
3805:
3800:
3798:
3788:
3783:
3781:
3762:
3757:
3749:
3739:
3726:
3713:
3706:
3701:
3694:
3689:
3687:
3680:
3675:
3668:
3663:
3661:
3654:
3649:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3625:
3620:
3610:
3605:
3598:
3593:
3586:
3581:
3558:
3551:
3545:
3535:
3526:
3515:
3509:
3499:
3494:
3433:
3427:
3425:
3420:
3409:
3353:
3259:
3090:
2997:
2939:
2852:
2773:
2580:
2502:
2454:
2431:
2273:
2230:
2101:
2057:Antigonus I Monophthalmus
2047:
2004:
1971:
1921:
1912:
1900:
1855:10.1017/S0017383516000073
865:Strabo, Geography 11.11.1
323:in the fortified city of
256:), and was the father of
204:, who usurped power from
150:
121:
109:
92:
88:
78:
68:
55:
47:
35:
26:
21:
2418:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
2217:Cleopatra VII Philopator
1523:. In Gyselen, R. (ed.).
1117:, pp. 32–34, 71–72.
250:Magnesia on the Maeander
192:king and founder of the
4221:Hellenistic Thessalians
3215:'s attempted rule with
2896:Mithridates V Euergetes
2308:Antiochus III the Great
2121:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
2062:Demetrius I Poliorcetes
1986:Alexander III the Great
1890:Encyclopædia Britannica
1835:Wallace, Shane (2016).
1362:, pp. 73 & 75.
574:Jan Six (art historian)
309:Antiochus III the Great
270:William Woodthorpe Tarn
3562:Greco-Bactrian kingdom
2999:Monarchs of Cappadocia
2901:Mithridates VI Eupator
2423:Philip II Philoromaeus
2408:Antiochus XII Dionysus
2398:Demetrius III Eucaerus
2393:Antiochus XI Epiphanes
2378:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
2318:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
2313:Seleucus IV Philopator
2298:Seleucus II Callinicus
2197:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
2072:Demetrius II Aetolicus
1893:(11th ed.). 1911.
1655:10.3406/numi.1981.1811
710:
640:
609:
510:
502:
494:
447:
352:
304:
2941:Monarchs of Commagene
2862:Mithridates I Ctistes
2403:Philip I Philadelphus
2383:Seleucus VI Epiphanes
2373:Antiochus VIII Grypus
2368:Seleucus V Philometor
2353:Antiochus VII Sidetes
2343:Antiochus VI Dionysus
2303:Seleucus III Ceraunus
2202:Berenice IV Epiphanea
2147:Ptolemy VI Philometor
2131:Ptolemy IV Philopator
2126:Ptolemy III Euergetes
1991:Philip III Arrhidaeus
1810:10.4324/9781315108513
1753:10.4324/9781315108513
1703:Kritt, Brian (2015).
1684:Kritt, Brian (2001).
1619:Glenn, Simon (2020).
1580:10.4324/9781315108513
808:www.behindthename.com
700:
634:
603:
520:Attic weight standard
508:
500:
492:
445:
405:), especially in the
336:
295:
4216:Greco-Bactrian kings
2775:Monarchs of Bithynia
2358:Alexander II Zabinas
2338:Demetrius II Nicator
2255:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
2222:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
2187:Ptolemy XI Alexander
2162:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
2067:Antigonus II Gonatas
1915:Greco-Bactrian Ruler
1547:Bopearachchi, Osmund
1517:Bopearachchi, Osmund
769:, pp. 6, 41–42.
542:. The reverse shows
188:– 200/195 BC) was a
4231:Hellenistic satraps
3559:Independence of the
3357:Hellenistic satraps
2388:Antiochus X Eusebes
2323:Antiochus V Eupator
2265:Cleopatra Selene II
2192:Ptolemy XII Auletes
2177:Ptolemy X Alexander
2172:Ptolemy IX Lathyros
2136:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
2077:Antigonus III Doson
1877:Coins of Euthydemus
1425:, pp. 324–326.
1207:, pp. 66, 135.
723:Torlonia Collection
693:Torlonia Euthydemus
635:'Pedigree' coin of
588:Relative chronology
570:Torlonia Collection
540:Alexander the Great
411:Köýtendag mountains
317:Battle of the Arius
254:Magnesia ad Sipylum
4241:Euthydemid dynasty
3261:Monarchs of Epirus
3094:Cimmerian Bosporus
2854:Monarchs of Pontus
2413:Cleopatra Selene I
2293:Antiochus II Theos
2283:Seleucus I Nicator
2250:Demetrius the Fair
2232:Monarchs of Cyrene
1884:"Euthydemus"
1643:Revue numismatique
1281:Antiochus II Theos
976:, p. 265-266.
952:, p. 264-265.
940:, p. 262-264.
829:, p. 262-265.
740:Hellenistic period
711:
669:Posthumous coinage
641:
610:
511:
503:
495:
448:
438:Kuliab inscription
305:
240:Euthydemus was an
194:Euthydemid dynasty
42:Coin of Euthydemus
4203:
4202:
4198:
4197:
3364:
3363:
2844:Socrates Chrestus
2333:Alexander I Balas
2328:Demetrius I Soter
2288:Antiochus I Soter
2034:Antipater Etesias
1931:
1930:
1922:Succeeded by
1919:230 – c. 200 BCE
1908:Antiochus Nikator
1842:Greece & Rome
1735:978-3-515-07417-9
1562:978-0-646-55051-0
1500:iranicaonline.org
1401:, pp. 83–84.
1386:, pp. 81–82.
1302:, pp. 74–75.
1285:Antiochus Nicator
1258:, pp. 76–78.
1234:, pp. 73–74.
1219:, pp. 80–81.
1153:, pp. 76–80.
1141:, pp. 72–75.
1081:, pp. 41–42.
1069:, pp. 32–34.
1052:Bopearachchi 2011
1011:Bopearachchi 2007
852:978-1-108-00941-6
162:
161:
63: 224–195 BC
4248:
4190:
4189:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4135:Kujula Kadphises
4020:(Indo-Scythians)
3516:Creation of the
3510:Creation of the
3423:
3422:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3368:
3367:
3156:
3072:Ariobarzanes III
2446:Ptolemy Epigonos
2348:Diodotus Tryphon
2141:Cleopatra I Syra
2116:Ptolemy Keraunos
1957:
1950:
1943:
1934:
1933:
1901:Preceded by
1898:
1897:
1894:
1886:
1866:
1831:
1796:
1774:
1739:
1718:
1699:
1680:
1658:
1634:
1615:
1609:
1601:
1566:
1542:
1504:
1503:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1470:
1469:
1437:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1181:
1175:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1099:
1093:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1055:
1049:
1040:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
935:
929:
928:
915:
909:
908:
888:
882:
877:
866:
863:
857:
856:
836:
830:
824:
818:
817:
815:
814:
800:
794:
793:
792:
791:
776:
770:
764:
717:Euthydemus" or "
703:Torlonia Marbles
350:
321:three-year siege
187:
184:
176:
175:
101:
98:
64:
61:
40:
19:
18:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4193:
4182:
4178:
4173:
4169:
4159:(Indo-Scythian)
4158:
4150:(Indo-Scythian)
4149:
4123:(Indo-Scythian)
4091:
4060:25 BCE – 10 CE
3772:
3734:
3730:
3719:
3564:
3560:
3528:Seleucid Empire
3512:Seleucid Empire
3462:
3443:
3416:
3405:
3395:
3365:
3360:
3349:
3255:
3246:Mithridates III
3150:
3093:
3092:Monarchs of the
3086:
3067:Ariobarzanes II
3052:Ariarathes VIII
2993:
2979:Mithridates III
2935:
2877:Mithridates III
2848:
2769:
2576:
2504:Greco-Bactrians
2498:
2450:
2427:
2269:
2226:
2111:Ptolemy I Soter
2097:
2043:
2000:
1967:
1961:
1927:
1918:
1910:
1881:
1873:
1820:
1793:
1779:Smith, R. R. R.
1763:
1736:
1715:
1696:
1677:
1631:
1603:
1602:
1590:
1563:
1539:
1512:
1507:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1473:
1438:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1184:
1176:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1102:
1094:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1058:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1017:
1009:
1005:
997:
993:
984:
980:
972:
968:
960:
956:
948:
944:
936:
932:
916:
912:
905:
889:
885:
878:
869:
864:
860:
853:
837:
833:
825:
821:
812:
810:
802:
801:
797:
789:
787:
778:
777:
773:
765:
758:
754:
695:
671:
657:
590:
487:
440:
369:
351:
343:
334:by Euthydemus.
302:Hellenistic Age
290:
260:, according to
238:
185:
114:
102:
99:
62:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4254:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4236:190s BC deaths
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4176:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4152:
4143:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4117:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4049:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4022:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4005:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3973:Apollodotus II
3970:
3965:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3935:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3768:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3748:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3728:Eucratides II
3725:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3574:(268-232 BCE)
3568:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3546:Foundation of
3544:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3481:Eastern Punjab
3478:
3476:Western Punjab
3473:
3468:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3432:
3429:Greco-Bactrian
3426:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3398:Greco-Bactrian
3394:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3371:
3362:
3361:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3304:Neoptolemus II
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3219:
3210:
3201:
3199:Mithridates II
3196:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3165:Paerisades III
3162:
3157:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3096:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3062:Ariobarzanes I
3059:
3054:
3049:
3047:Ariarathes VII
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3022:Ariarathes III
3019:
3014:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2969:Mithridates II
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2945:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2872:Mithridates II
2869:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2735:Apollodotus II
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2363:Cleopatra Thea
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1937:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1920:
1911:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1879:
1872:
1871:External links
1869:
1868:
1867:
1849:(2): 205–226.
1832:
1819:978-1138090699
1818:
1797:
1792:978-0198132240
1791:
1775:
1762:978-1138090699
1761:
1740:
1734:
1719:
1713:
1700:
1694:
1681:
1675:
1663:Holt, Frank L.
1659:
1639:Holt, Frank L.
1635:
1630:978-0897223614
1629:
1616:
1588:
1567:
1561:
1543:
1537:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1494:Bivar, A.D.H.
1486:
1471:
1427:
1415:
1403:
1388:
1376:
1364:
1352:
1340:
1328:
1326:, p. 131.
1316:
1304:
1292:
1272:
1260:
1248:
1236:
1221:
1209:
1197:
1195:, p. 132.
1182:
1167:
1155:
1143:
1131:
1119:
1100:
1083:
1071:
1056:
1041:
1030:
1015:
1003:
1001:, p. 206.
991:
978:
966:
964:, p. 262.
954:
942:
930:
910:
903:
883:
867:
858:
851:
831:
819:
795:
771:
755:
753:
750:
694:
691:
670:
667:
656:
655:Bronze coinage
653:
589:
586:
582:Roman republic
578:R. R. R. Smith
486:
483:
478:
477:
439:
436:
395:
394:
368:
365:
341:
289:
286:
278:Greco-Bactrian
237:
234:
190:Greco-Bactrian
160:
159:
154:
148:
147:
146:
145:
140:
137:
132:
125:
119:
118:
111:
107:
106:
94:
90:
89:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
57:
53:
52:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4253:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4187:
4180:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4151:
4148:
4142:
4140:
4139:Kushan Empire
4136:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4116:
4114:
4113:Indo-Parthian
4110:
4099:
4094:
4090:
4085:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4019:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3991:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3963:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3944:
3943:Indo-Scythian
3940:
3934:
3932:
3923:
3920:
3915:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3885:
3884:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3824:Demetrius III
3820:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3803:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3786:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3753:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3723:
3717:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3691:Antimachus II
3684:
3683:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3665:Apollodotus I
3658:
3657:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3622:Euthydemus II
3617:
3616:
3613:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3563:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3537:Maurya Empire
3533:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3518:Maurya Empire
3513:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3387:
3385:
3380:
3378:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3284:Neoptolemus I
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3180:Mithridates I
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3170:Paerisades IV
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3133:Paerisades II
3131:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3122:Spartokos III
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3057:Ariarathes IX
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3042:Ariarathes VI
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3027:Ariarathes IV
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3012:Ariarathes II
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2984:Antiochus III
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2959:Mithridates I
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2834:Nicomedes III
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2665:Demetrius III
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2620:Antimachus II
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2610:Apollodotus I
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2567:Eucratides II
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2532:Euthydemus II
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2260:Ptolemy Apion
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2167:Cleopatra III
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1720:
1716:
1714:9780989825481
1710:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1695:9780963673879
1691:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1589:9781138090699
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1538:9782952137614
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1484:, p. 53.
1483:
1478:
1476:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1424:
1419:
1412:
1407:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1385:
1380:
1374:, p. 80.
1373:
1368:
1361:
1356:
1350:, p. 75.
1349:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1325:
1320:
1314:, p. 79.
1313:
1308:
1301:
1296:
1290:, p. 76.
1289:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1270:, p. 76.
1269:
1264:
1257:
1252:
1246:, p. 74.
1245:
1240:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1218:
1213:
1206:
1201:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1180:, p. 78.
1179:
1174:
1172:
1165:, p. 56.
1164:
1159:
1152:
1147:
1140:
1135:
1129:, Appendix 4.
1128:
1123:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1098:, p. 75.
1097:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1080:
1075:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1054:, p. 47.
1053:
1048:
1046:
1039:
1034:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1013:, p. 48.
1012:
1007:
1000:
995:
988:
982:
975:
970:
963:
958:
951:
946:
939:
934:
927:
923:
922:
914:
906:
904:9781108009416
900:
896:
895:
887:
881:
876:
874:
872:
862:
854:
848:
844:
843:
835:
828:
823:
809:
805:
799:
785:
781:
775:
768:
763:
761:
756:
749:
747:
746:
741:
737:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
708:
704:
699:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
666:
663:
652:
650:
645:
638:
633:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
607:
602:
598:
596:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
566:
561:
555:
553:
552:Euthydemus II
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
507:
499:
491:
482:
476:
474:
470:
465:
464:
463:
461:
457:
453:
444:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
399:Surkhan Darya
392:
388:
384:
381:
380:
379:
377:
374:
373:Central Asian
364:
362:
356:
349:
346:
340:
335:
333:
332:war elephants
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
303:
299:
294:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
233:
231:
227:
223:
222:Antiochus III
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
186: 260 BC
180:
170:
166:
158:
155:
153:
149:
144:
143:Euthydemus II
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
127:
126:
124:
120:
117:
112:
108:
105:
100: 260 BC
95:
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
58:
54:
51:
46:
39:
34:
31:
30:
25:
20:
4179:
4170:
4154:
4145:
4133:
4119:
4107:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4052:Apollophanes
4040:
4016:
3996:Hippostratus
3988:
3960:
3937:
3929:
3807:Heliocles II
3796:110–100 BCE
3779:120–110 BCE
3750:
3747:130–120 BCE
3714:
3711:155–130 BCE
3703:Eucratides I
3699:170–145 BCE
3685:160–155 BCE
3677:Demetrius II
3673:175–170 BCE
3659:180–160 BCE
3651:Antimachus I
3647:185–170 BCE
3630:190–180 BCE
3618:190-185 BCE
3612:Sunga Empire
3603:200–190 BCE
3595:Euthydemus I
3594:
3591:230–200 BCE
3579:239–223 BCE
3556:255–239 BCE
3501:Nanda Empire
3492:326-325 BCE
3460:Paropamisade
3442:Territories/
3413:Bopearachchi
3319:Alexander II
3175:Paerisades V
3138:Spartokos IV
3102:Paerisades I
3077:Ariarathes X
3032:Ariarathes V
3007:Ariarathes I
2989:Antiochus IV
2974:Antiochus II
2906:Pharnaces II
2867:Ariobarzanes
2839:Nicomedes IV
2829:Nicomedes II
2755:Apollophanes
2740:Hippostratos
2655:Heliokles II
2615:Demetrius II
2595:Antimachus I
2557:Eucratides I
2552:Demetrius II
2537:Antimachus I
2522:Euthydemus I
2521:
2207:Ptolemy XIII
2182:Berenice III
2029:Antipater II
1996:Alexander IV
1913:
1888:
1846:
1840:
1801:
1782:
1744:
1724:
1704:
1685:
1666:
1649:(23): 7–44.
1646:
1642:
1620:
1571:
1551:
1528:
1524:
1510:Bibliography
1499:
1489:
1449:
1445:
1423:Lyonnet 2021
1418:
1406:
1379:
1367:
1355:
1343:
1331:
1319:
1307:
1295:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1212:
1200:
1158:
1146:
1134:
1122:
1074:
1033:
1028:, p. 8.
1006:
999:Wallace 2016
994:
981:
969:
957:
945:
933:
925:
920:
913:
893:
886:
861:
841:
834:
822:
811:. Retrieved
807:
798:
788:, retrieved
786:, 2019-10-09
783:
774:
743:
731:Villa Albani
712:
682:
679:Antimachus I
672:
658:
646:
642:
614:tetradrachms
611:
591:
556:
516:Eucratides I
512:
479:
473:good fortune
466:
449:
396:
382:
370:
357:
353:
337:
306:
242:Ionian-Greek
239:
178:
165:Euthydemus I
164:
163:
27:
22:Euthydemus I
4109:Gondophares
4083:Kharahostes
4069:Gondophares
4042:Vijayamitra
3902:Artemidorus
3897:Menander II
3830:100–95 BCE
3802:Antialcidas
3773:inscription
3771:Yavanarajya
3736:Heliocles I
3718:occupation,
3607:Demetrius I
3583:Diodotus II
3532:Mauryan war
3340:Pyrrhus III
3324:Olympias II
3294:Alexander I
3151: [
3148:Spartokos V
3017:Ariamnes II
2964:Antiochus I
2926:Pythodorida
2882:Pharnaces I
2803:Zipoetes II
2798:Nicomedes I
2715:Artemidoros
2710:Menander II
2650:Antialcidas
2635:Agathokleia
2590:Demetrius I
2582:Indo-Greeks
2572:Heliocles I
2527:Demetrius I
2517:Diodotus II
2494:Eumenes III
2489:Attalus III
2464:Philetaerus
2433:Lysimachids
2245:Berenice II
2212:Ptolemy XIV
2094:(pretender)
2024:Alexander V
2006:Antipatrids
1964:Hellenistic
1925:Demetrius I
1904:Diodotus II
1482:Lerner 1999
974:Stančo 2021
962:Stančo 2021
950:Stančo 2021
938:Stančo 2021
827:Stančo 2021
780:"Εὐθύδημος"
622:hemidrachms
536:Hellenistic
524:tetradrachm
428:Tarim basin
347:, 11.34, 2
300:during the
282:Diodotus II
258:Demetrius I
206:Diodotus II
130:Demetrius I
83:Demetrius I
73:Diodotus II
69:Predecessor
4210:Categories
4093:Strato III
4033:55–35 BCE
4009:55–35 BCE
3990:Spalirises
3981:65–55 BCE
3953:75–70 BCE
3933:occupation
3908:90–70 BCE
3886:90–85 BCE
3870:Theophilus
3842:95–90 BCE
3836:Philoxenus
3764:Agathoclea
3754:occupation
3741:Menander I
3722:Ai-Khanoum
3634:Agathocles
3566:Diodotus I
3548:Ai-Khanoum
3435:Indo-Greek
3402:Indo-Greek
3330:Pyrrhus II
3309:Alcetas II
3274:Tharrhypas
3241:Gepaepyris
3213:Scribonius
3107:Satyros II
3037:Orophernes
2949:Ptolemaeus
2931:Polemon II
2824:Prusias II
2793:Zipoetes I
2765:Strato III
2690:Theophilos
2670:Philoxenus
2625:Menander I
2605:Agathocles
2547:Agathocles
2512:Diodotus I
2484:Attalus II
2479:Eumenes II
2441:Lysimachus
2049:Antigonids
1676:0520211405
1411:Glenn 2020
1399:Glenn 2020
1384:Glenn 2020
1372:Glenn 2020
1360:Glenn 2020
1348:Glenn 2020
1336:Kritt 2001
1312:Glenn 2020
1300:Glenn 2020
1288:Glenn 2020
1268:Glenn 2020
1256:Glenn 2020
1244:Glenn 2020
1232:Glenn 2020
1217:Glenn 2020
1205:Kritt 2001
1178:Glenn 2020
1163:Kritt 2015
1151:Glenn 2020
1139:Glenn 2020
1127:Smith 1988
1115:Glenn 2020
1096:Kritt 2001
1079:Glenn 2020
1067:Glenn 2020
1026:Glenn 2020
989:pp.75-118
918:Polybius.
813:2024-06-19
790:2024-06-19
767:Glenn 2020
752:References
736:Republican
675:Agathocles
649:octodrachm
637:Agathocles
560:Diodotus I
456:Tajikistan
403:Uzbekistan
401:region of
361:South Asia
179:Euthýdēmos
157:Euthydemid
139:Antimachus
113:195/190 BC
4147:Bhadayasa
4089:Strato II
4076:Zeionises
4025:Zoilus II
4001:Dionysius
3919:Archebius
3875:Peucolaus
3819:Polyxenus
3639:Pantaleon
3466:Arachosia
3411:Based on
3314:Pyrrhus I
3279:Alcetas I
3185:Pharnaces
3160:Kamasarye
3143:Leukon II
3127:Hygiainon
3082:Archelaus
2921:Polemon I
2819:Prusias I
2760:Strato II
2750:Zoilos II
2745:Dionysios
2725:Archebius
2695:Peukolaos
2660:Polyxenos
2600:Pantaleon
2542:Pantaleon
2474:Attalus I
2469:Eumenes I
2275:Seleucids
2103:Ptolemies
2092:Philip VI
2039:Sosthenes
2019:Philip IV
2014:Cassander
1981:Philip II
1863:163916645
1828:226338994
1771:226338994
1606:cite book
1598:226338994
1458:0890-4464
1324:Holt 1999
1193:Holt 1999
921:Histories
548:Seleucids
420:Iron Gate
236:Biography
230:Iron Gate
214:Demetrius
174:Εὐθύδημος
135:Pantaleon
79:Successor
4121:Rajuvula
4046:Azilises
3968:Telephus
3914:Hermaeus
3848:Diomedes
3813:100 BCE
3790:Strato I
3759:Zoilus I
3720:loss of
3570:Emperor
3543:280 BCE
3524:305 BCE
3507:312 BCE
3471:Gandhara
3345:Deidamia
3326:(regent)
3299:Aeacides
3236:Aspurgus
3129:(regent)
3112:Prytanis
2954:Sames II
2810:(regent)
2783:Boteiras
2730:Telephos
2720:Hermaeus
2675:Diomedes
2645:Strato I
2630:Zoilos I
2456:Attalids
2143:(regent)
2082:Philip V
1781:(1988).
1665:(1999).
1519:(2007).
1466:24049090
715:Torlonia
606:Sogdiana
544:Heracles
454:area of
426:and the
415:Uzundara
387:Polybius
345:Polybius
342:—
274:Sophytes
266:Polybius
218:Seleucid
210:Polybius
48:King of
29:Basileus
3962:Vonones
3864:90 BCE
3858:Epander
3853:Amyntas
3486:Mathura
3455:Bactria
3449:Bactria
3335:Ptolemy
3289:Arybbas
3269:Admetus
3251:Cotys I
3231:Polemon
3226:Polemon
3222:Dynamis
3217:Dynamis
3208:Dynamis
3204:Asander
3194:Dynamis
3190:Asander
3117:Eumelos
2916:Arsaces
2891:Laodice
2814:Ziaelas
2808:Etazeta
2685:Epander
2680:Amyntas
2087:Perseus
1973:Argeads
626:staters
618:drachms
528:obverse
522:with a
485:Coinage
298:Bactria
296:Map of
152:Dynasty
116:Bactria
50:Bactria
4156:Sodasa
4018:Azes I
3931:Yuezhi
3892:Nicias
3880:Thraso
3785:Lysias
3752:Yuezhi
3716:Yuezhi
3572:Ashoka
3530:after
3437:kings
3431:kings
3415:(1991)
2911:Darius
2705:Nicias
2700:Thraso
2640:Lysias
1966:rulers
1861:
1826:
1816:
1789:
1769:
1759:
1732:
1711:
1692:
1673:
1627:
1596:
1586:
1559:
1535:
1464:
1456:
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901:
849:
745:kausia
719:Albani
687:Yuezhi
620:, and
595:Bactra
565:verism
532:diadem
460:Hestia
452:Kuliab
407:Gissar
376:steppe
329:Indian
325:Bactra
262:Strabo
226:Sogdia
202:Sogdia
198:satrap
3939:Maues
3732:Plato
3453:East
3447:West
3444:dates
3224:with
3206:with
3192:with
3155:]
2889:with
2562:Plato
2240:Magas
1859:S2CID
1824:S2CID
1767:S2CID
1594:S2CID
1527:[
1462:JSTOR
713:The "
683:Theos
662:flans
424:Gansu
391:11.34
313:Arius
280:king
246:Ionia
220:king
169:Greek
123:Issue
104:Ionia
56:Reign
3400:and
1814:ISBN
1787:ISBN
1757:ISBN
1730:ISBN
1709:ISBN
1690:ISBN
1671:ISBN
1625:ISBN
1612:link
1584:ISBN
1557:ISBN
1533:ISBN
1454:ISSN
899:ISBN
847:ISBN
727:Rome
707:Rome
677:and
469:Zeus
432:Saka
409:and
264:and
110:Died
93:Born
2788:Bas
1906:or
1851:doi
1806:doi
1749:doi
1651:doi
1576:doi
725:in
584:.
284:.
252:or
200:of
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4044:/
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