3735:
3429:
each of these languages had affected the Evenki language. Russian is the lingua franca of the region, part of the Evenki population is bilingual, and part trilingual. All Evenki know
Russian relatively well." In 1998 there were approximately 30,000 ethnic Evenkis living in Russia and about 1/3 of them spoke the language. Even a decade ago Bulatova was trying to warn speakers and linguists alike: "There is widespread loss of Evenki and the language can be considered seriously endangered". According to the
255:
3412:
some dialects with great difficulty". However, despite its failure to gain widespread acceptance, within its dialectal base of roughly 5,000 people, it survived and continues in use up to the present. Since the 1930s, "folklore, novels, poetry, numerous translations from
Russian and other languages", textbooks, and dictionaries have all been written in Evenki. In
3490:
as their "language of intercultural communication". Janhunen predicted that all of these languages, including
Mongolian, were likely to lose ground to Chinese in coming years. However Chaoke noted more than a decade later that the usage rate of Evenki remained quite high, and that it was still common
3505:
There is little information regarding revival efforts or Evenki's status now. In 1998, the language was taught in preschools and primary schools and offered as an option in 8th grade. The courses were regarded as an 'ethnocultural component' to bring Evenki language and culture into the curriculum.
1627:
In 1930, it was decided to create a written language for the majority of the peoples of the North of the USSR. The Latin alphabet was chosen as its graphic basis. In the same year, the project of the Evenki alphabet was proposed by Ya. P. Alcor. This project differed from
Vasilevich's alphabet only
3428:
There is a large quantity of
Russian loan words in Evenki, especially for technologies and concepts that were introduced by the Russian pioneers in Siberia. "Evenki is spoken in regions with heavy multilingualism. In their daily life the people come into contact with Russian, Buriat and Yakut, and
3411:
harshly criticised the "child-like" literary language, and in a 1930s monograph predicted it would quickly go extinct. Although textbooks through the 8th grade have been published, "Literary Evenki has not yet achieved the status of a norm which cut across dialects and is understood by speakers of
1794:
of the preceding consonant in
Russian. However orthographic decisions like these have resulted in some confusion and transfer of Russian phonetics to Evenki among younger speakers. For example, the spellings ди and ды were intended to record and (i.e. the same vowel sound). However, in Russian и
436:
in the mid-19th century, regarded as a "pioneer treatise" in the field of
Tungusology. The exact internal structure of the Tungusic family is a matter of some debate. Some scholars propose two sub-families: one for Manchu, and another for all the other Tungusic languages, including Evenki.
391:
languages are particularly strong. The influence of
Russian in general is overwhelming (in 1979, 75.2% of the Evenkis spoke Russian, rising to 92.7% in 2002). Evenki children were forced to learn Russian at Soviet residential schools, and returned with a "poor ability to speak their mother
2609:
is easily recognizable and carries only one piece of meaning. Evenki pronouns distinguish between singular and plural as well as inclusive and exclusive in the first person. The Evenki language has a rich case system — 13 cases, though there is some variation among dialects — and it is a
1575:– and certain suffixes no longer adhere to the rules of vowel harmony. Knowledge of the rules of vowel harmony is fading, as vowel harmony is a complex topic for elementary speakers to grasp, the language is severely endangered (Janhunen), and many speakers are multilingual.
3514:(the former St. Petersburg State Pedagogical University). In the 1980s, Christian missionaries working in Siberia translated the Bible into Evenki and a Christian group called the Global Recordings Network recorded Christian teaching materials in Evenki.
612:
The Evenki language typically has CV syllables but other structures are possible. Bulatova and
Grenoble list Evenki as having 11 possible vowel phonemes; a classical five-vowel system with distinctions between long and short vowels (except in
1660:
was excluded. In May 1931, the Evenki romanized alphabet was officially approved, and in 1932 regular publishing began on it. The basis of the literary language was laid the most studied Nepsky dialect (north of the
Irkutsk region).
3406:
in 1931 and the subsequent change to Cyrillic in 1936–7. The literary language was first based on the Nepa dialect of the Southern subgroup, but in the 1950s was redesigned with the Stony Tunguska dialect as its basis. Ethnographer
589:, the Hihue or Hoy dialect is considered the standard; Haila'er, Aoluguya (Olguya), Chenba'erhu (Old Bargu), and Morigele (Mergel) dialects also exist. Ethnologue reports these dialects differ significantly from those in Russia.
621:, while Nedjalkov claims that there are 13 vowel phonemes. Evenki has a moderately small consonant inventory; there are 18 consonants (21 according to Nedjalkov 1997) in the Evenki language and it lacks glides or semivowels.
392:
tongue...". The Evenki language varies considerably among its dialects, which are divided into three large groups: the northern, the southern and the eastern dialects. These are further divided into minor dialects. A
1774:; it is used only inconsistently in printed works, due to typographical limitations. Boldyrev's dictionary uses ң instead. Some editions use the digraph нг. Other sounds found in Evenki but not Russian, such as
5047:
compiled by Olga Kazakevich and Elena Klyachko. Audio recordings of narrative texts with transcriptions time-aligned at the phone level, translations, and time-aligned morphological annotations.
2030:. The same scholars' collection of songs has some orthographic differences from the table below; namely, long vowels are occasionally written not just doubled but also with an intervening
4708:
Janhunen, Juha (1996), "Mongolic languages as idioms of intercultural communication in Northern Manchuria", in Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tryon, Darrell T. (eds.),
1603:
1583:
Possible syllable structures include V, VC, VCC, CV, CVC, and CVCC. In contrast to dialects in Russia, dialects in China do not have /k/, /ŋ/, or /r/ in word-initial position.
3482:
schools. The only Evenki-speakers whom Janhunen knew not to speak Mongolian as a second language were the Reindeer Evenki (sometimes called "Yakut") in the northern part of
1988:) with Evenki words spelled in IPA, a pinyin-like orthography, and Mongolian script, as well as a collection of folk songs in IPA and Mongolian script (and Chinese-style
2677:
LOCDIR:locative-directive case ALLLOC:allative-locative case ACD:accusative case, definite PRO:prolative case INS:instrumental case SEM:semblative case POS:possessed
3402:) words in the "Imperial History of the National Languages of Liao, Jin, and Yuan". The Evenki did not have their own writing system until the introduction of the
4786:
Whaley, Lindsay J.; Grenoble, Lenore A.; Li, Fengxiang (June 1999), "Revisiting Tungusic Classification from the Bottom up: A Comparison of Evenki and Oroqen",
4893:
2610:
nominative–accusative language. Evenki differentiates between alienable and inalienable possession: alienable possession marks the possessor in the
1610:. It was a small textbook duplicated on the glass. It used the Vasilyevich Evenki alphabet on a Latin graphic basis. A year later, she compiled the
5007:
3653:
Upkat ilel tyynmukirdi, ureeldi meenŋi saaričaadi waldydjara. Nuŋartyn djalitvi, haldjandyvi bisi, memegiilver ajaraldyydjana tedjet oomamačityn.
4499:
8099:
4015:
3436:
In China, there is an ethnic population of 30,500 but only 19,000 are fluent in Evenki and only around 3,000 people are monolingual in Evenki.
5072:
3433:, there are 35,527 citizens of the Russian Federation who identify themselves as ethnically Evenki, but only 7,580 speakers of the language.
7864:
5575:
3650:Упкат илэл ты̄нмукирди, урэ̄лди мэ̄нңи са̄рича̄ди балдыдяра. Нуңартын дялитви, һалдяндыви биси, мэмэгӣлвэр аяралды̄дяна тэдет о̄мамачитын.
1624:; it also included diacritical marks: a macron to indicate the longitude of the sound and a sub-letter comma to indicate palatalization.
265:
5537:
1980:. Evenki scholars made an attempt in the 1980s to create standard written forms for their language, using both Mongolian script and a
5542:
2347:
uses a different version of Latin script, which distinguishes certain vowels and consonants more clearly than the system of Kesingge
4658:
Grenoble, Lenore A.; Whaley, Lindsay J. (2003), "Evaluating the impact of literacy: the case of Evenki", in Joseph, Brian D. (ed.),
5529:
In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is officially supported. For other, non-Cyrillic alphabets, separate federal laws are required.
7470:
5619:
8094:
453:
in the Northern sub-family, and the Southern family itself subdivided into Southwestern (among which Manchu) and Southeastern (
4726:
Kara, György (2006), "Solon Ewenki in Mongolian Script", in Pozzi, Alessandra; Janhunen, Juha Antero; Weiers, Michael (eds.),
4987:
4965:
4930:
4882:
4851:
4777:
4735:
4717:
4667:
4641:
4619:
4594:
4574:
4556:
4522:
4160:
4098:
4038:
3523:
3507:
5637:
1571:, Evenki employs back-front vowel harmony—suffix vowels are matched to the vowel in the root. However, some vowels –
1261:
Below is a chart of Evenki vowels found among Russian dialects, including those identified by Nedjalkov (1997) in italics.
1229:
1222:
894:
886:
469:
Bulatova enumerated 14 dialects and 50 sub-dialects within Russia, spread over a wide geographical area ranging from the
287:
5764:
956:. Consonant inventories given by researchers working on dialects in China are largely similar. The differences noted:
5065:
339:
8074:
7857:
5568:
1665:
1194:
1109:
733:
4469:
5667:
1178:
816:
277:
4909:
1940:
3763:
The role of the new Evenkiness in the Evenki language revitalization: the case of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia)
1155:
780:
1995:
The orthographic system developed by Chinese Evenki scholars reflects differences between Evenki and Mongol
1421:
The vowel inventory of the Chinese dialects of Evenki, however, is markedly different (Chaoke, 1995, 2009):
433:
8084:
6700:
5760:
5532:
5058:
1187:
1102:
857:
825:
227:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2418:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2020:
2016:
1800:
1796:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1572:
1553:
1549:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1409:
1405:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1302:
993:
989:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
953:
949:
945:
937:
629:
Below are tables of Evenki consonant phonemes, including those identified by Nedjalkov (1997) in italics.
618:
614:
8104:
8089:
7850:
5615:
5561:
4660:
When languages collide: perspectives on language conflict, language competition, and language coexistence
3363:
1208:
2019:. The system uses double letters in both Mongolian and Latin to represent most long vowels; however for
5473:
3475:
1791:
1243:
1095:
1088:
903:
787:
740:
724:
717:
6609:
4536:
1989:
1148:
850:
834:
3734:
8037:
7090:
6629:
6594:
5695:
5466:
5390:
5383:
7791:
7485:
6743:
6654:
6536:
6531:
5437:
5416:
5397:
5301:
5141:
5134:
1141:
1134:
1116:
771:
764:
748:
4840:Звуковой строй томмотского говора эвенкийского языка: Экспериментально-фонетическое исследование
2071:. The vowel inventory of this system is also rather different from that of Chaoke (1995, 2009).
7514:
7331:
7013:
5838:
5833:
5804:
5792:
5430:
5423:
5179:
3417:
3413:
1201:
1022:
871:
428:, the best-documented member of the family, was noted hundreds of years ago, first by botanist
8021:
7803:
7779:
7502:
7465:
5963:
5405:
5015:
3479:
3430:
1236:
1054:
1047:
923:
680:
673:
7677:
515:
Stony Tunguska: Vanavara, Kuyumba, Poligus, Surinda, Taimura or Chirinda, Uchami, Chemdal'sk
7450:
7311:
7130:
7110:
7095:
6831:
6796:
6604:
5247:
5154:
1162:
795:
689:
8:
7993:
7763:
7743:
7507:
7434:
7135:
7085:
7080:
6491:
6058:
5642:
5255:
5081:
3408:
1668:
Evenk alphabet, in which book publishing and schooling were conducted, looked like this:
1172:
1081:
944:, , as well as an intervocalic variant, . Likewise, some speakers pronounce intervocalic
809:
803:
710:
409:
7120:
7105:
5720:
4710:
Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas
7926:
7873:
7708:
7480:
7414:
7363:
7316:
7260:
6990:
6933:
6659:
5815:
5584:
5460:
5326:
5296:
5240:
5194:
4803:
4697:
4440:
4009:
3465:
2042:
1592:
1568:
1065:
1017:
696:
650:
429:
421:
353:
133:
7115:
5725:
219:
7687:
7347:
7221:
7166:
7058:
6966:
6961:
6918:
6840:
6571:
6551:
6476:
6453:
6226:
6108:
6078:
5920:
5911:
5863:
5853:
5700:
5632:
5367:
5281:
4983:
4971:
4961:
4936:
4926:
4905:
4878:
4857:
4847:
4773:
4756:
4731:
4713:
4663:
4647:
4637:
4615:
4590:
4570:
4552:
4528:
4518:
4444:
4094:
4034:
3511:
3164:
1075:
1034:
704:
655:
458:
445:
divides Tungusic into two sub-families, Northern and Southern, with Evenki alongside
438:
3672:
Also spelled Ewenki, Ewenke, or Owenke and previously conflated with Solon or Suolun
3491:
to find Evenki speakers who were proficient in three, four, or even five languages.
477:. These may be divided into three major groups primarily on the basis of phonology:
283:
8055:
8029:
8001:
7965:
7911:
7888:
7758:
7753:
7723:
7682:
7662:
7551:
7546:
7490:
7460:
7409:
7298:
7171:
7151:
7100:
7067:
7028:
7023:
7018:
6976:
6971:
6953:
6801:
6791:
6695:
6644:
6639:
6614:
6541:
6234:
6211:
6206:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6088:
6028:
5953:
5896:
5891:
5876:
5647:
5598:
5507:
5497:
5445:
5377:
5362:
5342:
5311:
5229:
5174:
5169:
5159:
5095:
4795:
4689:
4510:
4432:
3487:
1977:
1958:
1127:
1012:
1007:
843:
757:
645:
640:
450:
405:
393:
361:
310:
182:
141:
95:
7306:
4167:
4115:
404:, and from 1937 a Cyrillic one. In China, Evenki is written experimentally in the
8079:
8009:
7916:
7738:
7728:
7718:
7667:
7657:
7531:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7283:
7273:
7236:
7226:
7211:
7201:
7191:
7161:
7125:
7075:
7038:
7003:
6943:
6923:
6903:
6868:
6853:
6848:
6771:
6710:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6624:
6516:
6486:
6435:
6410:
6395:
6369:
6364:
6344:
6329:
6274:
6216:
6201:
6196:
6181:
6176:
6121:
6053:
6033:
5968:
5943:
5871:
5848:
5750:
5715:
5710:
5685:
5657:
5652:
5512:
5492:
5450:
5372:
5347:
5321:
5268:
5209:
5204:
5189:
5184:
5164:
5128:
5118:
4925:]. Moscow-Leningrad: Gosudarstvennoye Uchebno-Pedagogicheskoye Izdatel'stvo.
4584:
4058:
3499:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3240:
2723:
2698:
2611:
1962:
1786:; when the latter pronunciation is intended, it is followed by one of Cyrillic's
1767:
1029:
913:
660:
425:
388:
365:
174:
125:
5044:
4815:
1602:
The creation of the Evenki alphabet began in the 1920s. In May 1928, researcher
490:
Ilimpeya: Ilimpeya, Agata and Bol'shoi, Porog, Tura, Tutonchany, Dudinka/Khantai
232:
7983:
7973:
7944:
7934:
7748:
7692:
7672:
7475:
7440:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7326:
7278:
7216:
7186:
7181:
7043:
7033:
6998:
6908:
6873:
6858:
6806:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6705:
6649:
6619:
6599:
6589:
6584:
6561:
6481:
6466:
6461:
6430:
6405:
6390:
6385:
6354:
6349:
6339:
6334:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6264:
6239:
6186:
6098:
6083:
6048:
6018:
6013:
5993:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5901:
5886:
5828:
5823:
5730:
5690:
5675:
5410:
5316:
5306:
5291:
5286:
5276:
5261:
5219:
5123:
5113:
4844:
Sound structure of the Tommot dialect of Evenki: an experimental phonetic study
4436:
3445:
3198:
3108:
2615:
2600:
454:
384:
167:
87:
5705:
4423:
Mamontova, Nadezhda (5 December 2014). "What Language Do Real Evenki Speak?".
3747:
2673:
Below is a table of cases and suffixes in Evenki, following Nedjalkov (1997):
245:
8068:
8014:
7978:
7906:
7896:
7733:
7607:
7583:
7526:
7355:
7288:
7246:
7231:
7156:
7008:
6913:
6786:
6781:
6634:
6546:
6526:
6521:
6511:
6501:
6496:
6471:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6400:
6359:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6269:
6259:
6254:
6244:
6191:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6093:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6043:
6023:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5958:
5948:
5933:
5928:
5881:
5843:
5745:
5735:
5455:
5352:
5234:
5214:
5149:
5000:
4651:
3722:
3470:
3461:
3437:
3395:
3383:
3040:
3006:
2935:
2901:
2864:
2050:
2031:
1984:-like Latin spelling. They published an Evenki–Mongolian–Chinese dictionary (
1437:
552:
540:
470:
446:
369:
357:
20:
4975:
4940:
4861:
4760:
4532:
1939:
In the "Imperial History of the National Languages of Liao, Jin, and Yuan" (
457:
and others). Others propose three or more sub-families, or at the extreme a
7713:
7578:
7541:
7241:
7206:
7196:
7176:
7048:
6928:
6893:
6883:
6878:
6863:
6751:
6675:
6579:
6556:
6249:
6116:
6038:
5988:
5938:
5740:
5680:
5516:
5502:
5224:
5199:
4603:
3844:
3457:
3449:
3403:
3399:
3074:
2067:, despite Mongolian orthography usually prohibiting the letter combination
1973:
957:
401:
397:
178:
91:
203:
7624:
7600:
7573:
7563:
7536:
7521:
7497:
7321:
6898:
6821:
6816:
6776:
6506:
4957:
4677:
3761:
2972:
1465:
1432:
1297:
1272:
1216:
879:
526:
239:
432:
in the late 18th century, and then in a more formal linguistic study by
7652:
7590:
7568:
6938:
6811:
4701:
3727:
3420:), the local newspaper includes a weekly supplement written in Evenki.
3367:
1622:
Aa Bb Çç HH Dd Ӡӡ Ee Әә Gg Hh Ii Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Pp Rr Ss Tt Uu Ww Yy
1544:
1442:
1400:
1277:
1041:
667:
586:
442:
368:. The name is sometimes wrongly given as "Evenks". It is spoken by the
5050:
4919:Характеристика говоров баргузинских эвенков: По материалам Н. Н. Поппе
4807:
4514:
7842:
7629:
7617:
7612:
7556:
6888:
5627:
5553:
4636:] (in Chinese (China)), Beijing: Nationalities Publishing House,
4551:, Novosibirsk: Institute of Philology, Russian Academic of Sciences,
3483:
3441:
1996:
1501:
1350:
941:
212:
196:
4693:
3681:
The people speaking Evenki were also called "Tungusy". According to
254:
7595:
4799:
4728:
Tumen jalafun jecen akū: Manchu studies in honour of Giovanni Stary
3495:
2818:
2811:
2782:
2606:
1787:
474:
295:
62:
5033:[Evenkiteka – The Evenki Library]. (in Russian and Evenki)
7634:
4752:
3453:
558:
544:
291:
4982:
Vasilevich G. M. (1958). Эвенкийско-русский словарь. . Moscow.
1981:
1948:
1763:
548:
373:
262:
106:
77:
4923:
Characteristics of Barguzin Evenki dialects: Based on NN Poppe
4509:. Senri Ethnological Studies. Vol. 44. pp. 109–121.
2618:, while inalienable possession is marked by personal indices.
1628:
by the presence of letters for displaying Russian borrowings (
2413:
1969:
1606:
prepared for the Evenk students who studied in Leningrad the
522:
377:
73:
5028:
4746:
Eweŋki Moŋɣol Kitad Kelen-ü Qaričaɣoloɣsan Üges-ün Tegübüri
4611:
4589:, vol. 1 (2, revised ed.), Taylor & Francis,
331:
325:
322:
313:
3506:
Instruction as a second language is also available in the
2485:
585:
Evenks in China also speak several dialects. According to
294:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
5022:
4904:]. Sapporo: Faculty of Letters, Hokkaido University.
4813:
4457:
4207:(in Russian). СПб.: "Дрофа" Санкт-Петербург. p. 5—7.
4093:. Vol. 2. Moscow: Academia. 2003. pp. 648–649.
3917:
3915:
3913:
3478:
there, as they tended to do their education in Mongolian-
592:
Some works focused on individual Russia dialects include
3089:
1770:. The script has one additional letter, ӈ, to indicate
3910:
504:
Sym: Tokma or Upper Nepa, Upper Lena or Kachug, Angara
4891:
4877:]. St. Petersburg: North Without Conflicts Fund.
4586:
Compendium of the World's Languages: Abaza to Kurdish
4161:"Эвенкийская жизнь (newspaper in Russian and Evenki)"
4056:
3423:
1803:. Long vowels are optionally indicated with macrons.
1778:, lack devoted letters. Instead д stands in for both
340:
328:
8040:
8032:
8024:
8004:
7938:
4124: ed.). М.-Л.: Гос. уч.-пед. изд-во. p. 14.
3932:
3930:
3055:
319:
5014:, Indiana University at Bloomington, archived from
4743:
3963:
2605:Evenki is highly agglutinating and suffixing: Each
1985:
316:
261:Evenki is classified as Severely Endangered by the
4500:"The Evenki Language from the Yenisei to Sakhalin"
3947:
3945:
3685:, p. xix, "Tungus" could be a Chinese exonym.
557:Upper Aldan: Aldan, Upper Amur, Amga, Dzheltulak,
4662:, Ohio State University Press, pp. 109–121,
4507:Northern Minority Languages: Problems of Survival
4091:Письменные языки мира: Языки Российской Федерации
3927:
3827:
3825:
3370:language. The subject is marked according to the
3300:
2786:
2772:
2041:), showing clear orthographic influence from the
352:, is the largest member of the northern group of
8066:
4785:
4564:
4470:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Evenki"
4320:
4277:
4265:
4253:
3892:
3831:
1790:letters, similar to the way those letters cause
1620:). This alphabet had the following composition:
461:with Manchu at one end and Evenki at the other.
4113:
4033:. Moscow: Литературная Россия. pp. 10–12.
3999:
3942:
2953:
2841:
4730:, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, pp. 133–148,
4657:
4190:
4134:
4079:. Якутск: Л. Н. Потапова. 2008. pp. 6–14.
3822:
3337:
3021:
2801:
948:as . Speakers of some dialects also alternate
567:Selemdzha-Bureya-Urmi: Selemdzha, Bureya, Urmi
7858:
5569:
5066:
4954:Evenki–Russian dictionary: about 30,000 words
4950:Эвенкийско-русский словарь: около 30 000 слов
4744:Kesingge; Cidaltu; Alta (1983), Norbu (ed.),
4565:Bulatova, Nadezhda; Grenoble, Lenore (1999),
4549:Русско-эвенкийский словарь: около 20 000 слов
3502:in Mongolia as well, numbering around 1,000.
1795:and ы are respectively two different vowels,
1612:First Book for Reading in the Tungus Language
16:Tungusic language of eastern Russia and China
4916:
4505:. In Shōji, Hiroshi; Janhunen, Juha (eds.).
4358:
4356:
4343:
4341:
3460:still spoke Evenki, and about half knew the
2062:
1615:
593:
561:, Tommot, Khingan, Chul'man, Chul'man-Gilyui
507:Northern Baikal: Northern Baikal, Upper Lena
41:
34:
4202:
3748:(de) Glottopedia article on Evenki language
7865:
7851:
5791:
5576:
5562:
5073:
5059:
4028:
4014:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3741:
3494:There is a small population of Mongolized
253:
4767:
4422:
4362:
4353:
4338:
4301:
4289:
3921:
3904:
3873:
3779:
3777:
3682:
3341:
3179:
4868:
4837:
4755:: Ündüsüten-ü Keblel-ün Qoriy-a, 民族出版社,
4707:
4582:
4546:
4425:Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia
4398:
4386:
4374:
4147:
4117:Учебник эвенкийского (тунгусского) языка
3936:
3789:
3759:
3710:
601:
597:
570:Ayan-Mai: Ayan, Aim, Mai, Nel'kan, Totti
266:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
5080:
4947:
4712:, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 827–835,
4497:
4347:
4052:
4050:
3861:
3816:
3783:
3255:
1954:Qīndìng liáo jīn yuán sān shǐ guóyǔ jiě
617:) and the addition of a long and short
539:Vitim-Olyokma dialect: Barguzin, Vitim/
408:. The language is generally considered
383:In certain areas the influences of the
288:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
8067:
7872:
5583:
4583:Campbell, George L. (2000), "Evenki",
4316:
4314:
4312:
4310:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3774:
3389:
3145:
3123:
1762:Today, the official writing system in
415:
61:
7846:
6731:
5790:
5557:
5054:
4675:
4602:
4410:
4332:
3987:
3975:
3951:
3524:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
3508:Institute of the Peoples of the North
3416:(former administrative center of the
3333:
3322:
3296:
2916:
2882:
2007:(usually romanised from Mongolian as
1578:
1000:Evenki consonants (Chinese dialects)
633:Evenki consonants (Russian dialects)
5005:
4725:
4241:
4229:
4217:
4047:
3795:
3498:speakers of the Hamnigan dialect of
1640:. After some refinement, the letter
6732:
5030:Эвенкитека – Эвенкийская библиотека
5012:Department of Central Asian Studies
4892:Chaoke, D. O.; Tsumugari, Toshiro;
4307:
4083:
4069:
3879:
2987:
2845:
13:
4831:
4814:Global Recordings Network (2011),
4627:
3716:
3424:Language shift and multilingualism
2807:bi kete-ve himmikte-ve tevle-che-v
2797:
2344:
14:
8116:
4994:
3964:Kesingge, Cidaltu & Alta 1983
3213:
2045:. In medial and final positions,
1986:Kesingge, Cidaltu & Alta 1983
1425:Evenki vowels (Chinese dialects)
1265:Evenki vowels (Russian dialects)
1242:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1177:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1133:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1064:
1053:
1046:
922:
902:
893:
885:
870:
856:
849:
833:
824:
815:
794:
786:
779:
770:
763:
747:
739:
732:
723:
716:
695:
688:
679:
672:
493:Yerbogachen: Yerbogachen, Nakanno
8056:dead, split or changed languages
5543:Mass media by language of Russia
5538:Knowledge in languages of Russia
3733:
3440:investigated multilingualism in
3287:before the case marker, if any:
3233:'a man with a horse; a horseman'
309:
47:Ewengki Gisong (Chinese dialect)
4875:Language of the Sakhalin Evenki
4610:(in Chinese (China)), Beijing:
4462:
4451:
4416:
4404:
4392:
4380:
4368:
4326:
4295:
4283:
4271:
4259:
4247:
4235:
4223:
4211:
4196:
4184:
4153:
4140:
4128:
4107:
4063:Культура и письменность востока
4022:
3993:
3981:
3969:
3957:
3898:
3867:
3855:
3837:
3810:
3448:) and the adjoining section of
1965:is used to write Evenki words.
1766:for the Evenki language is the
573:Tugur-Chumikan: Tugur, Chumikan
396:was created for Evenkis in the
364:, and the more closely related
35:
5336:Languages with official status
4490:
4458:Global Recordings Network 2011
4057:Я. П. Алькор (Кошкин) (1931).
3832:Whaley, Grenoble & Li 1999
3801:
3760:Sivtseva, Mira (20 May 2015).
3753:
3704:
3675:
3666:
3517:
3456:) in 1996. He found that most
1953:
1944:
356:, a group which also includes
1:
8100:Subject–object–verb languages
8095:Severely endangered languages
5008:"Course List: Evenki Grammar"
4059:"Письменность народов Севера"
3692:
3353:'the reindeer (pl.) of Ivul.'
3350:Ivul-GEN reindeer-PL-3SG.POSS
2594:
624:
4917:Gortsevskaya, V. A. (1936).
4321:Bulatova & Grenoble 1999
4278:Bulatova & Grenoble 1999
4266:Bulatova & Grenoble 1999
4254:Bulatova & Grenoble 1999
4166:. 2021-03-19. Archived from
3893:Bulatova & Grenoble 1999
3697:
3328:
3317:
3291:
3250:
3219:
3208:
3174:
3140:
3084:
3050:
3016:
2982:
2948:
2911:
2877:
2836:
2792:
2778:
2767:
2759:
2736:
2708:
2063:
1616:
1586:
607:
521:Vitim-Nercha/Baunt-Talocha:
42:
7:
4846:]. Novosibirsk: Nauka.
4205:Эвенкийский язык в таблицах
4002:Памятка тунгусам-отпукникам
3374:, and the object is in the
2828:reflexive-genitive definite
536:Eastern (sibilant-spirant)
464:
10:
8121:
4678:"Tungus Literary Language"
4437:10.2753/AAE1061-1959520402
4191:Grenoble & Whaley 2003
4135:Grenoble & Whaley 2003
3768:Muin Open Research Archive
3398:was used to write Evenki (
2682:Evenki cases and suffixes
2598:
2337:* used only word-initially
1976:and experimentally in the
1608:Memo to Tungus-vacationers
1590:
420:Evenki is a member of the
18:
8053:
7992:
7964:
7957:
7925:
7887:
7880:
7814:
7787:Southern (Shanghai) Sign
7772:
7701:
7645:
7449:
7387:
7340:
7297:
7259:
7144:
7066:
7057:
6989:
6952:
6839:
6830:
6742:
6738:
6727:
6668:
6570:
6452:
6378:
6225:
6107:
5919:
5910:
5862:
5814:
5803:
5799:
5786:
5779:
5759:
5666:
5614:
5607:
5591:
5527:
5485:
5335:
5104:
5088:
4569:, Munich: Lincom Europa,
3357:
3239:
3197:
3163:
3107:
2934:
2900:
2863:
2722:
2697:
2686:
2614:and the possessum in the
2335:
1990:numbered musical notation
1597:
1441:
1276:
1256:
1215:
1171:
1074:
1040:
1004:
912:
878:
802:
703:
666:
637:
576:Sakhalin (no subdialects)
274:
252:
238:
226:
210:
194:
189:
164:
122:
112:
102:
83:
69:
57:
33:
28:
5029:
4897:
4871:Язык сахалинских эвенков
4838:Andreeva, T. E. (1988).
4817:Words of Life 1 – Evenki
4768:Nedjalkov, Igor (1997),
4748:
4629:
4607:
4547:Boldyrev, B. V. (1994),
4498:Atknine, Victor (1997).
4146:E.g. the entry for кто;
4114:Г. М. Василевич (1934).
4090:
4077:Книжная культура эвенков
4076:
4030:
4000:Г. М. Василевич (1928).
3659:
3275:Plurals are marked with
3203:-gali, -chi, -lan, -tai
2622:Evenki personal indices
1934:
984:; furthermore, Kesingge
19:Not to be confused with
8075:Agglutinative languages
7784:Northern (Beijing) Sign
4948:Myreeva, A. N. (2004).
4763:, Unknown ID:M9049(2)10
4065:(X). М.: ВЦК НА: 12–31.
3642:
3634:
3626:
3618:
3610:
3602:
3594:
3586:
3578:
3570:
3562:
3554:
3546:
3538:
3530:
3312:'the cups (accusative)'
1630:C c, F f, J j, W w, Z z
564:Uchur-Zeya: Uchur, Zeya
400:in 1931, first using a
118:16,000 (2007–2010)
5793:Sino-Tibetan languages
4682:Asian Folklore Studies
4676:Inoue, Koichi (1991),
4031:Эвенкийская литература
3845:"Tungusic family tree"
3464:as well. Furthermore,
3418:Evenk Autonomous Okrug
2831:-vi (sg.), -ver (pl.)
2026:is written instead of
1972:is now written in the
1957:) commissioned by the
276:This article contains
5006:Kara, György (2007),
4902:Solon Basic Sentences
4869:Bulatova, N. (1999).
4772:, London: Routledge,
4628:杜·道尔基 , ed. (2007),
3849:Ethnologue (Free All)
3474:among members of all
1591:Further information:
348:), formerly known as
63:[əwəŋkigisʊŋ]
5045:Evenki DoReCo corpus
4634:On Evenki Placenames
4203:Н. Булатова (2002).
4029:В. Огрызко (2006).
1632:), as well as using
498:Southern (sibilant)
424:. Its similarity to
8085:Languages of Russia
7827:NM = Inner Mongolia
5533:Languages of Russia
5107:of federal subjects
5082:Languages of Russia
3431:2002 Russian census
3409:S. M. Shirokogoroff
3390:Literary traditions
3364:subject–object–verb
3101:'from the reindeer'
3033:'(in)to the forest'
2857:'to/for own child'
2814:-ACD gather-PST-1SG
2683:
2623:
1426:
1266:
1001:
940:) has a word-final
634:
518:Nepa: Nepa, Kirensk
487:Northern (spirant)
416:Genetic affiliation
8105:Tungusic languages
8090:Languages of China
7874:Tungusic languages
7364:Formosan languages
5585:Languages of China
4292:, pp. 82, 158
4244:, pp. 139–142
3978:, pp. 330–332
3924:, pp. 310–311
3807:Grenoble; Janhunen
3245:-ngachin, -gechin
2940:Locative-Directive
2928:'from whom/where?'
2681:
2621:
2061:itself is spelled
2049:is written in the
2043:Mongolian language
1617:Әwәnkil dukuwuntin
1593:Evenki orthography
1579:Syllable structure
1569:Tungusic languages
1424:
1264:
999:
632:
354:Tungusic languages
8062:
8061:
8049:
8048:
7953:
7952:
7840:
7839:
7383:
7382:
7379:
7378:
7375:
7374:
7368:
7360:
7352:
7255:
7254:
6985:
6984:
6723:
6722:
6719:
6718:
6448:
6447:
6444:
6443:
5775:
5774:
5551:
5550:
5519:
5474:Southern Yukaghir
5467:Northern Yukaghir
5144:
5137:
4988:978-5-458-59022-8
4967:978-5-02-030684-4
4932:978-0-415-02640-6
4884:978-5-88925-009-8
4853:978-5-02-029187-4
4779:978-0-415-02640-6
4737:978-3-447-05378-5
4719:978-3-11-013417-9
4669:978-0-8142-0913-4
4643:978-7-105-08286-5
4621:978-7-5004-8143-0
4596:978-0-415-20298-5
4576:978-3-89586-222-9
4558:978-5-02-029805-7
4524:978-0-415-02640-6
4515:10.15021/00002952
4100:978-5-87444-191-3
4040:978-5-7809-0094-8
3731:(25th ed., 2022)
3522:Article 1 of the
3512:Herzen University
3378:. In Evenki, the
3347:Ivul-ngi oro-r-in
3273:
3272:
3067:' into the house'
3007:Allative-Locative
2817:'I gathered much
2671:
2670:
2592:
2591:
2342:
2341:
2338:
1932:
1931:
1760:
1759:
1656:, and the letter
1565:
1564:
1419:
1418:
1254:
1253:
1130:
1084:
934:
933:
846:
812:
760:
713:
594:Gortsevskaya 1936
439:SIL International
302:
301:
284:rendering support
280:phonetic symbols.
39:(Russian dialect)
8112:
8042:
8034:
8026:
8006:
7962:
7961:
7940:
7885:
7884:
7867:
7860:
7853:
7844:
7843:
7796:
7366:
7358:
7350:
7064:
7063:
6837:
6836:
6740:
6739:
6729:
6728:
5917:
5916:
5812:
5811:
5801:
5800:
5788:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5612:
5611:
5599:Standard Chinese
5578:
5571:
5564:
5555:
5554:
5511:
5508:Mongolian script
5498:Cyrillic Braille
5476:
5469:
5440:
5433:
5426:
5419:
5400:
5393:
5386:
5271:
5264:
5250:
5243:
5140:
5133:
5089:Federal language
5075:
5068:
5061:
5052:
5051:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5019:
4979:
4944:
4913:
4894:Kazama, Shinjiro
4888:
4865:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4810:
4782:
4764:
4740:
4722:
4704:
4672:
4654:
4624:
4604:Dular, O. Chaoke
4599:
4579:
4561:
4543:
4541:
4535:. Archived from
4504:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4466:
4460:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4420:
4414:
4408:
4402:
4396:
4390:
4384:
4378:
4372:
4366:
4360:
4351:
4345:
4336:
4335:, pp. 35–37
4330:
4324:
4318:
4305:
4299:
4293:
4287:
4281:
4275:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4256:, pp. 6, 21
4251:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4200:
4194:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4172:
4165:
4157:
4151:
4144:
4138:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4054:
4045:
4044:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4013:
4005:
3997:
3991:
3985:
3979:
3973:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3940:
3934:
3925:
3919:
3908:
3902:
3896:
3890:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3841:
3835:
3829:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3805:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3781:
3772:
3771:
3770:(Master thesis).
3757:
3751:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3686:
3679:
3673:
3670:
3468:functioned as a
3343:
3339:
3335:
3324:
3302:
3298:
3257:
3215:
3181:
3147:
3135:in a week's time
3125:
3091:
3057:
3023:
2989:
2955:
2918:
2884:
2854:child-LOCDIR-REF
2847:
2843:
2803:
2799:
2788:
2774:
2684:
2680:
2643:-vun (exclusive)
2624:
2620:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2420:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2353:
2336:
2329:
2320:
2311:
2302:
2291:
2282:
2273:
2264:
2255:
2246:
2237:
2228:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2190:
2181:
2172:
2163:
2154:
2142:
2133:
2124:
2115:
2106:
2097:
2088:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2066:
2056:
2036:
2022:
2018:
2006:
2002:
1978:Mongolian script
1959:Qianlong Emperor
1955:
1946:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1671:
1670:
1644:was replaced by
1619:
1604:G. M. Vasilevich
1574:
1555:
1551:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1427:
1423:
1411:
1407:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1267:
1263:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1181:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1080:
1068:
1057:
1050:
1002:
998:
995:
991:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
955:
951:
947:
939:
926:
906:
897:
889:
874:
860:
853:
842:
837:
828:
819:
808:
798:
790:
783:
774:
767:
756:
751:
743:
736:
727:
720:
709:
699:
692:
683:
676:
635:
631:
620:
616:
406:Mongolian script
394:written language
372:or Ewenkī(s) in
344:
338:
337:
334:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
268:
257:
248:
246:(de) Evenki (de)
222:
206:
199:
185:(experimentally)
170:
128:
96:Krasnoyarsk Krai
65:
53:
45:
38:
37:
26:
25:
8120:
8119:
8115:
8114:
8113:
8111:
8110:
8109:
8065:
8064:
8063:
8058:
8045:
8038:Chinese Kyakala
7988:
7949:
7921:
7876:
7871:
7841:
7836:
7810:
7790:
7768:
7697:
7641:
7452:
7445:
7371:
7351:(Indo-European)
7336:
7293:
7251:
7140:
7053:
6981:
6948:
6826:
6734:
6733:Other languages
6715:
6664:
6595:Central Tibetan
6566:
6440:
6374:
6221:
6103:
5906:
5858:
5806:
5795:
5771:
5755:
5662:
5603:
5587:
5582:
5552:
5547:
5523:
5481:
5472:
5465:
5436:
5429:
5422:
5415:
5396:
5391:Southern Khanty
5389:
5384:Northern Khanty
5382:
5331:
5267:
5260:
5246:
5239:
5205:Karachay-Balkar
5106:
5105:State languages
5100:
5084:
5079:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5027:
4997:
4968:
4933:
4899:
4885:
4854:
4834:
4832:Further reading
4829:
4822:
4820:
4780:
4750:
4738:
4720:
4694:10.2307/1178185
4670:
4644:
4631:
4622:
4609:
4597:
4577:
4559:
4539:
4525:
4502:
4493:
4488:
4487:
4478:
4476:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4456:
4452:
4421:
4417:
4409:
4405:
4397:
4393:
4385:
4381:
4373:
4369:
4361:
4354:
4346:
4339:
4331:
4327:
4319:
4308:
4300:
4296:
4288:
4284:
4276:
4272:
4264:
4260:
4252:
4248:
4240:
4236:
4228:
4224:
4216:
4212:
4201:
4197:
4189:
4185:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4145:
4141:
4133:
4129:
4121:
4112:
4108:
4101:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4032:
4027:
4023:
4007:
4006:
3998:
3994:
3986:
3982:
3974:
3970:
3962:
3958:
3950:
3943:
3935:
3928:
3920:
3911:
3903:
3899:
3891:
3880:
3872:
3868:
3860:
3856:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3830:
3823:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3794:
3790:
3782:
3775:
3758:
3754:
3746:
3742:
3732:
3721:
3717:
3709:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3689:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3648:
3640:
3632:
3624:
3616:
3608:
3600:
3592:
3584:
3576:
3568:
3560:
3552:
3544:
3536:
3520:
3476:minority groups
3426:
3392:
3380:indirect object
3372:nominative case
3360:
3355:
3345:
3326:
3314:
3304:
3269:
3259:
3241:Semblative case
3235:
3225:
3217:
3193:
3183:
3159:
3149:
3137:
3127:
3103:
3093:
3069:
3059:
3035:
3025:
3001:
2991:
2973:Dative-Locative
2967:
2965:'for the child'
2957:
2930:
2920:
2896:
2886:
2859:
2849:
2823:
2805:
2790:
2776:
2765:
2746:
2739:
2718:
2711:
2679:
2645:-t (inclusive)
2644:
2612:nominative case
2603:
2597:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2417:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2054:
2034:
2004:
2000:
1999:. It uses both
1963:Manchu alphabet
1937:
1768:Cyrillic script
1600:
1595:
1589:
1581:
1377:
1358:
1336:
1321:
1309:
1259:
1024:
627:
610:
583:
467:
422:Tungusic family
418:
366:Oroqen language
342:
312:
308:
282:Without proper
270:
269:
260:
244:
218:
202:
195:
171:
166:
160:
129:
126:Language family
124:
115:
114:Native speakers
51:
49:
48:
46:
40:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8118:
8108:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8060:
8059:
8054:
8051:
8050:
8047:
8046:
8044:
8043:
8035:
8027:
8019:
8018:
8017:
8012:
7998:
7996:
7990:
7989:
7987:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7970:
7968:
7959:
7955:
7954:
7951:
7950:
7948:
7947:
7942:
7931:
7929:
7923:
7922:
7920:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7893:
7891:
7882:
7878:
7877:
7870:
7869:
7862:
7855:
7847:
7838:
7837:
7835:
7834:
7831:
7828:
7825:
7822:
7821:HK = Hong Kong
7819:
7815:
7812:
7811:
7809:
7808:
7801:
7800:
7799:
7798:
7797:
7792:Hong Kong Sign
7785:
7776:
7774:
7770:
7769:
7767:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7705:
7703:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7649:
7647:
7643:
7642:
7640:
7639:
7638:
7637:
7632:
7622:
7621:
7620:
7615:
7605:
7604:
7603:
7598:
7588:
7587:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7560:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7518:
7517:
7512:
7511:
7510:
7500:
7495:
7494:
7493:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7457:
7455:
7447:
7446:
7444:
7443:
7438:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7391:
7389:
7385:
7384:
7381:
7380:
7377:
7376:
7373:
7372:
7370:
7369:
7367:(Austronesian)
7361:
7359:(Austronesian)
7353:
7344:
7342:
7338:
7337:
7335:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7303:
7301:
7295:
7294:
7292:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7265:
7263:
7257:
7256:
7253:
7252:
7250:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7148:
7146:
7142:
7141:
7139:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7072:
7070:
7061:
7055:
7054:
7052:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6995:
6993:
6987:
6986:
6983:
6982:
6980:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6958:
6956:
6950:
6949:
6947:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6845:
6843:
6834:
6828:
6827:
6825:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6748:
6746:
6736:
6735:
6725:
6724:
6721:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6672:
6670:
6666:
6665:
6663:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6576:
6574:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6537:Southern Qiang
6534:
6532:Northern Qiang
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6458:
6456:
6450:
6449:
6446:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6439:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6382:
6380:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6231:
6229:
6223:
6222:
6220:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6113:
6111:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5925:
5923:
5914:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5868:
5866:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5820:
5818:
5809:
5797:
5796:
5781:
5777:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5672:
5670:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5624:
5622:
5609:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5588:
5581:
5580:
5573:
5566:
5558:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5489:
5487:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5470:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5438:Southern Mansi
5434:
5427:
5420:
5417:Northern Mansi
5408:
5403:
5402:
5401:
5398:Eastern Khanty
5394:
5387:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5339:
5337:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5273:
5272:
5265:
5253:
5252:
5251:
5244:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5142:Southern Altai
5138:
5135:Northern Altai
5126:
5121:
5116:
5110:
5108:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5085:
5078:
5077:
5070:
5063:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5042:
5025:
5020:
5003:
4996:
4995:External links
4993:
4992:
4991:
4980:
4966:
4945:
4931:
4914:
4889:
4883:
4866:
4852:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4811:
4800:10.2307/417262
4794:(2): 286–321,
4783:
4778:
4765:
4741:
4736:
4723:
4718:
4705:
4673:
4668:
4655:
4642:
4625:
4620:
4600:
4595:
4580:
4575:
4562:
4557:
4544:
4542:on 2011-07-22.
4523:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4461:
4450:
4415:
4403:
4391:
4379:
4367:
4363:Nedjalkov 1997
4352:
4337:
4325:
4306:
4302:Nedjalkov 1997
4294:
4290:Nedjalkov 1997
4282:
4270:
4268:, pp. 7–8
4258:
4246:
4234:
4222:
4210:
4195:
4183:
4152:
4139:
4127:
4106:
4099:
4082:
4068:
4046:
4039:
4021:
3992:
3980:
3968:
3956:
3941:
3926:
3922:Nedjalkov 1997
3909:
3905:Nedjalkov 1997
3897:
3878:
3874:Nedjalkov 1997
3866:
3854:
3836:
3821:
3809:
3800:
3788:
3773:
3752:
3740:
3715:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3683:Nedjalkov 1997
3674:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3641:
3633:
3630:ajaraldyydjana
3625:
3617:
3609:
3601:
3593:
3585:
3577:
3569:
3561:
3553:
3545:
3537:
3529:
3528:
3519:
3516:
3446:Inner Mongolia
3425:
3422:
3391:
3388:
3359:
3356:
3327:
3316:
3315:
3290:
3289:
3271:
3270:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3218:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3191:'with the gun'
3185:pektyre:vun-di
3175:pektyre:vun-di
3173:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3151:singilgen-duli
3141:singilgen-duli
3139:
3138:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2999:'at/in school'
2981:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2865:"Old genitive"
2861:
2860:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2791:
2777:
2766:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2616:possessed case
2601:Evenki grammar
2599:Main article:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2422:
2421:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2325:
2316:
2307:
2297:
2296:
2287:
2278:
2269:
2260:
2251:
2242:
2233:
2223:
2222:
2213:
2204:
2195:
2186:
2177:
2168:
2159:
2149:
2148:
2138:
2129:
2120:
2111:
2102:
2093:
2084:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1792:palatalization
1758:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1599:
1596:
1588:
1585:
1580:
1577:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1488:
1486:
1477:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1387:
1368:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1327:
1319:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1182:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
932:
931:
929:
927:
920:
918:
916:
910:
909:
907:
900:
898:
891:
882:
876:
875:
868:
866:
864:
862:
847:
839:
838:
831:
829:
822:
820:
813:
806:
800:
799:
792:
777:
775:
768:
761:
753:
752:
745:
730:
728:
721:
714:
707:
701:
700:
693:
686:
684:
677:
670:
664:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
626:
623:
609:
606:
600:(Tommot), and
582:
581:
580:
579:
578:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
555:
534:
533:
532:
531:
530:
519:
516:
510:
509:
508:
505:
496:
495:
494:
491:
479:
466:
463:
417:
414:
402:Latin alphabet
300:
299:
286:, you may see
272:
271:
259:
258:
250:
249:
242:
236:
235:
230:
224:
223:
216:
208:
207:
200:
192:
191:
190:Language codes
187:
186:
172:
168:Writing system
165:
162:
161:
159:
158:
157:
156:
155:
154:
153:
152:
132:
130:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
88:Inner Mongolia
85:
81:
80:
71:
70:Native to
67:
66:
59:
55:
54:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8117:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8072:
8070:
8057:
8052:
8039:
8036:
8031:
8028:
8023:
8020:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8007:
8003:
8000:
7999:
7997:
7995:
7991:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7971:
7969:
7967:
7963:
7960:
7956:
7946:
7943:
7936:
7933:
7932:
7930:
7928:
7924:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7894:
7892:
7890:
7886:
7883:
7879:
7875:
7868:
7863:
7861:
7856:
7854:
7849:
7848:
7845:
7832:
7830:XJ = Xinjiang
7829:
7826:
7823:
7820:
7817:
7816:
7813:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7795:
7793:
7789:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7782:
7781:
7778:
7777:
7775:
7771:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7706:
7704:
7700:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7650:
7648:
7644:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7627:
7626:
7623:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7610:
7609:
7606:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7593:
7592:
7589:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7544:
7543:
7540:
7539:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7516:
7513:
7509:
7506:
7505:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7492:
7489:
7488:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7463:
7462:
7459:
7458:
7456:
7454:
7448:
7442:
7439:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7392:
7390:
7386:
7365:
7362:
7357:
7354:
7349:
7346:
7345:
7343:
7339:
7333:
7332:Western Yugur
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7304:
7302:
7300:
7296:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7266:
7264:
7262:
7258:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7149:
7147:
7143:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7073:
7071:
7069:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7056:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7014:Eastern Yugur
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6996:
6994:
6992:
6988:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6959:
6957:
6955:
6951:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6934:Small Flowery
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6846:
6844:
6842:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6829:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6745:
6744:Austroasiatic
6741:
6737:
6730:
6726:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6673:
6671:
6667:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6577:
6575:
6573:
6569:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6455:
6451:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6377:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6228:
6224:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6110:
6106:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5922:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5909:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5865:
5861:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5817:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5789:
5785:
5782:
5778:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5665:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5610:
5606:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5579:
5574:
5572:
5567:
5565:
5560:
5559:
5556:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5526:
5518:
5517:Kalmyk script
5514:
5513:Buryat script
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5484:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5439:
5435:
5432:
5431:Eastern Mansi
5428:
5425:
5424:Western Mansi
5421:
5418:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5399:
5395:
5392:
5388:
5385:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5334:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5270:
5266:
5263:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5249:
5245:
5242:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5180:Crimean Tatar
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5143:
5139:
5136:
5132:
5131:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5103:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5076:
5071:
5069:
5064:
5062:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5046:
5043:
5032:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5018:on 2016-06-12
5017:
5013:
5009:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4895:
4890:
4886:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4836:
4835:
4819:
4818:
4812:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4784:
4781:
4775:
4771:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4747:
4742:
4739:
4733:
4729:
4724:
4721:
4715:
4711:
4706:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4674:
4671:
4665:
4661:
4656:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4639:
4635:
4626:
4623:
4617:
4613:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4592:
4588:
4587:
4581:
4578:
4572:
4568:
4563:
4560:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4501:
4496:
4495:
4475:
4471:
4465:
4459:
4454:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4407:
4401:, p. 834
4400:
4399:Janhunen 1996
4395:
4389:, p. 833
4388:
4387:Janhunen 1996
4383:
4377:, p. 828
4376:
4375:Janhunen 1996
4371:
4365:, p. xxi
4364:
4359:
4357:
4350:, p. 118
4349:
4344:
4342:
4334:
4329:
4322:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4304:, p. 229
4303:
4298:
4291:
4286:
4279:
4274:
4267:
4262:
4255:
4250:
4243:
4238:
4232:, p. 142
4231:
4226:
4220:, p. 133
4219:
4214:
4206:
4199:
4193:, p. 117
4192:
4187:
4173:on 2021-06-13
4169:
4162:
4156:
4150:, p. 173
4149:
4148:Boldyrev 1994
4143:
4137:, p. 116
4136:
4131:
4119:
4118:
4110:
4102:
4096:
4086:
4072:
4064:
4060:
4053:
4051:
4042:
4036:
4025:
4017:
4011:
4003:
3996:
3990:, p. 348
3989:
3984:
3977:
3972:
3965:
3960:
3954:, p. 339
3953:
3948:
3946:
3939:, p. 548
3938:
3937:Campbell 2000
3933:
3931:
3923:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3907:, p. 309
3906:
3901:
3894:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3876:, p. 314
3875:
3870:
3864:, p. 116
3863:
3858:
3850:
3846:
3840:
3834:, p. 286
3833:
3828:
3826:
3819:, p. 111
3818:
3813:
3804:
3798:, p. 146
3797:
3792:
3786:, p. 117
3785:
3780:
3778:
3769:
3765:
3764:
3756:
3749:
3744:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3713:, p. 494
3712:
3711:Boldyrev 1994
3707:
3703:
3684:
3678:
3669:
3665:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3639:
3636:
3631:
3628:
3623:
3620:
3615:
3612:
3607:
3604:
3599:
3596:
3591:
3588:
3583:
3580:
3575:
3572:
3567:
3564:
3559:
3556:
3551:
3548:
3543:
3540:
3535:
3532:
3527:
3525:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3471:lingua franca
3467:
3463:
3462:Daur language
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3438:Juha Janhunen
3434:
3432:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3396:Manchu script
3387:
3385:
3384:direct object
3382:precedes the
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3330:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3293:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3267:'like a trap'
3265:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3230:horse-POS man
3228:
3227:muri-chi beje
3224:
3221:
3216:
3210:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3157:'in the snow'
3155:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3030:forest-ALLLOC
3028:
3024:
3018:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2838:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2820:
2815:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2764:
2761:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2674:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2423:
2415:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2326:
2317:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2288:
2279:
2270:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2234:
2225:
2224:
2214:
2205:
2196:
2187:
2178:
2169:
2160:
2151:
2150:
2139:
2130:
2121:
2112:
2103:
2094:
2085:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2052:
2051:Manchu script
2048:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2014:
2010:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1942:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1793:
1789:
1769:
1765:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:The official
1662:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1594:
1584:
1576:
1570:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1532:
1523:
1514:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1478:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1415:
1413:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1369:
1367:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1328:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1262:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1003:
997:
987:
963:
960:and Kesingge
959:
943:
936:The phoneme (
930:
928:
925:
921:
919:
917:
915:
911:
908:
905:
901:
899:
896:
892:
890:
888:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
852:
848:
845:
841:
840:
836:
832:
830:
827:
823:
821:
818:
814:
811:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
791:
789:
782:
778:
776:
773:
769:
766:
762:
759:
755:
754:
750:
746:
744:
742:
735:
731:
729:
726:
722:
719:
715:
712:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
691:
687:
685:
682:
678:
675:
671:
669:
665:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
636:
630:
622:
605:
603:
602:Bulatova 1999
599:
598:Andreeva 1988
595:
590:
588:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:
535:
528:
524:
520:
517:
514:
513:
511:
506:
503:
502:
500:
499:
497:
492:
489:
488:
486:
485:
484:
481:
480:
478:
476:
472:
471:Yenisei River
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
434:M. A. Castren
431:
427:
423:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
346:
336:
306:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
279:
273:
267:
264:
256:
251:
247:
243:
241:
237:
234:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
215:
214:
209:
205:
201:
198:
193:
188:
184:
180:
176:
173:
169:
163:
151:
148:
147:
145:
144:
143:
140:
139:
137:
136:
135:
131:
127:
121:
117:
111:
108:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
86:
82:
79:
75:
72:
68:
64:
60:
58:Pronunciation
56:
44:
36:Эвэды̄ турэ̄н
32:
27:
22:
21:Even language
7901:
7818:GX = Guangxi
7806:
7804:Tibetan Sign
7794:
7780:Chinese Sign
7646:Creole/Mixed
7515:Southeastern
7503:Southwestern
7466:Northeastern
7451:Varieties of
7268:
5503:Latin script
5406:Komi-Permyak
5357:
5035:. Retrieved
5016:the original
5011:
4953:
4949:
4922:
4918:
4901:
4874:
4870:
4843:
4839:
4821:, retrieved
4816:
4791:
4787:
4769:
4749:《鄂温克语蒙汉对照词汇》
4745:
4727:
4709:
4688:(1): 35–66,
4685:
4681:
4659:
4633:
4585:
4566:
4548:
4537:the original
4506:
4477:. Retrieved
4473:
4464:
4453:
4431:(4): 37–75.
4428:
4424:
4418:
4406:
4394:
4382:
4370:
4348:Atknine 1997
4328:
4297:
4285:
4280:, p. 13
4273:
4261:
4249:
4237:
4225:
4213:
4204:
4198:
4186:
4175:. Retrieved
4168:the original
4155:
4142:
4130:
4116:
4109:
4085:
4071:
4062:
4024:
4001:
3995:
3983:
3971:
3959:
3900:
3869:
3862:Atknine 1997
3857:
3848:
3839:
3817:Atknine 1997
3812:
3803:
3791:
3784:Atknine 1997
3767:
3762:
3755:
3743:
3726:
3718:
3706:
3677:
3668:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3646:oomamačityn.
3645:
3643:о̄мамачитын.
3637:
3629:
3627:аяралды̄дяна
3621:
3613:
3605:
3597:
3589:
3581:
3573:
3565:
3557:
3550:tyynmukirdi,
3549:
3547:ты̄нмукирди,
3541:
3533:
3521:
3504:
3493:
3469:
3450:Heilongjiang
3435:
3427:
3404:Latin script
3393:
3362:Evenki is a
3361:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3331:
3320:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3294:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3274:
3266:
3263:
3261:lang-ngachin
3260:
3253:
3251:lang-ngachin
3232:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3211:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3177:
3165:Instrumental
3156:
3153:
3150:
3143:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3121:
3118:
3100:
3098:reindeer-ELA
3097:
3094:
3087:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3053:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3019:
3011:-tki, -tyki
2998:
2995:
2992:
2985:
2964:
2962:child-LOCDIR
2961:
2958:
2951:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2914:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2880:
2868:unproductive
2867:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2839:
2816:
2809:
2806:
2795:
2781:
2770:
2762:
2743:
2740:
2715:
2712:
2676:
2672:
2653:-s, -si, -ni
2604:
2348:
2343:
2068:
2058:
2046:
2038:
2027:
2023:
2012:
2008:
1994:
1974:Latin script
1967:
1952:
1938:
1761:
1663:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1582:
1566:
1420:
1378:
1359:
1337:
1322:
1310:
1260:
985:
961:
935:
884:
855:
785:
738:
628:
611:
604:(Sakhalin).
596:(Barguzin),
591:
584:
482:
468:
430:P. S. Pallas
419:
398:Soviet Union
382:
349:
304:
303:
275:
211:
149:
146:Evenki group
92:Heilongjiang
7312:Fuyu Kyrgyz
7111:Tai Hongjin
6797:Muak Sa-aak
5292:Yakut/Sakha
5155:Azerbaijani
4958:Novosibirsk
4491:Works cited
4413:, p. 6
4323:, p. 3
3966:, p. 6
3895:, p. 4
3622:memegiilver
3606:haldjandyvi
3582:waldydjara.
3518:Sample text
3486:, who used
3113:-li, -duli
2943:-kle, ikle
2851:hute-kle-vi
2837:hute-kle-vi
2810:I much-ACD
2793:tevle-che-v
2779:himmikte-ve
2661:3rd person
2650:2nd person
2637:1st person
1636:instead of
1573:/i,iː,u,uː/
1217:Approximant
992:instead of
968:instead of
880:Approximant
527:Tungokochen
525:, Talocha,
290:instead of
240:Glottopedia
43:Evedȳ turēn
8069:Categories
7833:XZ = Tibet
7824:MC = Macau
7764:Zhangzhung
7508:Sichuanese
7435:Vietnamese
6832:Hmong-Mien
6711:Waxianghua
6492:Khroskyabs
5780:Indigenous
5668:Prefecture
5643:Portuguese
5037:2011-09-08
4823:2011-04-22
4608:《鄂温克语参考语法》
4479:2023-05-12
4411:Dular 2009
4333:Inoue 1991
4177:2021-03-21
3988:Dular 2009
3976:Dular 2009
3952:Dular 2009
3728:Ethnologue
3693:References
3619:мэмэгӣлвэр
3603:һалдяндыви
3579:балдыдяра.
3574:saaričaadi
3571:са̄рича̄ди
3444:(northern
3376:accusative
3368:head-final
3309:cup-PL-ACD
3129:nadalla-li
3119:nadalla-li
2996:school-DAT
2728:indefinite
2724:Accusative
2716:'the girl'
2699:Nominative
2595:Morphology
1968:Evenki in
1945:欽定遼金元三史國語解
1567:Like most
625:Consonants
587:Ethnologue
443:Ethnologue
410:endangered
94:in China;
7994:Jurchenic
7744:Tocharian
7678:Qoqmončaq
7630:Cantonese
7584:Shaojiang
7557:Hainanese
7486:Zhongyuan
7481:Jiao-Liao
7415:Esperanto
7317:Ili Turki
7024:Khamnigan
6889:Kiong Nai
6660:Zitsadegu
5638:Mongolian
5628:Cantonese
5327:Ukrainian
5297:Tabasaran
5195:Kabardian
4960:: Nauka.
4898:ソロン語基本例文集
4896:(1991).
4652:289003364
4606:(2009),
4445:146194113
4242:Kara 2006
4230:Kara 2006
4218:Kara 2006
4010:cite book
3796:Kara 2006
3698:Citations
3598:djalitvi,
3484:Hulunbuir
3466:Mongolian
3442:Hulunbuir
3332:reindeer-
3306:tyge-l-ve
3292:tyge-l-ve
3199:Possessed
3109:Prolative
3095:oron-ditk
3088:reindeer-
3085:oron-ditk
3064:house-ALL
2993:tatkit-tu
2983:tatkit-tu
2977:-du, -tu
2922:e:kun-duk
2912:e:kun-duk
2888:e:kun-ngi
2878:e:kun-ngi
2754:-va, -ma
2345:Du (2007)
1997:phonology
1666:Latinized
1587:Alphabets
1457:unrounded
1451:unrounded
1289:unrounded
1286:unrounded
1173:Fricative
1082:voiceless
972:and lack
942:allophone
810:voiceless
804:Fricative
711:voiceless
608:Phonology
459:continuum
213:Glottolog
197:ISO 639-3
183:Mongolian
103:Ethnicity
98:in Russia
7958:Southern
7927:Udegheic
7881:Northern
7688:Tangwang
7668:Macanese
7663:Lingling
7596:Northern
7579:Northern
7542:Southern
7461:Mandarin
7388:Minority
7348:Sarikoli
7261:Tungusic
7222:Naxi Yao
7167:Cao Miao
7091:Ningming
6991:Mongolic
6967:Dzao Min
6962:Biao Min
6919:Qo Xiong
6914:Pingtang
6610:Dongwang
6552:Tshobdun
6477:Guiqiong
6079:Sangkong
5854:Muangphe
5816:Mondzish
5770:numerous
5761:Counties
5608:Regional
5592:Official
5493:Cyrillic
5461:Yukaghir
5368:Karelian
5282:Ossetian
5001:Omniglot
4976:61282240
4941:41824692
4910:95049777
4862:21826474
4788:Language
4761:43657472
4533:37261684
4122:5200 экз
3595:дялитви,
3590:Nuŋartyn
3587:Нуңартын
3496:Hamnigan
3329:oro-r-in
3318:Ivul-ngi
3264:trap-SEM
3209:muri-chi
3169:-t, -di
3154:snow-PRO
3132:week-PRO
3041:Allative
2959:hute-kle
2949:hute-kle
2936:Locative
2902:Ablative
2894:'whose?'
2819:cowberry
2812:cowberry
2783:cowberry
2751:definite
2693:Example
2629:Singular
2607:morpheme
1460:rounded
1292:rounded
1025:alveolar
1018:Alveolar
651:Alveolar
529:, Nercha
512:Hissing
501:Hushing
475:Sakhalin
465:Dialects
387:and the
296:Help:IPA
220:even1259
175:Cyrillic
138:Northern
134:Tungusic
8030:Alchuka
8002:Jurchen
7912:Negidal
7759:Xianbei
7754:Tuyuhun
7724:Old Yue
7702:Extinct
7683:Sanqiao
7574:Central
7564:Eastern
7547:Hokkien
7491:Lan-Yin
7471:Beijing
7453:Chinese
7410:Russian
7172:Chadong
7152:Ai-Cham
7121:Tai Nüa
7106:Tai Dón
7101:Tai Dam
7059:Kra-Dai
7029:Monguor
7019:Kangjia
6977:Kim Mun
6972:Iu Mien
6894:Luobohe
6884:Huishui
6864:Guiyang
6841:Hmongic
6802:Palaung
6792:Man Met
6696:Longjia
6645:Ladakhi
6640:Kyirong
6630:Khalong
6615:Drugchu
6572:Tibetic
6542:Shixing
6454:Qiangic
6235:Alingpo
6227:Nisoish
6212:Yangliu
6207:Xuzhang
6137:Laizisi
6132:Kuamasi
6127:Kua-nsi
6109:Lisoish
6089:Tsukong
6029:Laomian
5954:Baihong
5921:Hanoish
5912:Loloish
5897:Lhao Vo
5892:Chashan
5877:Xiandao
5864:Burmish
5807:Burmese
5765:Banners
5721:Tai Nüa
5648:Tibetan
5633:English
5486:Scripts
5363:Finnish
5343:Chukchi
5312:Tsakhur
5256:Mordvin
5175:Chuvash
5170:Chechen
5160:Bashkir
5096:Russian
5023:Evengus
4956:].
4753:Beijing
4702:1178185
4614:Press,
3558:ureeldi
3555:урэ̄лди
3488:Russian
3454:Qiqihar
3188:gun-INS
3075:Elative
3027:agi-tki
3020:forest-
3017:agi-tki
2986:school-
2925:who-ABL
2891:who-GEN
2796:gather-
2768:kete-ve
2744:'what?'
2713:asatkan
2709:asatkan
2664:-n, -in
2632:Plural
2477:/ŋ/,/ˠ/
1941:Chinese
1788:iotated
1454:rounded
1438:Central
1076:Plosive
1035:Glottal
705:Plosive
656:Palatal
559:Timpton
545:Olyokma
451:Negidal
362:Negidal
292:Unicode
8080:Evenks
8010:Manchu
7966:Nanaic
7917:Oroqen
7902:Evenki
7889:Ewenic
7739:Tangut
7729:Rouran
7719:Khitan
7709:Ba–Shu
7673:Maojia
7658:Hezhou
7569:Puxian
7552:Teoswa
7437:(Kinh)
7405:Kyrgyz
7400:Korean
7395:Kazakh
7299:Turkic
7284:Oroqen
7274:Manchu
7269:Evenki
7237:Qabiao
7227:Ong Be
7212:Maonan
7202:Lakkja
7192:Jiamao
7162:Buyang
7126:Tai Ya
7116:Tai Lü
7076:Bouyei
7068:Zhuang
7049:Torgut
7004:Buryat
6954:Mienic
6944:Younuo
6924:Raojia
6904:Pa-Hng
6899:Mashan
6869:Hm Nai
6854:Bu-Nao
6849:A-Hmao
6772:Bumang
6691:Jingpo
6686:Derung
6681:Caijia
6655:Zhongu
6625:Gserpa
6517:Namuyi
6487:Japhug
6436:Zauzou
6411:Namuyi
6396:Kucong
6370:Zokhuo
6365:Thopho
6345:Phupha
6330:Phukha
6275:Khlula
6217:Zibusi
6202:Toloza
6197:Sonaga
6182:Mangdi
6177:Lolopo
6122:Hlersu
6059:Phana’
6054:Nuomei
6034:Laopin
5969:Bukong
5944:Angluo
5872:Achang
5849:Mondzi
5751:Zhuang
5726:Tai Lü
5716:Kazakh
5711:Kyrgyz
5696:Korean
5686:Bouyei
5658:Zhuang
5653:Uyghur
5451:Selkup
5446:Nenets
5378:Khanty
5373:Kazakh
5358:Evenki
5348:Dolgan
5322:Udmurt
5269:Moksha
5248:Meadow
5230:Lezgin
5210:Khakas
5200:Kalmyk
5190:Ingush
5185:Dargwa
5165:Buryat
5119:Adyghe
4986:
4974:
4964:
4939:
4929:
4908:
4881:
4860:
4850:
4808:417262
4806:
4776:
4770:Evenki
4759:
4734:
4716:
4700:
4666:
4650:
4640:
4630:鄂温克地名考
4618:
4593:
4573:
4567:Evenki
4555:
4531:
4521:
4443:
4097:
4037:
3723:Evenki
3638:tedjet
3566:meenŋi
3563:мэ̄нңи
3500:Buryat
3480:medium
3458:Solons
3452:(e.g.
3358:Syntax
3212:horse-
3079:-ditk
3061:d'u-la
3054:house-
3051:d'u-la
3022:ALLLOC
2954:LOCDIR
2952:child-
2842:LOCDIR
2840:child-
2690:Suffix
2349:et al.
2064:eweŋki
2059:Evenki
2032:silent
2015:) for
1982:pinyin
1961:, the
1951::
1949:pinyin
1943::
1764:Russia
1695:Ə̄ ə̄
1598:Russia
1257:Vowels
1128:voiced
1013:Dental
1008:Labial
986:et al.
962:et al.
958:Chaoke
844:voiced
758:voiced
646:Dental
641:Labial
549:Tungir
483:Evenki
426:Manchu
389:Buryat
374:Russia
370:Evenki
350:Tungus
305:Evenki
263:UNESCO
233:Evenki
150:Evenki
142:Ewenic
107:Evenks
84:Region
78:Russia
50:ᠧᠸᠡᠩᠺᠢ
29:Evenki
7984:Uilta
7974:Nanai
7945:Udege
7935:Oroch
7749:Tuoba
7693:Wutun
7608:Xiang
7601:Auish
7527:Hakka
7476:Ji-Lu
7441:Wakhi
7430:Uzbek
7425:Tuvan
7420:Tatar
7341:Other
7327:Salar
7279:Nanai
7217:Mulam
7182:Gelao
7145:Other
7044:Santa
7039:Ordos
7034:Oirat
6999:Bonan
6939:Xixiu
6909:Pa Na
6874:Hmong
6859:Gejia
6807:Riang
6767:Bugan
6762:Bolyu
6757:Blang
6706:Tujia
6669:Other
6650:Tseku
6635:Khams
6620:Groma
6600:Choni
6590:Basum
6585:Baima
6562:Zhaba
6482:Horpa
6467:Choyo
6462:Baima
6431:Sanie
6406:Naruo
6391:Katso
6386:Gokhy
6379:Other
6355:Samei
6350:Phuza
6340:Phupa
6335:Phuma
6325:Phowa
6320:Phola
6315:Phala
6310:Nuosu
6265:Bokha
6240:Alugu
6187:Micha
6099:Yiche
6084:Suobi
6049:Nuobi
6019:Kaduo
6014:Kabie
5994:Habei
5984:Duota
5979:Duoni
5974:Cosao
5902:Zaiwa
5887:Lashi
5839:Mango
5834:Manga
5829:Maang
5824:Kathu
5805:Lolo-
5731:Zaiwa
5701:Qiang
5691:Tujia
5676:Hmong
5411:Mansi
5317:Tuvan
5307:Tatar
5287:Rutul
5277:Nogai
5262:Erzya
5220:Kumyk
5129:Altai
5124:Aghul
5114:Abaza
4952:[
4921:[
4900:[
4873:[
4842:[
4804:JSTOR
4698:JSTOR
4632:[
4540:(PDF)
4503:(PDF)
4474:OHCHR
4441:S2CID
4171:(PDF)
4164:(PDF)
3660:Notes
3635:тэдет
3614:bisi,
3611:биси,
3534:Upkat
3531:Упкат
3400:Solon
3321:Ivul-
3283:, or
3254:trap-
3144:snow-
3122:week-
2906:-duk
2872:-ngi
2771:much-
2667:-tyn
2656:-sun
2474:Ng ng
2428:/x.h/
2277:/dʐ/
2275:j, zh
2268:/tʃ/
2266:q, ch
2239:x, sh
2099:y*, i
2053:form
1970:China
1935:China
1466:Close
1433:Front
1298:Close
1273:Front
1042:Nasal
1030:Velar
1023:Post-
988:give
980:, or
964:give
914:Trill
668:Nasal
661:Velar
553:Tokko
541:Kalar
523:Baunt
455:Nanai
385:Yakut
378:China
179:Latin
74:China
52:ᠬᠢᠰᠰᠩ
8022:Bala
8015:Xibe
7979:Ulch
7907:Kili
7897:Even
7773:Sign
7734:Saka
7635:Ping
7356:Tsat
7307:Äynu
7289:Xibe
7247:Then
7232:Paha
7187:Hlai
7157:Biao
7131:Yang
7096:Nong
7009:Daur
6787:Mang
6782:Kuan
6701:Nung
6580:Amdo
6547:Situ
6527:Pumi
6522:Naxi
6512:Muya
6502:Lizu
6497:Laze
6472:Ersu
6426:Samu
6421:Nusu
6416:Naxi
6401:Lahu
6360:Sani
6305:Nisu
6300:Nasu
6295:Muzi
6290:Muji
6285:Moji
6280:Lope
6270:Gepo
6260:Azhe
6255:Azha
6245:Aluo
6192:Mili
6172:Lisu
6167:Lipo
6162:Limi
6157:Lawu
6152:Lavu
6147:Lamu
6142:Lalo
6094:Woni
6074:Sadu
6069:Qidi
6064:Piyo
6044:Muda
6024:Lami
6009:Jino
6004:Honi
5999:Hani
5964:Budu
5959:Bisu
5949:Asuo
5934:Akha
5929:Akeu
5882:Pela
5844:Maza
5746:Hani
5736:Lisu
5620:SARs
5456:Veps
5353:Even
5241:Hill
5235:Mari
5215:Komi
5150:Avar
4984:ISBN
4972:OCLC
4962:ISBN
4937:OCLC
4927:ISBN
4906:JPNO
4879:ISBN
4858:OCLC
4848:ISBN
4774:ISBN
4757:OCLC
4732:ISBN
4714:ISBN
4664:ISBN
4648:OCLC
4638:ISBN
4616:ISBN
4612:CASS
4591:ISBN
4571:ISBN
4553:ISBN
4529:OCLC
4519:ISBN
4095:ISBN
4035:ISBN
4016:link
4004:. Л.
3542:ilel
3539:илэл
3414:Tura
3394:The
3366:and
3342:POSS
3295:cup-
3277:-il-
3220:beje
3178:gun-
3045:-la
2915:who-
2881:who-
2741:e-ja
2737:e-ja
2731:-ja
2687:Case
2581:/dz/
2512:/tʃ/
2442:/dʒ/
2374:/ts/
2333:/h/
2324:/k/
2315:/f/
2306:/w/
2295:/r/
2286:/j/
2259:/d/
2250:/t/
2241:/ʃ/
2232:/s/
2221:/l/
2212:/m/
2203:/ɣ/
2194:/ɡ/
2185:/p/
2176:/b/
2167:/ŋ/
2158:/n/
2147:/ə/
2137:/u/
2128:/o/
2119:/ɔ/
2110:/ʊ/
2101:/i/
2092:/ə/
2083:/a/
2021:/ɔː/
2011:and
2003:and
1916:Я я
1913:Ю ю
1908:Э э
1905:Ь ь
1902:Ы ы
1899:Ъ ъ
1896:Щ щ
1893:Ш ш
1890:Ч ч
1887:Ц ц
1882:Х х
1879:Ф ф
1876:У у
1873:Т т
1870:С с
1867:Р р
1864:П п
1861:О о
1856:Ӈ ӈ
1853:Н н
1850:М м
1847:Л л
1844:К к
1841:Й й
1838:И и
1835:З з
1830:Ж ж
1827:Ё ё
1824:Е е
1821:Д д
1818:Г г
1815:В в
1812:Б б
1809:А а
1799:and
1784:/dʒ/
1782:and
1776:/dʒ/
1756:Z z
1753:W w
1750:U u
1747:T t
1744:S s
1741:R r
1738:P p
1735:O o
1732:Ŋ ŋ
1727:Ņ ņ
1724:N n
1721:M m
1718:L l
1715:K k
1712:J j
1709:I i
1706:H h
1703:G g
1698:F f
1692:Ə ə
1689:E e
1686:Ʒ ʒ
1683:D d
1680:C c
1677:B в
1674:A a
1545:Open
1443:Back
1401:Open
1278:Back
994:/dʒ/
990:/dʐ/
952:and
449:and
447:Even
376:and
358:Even
345:-kee
90:and
7714:Jie
7625:Yue
7618:Old
7613:New
7537:Min
7532:Hui
7522:Gan
7498:Jin
7322:Lop
7242:Sui
7207:Mak
7197:Kam
7177:Cun
7136:Yei
7086:Min
7081:Dai
6929:She
6879:Hmu
6752:Bit
6676:Bai
6605:Dao
6557:Zbu
6250:Axi
6117:Eka
6039:Mpi
5989:Enu
5939:Amu
5741:Bai
5681:Kam
5616:ARs
5302:Tat
5225:Lak
4796:doi
4690:doi
4511:doi
4433:doi
3725:at
3510:at
3338:3SG
3323:GEN
3301:ACD
3285:-r-
3281:-l-
3256:SEM
3223:man
3214:POS
3180:INS
3146:PRO
3124:PRO
3090:ELA
3056:ALL
2988:DAT
2917:ABL
2883:GEN
2846:REF
2802:1SG
2798:PST
2787:ACD
2773:ACD
2578:Z z
2574:/j/
2571:Y y
2567:/ʃ/
2564:X x
2560:/w/
2557:W w
2553:/ɵ/
2550:V v
2546:/u/
2543:U u
2533:/t/
2530:T t
2526:/s/
2523:S s
2519:/r/
2516:R r
2509:Q q
2505:/p/
2502:P p
2498:/ʊ/
2495:O o
2491:/ɔ/
2470:/n/
2467:N n
2463:/m/
2460:M m
2456:/l/
2453:L l
2449:/k/
2446:K k
2439:J j
2435:/i/
2432:I i
2425:H h
2419:/ɣ/
2409:/ɡ/
2406:G g
2402:/f/
2399:F f
2395:/e/
2392:Ē ē
2388:/ə/
2385:E e
2381:/d/
2378:D d
2371:C c
2367:/b/
2364:B b
2360:/a/
2357:A a
2017:/g/
1992:).
1801:/ɨ/
1797:/i/
1780:/d/
1772:/ŋ/
1658:Y y
1654:W w
1652:by
1650:V v
1646:C c
1638:W w
1634:V v
1502:Mid
1365:jeː
1351:Mid
982:/ɲ/
978:/ɣ/
974:/β/
970:/x/
966:/h/
954:/β/
950:/b/
946:/s/
938:/β/
619:/ə/
615:/e/
473:to
441:'s
343:VEN
341:ay-
278:IPA
228:ELP
204:evn
8071::
7591:Wu
6822:Wa
6817:Va
6777:Hu
6507:Na
5706:Yi
5618:/
5515:,
5010:,
4970:.
4935:.
4856:.
4802:,
4792:75
4790:,
4751:,
4696:,
4686:50
4684:,
4680:,
4646:,
4527:.
4517:.
4472:.
4439:.
4429:52
4427:.
4355:^
4340:^
4309:^
4061:.
4049:^
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4008:{{
3944:^
3929:^
3912:^
3881:^
3847:.
3824:^
3776:^
3766:.
3526::
3386:.
3334:PL
3297:PL
3279:,
2760:bi
2703:–
2640:-v
2351::
2165:ng
2069:ŋk
2057:.
2028:oo
2024:ao
1947:;
1648:,
1642:Çç
1554:aː
1552:,
1538:oː
1536:,
1529:əː
1527:,
1520:ɵː
1518:,
1511:eː
1509:,
1495:uː
1493:,
1484:ʉː
1482:,
1475:iː
1473:,
1410:aː
1408:,
1394:oː
1392:,
1384:ɛː
1382:,
1375:əː
1373:,
1363:,
1361:je
1356:eː
1343:ʊː
1341:,
1334:uː
1332:,
1316:ɪː
1314:,
1307:iː
1305:,
1156:dʒ
1149:dz
1110:tʃ
1103:ts
996:.
976:,
854:,
788:dʲ
784:,
781:dʒ
741:tʲ
737:,
734:tʃ
551:,
547:,
543:,
412:.
380:.
360:,
314:eɪ
181:,
177:,
76:,
8041:†
8033:†
8025:†
8005:†
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7939:†
7937:(
7866:e
7859:t
7852:v
7653:E
6812:U
5763:/
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5060:v
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2322:k
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2313:f
2310:ᠹ
2304:w
2301:ᠸ
2293:r
2290:ᠷ
2284:y
2281:ᠶ
2272:ᠵ
2263:ᠴ
2257:d
2254:ᠳ
2248:t
2245:ᠲ
2236:ᠱ
2230:s
2227:ᠰ
2219:l
2216:ᠯ
2210:m
2207:ᠮ
2201:ḡ
2198:ᠭ
2192:g
2189:ᠬ
2183:p
2180:ᠫ
2174:b
2171:ᠪ
2162:ᠩ
2156:n
2153:ᠨ
2145:e
2143:*
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2135:u
2132:ᠦ
2126:u
2123:ᠥ
2117:ō
2114:ᠤ
2108:o
2105:ᠣ
2096:ᠢ
2090:e
2087:ᠡ
2081:a
2078:ᠠ
2055:ᡨ
2047:t
2039:ɣ
2037:(
2035:ᠭ
2013:ɣ
2009:q
2005:ᠭ
2001:ᠬ
1614:(
1550:a
1534:o
1525:ə
1516:ɵ
1507:e
1491:u
1480:ʉ
1471:i
1406:a
1390:o
1380:ɛ
1371:ə
1339:ʊ
1330:u
1324:ɯ
1312:ɪ
1303:i
1244:j
1237:r
1230:l
1223:w
1209:h
1202:ɣ
1195:ʃ
1188:s
1179:f
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1135:b
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1066:ŋ
1055:n
1048:m
924:r
904:j
895:l
887:w
872:ɣ
858:v
851:β
835:x
826:s
817:f
796:ɡ
772:d
765:b
749:k
725:t
718:p
697:ŋ
690:ɲ
681:n
674:m
335:/
332:i
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326:ŋ
323:ɛ
320:v
317:ˈ
311:/
307:(
298:.
23:.
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