216:. It is also important to distinguish those who have asthma with exercise worsening, and who consequently will have abnormal testing at rest, from true exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, where there will be normal baseline results. Because of the wide differential diagnosis of exertional respiratory complaints, the diagnosis of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction based on history and self-reported symptoms alone has been shown to be inaccurate and to result in an incorrect diagnosis more than 50% of the time. An important and often overlooked differential diagnosis is
1394:
58:
139:, consistent with an asthma attack. However, many will present with decreased stamina, or difficulty in recovering from exertion compared to team members, or paroxysmal coughing from an irritable airway. Similarly, examination may reveal wheezing and prolonged expiratory phase, or may be quite normal. Consequently, a potential for under-diagnosis exists. Measurement of airflow, such as
171:. Constriction of these small airways then follows, worsening the degree of obstruction to airflow. There is increasing evidence that the smooth muscle that lines the airways becomes progressively more sensitive to changes that occur as a result of injury to the airways from dehydration. The chemical mediators that provoke the muscle spasm appear to arise from
233:
but the distinction is important because without successful treatment of underlying asthma, treatment of an exercise component will likely be unsuccessful. If baseline testing is normal, some form of exercise or pharmacologic stress will be required, either on the sideline or practice venue, or in the laboratory.
825:"Exercise-induced asthma, respiratory and allergic disorders in elite athletes: epidemiology, mechanisms and diagnosis: Part I of the report from the Joint Task Force of the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) in cooperation with GA2LEN"
315:
A relatively recent review of the literature has concluded that there is currently insufficient available evidence to conclude that either mannitol inhalation or eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation are suitable alternatives to exercise challenge testing to detect exercise-induced bronchoconstriction
232:
at rest. In true exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, the results should be within normal limits. Should resting values be abnormal, then asthma, or some other chronic lung condition, is present. There is, of course, no reason why asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction should not co-exist
343:
by precipitating an attack by "warming up," and then timing competition such that it occurs during the refractory period. Step-wise training works in a similar fashion. Warm up occurs in stages of increasing intensity, using the refractory period generated by each stage to reach a full workload.
375:
issued the first treatment guidelines for EIB, recommending use of "a short-acting β2-agonist before exercise in all patients with EIB. For patients who continue to have symptoms of EIB despite the administration of a short-acting β2-agonist before exercise, strong recommendations were made for a
1177:"Treatment of exercise-induced asthma, respiratory and allergic disorders in sports and the relationship to doping: Part II of the report from the Joint Task Force of European Respiratory Society (ERS) and European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) in cooperation with GA2LEN"
335:
The best treatment is avoidance of conditions predisposing to attacks, when possible. In athletes who wish to continue their sport or do so in adverse conditions, preventive measures include altered training techniques and medications.
241:
Treadmill or ergometer-based testing in lung function laboratories are effective methods for diagnosing exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, but may result in false negatives if the exercise stimulus is not intense enough.
199:
can be difficult to diagnose clinically given the lack of specific symptoms and frequent misinterpretation as manifestations of vigorous exercise. There are many mimics that present with similar symptoms, such as
1539:
1527:
305:
challenge test, have a lower sensitivity for detection of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in athletes and are also not a recommended first-line approach in the evaluation of exercise-induced asthma.
942:
1086:
Stickland MK, Rowe BH, Spooner CH, Vandermeer B, Dryden DM (September 2011). "Accuracy of eucapnic hyperpnea or mannitol to diagnose exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: a systematic review".
147:
such as chest discomfort, breathlessness, and fatigue are often falsely attributed to the individual being out of shape, having asthma, or possessing a hyperreactive airway rather than EIB.
270:
1043:
Muñoz PA, Gómez FP, Manrique HA, Roca J, Barberà JA, Young IH, et al. (2008). "Pulmonary gas exchange response to exercise- and mannitol-induced bronchoconstriction in mild asthma".
167:. The resultant inhalation of air that has not been warmed and humidified by the nasal passages seems to generate increased blood flow to the linings of the bronchial tree, resulting in
155:
While the potential triggering events for EIB are well recognized, the underlying pathogenesis is poorly understood. It usually occurs after at least several minutes of vigorous,
2020:
946:
466:. Research by sports scientist John Dickinson found that 70 percent of UK-based members of the British swimming team had some form of asthma, as did a third of
1314:
Philip G, Pearlman DS, Villarán C, et al. (2007). "Single-dose montelukast or salmeterol as protection against exercise-induced bronchoconstriction".
1008:
Brannan JD, Koskela H, Anderson SD, Chew N (1998). "Responsiveness to mannitol in asthmatic subjects with exercise- and hyperventilation-induced asthma".
747:
Rundell KW, Im J, Mayers LB, Wilber RL, Szmedra L, Schmitz HR (February 2001). "Self-reported symptoms and exercise-induced asthma in the elite athlete".
1491:
1263:
Pigakis, Konstantinos M; Stavrou, Vasileios T; Pantazopoulos, Ioannis; Daniil, Zoe; Kontopodi, Aggeliki K; Gourgoulianis, Konstantinos (3 January 2022).
454:
reported that he suffers from the condition, after being spotted using a nasal inhaler during race. Other athletes with EIB include racing cyclist
220:. The latter can co-exist with EIB and is best differentiated using objective testing and continuous laryngoscopy during exercise (CLE) testing.
1639:
175:. Mouth breathing as a result of decreased nasal breathing also increases lung surface exposure to irritants, pollutants, and allergens, causing
864:
Mannix ET, Manfredi F, Farber MO (1999). "A comparison of two challenge tests for identifying exercise-induced bronchospasm in figure skaters".
2484:
352:
There is no evidence supporting different treatment for EIB in asthmatic athletes and nonathletes. The most common medication used is a
2239:
1425:
2263:
2035:
17:
250:
Field-exercise challenge tests that involve the athlete performing the sport in which they are normally involved and assessing
217:
2010:
918:
179:
inflammation in response to reactive oxygen species formation; research has found that individuals with genetically hindered
1407:
376:
daily inhaled corticosteroid, a daily leukotriene receptor antagonist, or a mast cell stabilizing agent before exercise."
277:
athletes. In the EVH challenge, the patient voluntarily, without exercising, rapidly breathes dry air enriched with 5% CO
257:
after exercise are helpful if abnormal but have been shown to be less sensitive than eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation.
2696:
2479:
2234:
1632:
289:
losses in the expired air, not matched by metabolic production, that occurs during hyperventilation, and so maintains CO
2489:
2285:
2686:
2466:
1966:
1661:
1656:
2430:
471:
266:
213:
2701:
2167:
1625:
340:
2275:
143:
rates, which can be done inexpensively on the track or sideline, may prove helpful. In athletes, symptoms of
2737:
2727:
2474:
2425:
2258:
2196:
1487:
356:
taken about 20 minutes before exercise. Some physicians prescribe inhaled anti-inflammatory mists such as
2435:
1218:"An Official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline: Exercise-induced Bronchoconstriction"
2621:
582:
2494:
2119:
2093:
1818:
1719:
708:"Effectiveness of screening examinations to detect unrecognized exercise-induced bronchoconstriction"
372:
1393:
906:
57:
2270:
2098:
2083:
2076:
1981:
1942:
1889:
1867:
1825:
1753:
1554:
1456:
2249:
1217:
108:) occurs when the airways narrow as a result of exercise. This condition has been referred to as
2398:
2040:
1956:
1831:
969:"American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Work Group report: exercise-induced asthma"
2524:
2377:
2338:
2253:
2206:
1905:
1748:
361:
201:
1594:
908:
1786:
1758:
455:
638:
Anderson SD, Kippelen P (March 2005). "Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: Pathogenesis".
470:
cyclists, compared to a national asthma rate of eight to ten percent, whilst a study by the
2732:
2403:
2355:
2343:
2157:
2115:
1714:
439:
365:
140:
2015:
782:
Parsons JP, Kaeding C, Phillips G, Jarjoura D, Wadley G, Mastronarde JG (September 2007).
8:
2671:
2638:
2384:
2333:
1961:
1781:
1648:
1543:
205:
196:
1504:
967:
Weiler JM, Bonini S, Coifman R, Craig T, Delgado L, CapĂŁo-Filipe M, et al. (2007).
907:
Douglas B. McKeag; James L. Moeller; American
College of Sports Medicine (3 July 2007).
494:
Khan, DA (Jan–Feb 2012). "Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: burden and prevalence".
2529:
2394:
2350:
2182:
2103:
2030:
1900:
1548:
1377:
1350:
1291:
1264:
1245:
1152:
1068:
889:
663:
610:
558:
533:
159:
activity, which increases oxygen demand to the point where breathing through the nose (
66:
598:
2651:
1895:
1724:
1685:
1617:
1605:
1565:
1382:
1331:
1296:
1237:
1198:
1193:
1176:
1144:
1103:
1060:
1025:
990:
914:
881:
846:
841:
824:
805:
784:"Prevalence of exercise-induced bronchospasm in a cohort of varsity college athletes"
764:
760:
729:
688:
655:
602:
563:
511:
46:
1249:
1072:
1056:
667:
614:
407:, both given two hours before exercise, showing that the drugs had similar benefit.
2594:
2587:
2451:
2372:
2211:
2147:
1996:
1372:
1364:
1323:
1286:
1276:
1229:
1188:
1134:
1095:
1052:
1017:
980:
893:
873:
836:
795:
756:
719:
647:
594:
553:
545:
532:
Parsons JP, Cosmar D, Phillips G, Kaeding C, Best TM, Mastronarde JG (March 2012).
503:
467:
209:
184:
156:
1156:
463:
2722:
2616:
2568:
2456:
2407:
2328:
2244:
2052:
1559:
1430:
1139:
1122:
1021:
800:
783:
549:
459:
396:
384:
357:
164:
160:
1368:
682:
2554:
2216:
2127:
2047:
1857:
1852:
1570:
1351:"Vitamin C may alleviate exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: a meta-analysis"
1233:
1099:
985:
968:
443:
435:
251:
121:
651:
2716:
2646:
2360:
2071:
943:"Eucapnic Voluntary Hyperventilation (EVH) A Test for the Presence of Asthma"
681:
507:
447:
431:
418:
may be useful to relieve respiratory symptoms such as cough during exercise.
411:
274:
877:
724:
707:
116:); however, this term is no longer preferred. While exercise does not cause
2583:
2536:
1921:
1873:
1742:
1386:
1335:
1300:
1241:
1202:
1148:
1107:
1064:
994:
885:
850:
809:
768:
733:
692:
659:
606:
567:
515:
451:
380:
353:
302:
144:
1327:
1029:
325:
2681:
2628:
2611:
2606:
2559:
2514:
2365:
2313:
2280:
2152:
1881:
1813:
1776:
1731:
1666:
1589:
1281:
1121:
Stickland MK, Rowe BH, Spooner CH, Vandermeer B, Dryden DM (March 2012).
400:
180:
51:
1519:
534:"Screening for exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in college athletes"
2601:
2201:
2187:
2162:
2137:
2132:
2066:
1937:
1913:
1862:
1736:
1701:
1676:
404:
229:
176:
1457:"For Olympians and weekend warriors, winter sports can trigger asthma"
2676:
2308:
2177:
2172:
2142:
1693:
1600:
706:
Hallstrand TS, Curtis JR, Koepsell TD, et al. (September 2002).
427:
415:
172:
132:
1123:"Effect of warm-up exercise on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction"
312:
inhalation has been recently approved for use in the United States.
2691:
2576:
1976:
1709:
1355:
1216:
Parsons JP, Hallstrand TS, Mastronarde JG, et al. (May 2013).
309:
273:(EVH) challenge as the test to document exercise-induced asthma in
136:
1929:
1805:
1461:
1262:
128:
260:
2026:
1839:
1768:
1531:
117:
1175:
Carlsen KH, Anderson SD, Bjermer L, et al. (April 2008).
1120:
1085:
823:
Carlsen KH, Anderson SD, Bjermer L, et al. (April 2008).
781:
1847:
387:
as prophylaxis against exercise-induced bronchoconstriction.
168:
127:
It might be expected that people with EIB would present with
1215:
531:
1796:
450:
are among the many who have done so. Tour de France winner
1408:"Froome surprised at controversy over in-race inhaler use"
1222:
American
Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
1007:
474:
in 2000 found that half of cross-country skiers had EIB.
966:
705:
574:
1647:
1313:
1174:
1042:
822:
746:
87:
For the duration of activity and some time afterwards
1509:
863:
379:
There is conflicting information about the value of
1492:
American
Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology
687:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing LLC.
913:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 167.
583:"Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction in Athletes"
580:
1265:"Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm in Elite Athletes"
900:
281:for six minutes. The presence of the enriched CO
2714:
637:
581:Parsons JP, Mastronarde JG (24 December 2015).
187:are likely at a higher risk of developing EIB.
1633:
261:Eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation challenge
218:exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction (EILO)
1426:"Why do so many elite athletes have asthma?"
1307:
1036:
960:
857:
1488:"Tips to Remember: Exercise-induced asthma"
1001:
680:
245:
1640:
1626:
1342:
316:and that additional research is required.
56:
2240:Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema
1376:
1290:
1280:
1192:
1138:
984:
840:
799:
723:
557:
527:
525:
421:
1419:
1417:
301:Medication challenge tests, such as the
71:Shortness of breath on vigorous exercise
2264:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
1454:
1209:
1170:
1168:
1166:
414:of preliminary research indicated that
296:
14:
2715:
1450:
1448:
1423:
1348:
633:
631:
522:
1621:
1414:
940:
1455:Gardner, Amanda (17 February 2010).
1163:
493:
489:
487:
228:Objective testing should begin with
102:Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction
33:Exercise-induced Bronchoconstriction
2697:Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis
1505:Fact sheet: Exercise-induced asthma
1445:
910:ACSM's Primary Care Sports Medicine
674:
628:
271:eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation
236:
95:Moderate to high intensity exercise
24:
2286:Vaping-associated pulmonary injury
1649:Diseases of the respiratory system
816:
640:Current Allergy and Asthma Reports
25:
2749:
1480:
484:
1392:
1194:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01663.x
842:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01662.x
761:10.1097/00005768-200102000-00006
1424:Walker, Peter (29 April 2016).
1400:
1256:
1114:
1079:
1057:10.1152/japplphysiol.00108.2008
934:
472:United States Olympic Committee
446:, and American football player
267:International Olympic Committee
214:gastroesophageal reflux disease
2702:Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
775:
740:
699:
496:Allergy and Asthma Proceedings
13:
1:
2276:Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
599:10.1016/S0012-3692(15)49641-2
477:
347:
223:
2259:Respiratory hypersensitivity
2197:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
1140:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31822fb73a
1022:10.1164/ajrccm.158.4.9802087
801:10.1249/mss.0b013e3180986e45
550:10.3109/02770903.2011.652329
368:have also proven effective.
330:
319:
190:
7:
2168:Coalworker's pneumoconiosis
1369:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002416
390:
339:Some take advantage of the
10:
2754:
2021:Acute exacerbation of COPD
1234:10.1164/rccm.201303-0437ST
1100:10.1016/j.anai.2011.06.013
1088:Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol
986:10.1016/j.jaci.2007.02.041
323:
163:) must be supplemented by
2664:
2637:
2567:
2553:
2507:
2465:
2444:
2418:
2321:
2307:
2298:
2227:
2112:
2092:
1975:
1955:
1795:
1675:
1655:
1580:
1513:
1349:Hemilä, H (7 June 2013).
1010:Am J Respir Crit Care Med
652:10.1007/s11882-005-0084-y
442:, baseball Hall of Famer
373:American Thoracic Society
133:elevated respiratory rate
91:
83:
75:
65:
45:
37:
32:
2084:Diffuse panbronchiolitis
2077:Bronchiolitis obliterans
1943:Laryngotracheal stenosis
1890:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
1868:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
1826:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
1754:Nasal septum perforation
508:10.2500/aap.2012.33.3507
462:and cross-country skier
326:Asthma § Management
246:Field-exercise challenge
150:
1832:Retropharyngeal abscess
878:10.1378/chest.115.3.649
725:10.1067/mpd.2002.125729
684:Exercise-Induced Asthma
362:leukotriene antagonists
110:exercise-induced asthma
18:Exercise-induced asthma
2525:Pulmonary hypertension
2254:Eosinophilic pneumonia
1906:Vocal cord dysfunction
1749:Nasal septum deviation
973:J Allergy Clin Immunol
422:Prevalence in athletes
285:compensates for the CO
202:vocal cord dysfunction
183:counteraction of this
120:, it is frequently an
2652:Mediastinal emphysema
2431:Healthcare-associated
2361:Legionnaires' disease
1787:Peritonsillar abscess
1759:Nasal septal hematoma
1328:10.1378/chest.07-0550
438:, Olympic track star
366:mast cell stabilizers
324:Further information:
2399:Mendelson's syndrome
2271:Hamman–Rich syndrome
1282:10.7759/cureus.20898
1127:Med Sci Sports Exerc
941:Rosenthal, Richard.
788:Med Sci Sports Exerc
749:Med Sci Sports Exerc
440:Jackie Joyner-Kersee
297:Medication challenge
141:peak expiratory flow
2738:Respiratory therapy
2728:Exercise physiology
2672:Respiratory failure
2639:Mediastinal disease
2207:Bird fancier's lung
1782:Adenoid hypertrophy
206:cardiac arrhythmias
197:bronchoconstriction
129:shortness of breath
2577:Pleuritis/pleurisy
2530:Pulmonary embolism
2426:Community-acquired
2351:Atypical bacterial
2250:Löffler's syndrome
2031:Status asthmaticus
2016:Chronic bronchitis
1901:Vocal fold paresis
1715:Vasomotor rhinitis
1581:External resources
458:, distance runner
293:levels at normal.
79:Rapid, on exercise
2710:
2709:
2660:
2659:
2617:Empyema/pyothorax
2549:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2503:
2502:
2436:Hospital-acquired
2294:
2293:
2158:Caplan's syndrome
1951:
1950:
1896:Vocal fold nodule
1720:Atrophic rhinitis
1615:
1614:
920:978-0-7817-7028-6
426:Olympic swimmers
371:In May 2013, the
341:refractory period
195:Exercise-induced
99:
98:
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2745:
2595:Pleural effusion
2588:Hemopneumothorax
2565:
2564:
2319:
2318:
2305:
2304:
2148:Bauxite fibrosis
2113:External agents/
2110:
2109:
2041:Exercise-induced
1997:Acute bronchitis
1973:
1972:
1673:
1672:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1619:
1618:
1511:
1510:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1452:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1421:
1412:
1411:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1390:
1380:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1294:
1284:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1196:
1172:
1161:
1160:
1142:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1005:
999:
998:
988:
964:
958:
957:
955:
954:
945:. Archived from
938:
932:
931:
929:
927:
904:
898:
897:
861:
855:
854:
844:
820:
814:
813:
803:
779:
773:
772:
744:
738:
737:
727:
703:
697:
696:
678:
672:
671:
635:
626:
625:
623:
621:
593:(6): 3966–3974.
578:
572:
571:
561:
529:
520:
519:
491:
237:Exercise testing
210:cardiomyopathies
185:oxidative stress
61:
60:
30:
29:
21:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2656:
2633:
2569:Pleural disease
2558:
2541:
2499:
2461:
2445:By distribution
2440:
2419:By vector/route
2414:
2312:
2300:
2290:
2245:Pulmonary edema
2223:
2118:
2114:
2101:
2097:
2088:
2053:Cystic fibrosis
1980:
1964:
1960:
1947:
1791:
1665:
1659:
1651:
1646:
1616:
1611:
1610:
1576:
1575:
1522:
1496:
1494:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1467:
1465:
1453:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1431:theguardian.com
1422:
1415:
1410:. 10 June 2014.
1406:
1405:
1401:
1391:
1347:
1343:
1312:
1308:
1261:
1257:
1214:
1210:
1173:
1164:
1119:
1115:
1084:
1080:
1041:
1037:
1006:
1002:
965:
961:
952:
950:
939:
935:
925:
923:
921:
905:
901:
862:
858:
821:
817:
780:
776:
745:
741:
704:
700:
679:
675:
636:
629:
619:
617:
579:
575:
530:
523:
492:
485:
480:
460:Paula Radcliffe
424:
397:crossover study
393:
385:methylxanthines
358:corticosteroids
350:
333:
328:
322:
299:
292:
288:
284:
280:
269:recommends the
263:
255:
248:
239:
226:
193:
165:mouth breathing
161:nasal breathing
153:
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2751:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2580:
2579:
2573:
2571:
2562:
2555:Pleural cavity
2551:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2401:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2316:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2256:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2217:Lycoperdonosis
2214:
2209:
2204:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2128:Pneumoconiosis
2124:
2122:
2107:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2048:Bronchiectasis
2045:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2024:
2018:
2008:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1970:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1860:
1858:Laryngeal cyst
1855:
1853:Laryngomalacia
1850:
1845:
1843:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1801:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1772:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1681:
1679:
1670:
1653:
1652:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1597:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1562:
1551:
1536:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:Classification
1508:
1507:
1502:
1482:
1481:External links
1479:
1476:
1475:
1444:
1413:
1399:
1363:(6): e002416.
1341:
1306:
1255:
1228:(9): 1016–27.
1208:
1187:(4): 492–505.
1162:
1113:
1078:
1051:(5): 1477–85.
1045:J Appl Physiol
1035:
1000:
979:(6): 1349–58.
959:
933:
919:
899:
856:
835:(4): 387–403.
815:
794:(9): 1487–92.
774:
739:
698:
673:
627:
573:
521:
482:
481:
479:
476:
444:Catfish Hunter
436:Nancy Hogshead
423:
420:
399:compared oral
392:
389:
349:
346:
332:
329:
321:
318:
298:
295:
290:
286:
282:
278:
262:
259:
253:
247:
244:
238:
235:
225:
222:
192:
189:
152:
149:
122:asthma trigger
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
69:
63:
62:
49:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2750:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:Other/general
2663:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2647:Mediastinitis
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2390:noninfectious
2388:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2299:Obstructive /
2297:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2212:Farmer's lung
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2072:Bronchiolitis
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1451:
1449:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1418:
1409:
1403:
1395:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1322:(3): 875–83.
1321:
1317:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1275:(1): e20898.
1274:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1133:(3): 383–91.
1132:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1094:(3): 229–34.
1093:
1089:
1082:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1016:(4): 1120–6.
1015:
1011:
1004:
996:
992:
987:
982:
978:
974:
970:
963:
949:on 2014-05-31
948:
944:
937:
922:
916:
912:
911:
903:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
872:(3): 649–53.
871:
867:
860:
852:
848:
843:
838:
834:
830:
826:
819:
811:
807:
802:
797:
793:
789:
785:
778:
770:
766:
762:
758:
755:(2): 208–13.
754:
750:
743:
735:
731:
726:
721:
717:
713:
709:
702:
694:
690:
686:
685:
677:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
646:(2): 116–22.
645:
641:
634:
632:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
577:
569:
565:
560:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
528:
526:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
490:
488:
483:
475:
473:
469:
465:
464:Marit Bjørgen
461:
457:
453:
449:
448:Jerome Bettis
445:
441:
437:
433:
432:Amy Van Dyken
429:
419:
417:
413:
412:meta-analysis
408:
406:
403:with inhaled
402:
398:
388:
386:
382:
377:
374:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
345:
342:
337:
327:
317:
313:
311:
307:
304:
294:
276:
272:
268:
258:
256:
243:
234:
231:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
198:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
68:
64:
59:
53:
50:
48:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
2584:Pneumothorax
2537:Lung abscess
2519:
2389:
2378:Pneumocystis
2339:Pneumococcal
2120:lung disease
2116:occupational
2094:Interstitial
2059:
2003:
1989:
1962:lung disease
1928:
1922:Epiglottitis
1912:
1880:
1874:Laryngospasm
1838:
1819:Strep throat
1804:
1767:
1743:nasal septum
1741:
1700:
1684:
1599:
1588:
1564:
1553:
1538:
1526:
1495:. Retrieved
1466:. Retrieved
1460:
1435:. Retrieved
1429:
1402:
1360:
1354:
1344:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1184:
1180:
1130:
1126:
1116:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1013:
1009:
1003:
976:
972:
962:
951:. Retrieved
947:the original
936:
924:. Retrieved
909:
902:
869:
865:
859:
832:
828:
818:
791:
787:
777:
752:
748:
742:
718:(3): 343–8.
715:
711:
701:
683:
676:
643:
639:
618:. Retrieved
590:
586:
576:
544:(2): 153–7.
541:
537:
499:
495:
452:Chris Froome
425:
409:
394:
381:theophylline
378:
370:
354:beta agonist
351:
338:
334:
314:
308:
303:methacholine
300:
264:
249:
240:
227:
194:
177:neutrophilic
154:
145:bronchospasm
131:, and/or an
126:
113:
109:
105:
101:
100:
2733:Respiration
2682:Common cold
2629:Fibrothorax
2612:Chylothorax
2607:Hydrothorax
2560:mediastinum
2520:circulatory
2515:Atelectasis
2322:By pathogen
2314:pneumonitis
2301:Restrictive
2281:Sarcoidosis
2153:Berylliosis
2099:restrictive
2060:unspecified
1982:obstructive
1965:(including
1882:vocal cords
1814:Pharyngitis
1777:Tonsillitis
1732:Nasal polyp
1667:common cold
1660:(including
1590:MedlinePlus
620:28 November
456:Simon Yates
401:montelukast
181:glutathione
76:Usual onset
52:Pulmonology
38:Other names
2717:Categories
2602:Hemothorax
2404:Aspiration
2366:Chlamydiae
2356:Mycoplasma
2344:Klebsiella
2202:Bagassosis
2188:Byssinosis
2163:Chalicosis
2138:Asbestosis
2133:Aluminosis
2067:Bronchitis
1938:Tracheitis
1914:epiglottis
1863:Laryngitis
1737:Rhinorrhea
1606:sports/155
1566:DiseasesDB
1497:2007-04-12
953:2014-05-30
712:J. Pediatr
502:(1): 1–6.
478:References
405:salmeterol
383:and other
348:Medication
230:spirometry
224:Spirometry
173:mast cells
2677:Influenza
2622:Malignant
2385:Parasitic
2334:Bacterial
2309:Pneumonia
2178:Silicosis
2173:Siderosis
2143:Baritosis
1977:Bronchial
1725:Hay fever
1694:Sinusitis
1601:eMedicine
1535:: J45.990
428:Tom Dolan
416:vitamin C
331:Lifestyle
320:Treatment
191:Diagnosis
47:Specialty
2692:COVID-19
2485:BOOP-COP
2452:Broncho-
2395:Chemical
2183:Talcosis
2104:fibrosis
1957:Lower RT
1710:Rhinitis
1657:Upper RT
1468:29 April
1437:29 April
1387:23794586
1356:BMJ Open
1336:17573489
1301:35145802
1250:32941118
1242:23634861
1203:18394123
1149:21811185
1108:21875541
1073:17712937
1065:18756011
995:17433829
926:21 April
886:10084470
851:18315727
810:17805078
769:11224807
734:12219053
693:32491486
668:11816261
660:15683611
615:38398971
607:16354868
568:22276571
538:J Asthma
516:22370526
468:Team Sky
391:Research
310:Mannitol
137:wheezing
84:Duration
67:Symptoms
2004:chronic
1930:trachea
1806:pharynx
1686:sinuses
1560:D001250
1462:cnn.com
1378:3686214
1292:8807463
1181:Allergy
1030:9769270
894:2599863
829:Allergy
559:3832203
275:Olympic
157:aerobic
2723:Asthma
2373:Fungal
2027:Asthma
1840:larynx
1769:tonsil
1595:000036
1549:493.81
1385:
1375:
1334:
1299:
1289:
1269:Cureus
1248:
1240:
1201:
1157:343413
1155:
1147:
1106:
1071:
1063:
1028:
993:
917:
892:
884:
849:
808:
767:
732:
691:
666:
658:
613:
605:
566:
556:
514:
434:, and
364:, and
212:, and
118:asthma
92:Causes
54:
2508:Other
2457:Lobar
2408:Lipid
2329:Viral
2228:Other
1990:acute
1967:LRTIs
1892:(LPR)
1870:(LPR)
1848:Croup
1828:(LPR)
1662:URTIs
1571:31728
1316:Chest
1246:S2CID
1153:S2CID
1069:S2CID
890:S2CID
866:Chest
664:S2CID
611:S2CID
587:Chest
169:edema
151:Cause
2687:SARS
2490:NSIP
2235:ARDS
2036:AERD
2011:COPD
1797:Neck
1702:nose
1677:Head
1555:MeSH
1544:9-CM
1470:2016
1439:2016
1383:PMID
1332:PMID
1297:PMID
1238:PMID
1199:PMID
1145:PMID
1104:PMID
1061:PMID
1026:PMID
991:PMID
928:2012
915:ISBN
882:PMID
847:PMID
806:PMID
765:PMID
730:PMID
689:PMID
656:PMID
622:2020
603:PMID
564:PMID
512:PMID
265:The
135:and
2480:DIP
2475:UIP
2467:IIP
1540:ICD
1528:ICD
1373:PMC
1365:doi
1324:doi
1320:132
1287:PMC
1277:doi
1230:doi
1226:187
1189:doi
1135:doi
1096:doi
1092:107
1053:doi
1049:105
1018:doi
1014:158
981:doi
977:119
874:doi
870:115
837:doi
796:doi
757:doi
720:doi
716:141
648:doi
595:doi
591:128
554:PMC
546:doi
504:doi
360:or
252:FEV
114:EIA
106:EIB
41:EIA
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