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1313:) are often several orders of magnitude larger than the underlying ERPs. Therefore, trials containing such artifacts should be removed before averaging. Artifact rejection can be performed manually by visual inspection or using an automated procedure based on predefined fixed thresholds (limiting the maximum EEG amplitude or slope) or on time-varying thresholds derived from the statistics of the set of trials.
252:. This means that the brain response to a single stimulus or event of interest is not usually visible in the EEG recording of a single trial. To see the brain's response to a stimulus, the experimenter must conduct many trials and average the results together, causing random brain activity to be averaged out and the relevant waveform to remain, called the ERP.
200:(CNV). Sutton, Braren, and Zubin (1965) made another advancement with the discovery of the P3 component. Over the next fifteen years, ERP component research became increasingly popular. The 1980s, with the introduction of inexpensive computers, opened up a new door for cognitive neuroscience research. Currently, ERP is one of the most widely used methods in
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can be constructed which relies on it. By arranging many signals in a grid, randomly flashing the rows of the grid as in the previous paradigm, and observing the P300 responses of a subject staring at the grid, the subject may communicate which stimulus he is looking at, and thus slowly "type" words.
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on the scalp and amplifying the signal. Changes in voltage can then be plotted over a period of time. He observed that the voltages could be influenced by external events that stimulated the senses. The EEG proved to be a useful source in recording brain activity over the ensuing decades. However, it
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A common issue in ERP studies is whether the observed data have a sufficient number of trials to support statistical analysis. The background noise in any ERP for any individual can vary. Therefore simply characterizing the number of ERP trials needed for a robust component response is inadequate.
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Compared with behavioral procedures, ERPs provide a continuous measure of processing between a stimulus and a response, making it possible to determine which stage(s) are being affected by a specific experimental manipulation. Another advantage over behavioral measures is that they can provide a
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have discovered many different stimuli that elicit reliable ERPs from participants. The timing of these responses is thought to provide a measure of the timing of the brain's communication or timing of information processing. For example, in the checkerboard paradigm described above, healthy
1623:. This predictive mechanism plays a central role in for example human verbalization. Efference copies, however, do not only occur with spoken words, but also with inner language - i.e. the quiet production of words - which has also been proven by event-related potentials.
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stimuli. The P300 response has also been studied in the context of information and memory detection. In addition, there are studies on abnormalities of P300 in depression. Depressed patients tend to have a reduced P200 and P300 amplitude and a prolonged P300 latency.
279:(SNR) of the recorded ERPs. Averaging increases the SNR of the recorded ERPs making them discernible and allowing for their interpretation. This has a simple mathematical explanation provided that some simplifying assumptions are made. These assumptions are:
698:
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ERP researchers can use metrics like the standardized measurement error (SME) to justify the examination of between-condition or between-group differences or estimates of internal consistency to justify the examination of individual differences.
275:, fluorescent lamps) constitute the noise contribution to the recorded ERP. This noise obscures the signal of interest, which is the sequence of underlying ERPs under study. From an engineering point of view it is possible to define the
317:
which is uncorrelated between trials and not time-locked to the event (this assumption can be easily violated, for example in the case of a subject doing little tongue movements while mentally counting the targets in an
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that cannot be exactly solved, only estimated. Thus, ERPs are well suited to research questions about the speed of neural activity, and are less well suited to research questions about the location of such activity.
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measure of processing of stimuli even when there is no behavioral change. However, because of the significantly small size of an ERP, it usually takes a large number of trials to accurately measure it correctly.
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processes. Event-related potentials (ERPs) offered a more sophisticated method of extracting more specific sensory, cognitive, and motor events by using simple averaging techniques. In 1935–1936, Pauline and
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position in the waveform. For instance, a negative-going peak that is the first substantial peak in the waveform and often occurs about 100 milliseconds after a stimulus is presented is often called the
1147:{\displaystyle \operatorname {Var} =\operatorname {E} \left\right)^{2}\right]={\frac {1}{N^{2}}}\operatorname {E} \left={\frac {1}{N^{2}}}\sum _{k=1}^{N}\operatorname {E} \left={\frac {\sigma ^{2}}{N}}}
1342:(indicating its latency is 100 ms after the stimulus and that it is negative) or N1 (indicating that it is the first peak and is negative); it is often followed by a positive peak, usually called the
1346:
or P2. The stated latencies for ERP components are often quite variable, particularly so for the later components that are related to the cognitive processing of the stimulus. For example, the
1333: – ERN), most components are referred to by a letter (N/P) indicating polarity (negative/positive), followed by a number indicating either the latency in milliseconds or the component's
1834:
Walter WG, Cooper R, Aldridge VJ, Mccallum WC, Winter AL (July 1964). "Contingent
Negative Variation: An Electric Sign of Sensori-Motor Association and Expectancy in the Human Brain".
809:
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1603:, etc. Because of this general invariance with regard to stimulus type, the P300 component is understood to reflect a higher cognitive response to unexpected and/or cognitively
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D'Arcy RC, Marchand Y, Eskes GA, Harrison ER, Phillips SJ, Major A, Connolly JF (April 2003). "Electrophysiological assessment of language function following stroke".
515:
3017:
Clayson PE, Miller GA (January 2017). "Psychometric considerations in the measurement of event-related brain potentials: Guidelines for measurement and reporting".
2615:
McCormick B (2006). "Your
Thoughts May Deceive You: The Constitutional Implications of Brain Fingerprinting Technology and How It May Be Used to Secure Our Skies".
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checkerboard stimulus to test for any damage or trauma in the visual system. In a healthy person, this stimulus will elicit a strong response over the primary
2100:
Barry RJ, Johnstone SJ, Clarke AR (February 2003). "A review of electrophysiology in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: II. Event-related potentials".
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participants' first response of the visual cortex is around 50–70 ms. This would seem to indicate that this is the amount of time it takes for the
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Farwell LA, Donchin E (December 1988). "Talking off the top of your head: toward a mental prosthesis utilizing event-related brain potentials".
3137:
2012:
1966:"How does noise affect amplitude and latency measurement of event-related potentials ( ERPs )? A methodological critique and simulation study"
192:
not much research was conducted in the 1940s, but research focusing on sensory issues picked back up again in the 1950s. In 1964, research by
2728:"Motor-Induced Suppression of the N100 Event-Related Potential During Motor Imagery Control of a Speech Synthesizer Brain–Computer Interface"
2248:
Duncan CC, Kosmidis MH, Mirsky AF (January 2003). "Event-related potential assessment of information processing after closed head injury".
3335:
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Detection of schizophrenia: a machine learning algorithm for potential early detection and prevention based on event-related potentials
2476:
Zhou L, Wang G, Nan C, Wang H, Liu Z, Bai H (January 2019). "Abnormalities in P300 components in depression: an ERP-sLORETA study".
2143:
Boutros N, Torello MW, Burns EM, Wu SS, Nasrallah HA (June 1995). "Evoked potentials in subjects at risk for
Alzheimer's disease".
1393:—as the speed of ERP recording is only constrained by the sampling rate that the recording equipment can feasibly support, whereas
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and colleagues began the modern era of ERP component discoveries when they reported the first cognitive ERP component, called the
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3305:
2521:"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Neuropathological Underpinnings and Clinical Correlations"
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1321:
ERP waveforms consist of a series of positive and negative voltage deflections, which are related to a set of underlying
132:
3180:
Polich J, Corey-Bloom J (December 2005). "Alzheimer's disease and P300: review and evaluation of task and modality".
2022:
99:(labeled P3). The ERP is plotted with negative voltages upward, a common, but not universal, practice in ERP research
74:
52:
3054:"Data quality and reliability metrics for event-related potentials (ERPs): The utility of subject-level reliability"
45:
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is the noise (Under the assumptions above, the signal does not depend on the specific trial while the noise does).
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recorded the first known ERPs on awake humans and their findings were published a few years later, in 1939. Due to
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2426:"Reward processing in certain versus uncertain contexts in schizophrenia: An event-related potential (ERP) study"
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of an ERP, however, is much poorer than that of hemodynamic methods—in fact, the location of ERP sources is an
3421:
1885:
Sutton S, Braren M, Zubin J, John ER (November 1965). "Evoked-potential correlates of stimulus uncertainty".
1670:
1502:
1326:
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197:
2828:"Classification of ADHD patients on the basis of independent ERP components using a machine learning system"
2679:"Efference copy/corollary discharge function and targeted cognitive training in patients with schizophrenia"
1612:
1435:
1410:
1402:
1378:
2970:"Standardized measurement error: A universal metric of data quality for averaged event-related potentials"
1949:
Coles MG, Rugg MD (1995). "Event-related brain potentials: An introduction". In Rugg MD, Coles MG (eds.).
1274:
693:{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}(t)={\frac {1}{N}}\sum _{k=1}^{N}x(t,k)=s(t)+{\frac {1}{N}}\sum _{k=1}^{N}n(t,k)}
1210:
385:
256:
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2569:
2377:"Did I do that? Abnormal predictive processes in schizophrenia when button pressing to deliver a tone"
1935:
Handy, T. C. (2005). Event
Related Potentials: A Methods Handbook. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Bradford/
3256:– ERP Summer School 2017 was held in The School of Psychology, Bangor University from 25–30 June 2017
1815:
Brown CM, Hagoort P (1999). "The cognitive neuroscience of language". In Brown CM, Hagoort P (eds.).
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ERP component abnormalities in clinical research have been shown in neurological conditions such as:
1442:. This is because purchasing and maintaining an EEG system is less expensive than the other systems.
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The signal of interest is made of a sequence of event-locked ERPs with invariable latency and shape
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Whitford TJ, Jack BN, Pearson D, Griffiths O, Luque D, Harris AW, et al. (December 2017).
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Roach BJ, Ford JM, Biagianti B, Hamilton HK, Ramsay IS, Fisher M, et al. (November 2019).
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Hanna GL, Carrasco M, Harbin SM, Nienhuis JK, LaRosa CE, Chen P, et al. (September 2012).
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tended to be very difficult to assess the highly specific neural process that are the focus of
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56:
2055:"Ten years on: a follow-up review of ERP research in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder"
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in 68% of the cases. In particular, the deviation wherein 68% of the noise amplitudes lie is
276:
233:
485:
3345:
1894:
1843:
1539:
163:
3281:– A series of training workshops for ERP researchers led by Steve Luck and Emily Kappenman
1642:. The analysis of ERP data is also increasingly supported by machine learning algorithms.
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8:
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2188:"P300 in newly diagnosed non-dementing Parkinson's disease: effect of dopaminergic drugs"
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Brain response that is the direct result of a specific sensory, cognitive, or motor event
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3546:
3482:
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3268:– A freely available, open-source, Matlab toolbox for processing and analyzing ERP data
3262:– A freely available, open-source, Matlab toolbox for processing and analyzing EEG data
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Unlike microelectrodes, which require an electrode to be inserted into the brain, and
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revealed that one could measure the electrical activity of the human brain by placing
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2328:"Error-related negativity and tic history in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder"
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2018:
1993:
1985:
1953:. Oxford psychology series, No. 25. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–26.
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Clayson PE, Wynn JK, Infantolino ZP, Hajcak G, Green MF, Horan WP (November 2019).
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20:
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2570:"Event-related potentials in patients with epilepsy treated with levetiracetam"
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scans that expose humans to radiation, ERPs use EEG, a non-invasive procedure.
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2881:. Proceedings of the 54th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.
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1989:
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Mueller A, Candrian G, Kropotov JD, Ponomarev VA, Baschera GM (June 2010).
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ERP research is much cheaper to do than other imaging techniques such as
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237:
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167:
3287:– A blog with information, announcements, and tips about ERP methodology
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1981:
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Electrophysiology of mind: Event-related brain potentials and cognition
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response to a stimulus. The study of the brain in this way provides a
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component may exhibit a peak anywhere between 250 ms – 700 ms.
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because using pure EEG data made it difficult to isolate individual
3159:"Event-Related Brain Potentials: Methods, Theory, and Applications"
1522:
1481:
815:
3165:(3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University. pp. 85–119.
2332:
Journal of the
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
1325:. Though some ERP components are referred to with acronyms (e.g.,
1306:
can already be expected to encompass 95% of all noise amplitudes.
87:
3530:
2777:"Neurophysiological evidence of efference copies to inner speech"
1964:
Clayson, Peter E.; Baldwin, Scott A.; Larson, Michael J. (2013).
2825:
1611:
Due to the consistency of the P300 response to novel stimuli, a
1367:
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3259:
2282:
1592:
1583:, for example, regardless of the type of stimulus presented:
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245:
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3265:
3110:(Second ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
2774:
2519:
Casanova MF, Sokhadze EM, Casanova EL, Li X (October 2020).
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146:(MEG) equivalent of ERP is the ERF, or event-related field.
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3411:
3401:
3391:
3230:
Quantitative EEG, Event-Related
Potentials and Neurotherapy
2967:
2325:
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1343:
2968:
Luck SJ, Stewart AX, Simmons AM, Rhemtulla M (June 2021).
2676:
2518:
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The Oxford
Handbook of Event-Related Potential Components
2219:"Auditory event-related potentials in multiple sclerosis"
2014:
The Oxford
Handbook of Event-Related Potential Components
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1750:
1619:
Another area of research in the field of ERP lies in the
1572:
91:
A waveform showing several ERP components, including the
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3107:
2040:
1792:
An Introduction to the Event-Related Potential Technique
259:) brain activity together with other bio-signals (e.g.,
2375:
Ford JM, Palzes VA, Roach BJ, Mathalon DH (July 2014).
2374:
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2038:
Luck S (2005). "Comparison with Behavioral Measures".
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trials is expected to deviate from the mean (which is
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For this reason the noise amplitude of the average of
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Wide amplitude noise (such as eye blinks or movement
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3161:. In Cacioppo JT, Tassinary LG, Berntson GG (eds.).
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Prabhakar S, Syal P, Srivastava T (September 2000).
2099:
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1963:
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times that of a single trial. A larger deviation of
2636:
Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology
1626:Other ERPs used frequently in research, especially
3336:Amplitude integrated electroencephalography (aEEG)
3051:
1525:– to monitor the efficiency of cognitive processes
1409:) are inherently limited by the slow speed of the
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2917:"The psychometric upgrade psychophysiology needs"
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2732:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
220:activity associated with processing information.
115:response that is the direct result of a specific
3579:
3320:
2053:Johnstone SJ, Barry RJ, Clarke AR (April 2013).
2475:
1353:
248:. The EEG reflects thousands of simultaneously
3232:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic.
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3306:
3211:Cognitive Electrophysiology of Mind and Brain
3208:
3135:
3016:
2216:
2010:
1368:Relative to other neurophysiological measures
382:event, each recorded trial can be written as
286:The noise can be approximated by a zero-mean
3157:Fabiani M, Gratton G, Federmeier KD (2007).
3052:Clayson PE, Brush CJ, Hajcak G (July 2021).
2725:
1814:
127:event. More formally, it is any stereotyped
3567:Neurophysiological Biomarker Toolbox (NBT)
3313:
3299:
271:) and electromagnetic interference (e.g.,
3058:International Journal of Psychophysiology
3019:International Journal of Psychophysiology
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2683:International Journal of Psychophysiology
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1948:
75:Learn how and when to remove this message
3227:
2017:. Oxford University Press. p. 664.
86:
38:This article includes a list of general
2914:
1579:response occurs at around 300ms in the
804:{\displaystyle \operatorname {E} =s(t)}
135:means of evaluating brain functioning.
3580:
2217:Boose MA, Cranford JL (January 1996).
1785:
1783:
240:activity of the brain over time using
3294:
2910:
2908:
2471:
2469:
3136:Luck SJ, Kappenman ES, eds. (2005).
3103:
2877:Frick J, Rieg T, Buettner R (2021).
2037:
2011:Luck SJ, Kappenman ES, eds. (2012).
1789:
1299:{\displaystyle 2\sigma /{\sqrt {N}}}
24:
3422:Contingent negative variation (CNV)
3361:Brainstem auditory evoked potential
1780:
1645:
1232:{\displaystyle \sigma /{\sqrt {N}}}
13:
3096:
2905:
2744:10.1044/2019_JSLHR-S-MSC18-18-0198
2726:Brumberg JS, Pitt KM (July 2019).
2466:
1083:
972:
904:
864:
753:
446:{\displaystyle x(t,k)=s(t)+n(t,k)}
44:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3609:
3248:
746:is (as hoped) the signal itself,
236:(EEG), a procedure that measures
2586:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03677.x
29:
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3045:
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2961:
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2627:
2608:
2561:
2525:Seminars in Pediatric Neurology
2512:
2417:
2368:
2319:
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2241:
2223:The American Journal of Otology
2210:
2179:
2136:
2093:
2046:
1706:Lateralized readiness potential
1385:Spatial and temporal resolution
1372:
1359:Relative to behavioral measures
1316:
3356:Somatosensory evoked potential
3070:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.04.004
3031:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.09.005
2695:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.12.015
2430:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
2031:
2004:
1957:
1942:
1929:
1878:
1827:
1817:The Neurocognition of Language
1808:
1768:Somatosensory evoked potential
1681:Early left anterior negativity
1457:will sometimes use a flashing
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138:ERPs are measured by means of
1:
3552:Difference due to memory (Dm)
3213:. Amsterdam: Academic Press.
3209:Zani A, Proverbio AM (2003).
2490:10.1080/08039488.2018.1478991
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1907:10.1126/science.150.3700.1187
1773:
1671:Contingent negative variation
1563:visual stimulus to reach the
1534:ERPs are used extensively in
1503:Obsessive-compulsive disorder
1327:contingent negative variation
1264:{\displaystyle 1/{\sqrt {N}}}
739:{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}(t)}
362:, the time elapsed after the
198:contingent negative variation
3351:Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
3322:Electroencephalography (EEG)
3163:Handbook of Psychophysiology
2832:Nonlinear Biomedical Physics
2648:10.1016/0013-4694(88)90149-6
2568:Derkowski, Wojciech (2012).
2478:Nordic Journal of Psychiatry
2157:10.1016/0165-1781(95)02597-P
2071:10.1016/j.clinph.2012.09.006
2042:. MIT Press. pp. 21–23.
1469:, in the back of the brain.
1354:Advantages and disadvantages
7:
3346:Electrocorticography (ECoG)
2617:Law & Psychology Review
1654:
1529:
1445:
310:{\displaystyle \sigma ^{2}}
10:
3614:
3194:10.2174/156720505774932214
3182:Current Alzheimer Research
2915:Clayson, Peter E. (2024).
2537:10.1016/j.spen.2020.100832
2344:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.06.019
1552:Experimental psychologists
162:With the discovery of the
157:
18:
3539:
3481:
3369:
3328:
2845:10.1186/1753-4631-4-S1-S1
1628:neurolinguistics research
2285:Clinical Neurophysiology
2102:Clinical Neurophysiology
2059:Clinical Neurophysiology
1691:Error-related negativity
1676:Difference due to memory
1613:brain–computer interface
1518:Autism spectrum disorder
1331:error-related negativity
1207:) by less or equal than
342:, the trial number, and
3473:Late positive component
3341:Event-related potential
2888:10.24251/HICSS.2021.460
2262:10.1111/1469-8986.00006
1821:Oxford University Press
1759:Late positive component
1425:
1389:ERPs provide excellent
288:Gaussian random process
250:ongoing brain processes
105:event-related potential
59:more precise citations.
3593:Electroencephalography
3382:Bereitschaftspotential
2381:Schizophrenia Bulletin
1661:Bereitschaftspotential
1300:
1265:
1233:
1201:
1172:
1148:
1082:
1008:
805:
740:
694:
671:
604:
534:
511:
510:{\displaystyle n(t,k)}
476:
447:
376:
356:
336:
311:
234:electroencephalography
204:research to study the
202:cognitive neuroscience
177:cognitive neuroscience
154:are subtypes of ERPs.
144:magnetoencephalography
140:electroencephalography
100:
3285:Virtual ERP Boot Camp
2393:10.1093/schbul/sbt072
1575:. Alternatively, the
1301:
1266:
1234:
1202:
1173:
1149:
1062:
988:
806:
741:
695:
651:
584:
535:
512:
477:
448:
377:
357:
337:
312:
277:signal-to-noise ratio
90:
1548:psycho-physiological
1540:cognitive psychology
1275:
1243:
1211:
1200:{\displaystyle s(t)}
1182:
1162:
825:
750:
712:
547:
524:
486:
475:{\displaystyle s(t)}
457:
386:
366:
346:
326:
294:
164:electroencephalogram
129:electrophysiological
3526:Sensorimotor rhythm
3483:Neural oscillations
3427:Mismatch negativity
3228:Kropotov J (2009).
2794:10.7554/eLife.28197
2145:Psychiatry Research
1899:1965Sci...150.1187S
1848:1964Natur.203..380W
1711:Mismatch negativity
1487:Parkinson's disease
1391:temporal resolution
3277:2016-11-28 at the
2986:10.1111/psyp.13793
2935:10.1111/psyp.14522
2442:10.1037/abn0000469
1982:10.1111/psyp.12001
1492:Multiple sclerosis
1415:spatial resolution
1397:measures (such as
1296:
1261:
1229:
1197:
1168:
1144:
801:
736:
690:
530:
507:
482:is the signal and
472:
443:
372:
352:
332:
307:
152:induced potentials
111:) is the measured
101:
3588:Evoked potentials
3575:
3574:
3469:(late positivity)
3371:Evoked potentials
3272:The ERP Boot Camp
3239:978-0-12-374512-5
3220:978-0-12-775421-5
3172:978-0-521-84471-0
3149:978-0-262-08333-1
3117:978-0-262-52585-5
1801:978-0-262-12277-1
1794:. The MIT Press.
1571:first enters the
1544:cognitive science
1294:
1259:
1227:
1171:{\displaystyle N}
1142:
1060:
970:
922:
889:
846:
771:
724:
649:
582:
559:
533:{\displaystyle N}
375:{\displaystyle k}
355:{\displaystyle t}
335:{\displaystyle k}
148:Evoked potentials
95:(labeled N1) and
85:
84:
77:
3605:
3557:Oddball paradigm
3315:
3308:
3301:
3292:
3291:
3243:
3224:
3205:
3176:
3153:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3120:. Archived from
3104:Luck SJ (2014).
3090:
3089:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3014:
3008:
3007:
2997:
2974:Psychophysiology
2965:
2959:
2958:
2949: 10922751.
2922:Psychophysiology
2912:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2890:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2857:
2847:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2806:
2796:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2755:
2738:(7): 2133–2140.
2723:
2717:
2716:
2706:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2580:(s5 p670): 195.
2565:
2559:
2558:
2548:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2473:
2464:
2463:
2453:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2404:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2355:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2250:Psychophysiology
2245:
2239:
2238:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1970:Psychophysiology
1961:
1955:
1954:
1946:
1940:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1893:(3700): 1187–8.
1882:
1876:
1875:
1856:10.1038/203380a0
1831:
1825:
1824:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1790:Luck SJ (2005).
1787:
1701:Induced activity
1696:Evoked potential
1646:Number of trials
1581:oddball paradigm
1305:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1081:
1076:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1007:
1002:
971:
969:
968:
956:
951:
947:
946:
941:
937:
924:
923:
915:
891:
890:
882:
848:
847:
839:
810:
808:
807:
802:
773:
772:
764:
745:
743:
742:
737:
726:
725:
717:
699:
697:
696:
691:
670:
665:
650:
642:
603:
598:
583:
575:
561:
560:
552:
539:
537:
536:
531:
516:
514:
513:
508:
481:
479:
478:
473:
452:
450:
449:
444:
381:
379:
378:
373:
361:
359:
358:
353:
341:
339:
338:
333:
316:
314:
313:
308:
306:
305:
80:
73:
69:
66:
60:
55:this article by
46:inline citations
33:
32:
25:
21:Evoked potential
3613:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3598:Neurophysiology
3578:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3535:
3477:
3365:
3324:
3319:
3279:Wayback Machine
3251:
3246:
3240:
3221:
3173:
3150:
3127:
3125:
3118:
3099:
3097:Further reading
3094:
3093:
3050:
3046:
3015:
3011:
2966:
2962:
2913:
2906:
2875:
2871:
2838:(Suppl 1): S1.
2824:
2820:
2773:
2769:
2724:
2720:
2675:
2671:
2632:
2628:
2613:
2609:
2566:
2562:
2517:
2513:
2474:
2467:
2422:
2418:
2373:
2369:
2324:
2320:
2281:
2277:
2246:
2242:
2215:
2211:
2192:Neurology India
2184:
2180:
2141:
2137:
2098:
2094:
2051:
2047:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2009:
2005:
1962:
1958:
1947:
1943:
1934:
1930:
1883:
1879:
1842:(4943): 380–4.
1832:
1828:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1788:
1781:
1776:
1657:
1648:
1556:neuroscientists
1532:
1465:located in the
1448:
1428:
1419:inverse problem
1387:
1375:
1370:
1361:
1356:
1319:
1289:
1284:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1254:
1249:
1244:
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1240:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1113:
1109:
1093:
1089:
1077:
1066:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1032:
1003:
992:
987:
983:
982:
978:
964:
960:
955:
942:
914:
913:
881:
880:
879:
875:
874:
870:
838:
837:
826:
823:
822:
763:
762:
751:
748:
747:
716:
715:
713:
710:
709:
666:
655:
641:
599:
588:
574:
551:
550:
548:
545:
544:
525:
522:
521:
520:The average of
487:
484:
483:
458:
455:
454:
387:
384:
383:
367:
364:
363:
347:
344:
343:
327:
324:
323:
322:Having defined
301:
297:
295:
292:
291:
232:measured using
226:
186:Hallowell Davis
166:(EEG) in 1924,
160:
81:
70:
64:
61:
51:Please help to
50:
34:
30:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3611:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3487:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3375:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3318:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3282:
3269:
3266:ERPLAB Toolbox
3263:
3260:EEGLAB Toolbox
3257:
3250:
3249:External links
3247:
3245:
3244:
3238:
3225:
3219:
3206:
3177:
3171:
3154:
3148:
3133:
3116:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3044:
3009:
2960:
2904:
2869:
2818:
2767:
2718:
2669:
2626:
2607:
2560:
2511:
2465:
2436:(8): 867–880.
2416:
2367:
2318:
2275:
2240:
2209:
2178:
2135:
2092:
2045:
2030:
2023:
2003:
1976:(2): 174–186.
1956:
1941:
1928:
1877:
1826:
1807:
1800:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1739:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1686:Erich Schröger
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1656:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1630:, include the
1621:efference copy
1531:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1467:occipital lobe
1447:
1444:
1427:
1424:
1413:response. The
1386:
1383:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1318:
1315:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1258:
1252:
1248:
1226:
1220:
1216:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1167:
1156:
1155:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1006:
1001:
998:
995:
991:
986:
981:
977:
974:
967:
963:
959:
954:
950:
945:
940:
936:
933:
930:
927:
921:
918:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
888:
885:
878:
873:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
845:
842:
836:
833:
830:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
770:
767:
761:
758:
755:
735:
732:
729:
723:
720:
706:expected value
702:
701:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
669:
664:
661:
658:
654:
648:
645:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
602:
597:
594:
591:
587:
581:
578:
573:
570:
567:
564:
558:
555:
529:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
471:
468:
465:
462:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
371:
351:
331:
320:
319:
304:
300:
284:
244:placed on the
225:
222:
208:correlates of
181:neurocognitive
159:
156:
83:
82:
37:
35:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3610:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3521:Sleep spindle
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:Related tests
3327:
3323:
3316:
3311:
3309:
3304:
3302:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3241:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3188:(5): 515–25.
3187:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3134:
3124:on 2018-03-17
3123:
3119:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2980:(6): e13793.
2979:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2929:(3): e14522.
2928:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2911:
2909:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2873:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2642:(6): 510–23.
2641:
2637:
2630:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2470:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2387:(4): 804–12.
2386:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2338:(9): 902–10.
2337:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2291:(4): 662–72.
2290:
2286:
2279:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2229:(1): 165–70.
2228:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2198:(3): 239–42.
2197:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2108:(2): 184–98.
2107:
2103:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2065:(4): 644–57.
2064:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2041:
2034:
2026:
2024:9780195374148
2020:
2016:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
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3547:10-20 system
3511:Theta rhythm
3340:
3229:
3210:
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3181:
3162:
3138:
3126:. Retrieved
3122:the original
3106:
3061:
3057:
3047:
3022:
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2977:
2973:
2963:
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2253:
2249:
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2191:
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2148:
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2033:
2013:
2006:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1950:
1944:
1931:
1890:
1886:
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1829:
1823:. p. 6.
1819:. New York:
1816:
1810:
1791:
1741:Positivity:
1715:Negativity:
1649:
1625:
1618:
1610:
1536:neuroscience
1533:
1471:
1455:neurologists
1449:
1429:
1388:
1376:
1373:Invasiveness
1362:
1322:
1320:
1317:Nomenclature
1308:
1157:
813:
703:
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321:
318:experiment).
290:of variance
255:The random (
254:
228:ERPs can be
227:
190:World War II
161:
137:
108:
104:
102:
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65:January 2009
62:
43:
3437:C1 & P1
3064:: 121–136.
2898:10125/71076
1395:hemodynamic
224:Calculation
194:Grey Walter
168:Hans Berger
142:(EEG). The
133:noninvasive
57:introducing
3582:Categories
3506:Delta wave
3501:Gamma wave
3491:Alpha wave
3433:Positivity
3378:Negativity
3128:2017-03-28
2531:: 100832.
2484:(1): 1–8.
1774:References
1638:, and the
1561:transduced
1550:research.
1513:Depression
1451:Physicians
1323:components
540:trials is
273:line noise
257:background
242:electrodes
238:electrical
214:perceptual
172:electrodes
40:references
19:See also:
3516:K-complex
3496:Beta wave
3397:Visual N1
3086:233408794
3025:: 57–67.
2943:0048-5772
2689:: 91–98.
2623:: 171–84.
2594:0013-9580
2574:Epilepsia
1990:0048-5772
1937:MIT Press
1721:Visual N1
1666:C1 and P1
1601:gustatory
1597:olfactory
1311:artifacts
1282:σ
1215:σ
1131:σ
1087:
1064:∑
990:∑
976:
920:¯
908:
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832:
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653:∑
586:∑
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299:σ
218:cognitive
121:cognitive
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3039:27619493
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2079:23063669
1998:23216521
1923:39822117
1872:26808780
1864:14197376
1655:See also
1640:P600/SPS
1593:auditory
1530:Research
1523:Epilepsy
1482:Dementia
1446:Clinical
816:variance
230:reliably
3531:Mu wave
2995:8169536
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1895:Bibcode
1887:Science
1844:Bibcode
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210:sensory
158:History
117:sensory
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2781:eLife
2660:S2CID
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2309:S2CID
2169:S2CID
2126:S2CID
2083:S2CID
1919:S2CID
1868:S2CID
1569:light
1477:AD/HD
1407:fNIRS
246:scalp
125:motor
123:, or
113:brain
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3198:PMID
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1577:P300
1554:and
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1432:fMRI
1426:Cost
1411:BOLD
1399:fMRI
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1340:N100
814:Its
704:The
216:and
150:and
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