5402:
of
Arabian nights with the infinite and hazy vistas of the Sahara to create a powerful confection of tragic heroism and passionate love." During the war itself, French censors banned the entire subject of the war. Since 1962, when film censorship relating to the war eased, French films dealing with the conflict have consistently portrayed the war as a set of conflicting memories and rival narratives (which ones being correct are left unclear), with most films dealing with the war taking a disjointed chronological structure in which scenes before, during and after the war are juxtaposed out of sequence with one film critic referring to the cinematic Algeria as "an ambiguous world marked by the displacements and repetitions of dreams". The consistent message of French films dealing with the war is that something horrible happened, but what happened, who was involved and why are left unexplained. Atrocities, especially torture by French forces are acknowledged, the French soldiers who fought in Algeria were and are always portrayed in French cinema as the "lost soldiers" and tragic victims of the war who are more deserving of sympathy than the FLN people they tortured, which are almost invariably portrayed as vicious, psychopathic terrorists, an approach to the war that has raised anger in Algeria.
8935:
d'apaisement, les populations auront pu prendre conscience de l'enjeu et, d'autre part, accomplir, grâce à nous, les progrès nécessaires dans les domaines, politique, économique, social, scolaire, etc., alors ce seront les Algériens qui diront ce qu'ils veulent être. ... Français d'Algérie, comment pouvez-vous écouter les menteurs et les conspirateurs qui vous disent qu'en accordant le libre choix aux Algériens, la France et De Gaulle veulent vous abandonner, se retirer de l'Algérie et vous livrer à la rébellion? ... Je dis à tous nos soldats: votre mission ne comporte ni équivoque, ni interprétation. Vous avez à liquider la force rebelle qui veut chasser la France de l'Algérie et faire régner sur ce pays sa dictature de misère et de stérilité. ... Enfin, je m'adresse à la France. Eh bien! mon cher et vieux pays, nous voici donc ensemble, encore une fois, face à une lourde épreuve. En vertu du mandat que le peuple m'a donné et de la légitimité nationale que j'incarne depuis vingt ans (sic), je demande à tous et à toutes de me soutenir quoi qu'il arrive
5218:
4005:
will have become conscious of the stakes and, thanks to us, realised the necessary progress in political, economic, social, educational, and other domains. Then it will be the
Algerians who will tell us what they want to be.... Your French of Algeria, how can you listen to the liars and the conspirators who tell you that, if you grant free choice to the Algerians, France and de Gaulle want to abandon you, retreat from Algeria, and deliver you to the rebellion?.... I say to all of our soldiers: your mission comprises neither equivocation nor interpretation. You have to liquidate the rebellious forces, which want to oust France from Algeria and impose on this country its dictatorship of misery and sterility.... Finally, I address myself to France. Well, well, my dear and old country, here we face together, once again, a serious ordeal. In virtue of the mandate that the people have given me and of the national legitimacy, which I have embodied for 20 years, I ask everyone to support me whatever happens.
3814:, which had as its objectives the seizure of Paris and the removal of the French government. Resurrection was to be implemented in the event of one of three following scenarios: Were de Gaulle not approved as leader of France by the parliament; were de Gaulle to ask for military assistance to take power; or if it seemed that communist forces were making any move to take power in France. De Gaulle was approved by the French parliament on May 29, by 329 votes against 224, 15 hours before the projected launch of Operation Resurrection. This indicated that the Fourth Republic by 1958 no longer had any support from the French Army in Algeria and was at its mercy even in civilian political matters. This decisive shift in the balance of power in civil-military relations in France in 1958, and the threat of force, was the primary factor in the return of de Gaulle to power in France.
4466:
Disenchantment in France at least has never been greater. The mindless cruelty of it all has never been more absurd and savage. This last year, stretching from the hopeful spring of 1961 to the ceasefire of 18 March 1962 spanned a season of shadow boxing, false threats, capitulation and murderous hysteria. French
Algeria died badly. Its agony was marked by panic and brutality as ugly as the record of European imperialism could show. In the spring of 1962 the unhappy corpse of empire still shuddered and lashed out and stained itself in fratricide. The whole episode of its death, measured at least seven and half years, constituted perhaps the most pathetic and sordid event in the entire history of colonialism. It is hard to see how anybody of importance in the tangled web of the conflict came out looking well. Nobody won the conflict, nobody dominated it."
3919:, then one of the country's strongest political forces, which supported the Algerian Revolution. Thousands of relatives of conscripts and reserve soldiers suffered loss and pain; revelations of torture and the indiscriminate brutality of the army against the Muslim population prompted widespread revulsion, and a significant constituency supported the principle of national liberation. By 1959, it was clear that the status quo was untenable and France could either grant Algeria independence or allow real equality with the Muslims. De Gaulle told an advisor: "If we integrate them, if all the Arabs and the Berbers of Algeria were considered French, how could they be prevented from settling in France, where the living standard is so much higher? My village would no longer be called Colombey-les-Deux-Églises but Colombey-les-Deux-Mosquées".
5477:, in which presented a detailed account of torture and extrajudicial killings in the name of the republic, which he wrote were all done under orders from Paris; that confirmed what had been long suspected. As a result of the interviews and Aussaresses's book, the Algerian War was finally extensively discussed by the French media, which had ignored the subject as much as possible for decades, but no consensus emerged about how to best remember the war. Adding to the interest was the decision by one war veteran, Georges Fogel, to come forward to confirm that he had seen Ighiahriz and many others tortured in 1957, and the politician and war veteran Jean Marie Faure decided in February 2001 to release extracts from the diary that he had kept and showed "acts of sadism and horror" that he had witnessed. The French historian
5179:
3717:
2602:
3341:, as hindering the work of his administration, and he undertook the rule of Algeria by decree. He favored stepping up French military operations and granted the army exceptional police powers—a concession of dubious legality under French law—to deal with the mounting political violence. At the same time, Lacoste proposed a new administrative structure to give Algeria some autonomy and a decentralized government. Whilst remaining an integral part of France, Algeria was to be divided into five districts, each of which would have a territorial assembly elected from a single slate of candidates. Until 1958, deputies representing Algerian districts were able to delay the passage of the measure by the
5250:
5167:
3941:
12344:
5657:, France claimed torture to be isolated acts, instead of admitting its responsibility for the frequent use of torture to break the insurgents' morale, not, as Aussaresses had claimed, to "save lives" by gaining short-term information which would stop "terrorists". The state now claims that torture was a regrettable aberration because of the context of the exceptionally-savage war. However, academic research has proved both theses to be false. "Torture in Algeria was engraved in the colonial act; it is a 'normal' illustration of an abnormal system", wrote Nicolas Bancel, Pascal Blanchard and Sandrine Lemaire, who discussed the phenomena of "
5000:
ease against fellow
Algerians. The FLN's struggle to overthrow colonial rule and the ruthlessness exhibited by both sides in that struggle were mirrored 30 years later by the passion, determination, and brutality of the conflict between the FLN government and the Islamist opposition. The American journalist Adam Shatz wrote that much of the same methods employed by the FLN against the French such as "the militarization of politics, the use of Islam as a rallying cry, the exaltation of jihad" to create an essentially secular state in 1962, were used by Islamic fundamentalists in their efforts to overthrow the FLN regime in the 1990s.
5020:
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5191:
3010:
192:
180:
5457:
for information. What made the interview very touching for many French people was that
Ighilahriz was not demanding vengeance but wished to express thanks to Dr. François Richaud, the army doctor who extended her much kindness and who, she believed, saved her life by treating her every time she was tortured. She asked if it were possible for her to see Dr. Richaud one last time to thank him personally, but it later turned out that Dr. Richaud had died in 1997. As Ighilahriz had been an attractive woman in her youth, university-educated, secular, fluent in French and fond of quoting
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only Muslim officials of the colonial regime; later, they coerced, maimed, or killed village elders, government employees, and even simple peasants who refused to support them. Throat slitting and decapitation were commonly used by the FLN as mechanisms of terror. Some other atrocities were committed by the more militant sections of the FLN as collective reprisals against the pieds-noirs population in response to French repression. The more extreme cases occurred in places like the town of Al-Halia, where some
European residents were raped and
204:
3666:" to work for the French forces included by the use of torture and threats against their family; these agents "mingled with FLN cadres. They planted incriminating forged documents, spread false rumors of treachery and fomented distrust. ... As a frenzy of throat-cutting and disemboweling broke out among confused and suspicious FLN cadres, nationalist slaughtered nationalist from April to September 1957 and did France's work for her." But this type of operation involved individual operatives rather than organized covert units.
84:
4555:, but by 1965 there were 117. This upturned the balance of power in the UN, with the recently decolonized countries now a majority with great influence. Most of the new states were part of the Third-World movement, proclaiming a third, non-aligned path in a bipolar world, and opposing colonialism in favor of national renewal and modernization. They felt concerned in the Algerian conflict and supported the FLN on the international stage. For example, a few days after the first insurrection in 1954, Radio
4899:
350,000, but this was regarded by many as an underestimate. French military authorities listed their losses at nearly 25,600 dead (6,000 from non-combat-related causes) and 65,000 wounded. European-descended civilian casualties exceeded 10,000 (including 3,000 dead) in 42,000 recorded violent incidents. According to French official figures during the war, the army, security forces and militias killed 141,000 presumed rebel combatants. But it is still unclear whether this includes some civilians.
4450:
Muslims. It was the most wanton carnage that
Algeria had witnessed in eight years of savage warfare. OAS operatives set off an average of 120 bombs per day in March, with targets including hospitals and schools. On June 7, 1962 the University of Algiers Library was burned by the OAS. This cultural devastation was commemorated by Muslim countries issuing postage stamps commemorating the tragic event. These included Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Yemen.
5393:. Ruedy wrote that under French rule the traditional social structure had been so completely destroyed that when the FLN launched its independence struggle in 1954, the only way of asserting one's interests was through "the law of the gun", which explains why the FLN was so violent not only in regards to its enemies but also within the movement. The FLN, thus, according to Ruedy, formed the basis of an "alternative political culture", based on "brute force" that has persisted ever since.
1511:
3530:
4028:(Secret Army Organization, OAS) on December 3, 1960, with the purpose of continuing the fight for French Algeria. Highly organized and well-armed, the OAS stepped up its terrorist activities, which were directed against both Algerians and pro-government French citizens, as the move toward negotiated settlement of the war and self-determination gained momentum. To the FLN rebellion against France were added civil wars between extremists in the two communities and between the
440:
396:
4625:
5461:, and her duties in the FLN had been as an information courier, she made for a most sympathetic victim since she was a woman who did not come across as Algerian. William Cohen commented that had she been an uneducated man who had been involved in killings and was not coming forward to express thanks for a Frenchman, her story might not had resonated the same way. The Ighiahriz case led to a public letter signed by 12 people who been involved in the war to President
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5374:. Kedorie condemned the Western intellectuals who excuse terrorism when committed by Third World revolutionaries. Kedourie claimed that far from a mass movement, the FLN were a "small gang" of "murderous intellectuals" who used brutal, terrorist tactics against the French citizens and military, and against any Muslim loyal to the French. He further claimed that the Front had been beaten by 1959. Kedourie charged that de Gaulle had cynically sacrificed the
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2907:, which set the tone of French policy for five years. He declared in the National Assembly, "One does not compromise when it comes to defending the internal peace of the nation, the unity and integrity of the Republic. The Algerian departments are part of the French Republic. They have been French for a long time, and they are irrevocably French. ... Between them and metropolitan France there can be no conceivable secession." At first, and despite the
3701:(surveillance using a grid pattern), dividing the country into sectors, each permanently garrisoned by troops responsible for suppressing rebel operations in their assigned territory. Salan's methods sharply reduced the instances of FLN terrorism but tied down a large number of troops in static defense. Salan also constructed a heavily patrolled system of barriers to limit infiltration from Tunisia and Morocco. The best known of these was the
3478:
3463:, Camus said that when faced with a radical choice he would eventually support his community. This statement made him lose his status among left-wing intellectuals; when he died in 1960 in a car crash, the official thesis of an ordinary accident (a quick open-and-shut case) left more than a few observers doubtful. His widow claimed that Camus, though discreet, was in fact an ardent supporter of French Algeria in the last years of his life.
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3846:" ("Long live French Algeria") to cheering crowds in Mostaganem. At the same time, he proposed economic, social, and political reforms to improve the situation of the Muslims. Nonetheless, de Gaulle later admitted to having harbored deep pessimism about the outcome of the Algerian situation even then. Meanwhile, he looked for a "third force" among the population of Algeria, uncontaminated by the FLN or the "ultras" (
277:
238:
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5281:" (a derogatory Arabic word meaning "road-cutters" but often mistranslated as "throat-cutters" in reference to the FLN's frequent method of execution, which made people wear the "Kabylian smile" by cutting their throats, pulling their tongues out, and leaving them to bleed to death). After reports of the widespread use of torture by French forces started to reach France in 1956–57, the war become commonly known as
3554:
Specializing in ambushes and night raids and avoiding direct contact with superior French firepower, the internal forces targeted army patrols, military encampments, police posts, and colonial farms, mines, and factories, as well as transportation and communications facilities. Once an engagement was broken off, the guerrillas merged with the population in the countryside, in accordance with Mao's theories.
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8214:"L'indigène musulman est français; néanmoins il continuera à être régi par la loi musulmane. Il peut être admis à servir dans les armées de terre et de mer. Il peut être appelé à des fonctions et emplois civils en Algérie. Il peut, sur sa demande, être admis à jouir des droits de citoyen français; dans ce cas, il est régi par les lois civiles et politiques de la France" (article 1 of the 1865
5277:" ("the war without a name") while it was being fought. The government variously described the war as the "Algerian events", the "Algerian problem" and the "Algerian dispute"; the mission of the French Army was "ensuring security", "maintaining order" and "pacification" but was never described as fighting a war. The FLN were referred to as "criminals", "bandits", "outlaws", "terrorists" and "
4792:, including soldiers, destroyed their property before departure, to protest and as a desperate symbolic attempt to leave no trace of over a century of European presence, but the vast majority of their goods and houses were left intact and abandoned. A large number of panicked people camped for weeks on the docks of Algerian harbors, waiting for a space on a boat to France. About 100,000
5382:, as he had chosen to disregard his constitutional oath as president to protect all Frenchmen and ensure that "the French withdrew and handed over power to the only organized body of armed men who were on the scene – a civilized government, thus, acting for all the world like the votary of some Mao or Ho, in the barbarous belief that legitimacy comes from the power of the gun".
4809:
5350:, regarded by some authors as the leading book written on the subject in English, though written from a French, rather than Algerian perspective. Fifteen years after the end of the war, Horne was accused of not being concerned about "right or wrong" but rather about "cause and effect". Living in Paris at the time of the war, Horne had condemned French intervention during the
3776:
The feeling was widespread that another debacle like that of
Indochina in 1954 was in the offing and that the government would order another precipitate pullout and sacrifice French honor to political expediency. Many saw in de Gaulle, who had not held office since 1946, the only public figure capable of rallying the nation and giving direction to the French government.
3431:, a member of the outlawed Algerian Communist party, mathematics professor at the University of Algiers and a suspected FLN member whom the French Army arrested in June 1957. Audin was tortured and killed and his body was never found. As Audin was French rather than Algerian, his "disappearance" while in the custody of the French Army led to the case becoming a
4310:. Only the paratroop divisions and the Foreign Legion joined the coup, while the Air Force, Navy and most of the Army stayed loyal to General de Gaulle, but at one moment de Gaulle went on French television to ask for public support with the normally lofty de Gaulle saying "Frenchmen, Frenchwomen, help me!" De Gaulle was now prepared to abandon the
4586:(PGAR) was created, naming official representatives to negotiate with France. Tense negotiations lasted three years, eventually turning to Algeria's advantage. The PGAR was supported by the Third World and the communist bloc, while France had few allies. Under pressure from the UN, the USA, and a war-weary public, France eventually conceded in the
3725:
caves or other remote hiding places were tracked and hunted down. In one episode, FLN guerrillas who refused to surrender and withdraw from a cave complex were dealt with by French
Foreign Legion Pioneer troops, who, lacking flamethrowers or explosives, simply bricked up each cave, leaving the residents to die of suffocation.
3536:
3534:
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2673:
2779:(Algerians of European origin) violently demonstrated against it and the North African Party also opposed it, leading to its abandonment. The pro-independence party was dissolved in 1937, and its leaders were charged with the illegal reconstitution of a dissolved league, leading to Messali Hadj's 1937 founding of the
3535:
4984:. Bella returned to Algeria and requested that France withdraw from its bases there. In November, his government banned political parties, providing that the FLN would be the only party allowed to function overtly. Shortly thereafter, in 1965, Bella was deposed and placed under house arrest (and later exiled) by
5217:
5079:, a 23-years old Algerian woman who was arrested in 1960, accused of attempting to bomb a cafe in Algiers. Her confession was obtained through torture and rape. Her subsequent trial affected French public opinion about the French army's methods in Algeria after publicity of the case by
3285:
3283:
3280:
4536:. FLN sought material support from the Communists, goading the Americans to support Algerian independence to keep the country on the western side. Furthermore, the FLN used the tensions within each bloc, including between France and the US and between the USSR and Mao's China. The US, which generally opposed
4378:
classified as aliens with the attendant loss of rights. The agreement also allowed France to establish military bases in
Algeria even after independence (including the nuclear test site of Regghane, the naval base of Mers-el-Kebir and the air base of Bou Sfer) and to have privileges vis-à-vis Algerian oil.
3690:
of purported FLN members displayed by the unit were in fact those of dissidents and members of other Algerian groups killed by the FLN. The French Army finally discovered the war ruse and tried to hunt down Force K members. However, some 600 managed to escape and join the FLN with weapons and equipment.
3284:
7191:
He also argues that the least controversial of all the numbers put forward by various groups are those concerning the French soldiers, where government numbers are largely accepted as sound. Most controversial are the numbers of civilians killed. On this subject, he turns to the work of Meynier, who,
5456:
published an interview with Louisette Ighilahriz, a former FLN member who described in graphic detail her torture at the hands of the French Army and made the sensational claim that the war heroes General Jacques Massu and General Marcel Bigeard had personally been present when she was being tortured
5431:
defence that asked the judges "is a crime against humanity is to be defined as only one of Nazis against the Jews or if it applies to more seriously crimes... the crimes of imperialists against people struggling for their independence?". He went on to say that nothing that his client had done against
5233:
Specializing in ambushes and night raids to avoid direct contact with superior French firepower, the internal forces targeted army patrols, military encampments, police posts, and colonial farms, mines, and factories, as well as transportation and communications facilities. At first, the FLN targeted
4924:
Horne estimated Algerian casualties during the span of eight years to be around 1 million. Uncounted thousands of Muslim civilians died in French Army ratissages, bombing raids, or vigilante reprisals. The war uprooted more than 2 million Algerians, who were forced to relocate in French camps or
4873:
and members of their families were killed by the FLN or by lynch mobs in Algeria, often in atrocious circumstances or after torture. The abandonment of the "Harkis" both the lack of recognition of those who died defending French Algeria and the neglect of those who escaped to France, remains an issue
4636:
Urban and rural women's experiences in the revolution differed greatly. Urban women, who constituted about twenty percent of the overall force, had received some kind of education and usually chose to enter on the side of the FLN of their own accord. Largely illiterate rural women, on the other hand,
4353:
On 29 June 1961, de Gaulle announced on TV that fighting was "virtually finished" and afterwards there were no major battles between the French Army and the FLN. During the summer of 1961 the OAS and the FLN engaged in a civil war, in which the greater numbers of the Muslims predominated. To pressure
3904:
We are not making war for ourselves, not making a colonialist war, Bigeard wears no shirt (he shows his opened uniform) as do my officers. We are fighting right here right now for them, for the evolution, to see the evolution of these people and this war is for them. We are defending their freedom as
3853:
De Gaulle immediately appointed a committee to draft a new constitution for France's Fifth Republic, which would be declared early the next year, with which Algeria would be associated but of which it would not form an integral part. All Muslims, including women, were registered for the first time on
3741:
effectively denied the use of remote villages to FLN guerrillas, who had used them as a source of rations and manpower, but also caused significant resentment on the part of the displaced villagers. Relocation's social and economic disruption continued to be felt a generation later. At the same time,
3728:
Finding it impossible to control all of Algeria's remote farms and villages, the French government also initiated a program of concentrating large segments of the rural population, including whole villages, in camps under military supervision to prevent them from aiding the rebels. In the three years
3136:
On the political front, the FLN worked to persuade—and to coerce—the Algerian masses to support the aims of the independence movement through contributions. FLN-influenced labor unions, professional associations, and students' and women's organizations were created to lead opinion in diverse segments
5488:
by Mohammed Harbi, a former advisor to Ben Bella, was published in which Harbi wrote: "Because they weren't supported at the moment of their arrival on the scene by a real and dynamic popular movement, they took power of the movement by force and they maintained it by force. Convinced that they had
5401:
Before the war, Algeria was a popular setting for French films; the British professor Leslie Hill having written: "In the late 1920s and 1930s, for instance, North Africa provided film-makers in France with a ready fund of familiar images of the exotics, mingling, for instance, the languid eroticism
4632:
Women participated in a variety of roles during the Algerian War. The majority of Muslim women who became active participants did so on the side of the National Liberation Front (FLN). The French included some women, both Muslim and French, in their war effort, but they were not as fully integrated,
4449:
During the three months between the cease-fire and the French referendum on Algeria, the OAS unleashed a new campaign. The OAS sought to provoke a major breach in the ceasefire by the FLN, but the attacks now were aimed also against the French army and police enforcing the accords as well as against
3689:
The FLN also used pseudo-guerrilla strategies against the French Army on one occasion, with Force K, a group of 1,000 Algerians who volunteered to serve in Force K as guerrillas for the French. But most of these members were either already FLN members or were turned by the FLN once enlisted. Corpses
3508:
was instructed to use whatever methods deemed necessary to restore order in the city and to find and eliminate terrorists. Using paratroopers, he broke the strike and, in the succeeding months, destroyed the FLN infrastructure in Algiers. But the FLN had succeeded in showing its ability to strike at
6691:
detachments, the amnesty covering many of the deeds committed during the war and the humiliation of a colonial defeat which marked the end of the French empire are just some of the reasons why France has preferred to look towards a Eurocentric future, rather than confront the painful aspects of its
5305:
and was located in a decrepit area of Paris rarely visited by tourists, as if to hide the monument. Further adding to the silence were the vested interests of French politicians. François Mitterrand, the French president 1981 to 1995, had been the Interior Minister from 1954 to 1955 and the Justice
4999:
For Algerians of many political factions, the legacy of their War of Independence was a legitimization or even sanctification of the unrestricted use of force in achieving a goal deemed to be justified. Once invoked against foreign colonialists, the same principle could also be turned with relative
4898:
Death toll estimates vary. Algerian historians and the FLN estimated that nearly eight years of revolution caused 1.5 million Algerian deaths. Some other French and Algerian sources later put the figure at approximately 960,000 dead, while French officials and historians estimated it at around
4775:
and Sephardi Jewish descent), and accounted for 10.4% of the total population of Algeria. In just a few months in 1962, 900,000 of them fled, the first third prior to the referendum, in the largest relocation of population to Europe since the Second World War. A motto used in the FLN message to the
4425:
and 110 French military personnel dead or injured. A journalist who saw the massacre on 26 March 1962, Henry Tanner, described the scene: "When the shooting stopped, the street was littered with bodies, of women, as well as men, dead, wounded or dying. The black pavement looked grey, as if bleached
3775:
and increased the misgivings of the army and of the pieds-noirs that the security of Algeria was being undermined by party politics. Army commanders chafed at what they took to be inadequate and incompetent political initiatives by the government in support of military efforts to end the rebellion.
3724:
The French military command ruthlessly applied the principle of collective responsibility to villages suspected of sheltering, supplying, or in any way cooperating with the guerrillas. Villages that could not be reached by mobile units were subject to aerial bombardment. FLN guerrillas that fled to
3582:
Despite complaints from the military command in Algiers, the French government was reluctant for many months to admit that the Algerian situation was out of control and that what was viewed officially as a pacification operation had developed into a war. By 1956, there were more than 400,000 French
3557:
Although successfully provoking fear and uncertainty within both communities in Algeria, the revolutionaries' coercive tactics suggested that they had not yet inspired the bulk of the Muslim people to revolt against French colonial rule. Gradually, however, the FLN gained control in certain sectors
5589:
As Algerians do not appear in an "indigenous" condition, and their sub-citizens status, as the history of nationalist movement, is never evoked as their being one of great figures of the resistance, such as Messali Hadj and Ferhat Abbas. They neither emerge nor are being given attention. No one is
5444:
was a great shock in France and led to uncomfortable questions being raised about what had happened during the Algerian War. The American historian William Cohen wrote that the Papon trial "sharpened the focus" on the Algerian War but not provide "clarity", as Papon's role as a civil servant under
4787:
The French government claimed not to have anticipated such a massive exodus; it estimated that a maximum of 250–300,000 might enter metropolitan France temporarily. Nothing was planned for their move to France, and many had to sleep in the streets or abandoned farms on their arrival. A minority of
4512:
As proclaimed in the statement of 1954, the FLN developed a strategy to avoid large-scale warfare and internationalize the conflict, appealing politically and diplomatically to influence French and world opinion. This political aspect would reinforce the legitimacy of the FLN in Algeria, which was
3828:
Many people, regardless of citizenship, greeted de Gaulle's return to power as the breakthrough needed to end the hostilities. On his trip to Algeria on 4 June 1958, de Gaulle calculatedly made an ambiguous and broad emotional appeal to all the inhabitants, declaring, "Je vous ai compris" ("I have
3573:
The loss of competent field commanders both on the battlefield and through defections and political purges created difficulties for the FLN. Moreover, power struggles in the early years of the war split leadership in the wilayat, particularly in the Aurès. Some officers created their own fiefdoms,
2596:
The indigenous Muslim is French; however, he will continue to be subjected to Muslim law. He may be admitted to serve in the army (armée de terre) and the navy (armée de mer). He may be called to functions and civil employment in Algeria. He may, on his demand, be admitted to enjoy the rights of a
4640:
Women operated in a number of different areas during the course of the rebellion. "Women participated actively as combatants, spies, fundraisers, as well as nurses, launderers, and cooks", "women assisted the male fighting forces in areas like transportation, communication and administration" the
4485:
The Algerian revolution began with the insurrection of November 1, when the FLN organized a series of attacks against the French army and military infrastructure, and published a statement calling on Algerians to get involved in the revolution. This initial campaign had limited impact: the events
4377:
equal legal protection with Algerians over a three-year period. These rights included respect for property, participation in public affairs, and a full range of civil and cultural rights. At the end of that period, however, all Algerian residents would be obliged to become Algerian citizens or be
4344:
in May 1961; after several false starts, the French government decreed that a ceasefire would take effect on March 18, 1962. A major difficulty at the talks was de Gaulle's decision to grant independence only to the coastal regions of Algeria, where the bulk of the population lived, while hanging
4004:
I took, in the name of France, the following decision—the Algerians will have the free choice of their destiny. When, in one way or another – by ceasefire or by complete crushing of the rebels – we will have put an end to the fighting, when, after a prolonged period of appeasement, the population
3876:
In February 1959, de Gaulle was elected president of the new Fifth Republic. He visited Constantine in October to announce a program to end the war and create an Algeria closely linked to France. De Gaulle's call on the rebel leaders to end hostilities and to participate in elections was met with
3931:
allies. In a 16 September 1959, statement, de Gaulle dramatically reversed his stand and uttered the words "self-determination" as the third and preferred solution, which he envisioned as leading to majority rule in an Algeria formally associated with France. In Tunis, Abbas acknowledged that de
3348:
In August and September 1956, the leadership of the FLN guerrillas operating within Algeria (popularly known as "internals") met to organize a formal policy-making body to synchronize the movement's political and military activities. The highest authority of the FLN was vested in the thirty-four
2367:
in Algeria, alienated support in metropolitan France, and discredited French prestige abroad. As the war dragged on, the French public slowly turned against it and many of France's key allies, including the United States, switched from supporting France to abstaining in the UN debate on Algeria.
6062:
5510:
Even though Stora has counted 3,000 publications in French on the war, there still is no work produced by French and Algerian authors co-operating with each other. Although according to Stora, there can "no longer be talk about a 'war without a name', a number of problems remain, especially the
5156:
newspaper on June 20, 2000, as "lies". An ALN activist, Louisette Ighilahriz had been tortured by General Massu. However, since General Massu's revelations, Bigeard has admitted the use of torture, although he denies having personally used it, and has declared, "You are striking the heart of an
4633:
nor were they charged with the same breadth of tasks as the women on the Algerian side. The total number of women involved in the conflict, as determined by post-war veteran registration, is numbered at 11,000, but it is possible that this number was significantly higher due to underreporting.
3591:
bore the brunt of offensive counterinsurgency combat operations, approximately 170,000 Muslim Algerians also served in the regular French army, most of them volunteers. France also sent air force and naval units to the Algerian theater, including helicopters. In addition to service as a flying
2455:
by the FLN or by lynch mobs, often after being abducted and tortured. About 20,000 Harki families (around 90,000 people) managed to flee to France, some with help from their French officers acting against orders, and today they and their descendants form a significant part of the population of
5330:
by the American journalist Herb Greer in 1962, depicted very favorably the Algerian struggle for independence. Most work in English in the 1960s and 1970s were the work of left-wing scholars, who were focused on explaining the FLN as a part of a generational change in Algerian nationalism and
4389:
of Algiers, the FLN gave orders for no retaliatory attacks. In the spring of 1962, the OAS turned to bank robbery to finance its war against both the FLN and the French state, and bombed special units sent by Paris to hunt them down. Only eighty deputies voted against the Évian Accords in the
4327:
4326:
4323:
3553:
theory. Whilst some of this was aimed at military targets, a significant amount was invested in a terror campaign against those in any way deemed to support or encourage French authority. This resulted in acts of sadistic torture and brutal violence against all, including women and children.
4465:
until 1967. (The Evian Accords had permitted France to maintain its military presence for fifteen years, so the withdrawal in 1967 was significantly ahead of schedule.) Cairns writing from Paris in 1962 declared: "In some ways the last year has been the worse. Tension has never been higher.
8934:
J'ai pris, au nom de la France, la décision que voici: les Algériens auront le libre choix de leur destin. Quand d'une manière ou d'une autre – conclusion d'un cessez-le-feu ou écrasement total des rebelles – nous aurons mis un terme aux combats, quand, ensuite, après une période prolongée
3325:
into calling for more repressive measures against the rebels. The French authorities stated that 1,273 guerrillas died in what Soustelle admitted were "severe" reprisals. The FLN subsequently claimed that 12,000 Muslims were killed. Soustelle's repression was an early cause of the Algerian
3533:
3406:
During 1957, support for the FLN weakened as the breach between the internals and externals widened. To halt the drift, the FLN expanded its executive committee to include Abbas, as well as imprisoned political leaders such as Ben Bella. It also convinced communist and Arab members of the
2644:
of 7 May 1946, which granted French citizenship to all subjects of France's territories and overseas departments, and by the 1946 Constitution. The Law of 20 September 1947 granted French citizenship to all Algerian subjects, who were not required to renounce their Muslim personal status.
4441:, held in April 1962, 91 percent of the French electorate approved the Evian Accords. On 1 July 1962, some 6 million of a total Algerian electorate of 6.5 million cast their ballots. The vote was nearly unanimous, with 5,992,115 votes for independence, 16,534 against, with most
4349:
and Muslim communities engaged in a low level civil war with bombings, shootings, throat-cutting and assassinations being the preferred methods. The Canadian historian John Cairns wrote at times it seemed like both communities were "going berserk" as everyday "murder was indiscriminate".
3737:, and resettled in the plains, where it was difficult to reestablish their previous economic and social systems. Living conditions in the fortified villages were poor. In hundreds of villages, orchards and croplands not already burned by French troops went to seed for lack of care. These
8163:
In Algeria, colonization and genocidal massacres proceeded in tandem. From 1830 to 1847, its European settler population quadrupled to 104,000. Of the native Algerian population of approximately 3 million in 1830, about 500,000 to 1 million perished in the first three decades of French
4328:
4902:
More than 12,000 Algerians died in internal FLN purges during the war. In France, an additional 5,000 died in the "café wars" between the FLN and rival Algerian groups. French sources also estimated that 70,000 Muslim civilians were killed, or abducted and presumed killed, by the FLN.
5445:
Vichy led to misleading conclusions in France that it was former collaborators who were responsible for the terror in Algeria, but most of the men responsible, like Guy Mollet, General Marcel Bigeard, Robert Lacoste, General Jacques Massu and Jacques Soustelle, had actually all been
5354:
and the French bombing of the Tunisian village of Sakiet Sidi Youssef in 1958. He'd argued that the "inflexibility" of the FLN had won Algeria independence, creating a sense of Algerian national identity, and leading the Front to rule over authoritarian but "progressive" FLN regime.
3537:
5505:
There is no such thing as a history of the Algerian War; there is just a multitude of histories and personal paths through it. Everyone involved considers that they lived through it in their own way, and any attempt to understand the Algerian War globally is immediately rejected by
5108:
in Algeria?". D. Huf, in his seminal work on the subject, argued that the use of torture was one of the major factors in developing French opposition to the war. Huf argued, "Such tactics sat uncomfortably with France's revolutionary history, and brought unbearable comparisons with
5297:", no monuments were built for decades to honour the about 25,000 French soldiers killed in the war, and the Defense Ministry refused to classify veterans as veterans until the 1970s. When a monument to the Unknown Soldier of the Algerian War was erected in 1977, French President
2436:) fled to France within a few months for fear of the FLN's revenge. The French government was unprepared to receive such a vast number of refugees, which caused turmoil in France. The majority of Algerian Muslims who had worked for the French were disarmed and left behind, as the
3286:
3282:
7192:
citing French army documents (not the official number) posits the range of 55,000–60,000 deaths. Meynier further argues that the best number to capture the harkis deaths is 30,000. If we add to this, the number of European civilians, which government figures posit as 2,788.
4329:
6626:
The Algerian War came to an end in 1962, and with it closed some 130 years of French colonial presence in Algeria (and North Africa). With this outcome, the French Empire, celebrated in pomp in Paris in the Exposition coloniale of 1931 ... received its decisive death
5068:(regrouping centres), which were built for forcibly displaced civilian populations, in order to separate them from FLN guerrilla combatants. Over 8,000 villages were destroyed. Over 2 million Algerians were resettled in regrouping internment camps, with some being
4842:. The term also came to include civilian indigenous Algerians who supported a French Algeria. According to French government figures, there were 236,000 Algerian Muslims serving in the French Army in 1962 (four times more than in the FLN), either in regular units (
3877:
adamant refusal. "The problem of a cease-fire in Algeria is not simply a military problem", said the GPRA's Abbas. "It is essentially political, and negotiation must cover the whole question of Algeria." Secret discussions that had been underway were broken off.
4325:
11087:
Shapiro, Michael J. (1 August 2008). "Slow Looking: The Ethics and Politics of Aesthetics: Jill Bennett, Empathic Vision: Affect, Trauma, and Contemporary Art (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2005); Mark Reinhardt, Holly Edwards, and Erina Duganne,
4105:
5301:, in his dedication speech, refused to use the words war or Algeria but instead used the phrase "the unknown soldier of North Africa". A national monument to the French war dead was not built until 1996 and, even then spoke only of those killed fighting in
3509:
the heart of French Algeria and to assemble a mass response to its demands among urban Muslims. The publicity given to the brutal methods used by the army to win the Battle of Algiers, including the use of torture, strong movement control and curfew called
4445:
and Harkis either having fled or abstaining. De Gaulle pronounced Algeria an independent country on 3 July. The Provisional Executive, however, proclaimed 5 July, the 132nd anniversary of the French entry into Algeria, as the day of national independence.
2911:
of 8 May 1945, and the pro-Independence struggle before World War II, most Algerians were in favor of a relative status-quo. While Messali Hadj had radicalized by forming the FLN, Ferhat Abbas maintained a more moderate, electoral strategy. Fewer than 500
4115:
3301:
The FLN adopted tactics similar to those of nationalist groups in Asia, and the French did not realize the seriousness of the challenge they faced until 1955, when the FLN moved into urbanized areas. An important watershed in the War of Independence was
4645:
was a notable contributor to the Revolution as a distributor of pamphlets for the FLN's underground newspaper. While most women's tasks were non-combatant, their less frequent, violent acts were more noticed. The reality was that "rural women in maquis
8527:
Meanwhile, Muslim villages were destroyed and whole populations forced to move to accommodate European farms and industry. As the pieds-noirs grew in number and status, the native Algerians, who had no nationality under French law, did not officially
3357:, CCE) formed the executive. The leadership of the regular FLN forces based in Tunisia and Morocco ("externals"), including Ben Bella, knew the conference was taking place but by chance or design on the part of the "internals" were unable to attend.
9618:
On 19 March 1962 Joxe ordered attempts by French officers to transfer Harkis and their families to France to cease, followed by a statement that "the Auxiliary troops landing in the Metropolis in deviation from the general plan will be sent back to
5190:
3203:
By 1955, effective political action groups within the Algerian colonial community succeeded in convincing many of the Governors General sent by Paris that the military was not the way to resolve the conflict. A major success was the conversion of
4314:, which no previous French government was willing to do. The army had been discredited by the putsch and kept a low profile politically throughout the rest of France's involvement with Algeria. The OAS was to be the main standard bearer for the
2681:
2680:
3681:
terrorist attacks with the aim of quashing any hopes of political compromise. But it seemed that, as in Indochina, "the French focused on developing native guerrilla groups that would fight against the FLN", one of whom fought in the Southern
2678:
2677:
2674:
6686:
The difficult relationship which France has with the period of history dominated by the Algerian war has been well documented. The reluctance, which ended only in 1999, to acknowledge 'les évenements' as a war, the shame over the fate of the
6945:
The Algerian Ministry of War Veterans calculates 152,863 Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) deaths (French sources), and although the death toll among Algerian civilians may never be accurately known estimate of 1,500,000 to 2,000,000 were
5436:, a career French civil servant was brought to trial for crimes against humanity for sending 1600 Jews from Bordeaux to be killed at Auschwitz in 1942, it emerged over the course of the trial that on 17 October 1961, Papon had organized a
2679:
3653:
stated, "The extent of these pseudo-operations appears to have been very limited both in time and scope. ... The most widespread use of pseudo type operations was during the 'Battle of Algiers' in 1957. The principal French employer of
3570:. In these places, the FLN established a simple but effective—although frequently temporary—military administration that was able to collect taxes and food and to recruit manpower. But it was never able to hold large, fixed positions.
2411:(OAS), an underground organization formed mainly from French military personnel supporting a French Algeria, which committed a large number of bombings and murders both in Algeria and in the homeland to stop the planned independence.
9575:
5339:, who wrote with unabashed admiration for French high command during the war and saw the FLN as a terrorist group. O'Ballance concluded that the tactics which won the war militarily for the French lost the war for them politically.
3926:
annually considered the Algerian question, and the FLN position was gaining support. France's seeming intransigence in settling a colonial war that tied down half the manpower of its armed forces was also a source of concern to its
7902:
The Algerian war for independence had lasted eight years. More than 8,000 villages had been destroyed in the fighting. Some three million people were displaced, and more than one million Algerians and some 10,000 colons lost their
7527:
Then, in 1962, came the FLN's victory in Algeria, a defining moment in the history of the Third Worldism, for the battle had lasted so long, had been so violent, and had been won by a movement so acutely aware of its international
7434:
SACRISTE Fabien, « Les « regroupements » de la guerre d'Algérie, des « villages stratégiques » ? », Critique internationale, 2018/2 (N° 79), p. 25-43. DOI : 10.3917/crii.079.0025. URL :
4925:
to flee into the Algerian hinterland, where many thousands died of starvation, disease, and exposure. One source estimates 300,000 Algerians civilians perished of starvation, depredation, and disease inside and outside the camps.
3411:(UN) to put diplomatic pressure on the French government to negotiate a cease-fire. In 1957, it became common knowledge in France that the French Army was routinely using torture to extract information from suspected FLN members.
12832:
3395:'s material and political assistance to the FLN, which some French analysts believed was the revolution's main sustenance. This attitude was a factor in persuading France to participate in the November 1956 attempt to seize the
4286:(MNA), which the FLN objected to. Since the FLN was the by far stronger movement with the MNA almost wiped out by this time, the French were finally forced to exclude the MNA from the talks after the FLN walked out for a time.
2536:, including massacres, mass rapes and other atrocities. Between 500,000 and 1,000,000, from approximately 3 million Algerians, were killed in the first three decades of the conquest. French losses from 1830 to 1851 were 3,336
12570:
12558:
2894:
calling on Muslims in Algeria to join in a national struggle for the "restoration of the Algerian state – sovereign, democratic and social – within the framework of the principles of Islam." It was the reaction of Premier
5468:
In response to the Ighilahriz case, General Paul Aussaresses gave an interview on 23 November 2000 in which he candidly admitted to ordering torture and extrajudicial executions and stated he had personally executed 24
4674:
was initially accused of being an accomplice to the bombing and was forced to flee from the colonial authorities. In September 1957, though, Drif and Saâdi were arrested and sentenced to twenty years hard labor in the
4517:. The French counter-strategy aimed to keep the conflict internal and strictly French to maintain its image abroad. The FLN succeeded, and the conflict rapidly became international, embroiled with the tensions of the
5511:
absence of sites in France to commemorate" the war. Furthermore, conflicts have arisen on an exact commemoration date to end the war. Although many sources as well as the French state place it on 19 March 1962, the
10483:
7502:
The Algerians' victory enabled the French to become free--free from their colonial charges, and free from the United States....... Although France was obviously eager to get out, it had to accept the terms of its
4180:
3532:
4665:
office in the Mauritania building in Algiers, which did not explode, one in a cafeteria on the Rue Michelet, and another at the Milk Bar Café, which killed 3 young women and injured multiple adults and children.
4013:
leaders who were imprisoned or transferred to other areas did not deter the French Algeria militants. Sent to prison in Paris and then paroled, Lagaillarde fled to Spain. There, with another French army officer,
5178:
3326:
population's rallying to the FLN. After Philippeville, Soustelle declared sterner measures and an all-out war began. In 1956, demonstrations by French Algerians caused the French government to not make reforms.
5677:, the repression in Algeria used the same methods. Following the Sétif massacres, other riots against the European presence occurred in Guelma, Batna, Biskra, and Kherrata that resulted in 103 deaths among the
2676:
3613:, SAS), created in 1955. The SAS's mission was to establish contact with the Muslim population and weaken nationalist influence in the rural areas by asserting the "French presence" there. SAS officers—called
3090:
3384:, and forced it to land in Algiers. Lacoste had the FLN external political leaders arrested and imprisoned for the duration of the war. This action caused the remaining rebel leaders to harden their stance.
3281:
3350:
4354:
de Gaulle to give up claims to the Sahara, the FLN organized demonstrations by Algerians living in France during the fall of 1961, which the French police crushed. At a demonstration on 17 October 1961,
4293:
in April 1961, aimed at canceling the government's negotiations with the FLN, marked the turning point in the official attitude toward the Algerian war. Leading the coup attempt to depose de Gaulle were
4229:
8327:
3985:
incorrectly believed that they would be supported by General Massu. The insurrection order was given by Colonel Jean Garde of the Fifth Bureau. As the army, police, and supporters stood by, civilian
2648:
Algeria was unique to France because unlike all other overseas possessions acquired by France during the 19th century, Algeria was considered and legally classified to be an integral part of France.
4366:
with a bomb in his apartment building; it failed to kill him, but left a four-year girl in the adjoining apartment blinded by shrapnel. The incident did much to turn French opinion against the OAS.
4324:
2388:
took place on 8 April 1962 and the French electorate approved the Évian Accords. The final result was 91% in favor of the ratification of this agreement and on 1 July, the Accords were subject to a
3609:
12546:
9198:
Total d'inscrits dans les 15 départements : 6.549.736 — Votants : 6.017.800 — Blancs ou nul : 25.565 — Suffrages exprimés : 5.992.115 — OUI : 5.975.581 — NON : 16.534
5331:
depicted the war as a reaction to intolerable oppression and/or an attempt by the peasants, impoverished by French policies, to improve their lot. One of the few military histories of the war was
12837:
8361:
4961:; this led to several disputes among his rivals in the FLN, which were quickly suppressed by Ben Bella's rapidly growing support, most notably within the armed forces. By September, Bella was in
10459:
3048:, who had made no move to cooperate in the uprising at the start, later tried to infiltrate the FLN, but FLN leaders publicly repudiated the support of the party. In April 1956, Abbas flew to
2715:
had the fifth read: "A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of
12565:
12553:
11702:
3060:
also threw the full weight of its prestige behind the FLN. Bendjelloul and the pro-integrationist moderates had already abandoned their efforts to mediate between the French and the rebels.
9787:
It was undeniably and horribly savage , bringing death to an estimated one million Muslim Algerians and the expulsion from their homes of approximately the same number of European settlers.
9571:
4401:
community and their former protectors in the French Army. An OAS ambush of French troops on 20 March was followed by 20,000 gendarmes and soldiers being ordered to occupy the predominantly-
2246:
10328:
3208:, who went to Algeria as governor general in January 1955 determined to restore peace. Soustelle, a one-time leftist and by 1955 an ardent Gaullist, began an ambitious reform program (the
3182:, capital punishment for political crimes, denunciation of all separatists, and most ominously, a call for 'tit-for-tat' reprisal operations by police, military, and para-military forces.
9441:
7061:
264:
4714:
accounted for 13% of the total population of Algeria in 1962. For the sake of clarity, each group's exodus is described separately here, although their fate shared many common elements.
2918:(pro-Independence fighters) could be counted at the beginning of the conflict. The Algerian population radicalized itself in particular because of the terrorist acts of French-sponsored
7552:
During this war of independence, Algeria was at the center of world politics. The FLN's victory made the country one of the most prominent in the Third World during the 1960s and 1970s.
5318:
population fleeing to France, usually with only the clothes they were wearing, as they had lost everything they had in Algeria, a circumstance further embarrassing the defeated nation.
4009:
Most of the Army heeded his call, and the siege of Algiers ended on 1 February with Lagaillarde surrendering to General Challe's command of the French Army in Algeria. The loss of many
12614:
7323:
6471:
15598:
12541:
10553:
3835:
1263:
4756:
or Berber Jews. The Maghrebi Jewish population was outnumbered by the Sephardic Jews, who were driven out of Spain in 1492, and was further strengthened by Marrano refugees from the
10867:
6836:
5709:
4637:
the remaining eighty percent, due to their geographic location in respect to the operations of FLN often became involved in the conflict as a result of proximity paired with force.
3897:
3795:. General Salan assumed leadership of a Committee of Public Safety formed to replace the civil authority and pressed the junta's demands that de Gaulle be named by French president
1453:
4965:
control of Algeria and was elected premier in a one-sided election on September 20, and was recognised by the U.S. on September 29. Algeria was admitted as the 109th member of the
4358:
ordered an attack that became a massacre of Algerians. On 10 January 1962, the FLN started a "general offensive" to pressure the OAS in Algeria, staging a series of attacks on the
2719:
the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined." Some Algerian intellectuals, dubbed
11795:
4748:
population as well, which likewise emigrated after 1962. Europeans arrived in Algeria as immigrants from all over the western Mediterranean (particularly France, Spain, Italy and
4474:
At the beginning of the war, on the Algerian side, it was necessary to compensate for military weakness with political and diplomatic struggle. In the asymmetric conflict between
5530:
Alongside a heated debate in France, the February 23, 2005, law had the effect of jeopardising the treaty of friendship that President Chirac was supposed to sign with President
3596:
for the first time in a ground attack role in order to pursue and destroy fleeing FLN guerrilla units. The American military later used the same helicopter combat methods in the
3088:
operation in Algeria, and Messali Hadj's movement lost what weak influence it had had there. However, the MNA retained the support of many Algerian workers in France through the
5432:
the French Resistance that was not done by "certain French officers in Algeria" who, Vergès noted, could not be prosecuted because of de Gaulle's amnesty of 1962. In 1997, when
4509:
was also underdeveloped, having only 3,000 men badly equipped and trained, unable to compete with the French army. The nationalist forces also suffered from internal divisions.
3321:/region, however, decided a drastic escalation was needed. The killing by the FLN and its supporters of 123 people, including 71 French, including old women and babies, shocked
9676:
4917:
to French repression; and estimates an additional to 50,000 to 150,000 democides committed by Algerian independence fighters. 6,000 to 20,000 Algerians were killed in the 1945
18483:
12266:
1143:
470,000 troops (maximum reached and maintained by the French military from 1956 to 1962) or 700,000 men (it is unclear whether the latter estimate includes the Harkis or not)
17110:
16933:
9238:
Frank, Robert (2012). "L'arme secrète du FLN. Comment de Gaulle a perdu la guerre d'Algérie, de Matthew Connelly. Paris, Payot, traduit de l'anglais par François Bouillot".
5649:
After having denied or downplayed its use for 40 years, France has finally recognized its history of torture, but there was never an official proclamation about it. General
5031:, which started in 1830. Atrocities committed against Algerians by the French army during the war included indiscriminate shootings into civilian crowds (such as during the
3932:
Gaulle's statement might be accepted as a basis for settlement, but the French government refused to recognize the GPRA as the representative of Algeria's Muslim community.
2675:
8440:
4430:
screamed that they were not French anymore. One woman screamed "Stop firing! My God, we're French..." before she was shot down. The massacre served to greatly embitter the
12786:
12475:
4245:
2761:
The North African Star broke from the Communist Party in 1928, before being dissolved in 1929 at Paris's demand. Amid growing discontent from the Algerian population, the
10475:
9646:
6873:
Martin S. Alexander; Martin Evans; J. F. V. Keiger (2002). "The 'War without a Name', the French Army and the Algerians: Recovering Experiences, Images and Testimonies".
4850:) or as irregulars (harkis and moghaznis). Some estimates suggest that, with their families, the indigenous Muslim loyalists may have numbered as many as 1 million.
4796:
chose to remain, but most of those gradually left in the 1960s and 1970s, primarily due to residual hostility against them, including machine-gunning of public places in
4278:
on 8 January 1961, which 75% of the voters (both in France and Algeria) approved and de Gaulle's government began secret peace negotiations with the FLN. In the Algerian
4044:
3905:
we are, in my opinion, defending the West's freedom. We are here ambassadors, Crusaders, who are hanging on in order to still be able to talk and to be able to speak for.
7410:
9549:
7175:
5310:
started to become willing to talk about the war and, even then, remained very guarded about his role. Likewise, de Gaulle had promised in the Évian Agreements that the
12602:
5519:
took place later. Stora further points out, "The phase of memorial reconciliation between the two sides of the sea is still a long way off." That was evidenced by the
5133:
denounced it, following Aussaresses's revelations and, before his death, pronounced himself in favor of an official condemnation of the use of torture during the war.
4909:
citing Gilert Meyinier implies at least 55,000 to up to 60,000 non-Harki Algerian civilians were killed during the conflict without specifying which side killed them.
1443:
12781:
12619:
5703:
2513:
of Algiers. By early 1830 however, the real motive was to distract and assuage with a foreign conquest French opinion hostile to the increasingly authoritarian king.
12626:
10019:
7939:
4410:
4040:
3779:
After his time as governor general, Soustelle returned to France to organize support for de Gaulle's return to power, while retaining close ties to the army and the
12607:
8193:
8108:
7362:
7035:
3145:
who became the FLN's leading political theorist, provided a sophisticated intellectual justification for the use of violence in achieving national liberation. From
12291:
7976:
5473:. He argued that they were justified, as torture and extrajudicial executions were the only way to defeat the FLN. In May 2001, Aussaresses published his memoirs,
4381:
The OAS started a campaign of spectacular terrorist attacks to sabotage the Évian Accords, hoping that if enough Muslims were killed, a general pogrom against the
7219:
4123:, Algeria, directed by Colonel Marcel Bigeard. The French army officers' uprising was due to a perceived second betrayal by the government, the first having been
4000:
In Paris on 29 January 1960, de Gaulle called on his ineffective army to remain loyal and rallied popular support for his Algerian policy in a televised address:
5940:
5262:
3028:
The FLN uprising presented nationalist groups with the question of whether to adopt armed revolt as the main course of action. During the first year of the war,
1463:
1458:
5681:. The suppression of the riots officially saw 1,500 other deaths, but N. Bancel, P. Blanchard and S. Lemaire estimate the number to be between 6,000 and 8,000.
5440:
in central Paris, which was the first time that most French had ever heard of the massacre. The revelation that hundreds of people had been killed by the Paris
11934:
7952:
From 1957 to 1960 more than two million Algerians were thus relocated, leaving behind their houses. crops, and livestock, and over 800 villages were destroyed.
7755:
7391:"The Migration of Jews from Algeria to France: An Opportunity for French Jews to Recover Their Independence in the Face of American Judaism in Postwar France?"
5626:
4275:
1893:
1256:
7058:"Déclaration de M. Emmanuel Macron, président de la République, sur le 60ème anniversaire des accords d'Évian et la guerre d'Algérie, à Paris le 19 mars 2022"
5166:
3489:
and also to plant bombs in public places. The most notable instance was the Battle of Algiers, which began on September 30, 1956, when three women, including
3419:, declared in an edition on 13 March 1957: "From now on, Frenchman must know that they don't have the right to condemn in the same terms as ten years ago the
15784:
11961:
8388:
6893:
1473:
10419:
Guerre d'Algérie: Mgr Joseph Doré et Marc Lienhard réagissent aux déclarations du général Bigeard justifiant la pratique de la torture par l'armée française
7581:
4036:
3709:), which consisted of an electrified fence, barbed wire, and mines over a 320-kilometer stretch of the Tunisian border. Despite ruthless clashes during the
15215:
13775:
12769:
11849:
4394:
against de Gaulle were only "...the traditional verbal excesses of third-rate firebrands without a substantial following and without a constructive idea".
3969:
2755:
2582:
of 14 July 1865. It allowed Muslims to apply for full French citizenship, a measure that few took since it involved renouncing the right to be governed by
1468:
1428:
802:
17:
10514:
3078:(MNA), which advocated a policy of violent revolution and total independence similar to that of the FLN, but aimed to compete with that organisation. The
13426:
12282:
11707:
11640:
8978:
5736:
3650:
3334:
1958:
1448:
1438:
12774:
8357:
5907:
5784:
5641:) was a factor of criminality" (sic). Following outcries, the definitive version of the report finally made bilingualism an asset, rather than a fault.
5223:"Gégène", a device used by the French forces to generate electricity; electrodes would then be attached to the victim's body parts for electric torture.
3989:
threw up barricades in the streets and seized government buildings. General Maurice Challe, responsible for the army in Algeria, declared Algiers under
3485:
To increase international and domestic French attention to their struggle, the FLN decided to bring the conflict to the cities and to call a nationwide
770:
18187:
15263:
12259:
5882:
5100:
754:
736:
12480:
11061:
5306:
Minister from 1955 to 1957, when he had been deeply involved in the repression of the FLN, and it was only after Mitterrand's death in 1996, that his
5113:. The French national psyche would not tolerate any parallels between their experiences of occupation and their colonial mastery of Algeria." General
914:
18503:
11334:
11041:
10350:
8121:
Within the first three decades, the French military massacred between half a million to one million from approximately three million Algerian people.
7439:
6039:
6029:
5766:
5421:, the slum districts in which most Algerian immigrants in France live, reading: "Barbie in France! When will Massu be in Algeria!". Barbie's lawyer,
4929:
3449:, native of Algiers, tried unsuccessfully to persuade both sides to at least leave civilians alone, writing editorials against the use of torture in
2785:(Algerian People's Party, PPA), which, no longer espoused full independence but only extensive autonomy. This new party was dissolved in 1939. Under
2445:
1249:
8414:
4385:
would break out, leading the French Army to turn its guns against the government. Despite ample provocation with OAS lobbing mortar shells into the
18463:
16918:
16445:
15195:
13650:
4570:
After the Battle of Algiers greatly weakened the FLN, it was forced to accept more direct support from abroad. Financial and military support from
4048:
3501:. The FLN carried out shootings and bombings in the spring of 1957, resulting in civilian casualties and a crushing response from the authorities.
3064:
786:
513:
10968:
10928:
Rapport préliminaire de la commission prévention du groupe d'études parlementaire sur la sécurité intérieure – Sur la prévention de la délinquance
5137:
3662:
branch. "The Fifth Bureau" made extensive use of 'turned' FLN members, one such network being run by Captain Paul-Alain Leger of the 10th Paras. "
858:
14762:
10320:
8645:
5141:
4928:
In addition, large numbers of Harkis were murdered when the FLN settled accounts after independence, with 30,000 to 150,000 killed in Algeria in
4583:
4461:
community, had joined the exodus. Despite the declaration of independence on 5 July 1962, the last French forces did not leave the naval base of
4282:
69.51% voted in favor of self-determination. The talks that began in March 1961 broke down when de Gaulle insisted on including the much smaller
4233:
4192:
4188:
4184:
3858:
2900:
2140:
2033:
13907:
10446:
10374:
9998:
9437:
7057:
5117:
admitted in 2000 that systematic torture techniques were used during the war and justified them. He also recognized the assassination of lawyer
1169:
140,000 to 152,863 FLN soldiers killed (including 12,000 internal purges and 4,300 Algerians from the FLN and MNA killed in metropolitan France)
18513:
17004:
14513:
14322:
5144:, president of the Lutheran Church of Augsbourg Confession in Alsace-Lorraine, and others. In June 2000, Bigeard declared that he was based in
3174:
and other Algerian cities. After a series of bloody, random massacres and bombings by Muslim Algerians in several towns and cities, the French
10421:
9267:"La Guerre d'Algérie, facteur de changement du système international" de Jeffrey James Byrne dans Histoire de l'Algérie à la période coloniale
7319:
6312:
by Nicole Garcia (2010). About the adult lives of two children who survive the siege of Oran. The title translates to, "Balcony on the Ocean".
4183:(FNAF, National Front for French Algeria) was created in June 1960 in Paris, gathering around de Gaulle's former Secretary Jacques Soustelle,
3633:
were mostly used in conventional formations, either in all-Algerian units commanded by French officers or in mixed units. Other uses included
2789:, the French State attempted to abrogate the Crémieux Decree to suppress the Jews' French citizenship, but the measure was never implemented.
18217:
17664:
17265:
12252:
12244:
11241:
10930:
8911:
8838:
8817:
7100:
2174:
450:
12013:
10537:
2613:
Prior to 1870, fewer than 200 demands were registered by Muslims and 152 by Jewish Algerians. The 1865 decree was then modified by the 1870
18538:
17505:
17376:
16994:
11098:
11053:
10833:
9946:
Reports of French soldiers, especially members from the French Legion, cutting up pregnant women's bellies were not uncommon during the war
6231:(2005). Adapted from a novel by Claude Sales on the presence of Muslim soldiers in the French Army. The title translates to, "The Treason".
5847:
4127:(1947–1954). In some aspects the Dien Bien Phu garrison was sacrificed with no metropolitan support, order was given to commanding officer
2281:
2240:
2179:
534:
13496:
13486:
10057:
8545:
6828:
4969:
on October 8, 1962. Afterward, Ben Bella declared that Algeria would follow a neutral course in world politics; within a week he met with
3178:
and urban French population began to demand that the French government engage in sterner countermeasures, including the proclamation of a
17085:
16968:
15855:
11422:
10639:
10281:
10234:
10106:
9714:
3880:
From 1958 to 1959, the French army won military control in Algeria and was the closest it would be to victory. In late July 1959, during
2837:, was determined not to lose the next colonial war, particularly in its oldest and nearest major colony, which was regarded as a part of
2740:, spearheaded the resistance against the French in the first half of the 20th century and was a member of the directing committee of the
2096:
2023:
11800:
7889:
7781:
6749:
4426:
by fire. Crumpled French flags were lying in pools of blood. Shattered glass and spent cartridges were everywhere". A number of shocked
4064:
3627:, who eventually numbered about 180,000 volunteers, more than the FLN activists, were an ideal instrument of counterinsurgency warfare.
3102:", resulting in nearly 5,000 deaths, were waged in France between the two rebel groups throughout the years of the War of Independence.
18172:
17600:
16958:
6922:
5241:
During the first two and a half years of the conflict, the guerrillas killed an estimated 6,352 Muslim and 1,035 non-Muslim civilians.
3670:
3033:
2809:
12517:
11536:
9489:
5554:
4752:), starting in 1830. The Jews arrived in several waves, some coming as early as 600 BC and during the Roman period, known as the
4139:
3791:
with sympathetic Gaullists. An army junta under General Massu seized power in Algiers on the night of May 13, thereafter known as the
18167:
17047:
12192:
10402:
10022:
9668:
5621:
in the outskirts of Lyon. It is impossible to understand the third-generation of Algerian immigrants to France without recalling the
3314:) in August 1955. Before this operation, FLN policy was to attack only military and government-related targets. The commander of the
3170:), many of whom lived on lands taken from Muslim communities during the nineteenth century, sold their holdings and sought refuge in
13897:
3757:, appeared to have suppressed major rebel resistance, but political developments had already overtaken the French Army's successes.
2389:
18297:
18227:
18192:
16999:
15032:
13710:
12883:
7847:
5590:
explaining to students what colonization has been. We have prevented students from understanding why the decolonization took place.
4556:
4505:
Furthermore, the FLN was weak militarily at the beginning of the war. It was created in 1954 and had few members, and its ally the
2509:
activities and their ransoming of Christian captives and slaves, and the refusal of Marseilles merchants to pay their debts to the
9422:
Vince, Natalya "Transgressing Boundaries: Gender, Race, Religion and 'Fracaises Musulmannes during Algerian War of Independence."
8975:"Declaration on the Right to Insubordination in the War in Algeria by 121 French citizens - Manifeste des 121, transl. in English"
3716:
18488:
18157:
17248:
16435:
15079:
13419:
12917:
12806:
12631:
11653:
10902:
10600:
8692:
8436:
4157:
3865:
and based in Tunis. Before the referendum, Abbas lobbied for international support for the GPRA, which was quickly recognized by
2667:
2164:
1604:
518:
12440:
11971:
11513:
7290:
7256:
5157:
84-year-old man." Bigeard also recognized that Larbi Ben M'Hidi was assassinated and that his death was disguised as a suicide.
4438:
2385:
2372:
and several other cities in favor of independence (1960) and a United Nations resolution recognizing the right to independence,
17669:
16928:
15200:
11563:
9638:
9409:
Turshen, Meredith. "Algerian Women in the Liberation Struggle and the Civil War: From Active Participants to Passive Victims".
7588:
6461:
2053:
13765:
7390:
5501:, one of the leading historians on the war, memories concerning the war remain fragmented, with no common ground to speak of:
4563:
internationally recognized the FLN as representing Algeria; and Third-World countries brought up the Algerian conflict at the
3188:
vigilante units, whose unauthorized activities were conducted with the passive cooperation of police authorities, carried out
17396:
17334:
17180:
16923:
14858:
14545:
14523:
12940:
12078:
11978:
11477:
11432:
11411:
11373:
11344:
11251:
11219:
11200:
11181:
10845:
10695:
10176:
10136:
10042:
9969:
9912:
9810:
9780:
9753:
9541:
9155:
9122:
8761:
8678:
8300:
8156:
8102:
8075:
7883:
7674:
7545:
7520:
7495:
7167:
7029:
6743:
6679:
6650:
6619:
6574:
5901:
5838:
5815:
5713:
5691:
5489:
to act with resolution in order to protect themselves against their enemies, they deliberately chose an authoritarian path."
3840:
17795:
15946:
10956:
10091:
2773:
in 1936, which was supposed to enlighten the Indigenous Code by giving French citizenship to a small number of Muslims. The
17835:
15765:
15690:
15350:
14950:
13912:
13133:
12066:
12030:
10577:"Internement, emprisonnement et guerre d'indépendance algérienne en métropole : l'exemple du camp de Thol (1958-1965)"
8274:
8233:
6056:
4865:
were seen as traitors by many Algerians, and many of those who stayed behind suffered severe reprisals after independence.
4142:
student trade-union to the participation of conscripts in the war led to a secession in May 1960, with the creation of the
3710:
3353:(Conseil National de la Révolution Algérienne, CNRA), within which the five-man Committee of Coordination and Enforcement (
3057:
1373:
9182:
7814:
6581:
The death knell of the French empire was sounded by the bitterly fought Algerian war of independence, which ended in 1962.
18478:
18207:
18152:
17428:
17199:
17105:
16963:
15370:
14503:
12105:
6493:
6066:
5481:
called that a moment of "catharsis" that was "explainable only in near-French terms: it is the return of the repressed".
5023:
Algerian submerged in water and tortured by the French army using electricity, while two tires serve as containers (1961)
4650:
support networks" contained the overwhelming majority of those who participated; female combatants were in the minority.
4479:
2813:
2313:
2028:
1951:
1433:
184:
14612:
14540:
12597:
9004:
7973:
7751:
5775:
Derradji, Abder-Rahmane, The Algerian Guerrilla Campaign Strategy & Tactics, The Edwin Mellen Press, New York, 1997.
3574:
using units under their command to settle old scores and engage in private wars against military rivals within the FLN.
3513:
and where all authority was under the military, created doubt in France about its role in Algeria. What was originally "
18147:
17052:
16405:
15500:
14478:
14363:
14317:
14312:
14258:
13780:
13583:
13412:
13118:
12955:
12110:
9524:
9472:
8851:
8020:
7701:
7199:
6923:"Why a War Without a Name May Need One: Policy-Based Application of International Humanitarian Law in the Algerian War"
6887:
4948:
4506:
4345:
onto the Sahara, which happened to be rich in oil and gas, while the FLN claimed all of Algeria. During the talks, the
4144:
3607:
The French army resumed an important role in local Algerian administration through the Special Administration Section (
3080:
3017:
3002:
2818:
2808:
of May 8, 1945, when the French Army and pieds-noirs mobs killed between 6,000 and 30,000 Algerians, Abbas founded the
2135:
2085:
11015:
6083:, which was critically acclaimed for its sense of historical authenticity and cast who had lived through the real war.
4653:
Perhaps the most famous incident involving Algerian women revolutionaries was the Milk Bar Café bombing of 1956, when
2601:
2380:
of the Fifth Republic, decided to open a series of negotiations with the FLN. These concluded with the signing of the
259:
18473:
18289:
18212:
17386:
17317:
17168:
16137:
15700:
14970:
14911:
14009:
13807:
13379:
13030:
12896:
12699:
12318:
12061:
12051:
11839:
11834:
11774:
11128:
10672:
10633:
10228:
10201:
9939:
9882:
9499:
9378:
8337:
8187:
7933:
7728:
7647:
7620:
7462:
7356:
7150:
7129:
7094:
7002:
6783:
6716:
5985:
5973:
5876:
5653:
was sentenced following his justification of the use of torture for "apology of war crimes". As they occurred during
4771:
numbered 1,025,000 (85% of European Christian descent, and 15% were made up of the indigenous Algerian population of
4595:
4200:
3361:
3265:
2985:
2414:
The war caused the deaths of between 400,000 and 1.5 million Algerians, 25,600 French soldiers, and 6,000 Europeans.
1323:
14708:
2423:
18077:
18069:
17733:
17322:
17226:
15840:
15835:
15330:
15293:
15022:
14468:
14191:
14046:
13892:
13770:
13715:
13578:
12811:
11663:
11453:
8777:
Alexander, Martin S.; Kieger, J. F. V. (2002). "France and the Algerian War: Strategy, Operations, and Diplomacy".
8511:
3833:
and the professional military, disaffected by the indecisiveness of previous governments, with his exclamation of "
3799:
to head a government of national unity invested with extraordinary powers to prevent the "abandonment of Algeria".
2274:
1745:
1552:
1520:
15518:
15380:
15064:
8384:
6874:
6336:
5055:. Torture methods included beatings, mutilations, burning, hanging by the feet or hands, torture by electroshock,
4857:
took refuge in France, despite French government policy against this. Pierre Messmer, Minister of the Armies, and
4369:
On 20 February 1962, a peace accord was reached granting independence to all of Algeria. In their final form, the
18523:
18468:
17346:
17138:
17078:
16560:
15941:
15870:
15770:
15648:
15420:
15410:
14997:
14384:
12970:
12176:
12056:
11881:
11261:
LeJeune, John (July 2019). "Revolutionary Terror and Nation-Building: Frantz Fanon and the Algerian Revolution".
8046:
7592:
6118:
5417:, the "Butcher of Lyon", was brought to trial for crimes against humanity, graffiti appeared on the walls of the
5257:
Although the opening of the archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs after a 30-year lock-up enabled some new
5009:
4564:
4024:
3823:
3472:
2419:
2406:
2193:
2159:
1690:
297:
17815:
15335:
15222:
15210:
12950:
11939:
5625:
experience. An official parliamentary report on the "prevention of criminality", commanded by Interior Minister
3857:
De Gaulle's initiative threatened the FLN with decreased support among Muslims. In reaction, the FLN set up the
2830:
had strong sympathy for the Vietnamese fighting against France and took up their experience to support the ALN.
2101:
18528:
18508:
18237:
17999:
17593:
15991:
15760:
15340:
15242:
14975:
14419:
14414:
13012:
12816:
12295:
11812:
10964:
10506:
10087:
9844:
Githens-Mazer, Jonathan (2009). "The Blowback of Repression and the Dynamics of North African Radicalization".
7021:
Judging War Crimes and Torture: French Justice and International Criminal Tribunals and Commissions (1940-2005)
6642:
Judging War Crimes And Torture: French Justice And International Criminal Tribunals And Commissions (1940–2005)
5285:("the dirty war"), a term that is still used today and reflects the very negative memory of the war in France.
5249:
4830:(soldier), were indigenous Muslim Algerians (as opposed to European-descended Catholics or indigenous Algerian
3247:
3164:
As the FLN campaign of influence spread through the countryside, many European farmers in the interior (called
2967:
2887:
2855:
2689:
Both Muslim and European Algerians took part in World War II and fought for France. Algerian Muslims served as
2233:
2154:
100:
38:
15660:
15390:
14901:
14673:
12274:
10989:
8974:
8437:"Colonial Empires after the War/Decolonization | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)"
5545:
Another matter concerns the teaching of the war as well as of colonialism and decolonization, particularly in
5534:, which was no longer on the agenda. Following that controversial law, Bouteflika has talked about a cultural
5298:
3742:
the French tried to gain support from the civilian population by providing money, jobs and housing to farmers
3075:
18533:
18518:
18498:
16938:
15953:
15906:
15670:
15593:
15325:
14004:
13957:
13947:
13932:
13755:
13548:
13543:
13538:
13456:
13207:
13123:
13017:
12333:
12328:
12323:
12234:
12073:
11296:
10034:
4957:
quickly became more popular and thereby more powerful. In June 1962, he challenged the leadership of Premier
4052:
3993:, but forbade the troops to fire on the insurgents. Nevertheless, six rioters were killed during shooting on
3243:
3200:
being a racist term for denigrating Muslim Algerians) against suspected FLN members of the Muslim community.
3179:
3161:
community acceptable to the French through whom a compromise or reforms within the system might be achieved.
2963:
1556:
17805:
17785:
17765:
17478:
15385:
15094:
15017:
14688:
10038:
2332:
between the different communities and within the communities. The war took place mainly on the territory of
539:
18182:
18142:
18132:
17681:
15971:
15931:
15901:
15850:
15710:
15628:
15624:
15495:
15425:
15190:
15007:
14773:
14668:
14600:
14196:
13942:
13862:
13745:
13593:
13174:
13096:
13045:
12876:
12171:
8779:
8470:
8385:"The Time-Honored Friendship: A History of Vietnamese-Algerian Relations (1946-2015) Relations (1946-2015)"
8283:
8242:
6166:
5314:
could remain in Algeria, but after independence, the FLN freely violated the accords and led to the entire
4196:
2440:
between French and Algerian authorities declared that no actions could be taken against them. However, the
2203:
1353:
281:
17698:
14221:
11723:
7436:
7283:"STATISTICS OF DEMOCIDE Chapter 14 THE HORDE OF CENTI-KILO MURDERERS Estimates, Calculations, And Sources"
7249:"STATISTICS OF DEMOCIDE Chapter 14 THE HORDE OF CENTI-KILO MURDERERS Estimates, Calculations, And Sources"
5035:), execution of civilians when rebel attacks occurred, bombings of villages suspected of helping the FLN,
4918:
4582:
intensified moral support for the Algerian rebellion, which in turn pushed the USA to react. In 1958, the
2805:
2661:
2002:
18307:
18137:
18127:
16943:
16415:
16410:
16127:
15805:
15533:
15278:
15237:
15181:
15084:
14965:
14923:
14828:
14353:
14307:
13872:
13842:
13353:
13236:
12997:
12647:
12371:
11291:
8410:
8006:
6316:
6155:
4513:
all the more necessary since Algeria, unlike other colonies, had been formally incorporated as a part of
3733:
program was followed, more than 2 million Algerians were removed from their villages, mostly in the
3342:
2544:
2505:
and his ministers in January 1830. An invasion had already been discussed in 1827 in part in reaction to
2267:
2227:
1490:
9315:
A diplomatic revolution : Algeria's fight for independence and the origins of the post-cold war era
5269:(The Algerian War According to the Documents), many remain inaccessible. The recognition in 1999 by the
1039:
18278:
18271:
18202:
17881:
17643:
17567:
17423:
17071:
16780:
16001:
15986:
15976:
15830:
15430:
14918:
14721:
14488:
14051:
14014:
13962:
13857:
13837:
13832:
13812:
13623:
13528:
13273:
13197:
13113:
12714:
12640:
12452:
12424:
12355:
12117:
11603:
11598:
11556:
9335:"L'action internationale du FLN" of Jeffrey James Byrne in Histoire de l'Algérie à la période coloniale
8947:
6592:"The French defeat in the war effectively signaled the end of the French Empire". Jo McCormack (2010).
6476:
5520:
5270:
5129:, who called FLN activists "savages", claimed torture was a "necessary evil". To the contrary, General
3994:
3940:
3420:
3098:
of Algerian Workers). The FLN also established a strong organization in France to oppose the MNA. The "
2781:
2517:
2484:
1946:
1388:
1368:
196:
11696:
11386:
On genocide.: And a summary of the evidence and the judgments of the International War Crimes Tribunal
6657:
The independence of Algeria in 1962, after a long and bitter war, marked the end of the French Empire.
3915:
During this period in France, however, popular opposition to the conflict was growing, notably in the
1992:
18431:
18232:
18122:
18019:
17708:
17686:
17586:
17309:
17243:
17009:
16885:
16830:
16650:
15638:
15345:
14906:
14518:
14435:
14181:
14146:
14141:
13852:
13700:
13143:
13040:
13002:
12719:
12446:
12202:
11996:
11886:
11854:
10371:
9988:
9817:
Alistair Horne estimates one million Algerians and twenty thousand French were casualties of the war.
6450:
5524:
4619:
4603:
4080:
3976:
3854:
electoral rolls to participate in a referendum to be held on the new constitution in September 1958.
3766:
3460:
2560:
2525:
2363:
with a strengthened presidency. The brutality of the methods employed by the French forces failed to
1378:
146:
12434:
8215:
7344:
5370:
attacked Horne as an "apologist for terrorism" and accused him of engaging in the "cosy pieties" of
5273:
permitted the Algerian War to enter the syllabi of French schools. In France, the war was known as "
2563:. Many French and other Europeans (Spanish, Italians, Maltese and others) later settled in Algeria.
17740:
17483:
16635:
16202:
15465:
15355:
15109:
14653:
13258:
12912:
12677:
12592:
12505:
12343:
12122:
11891:
11748:
11620:
10418:
10358:
10054:
9874:
Genocide, Ethnonationalism, and the United Nations: Exploring the Causes of Mass Killing Since 1945
9542:"Reality and Representation of Algerian Women: The Complex Dynamic of Heroines and Repressed Women"
8737:
6860:
Genocide, Ethnonationalism, and the United Nations: Exploring the Causes of Mass Killing Since 1945
6328:
5238:, while children had been murdered by slitting their throats or banging their heads against walls.
4667:
3968:
staged an insurrection in the Algerian capital starting on 24 January 1960, and known in France as
3041:
2872:(guerrillas) attacked military and civilian targets throughout Algeria in what became known as the
2860:
1383:
1303:
716:
706:
208:
75:
16375:
14176:
10938:
10927:
8907:
8857:
7487:
A Diplomatic Revolution: Algeria's Fight for Independence and the Origins of the Post-cold War Era
7084:
6007:
5630:
4594:, this strategy of internationalization became a model for other revolutionary groups such as the
4161:
3922:
International pressure was also building on France to grant Algeria independence. Since 1955, the
2746:
18393:
18312:
18097:
15865:
15810:
15795:
15735:
15543:
15523:
15283:
14960:
14565:
14151:
14136:
13937:
13817:
13248:
13217:
13101:
13081:
12925:
12869:
12682:
12458:
11824:
11608:
8476:
6357:
5036:
5019:
4985:
4642:
3889:
3303:
3236:
2956:
2770:
2488:
2253:
2149:
1975:
1963:
1738:
1650:
1646:
1358:
1308:
1293:
17458:
17401:
14768:
11292:"The Impossible Republic: The Reconquest of Algeria and the Decolonization of France, 1945–1962"
10830:
10774:
Brett, Michael (1994). "Anglo-Saxon Attitudes: The Algerian War of Independence in Retrospect".
8148:
4981:
2896:
2444:
in particular, having served as auxiliaries with the French army, were regarded as traitors and
1674:
17820:
17526:
17364:
17329:
17260:
17238:
16655:
16159:
15553:
15227:
14703:
14463:
14458:
14251:
13987:
13435:
13331:
13106:
12731:
12470:
12388:
12143:
11896:
11861:
11756:
9712:« Mémoire et histoire de la guerre d'Algérie, de part et d'autre de la Méditerranée »
9209:
Eberhart, George M. "Biblio-Philately: Libraries and Librarians on World Postage Stamps."
8753:
8741:
8542:
6267:
6254:
6238:
5566:
5437:
5307:
5032:
4934:
4891:
4261:
4237:
3916:
3811:
3772:
3642:
3307:
3009:
2766:
2741:
2704:
2473:
2450:
2356:
2169:
2043:
1970:
1413:
1408:
1338:
681:
597:
455:
226:
150:
141:
16865:
13827:
12672:
10625:
Small Wars, Faraway Places - Global Insurrection and the Making of the Modern World, 1945-1965
10623:
10278:
10218:
9959:
9929:
9902:
9872:
9711:
9147:
9140:
8063:
7923:
7720:
Les accords d'Evian (1962): Succès ou échec de la réconciliation franco-algérienne (1954–2012)
7664:
7485:
6669:
6609:
5716:
archives, see also Benjamin Stora's warning about the conditions of creation of these images).
4744:), who had resided in Algeria for generations; it is sometimes used to include the indigenous
4499:
3114:
1298:
1210:
250,000–300,000 (including 55,000 to 250,000 civilians) Algerian casualties (French estimate)
362:
18458:
18378:
18112:
18107:
17984:
17964:
17775:
17745:
17488:
17281:
17255:
16890:
16174:
16169:
15936:
15825:
15780:
15740:
15675:
15619:
15538:
15320:
15134:
15012:
14930:
14838:
14803:
14713:
14658:
14555:
14396:
14086:
13705:
13603:
13598:
13128:
13086:
12736:
12511:
12412:
12394:
12382:
12223:
12001:
11549:
11024:
10704:
10662:
10538:"France may have apologised for atrocities in Algeria, but the war still casts a long shadow"
9800:
9745:
9739:
8552:
8495:
8177:
8094:
Phases of Terrorism in the Age of Globalization: From Christopher Columbus to Osama bin Laden
8092:
8034:
8015:
7873:
7777:
7718:
7637:
7535:
7510:
7346:
7019:
6733:
6640:
6075:
5581:. Indeed, the Algerian War is not even the subject of a specific chapter in the textbook for
4741:
4684:
4128:
4110:
4076:
4072:
4019:
3861:(Gouvernement Provisoire de la République Algérienne, GPRA), a government-in-exile headed by
3659:
3588:
2762:
2521:
2360:
1900:
1591:
1418:
1333:
1328:
242:
156:
12376:
11339:. Cambridge Middle East studies. Cambridge, UK ; New York: Cambridge University Press.
10906:
10447:"Le témoignage de cette femme est un tissu de mensonges. Tout est faux, c'est une manoeuvre"
6937:
6594:
6564:
6215:
3873:, China, and several other African, Arab, and Asian countries, but not by the Soviet Union.
18413:
18383:
18343:
18338:
18242:
18117:
17954:
17270:
17204:
16430:
16197:
16052:
16006:
15921:
15916:
15715:
15614:
15563:
15558:
15450:
15405:
15360:
15298:
15129:
15104:
15054:
14982:
14896:
14746:
14348:
14327:
14076:
13999:
13967:
13695:
13533:
13466:
13278:
13263:
13253:
13222:
13138:
13091:
13035:
13007:
12985:
12704:
12493:
12464:
12313:
12018:
11929:
11645:
11363:
9770:
8749:
6482:
6302:
6143:
6114:
6089:
5531:
5385:
In 1992, American historian John Ruedy, the focus of whose research was the history of the
5208:
5149:
4958:
4761:
4486:
remained largely unreported, especially by the French press (only two newspaper columns in
3965:
3738:
3315:
3021:
2657:
2606:
2567:
2364:
2018:
1709:
1343:
1024:
11143:
Bradby, David (October 1994). "Images of the Algerian War on the French Stage 1988-1992".
10399:
10270:
10110:
7983:
and Pierre Daum's "The Last Taboo: Harkis Who Stayed in Algeria After 1962". November 2017
7691:
5666:
4740:(literally "black foot") is a term used to name the European-descended population (mostly
4212:
4208:
3412:
3013:
8:
18493:
18403:
17760:
17693:
17531:
17275:
17209:
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16790:
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16685:
16548:
16345:
16229:
16144:
16032:
15885:
15880:
15860:
15845:
15755:
15750:
15655:
15588:
15578:
15490:
15485:
15475:
15375:
15315:
15288:
15114:
15099:
15069:
15047:
14833:
14823:
14550:
14473:
14443:
14427:
14201:
14171:
14166:
13952:
13867:
13822:
13675:
13343:
13321:
13316:
13202:
13064:
13050:
13022:
12687:
12499:
12365:
12154:
12148:
11762:
11588:
10083:
9735:
6291:
6013:
5961:
5600:
5546:
5478:
5465:
to ask October 31 be made a public day of remembrance for victims of torture in Algeria.
5336:
5122:
5091:
4757:
4726:
4514:
4290:
3961:
3923:
3669:
One organized pseudo-guerrilla unit, however, was created in December 1956 by the French
3546:
3436:
3130:
2903:), who only a few months before had completed the liquidation of France's tete empire in
2838:
2827:
2502:
2457:
2377:
2337:
1917:
1698:
1666:
1313:
1120:
726:
696:
390:
352:
15730:
15643:
11384:
7839:
4988:, who served as president until his death in 1978. Algeria remained stable, though in a
4722:
3381:
2998:
2891:
2597:
French citizen; in this case, he is subjected to the political and civil laws of France.
2578:
646:
559:
495:
18408:
18388:
18348:
18264:
18247:
18222:
18029:
17840:
17830:
17810:
17780:
17755:
17381:
17029:
16825:
16810:
16735:
16715:
16710:
16695:
16542:
16290:
16042:
15926:
15680:
15583:
15568:
15480:
15470:
15445:
15440:
15205:
15159:
15074:
15059:
15002:
14818:
14741:
14617:
14508:
14498:
14161:
13972:
13760:
13750:
13720:
13655:
13573:
13491:
13372:
13293:
13212:
13157:
13076:
12960:
12930:
12904:
12724:
12709:
12694:
12487:
11829:
11488:
11467:
11321:
11160:
10884:
10791:
10592:
10400:
La torture pendant la guerre d'Algérie / 1954 – 1962 40 ans après, l'exigence de vérité
9082:
8796:
8684:
8627:
8141:
6286:
5410:
From time to time, the memory of the Algerian War surfaced in France. In 1987, when SS-
5080:
4993:
4835:
4560:
4418:
4333:
4092:
4079:
branch, which had ordered the rebellion. These units had theorized the principles of a
3957:
3881:
3750:
3584:
3451:
3392:
2879:
2826:
against French authority. Many Algerian soldiers who served for the French Army in the
2691:
2618:
2552:
2548:
2352:
2321:
2222:
2130:
2113:
1929:
1885:
1560:
1499:
1393:
1363:
1348:
1084:
721:
641:
603:
593:
583:
565:
555:
530:
509:
491:
481:
463:
446:
430:
420:
402:
386:
376:
358:
348:
338:
320:
31:
18024:
16725:
16554:
11677:
11524:
8688:
8666:
8064:"Genocide and Mass Violence in the 'Heart of Darkness': Africa in the Colonial Period"
7563:
4760:
through the 16th century. Algerian Jews largely embraced French citizenship after the
4641:
range of involvement by a woman could include both combatant and non-combatant roles.
4469:
4457:
fled to France. Within a year, 1.4 million refugees, including almost the entire
4341:
2614:
18368:
18059:
17994:
17909:
17889:
17541:
17521:
17446:
17153:
17094:
17042:
16895:
16840:
16815:
16770:
16700:
16675:
16640:
16630:
16599:
16486:
16370:
16340:
16077:
16067:
15981:
15875:
15720:
15435:
15232:
15089:
15042:
14940:
14891:
14865:
14843:
14683:
14663:
14607:
14595:
14409:
14244:
14156:
14081:
13306:
13268:
13192:
13187:
12754:
12522:
11924:
11844:
11768:
11518:
11473:
11463:
11428:
11407:
11369:
11350:
11340:
11325:
11313:
11278:
11247:
11225:
11215:
11196:
11177:
10888:
10795:
10668:
10629:
10596:
10576:
10545:
10224:
10197:
10172:
10132:
9965:
9935:
9908:
9878:
9857:
9806:
9776:
9749:
9520:
9495:
9468:
9374:
9151:
9118:
9086:
8847:
8800:
8757:
8674:
8333:
8183:
8152:
8098:
8071:
7974:
http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/05/qa-happened-algeria-harkis-150531082955192.html
7929:
7879:
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7697:
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7643:
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7491:
7352:
7282:
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7146:
7125:
7090:
7025:
6998:
6883:
6779:
6739:
6712:
6675:
6646:
6615:
6570:
5981:
5969:
5897:
5872:
5834:
5827:
5811:
5605:
5184:
Camp de Thol, one of the French concentration camps for Algerians used during the war
4866:
4680:
4671:
4579:
4391:
4224:
4059:, believed to be too pro-French Algeria, and granting the Minister of Information to
4056:
3807:
3734:
3720:
Electrified barriers along the entire length of Algeria's eastern and western borders
3638:
3550:
3322:
3205:
3085:
2733:
2556:
2422:; the French destroyed over 8,000 villages and relocated over 2 million Algerians to
2373:
2325:
1924:
1841:
1833:
1753:
1682:
1564:
1054:
938:
826:
569:
522:
17019:
16690:
10664:
Military Occupations in the Age of Self-Determination: The History Neocons Neglected
6193:
5539:
5422:
4421:. Total casualties in these three incidents were 326 killed and wounded amongst the
4241:
3784:
3439:
determinedly sought to have the men responsible for her husband's death prosecuted.
2908:
2400:
2355:"), the conflict led to serious political crises in France, causing the fall of the
1044:
731:
424:
18302:
18009:
17974:
17944:
17939:
17914:
17723:
17609:
17535:
17359:
17189:
17158:
17145:
16805:
16730:
16660:
16645:
16625:
16572:
16355:
16350:
16330:
16280:
16270:
16097:
16062:
16047:
15996:
15725:
15665:
15505:
15164:
15144:
14853:
14795:
14789:
14756:
14736:
14726:
14575:
14376:
14368:
13994:
13523:
13388:
13348:
13338:
13326:
13301:
13283:
12965:
11919:
11912:
11530:
11305:
11270:
11152:
11107:
10876:
10783:
10584:
9853:
9247:
9074:
8884:
8788:
8143:
Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur
7533:
7402:
7211:
6341:
6321:
6171:
6098:
6080:
5650:
5114:
5076:
5052:
4834:) who fought as auxiliaries on the French side. Some of these were veterans of the
4591:
4362:
communities. On 7 February 1962, the OAS attempted to assassinate Culture Minister
4165:
4149:
4100:
4060:
3623:. Armed with shotguns and using guerrilla tactics similar to those of the FLN, the
3490:
3373:
3122:
2904:
2834:
2725:, began to nurture the desire for independence or, at the very least, autonomy and
2537:
2122:
1865:
1777:
1719:
1616:
962:
942:
918:
862:
806:
701:
627:
573:
545:
499:
471:
410:
366:
328:
12764:
11966:
10383:
9993:
9172:"Proclamation des résultats du référendum d'autodétermination du 1er juillet 1962"
8646:"'My father was tortured and murdered in Algeria. At last France has admitted it'"
8304:
7804:"Proclamation des résultats du référendum d'autodétermination du 1er juillet 1962"
5512:
5084:
4587:
4462:
4370:
4363:
4265:
3893:
3617:(blue caps)—also recruited and trained bands of loyal Muslim irregulars, known as
2520:
in June 1830. In following years the conquest spread to the interior. Directed by
2437:
2381:
2048:
18353:
18322:
18317:
18162:
18102:
18049:
17979:
17959:
17934:
17924:
17825:
17703:
17451:
17024:
16880:
16870:
16855:
16835:
16820:
16795:
16740:
16505:
16473:
16365:
16325:
16087:
16082:
16022:
15963:
15695:
15573:
15400:
15365:
15273:
15268:
14992:
14886:
14560:
14493:
14483:
14448:
14404:
14391:
14343:
14186:
14131:
13982:
13977:
13685:
13588:
13311:
13169:
12975:
12759:
12667:
12406:
12304:
11818:
11670:
11390:
11274:
11019:
10993:
10972:
10960:
10953:
10934:
10837:
10810:
10699:
10692:
10425:
10406:
10378:
10285:
10166:
10095:
10079:
10061:
10026:
9718:
8792:
8650:
8618:
Cohen, William (2002). "The Algerian War, the French State and Official Memory".
8549:
8278:
8237:
7980:
7610:
7582:"The Victory Without Laurels: The French Military Tragedy in Algeria (1954–1962)"
7443:
6531:
6517:
6446:
6353:
6257:. The movie is often known in English by its French name's translation, "Hidden".
6228:
6110:
6105:
6094:
5778:
5726:
4989:
4973:
4954:
4772:
4745:
4676:
4088:
3792:
3683:
3369:
3184:
3150:
3118:
2874:
2737:
2712:
2506:
2346:
2198:
2038:
1997:
1985:
1912:
1905:
1849:
1785:
1761:
1543:
1318:
1288:
1049:
1004:
671:
651:
342:
324:
83:
14987:
10880:
8271:
8230:
8011:"Torture in Algeria: Past Acts That Haunt France – Liberty, Equality and Colony"
6816:
The French Experience in Algeria, 1954–62: Blueprint for U.S. Operations in Iraq
6245:
5613:, the delegate Minister for Equal Opportunities, wrote an autobiographic novel,
5562:
5527:
on 23 February 2005 that asserted that colonialism had overall been "positive".
4299:
3706:
1072:
18358:
18197:
18092:
18087:
18054:
18044:
18034:
18004:
17929:
17919:
17800:
17728:
17623:
17498:
16850:
16775:
16765:
16760:
16620:
16360:
16149:
16072:
15800:
15705:
15455:
15395:
15027:
14945:
14848:
14808:
14778:
14678:
14633:
14111:
14061:
13725:
13690:
13680:
13461:
13393:
13179:
12935:
12583:
12008:
11632:
11615:
11237:
10841:
10588:
9628:"Chirac hails Algerians who fought for France", The Telegraph 26 September 2001
9438:"Inside the Battle of Algiers: Memoir of a Woman Freedom Fighter – Book Review"
9350:
9171:
9078:
8715:
7803:
7345:
Cutts, M.; Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2000).
6771:
6498:
6488:
6410:
6250:
5864:
5822:
5756:
5498:
5462:
5343:
5258:
5235:
5196:
5118:
5095:
5040:
5028:
4970:
4966:
4910:
4875:
4607:
4552:
4548:
4522:
4307:
4303:
4219:
rebellion occurred in December 1960, which led de Gaulle to dissolve the FNAF.
4204:
4068:
3952:
Convinced that de Gaulle had betrayed them, some units of European volunteers (
3885:
3754:
3486:
3481:
Algiers: Muslim quarters (green), European quarters (orange), terrorist attacks
3442:
3408:
3377:
3330:
3209:
2928:
region (Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria), killing, for example, Tunisian activist
2823:
2708:
2529:
2469:
1980:
1937:
1857:
1658:
1637:
1535:
1108:
974:
882:
691:
467:
114:
11092:(Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2007); Gillo Pontecorvo, director,
10787:
6872:
5570:
3771:
Recurrent cabinet crises focused attention on the inherent instability of the
3637:
or smaller size units, attached to French battalions, in a similar way as the
3497:, simultaneously placed bombs at three sites including the downtown office of
2754:, also a member of the Communist Party and of its affiliated trade union, the
18452:
18363:
17989:
17969:
17904:
17856:
17770:
17304:
17014:
16860:
16755:
16720:
16705:
16665:
16207:
16037:
15775:
15685:
15548:
15528:
15415:
15176:
15154:
15119:
14698:
14693:
14648:
14570:
14530:
14279:
14066:
13847:
12400:
12163:
11317:
11282:
11229:
11111:
10693:
Colonialism Through the School Books – The hidden history of the Algerian war
10549:
10255:
9000:
8813:
8720:
6909:
The Algerian Ministry of War Veterans gives the figure of 152,863 FLN killed.
6396:
6382:
6136:
6131:
5622:
5433:
5367:
5294:
5200:
5130:
5069:
5056:
5048:
4839:
4831:
4753:
4705:
4599:
4355:
4228:
against the use of torture and the war, the opponents to the war created the
4124:
4084:
3655:
3505:
3428:
3126:
2929:
2396:
2108:
1817:
1423:
898:
686:
656:
623:
607:
439:
406:
395:
380:
254:
13404:
12848:
11404:
The invention of decolonization: the Algerian War and the remaking of France
11354:
9904:
The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Middle Eastern and North African History
9297:
La guerre d'Algérie revisitée : nouvelles générations, nouveaux regards
9101:
The Invention of Decolonization: The Algerian War and the Remaking of France
5968:,453 pages. La Découverte (15 September 2004). Collection: Cahiers libres. (
5948:
5542:. Chirac finally had the law repealed by a complex institutional mechanism.
5449:
in World War II, which many French historians found to be very unpalatable.
5160:
In 2018 France officially admitted that torture was systematic and routine.
4559:(Third-Worldist) begun to vocally support the struggle of Algeria; the 1955
18398:
18039:
17899:
17894:
17676:
17628:
17371:
16800:
16750:
16680:
16670:
16524:
16512:
16499:
16305:
16132:
15633:
14881:
14590:
14585:
14580:
14286:
14096:
11690:
11541:
11449:
11394:
11195:. Oxford : New York: Clarendon Press ; Oxford University Press.
10030:
8490:
8465:
8010:
7348:
The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action
6876:
Algerian War and the French Army, 1954-62: Experiences, Images, Testimonies
6466:
6456:
6438:
6424:
6361:
6348:
6203:
6150:
5791:
Beograd: Prosveta; Beograd: Institut za izučavanje radničkog pokreta, 1967.
5746:
5634:
5414:
5145:
5110:
4977:
4906:
4838:
who participated in the liberation of France during World War II or in the
4701:
4575:
4544:
4537:
4529:
4494:
4248:
trade-union, UNEF trade-union, etc., which supported de Gaulle against the
4153:
4035:
Beside Pierre Lagaillarde, Jean-Baptiste Biaggi was also imprisoned, while
3862:
3810:
in a bloodless action. Subsequently, preparations were made in Algeria for
3518:
3459:
considered him a traitor. Nevertheless, in his speech when he received the
3446:
3138:
3068:
3029:
2793:
2786:
2751:
2633:
2395:
The planned French withdrawal led to a state crisis. This included various
661:
636:
434:
11537:
Algeria celebrates 50 years of independence – France keeps mum RFI English
11012:
10321:"L'accablante confession du général Aussaresses sur la torture en Algérie"
9251:
7458:
7215:
5928:
Translations may be available for some of these works. See specific cases.
5915:
3944:
Barricades in Algiers, January 1960. The banner reads: "Long live Massu" (
3796:
3745:
The French Army shifted its tactics at the end of 1958 from dependence on
3566:, and other mountainous areas around Constantine and south of Algiers and
3099:
2572:
1510:
18014:
17871:
17718:
17713:
17659:
17638:
17221:
16845:
16450:
16420:
16275:
16265:
16164:
16027:
15820:
15309:
15139:
15124:
14935:
14783:
14751:
14638:
14453:
14358:
14297:
14101:
13568:
12127:
11683:
11658:
10507:"France Resets African Relations: a Potential Lesson for President Trump"
8665:
Paul, Christopher; Clarke, Colin P.; Grill, Beth; Dunigan, Molly (2013),
8512:"Algiers: a city where France is the promised land – and still the enemy"
8136:
6274:
6070:
5610:
5497:
The Algerian War remains a contentious event. According to the historian
5458:
5351:
5098:
denounced acts of torture in Algeria on 6 December 1951, in the magazine
4847:
4658:
4647:
4624:
4540:, had every interest in pushing France to give Algeria its independence.
4406:
4295:
4015:
3702:
3694:
3597:
3400:
3110:
3095:
2775:
2716:
2543:
In 1834, Algeria became a French military colony. It was declared by the
2493:
2430:
2343:
Effectively started by members of the FLN on 1 November 1954, during the
2070:
2060:
1769:
1096:
1029:
842:
711:
666:
587:
485:
8631:
7512:
The Call From Algeria: Third Worldism, Revolution, and the Turn to Islam
7406:
6026:(1960). "La guerre d'Algérie" ("The War in Algeria", 1961, Grove Press).
4921:
which is considered by some historians to have been a cause of the war.
2392:
in Algeria, where 99.72% voted for independence and just 0.28% against.
17949:
17866:
17861:
17790:
16604:
16315:
16285:
16239:
16154:
16122:
16114:
16057:
15745:
15460:
15149:
15037:
14643:
13902:
12533:
11164:
10581:
Criminocorpus. Revue d'Histoire de la justice, des crimes et des peines
10463:
9607:
Les combattants musulmans de la guerre d'Algérie: des soldats sacrifiés
7534:
Ruud van Dijk; William Glenn Gray; Svetlana Savranskaya (13 May 2013).
7437:
https://www.cairn.info/revue-critique-internationale-2018-2-page-25.htm
6210:
5047:
in small cells (some of which were small enough to impede lying down),
5044:
4858:
4662:
4654:
4096:
3678:
3663:
3646:
3593:
3498:
3494:
3396:
3250: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3142:
3105:
2970: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2920:
1629:
1034:
15258:
11424:
The first helicopter war: logistics and mobility in Algeria, 1954-1962
8673:, Detailed Insurgency Case Studies, RAND Corporation, pp. 75–93,
7143:
America's Dirty Wars: Irregular Warfare from 1776 to the War on Terror
6127:
by Jacques Panijel (1961). The title translates to "October in Paris".
5894:
Architecture of Counterrevolution. The French Army in Northern Algeria
5704:
Cinq Colonnes à la une, Rushes Interview Pied-Noir, ORTF, July 1, 1962
4784:"ultras" when rallying the European community to their hardcore line.
3753:
missions against FLN strongholds. In 1959, Salan's successor, General
3677:(ORAF), a group of counter-terrorists had as its mission to carry out
3427:." Another case that attracted much media attention was the murder of
3212:) aimed at improving economic conditions among the Muslim population.
2721:
2621:
to Jews living in one of the three Algerian departments. In 1881, the
17633:
16900:
16745:
16594:
16567:
16380:
16335:
16244:
16212:
16192:
16184:
15513:
15303:
14056:
14041:
11717:
10304:
10080:
Des guerres d'Indochine et d'Algérie aux dictatures d'Amérique latine
8840:
Pseudo Operations and Counterinsurgency: Lessons From Other Countries
6023:
5658:
5578:
5427:
4733:
regiment. Zouave regiments were mostly composed of European settlers.
4696:
4533:
4502:, the French Minister of the Interior, sent 600 soldiers to Algeria.
4269:
4169:
4075:, was named Minister of Defense, and dissolved the Fifth Bureau, the
3583:
troops in Algeria. Although the elite airborne infantry units of the
3477:
3166:
3045:
2914:
2726:
2329:
1825:
1793:
1611:
1577:
17063:
11156:
10740:: Myth, Metaphor and Memory in the French Cinema of the Algerian War
10476:"France admits systematic torture during Algeria war for first time"
7925:
The Algerian Novel and Colonial Discourse: Witnessing to a Différend
5696:
see Benjamin Stora's comments on their politically-oriented creation
5148:, a torture center where Algerians were murdered. Bigeard qualified
4413:(an 80% Muslim unit with French officers) opened fire on a crowd of
3225:
3084:(ALN), the military wing of the FLN, subsequently wiped out the MNA
2945:
2625:
made the discrimination official by creating specific penalties for
2418:
committed during the war included massacres of civilians, rape, and
18373:
18082:
17578:
17493:
16479:
16320:
16217:
16092:
15911:
15815:
14955:
14813:
14267:
14106:
12861:
12798:
12746:
11743:
11309:
10986:
10451:
10430:
10351:"Guerre d'Algérie: le général Bigeard et la pratique de la torture"
10066:
6566:
Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism
6061:
5856:
5674:
5535:
4914:
4518:
4488:
4470:
Strategy of internationalisation of the Algerian War led by the FLN
3291:
3137:
of the population, but here too, violent coercion was widely used.
2589:
1809:
1801:
1724:
1714:
676:
71:
15599:
Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
10831:
Bringing down the barriers – people's memories of the Algerian War
5644:
5515:, others point out that massacres of harkis and the kidnapping of
5062:
During the war, the French military relocated entire villages to
4980:
and expressed approval of Castro's demands for the abandonment of
4886:
3649:
in support of their intelligence collection. U.S. military expert
3559:
16425:
16310:
16300:
16249:
15790:
14535:
14071:
12892:
9517:
From Freedom Fighters to Terrorists: Women and Political Violence
6279:
5852:
5710:
Cinq Colonnes à la une, Rétrospective Algérie, ORTF, June 9, 1963
5565:. Thus, many are not surprised that the first to speak about the
5386:
5126:
5105:
4861:, Minister for Algerian Affairs, gave orders to this effect. The
4528:
Firstly, the FLN exploited the tensions between the American-led
4458:
4103:
to support the fight. The officers were initially trained in the
3870:
3866:
3803:
3802:
On May 24, French paratroopers from the Algerian corps landed on
3634:
3563:
3424:
3171:
3072:
2925:
2924:(Red Hand) group, which targeted anti-colonialists in all of the
2812:(UDMA) in 1946 and was elected as a deputy. Founded in 1954, the
2800:) in 1938. In 1943, Abbas wrote the Algerian People's Manifesto (
2700:
2369:
2333:
2317:
1621:
1527:
1215:~1,500,000 total Algerian deaths (Algerian historians' estimate)
11013:"Torture in Algeria: Past Acts That Haunt France – False memory"
10865:
history class: teaching about torture during the Algerian war".
5980:), 539 pages. Sudamericana; Édition: Translatio (October 2005) (
4878:
made efforts to recognize the suffering of these former allies.
3697:, commanding the French Army in Algeria, instituted a system of
3052:, where he formally joined the FLN. This action brought in many
2532:" policy designed to reduce the power of the native rulers, the
17391:
16493:
16295:
16234:
15169:
11176:. Modern wars in perspective. London ; New York: Longman.
10997:
10987:
The French Army and Torture during the Algerian War (1954–1962)
10289:
10279:
The French Army and Torture During the Algerian War (1954–1962)
10114:
10107:
THE FRENCH ARMY AND TORTURE DURING THE ALGERIAN WAR (1954–1962)
9465:
Inside the Battle of Algiers: Memoir of a Woman Freedom Fighter
6295:
5914:
Currently being translated into English by Dubravka Juraga at:
5670:
5550:
4894:
thanking for the safe return of a son from Algeria, August 1958
4843:
4730:
4710:
4475:
4120:
3601:
3311:
3158:
2584:
2309:
1582:
1572:
1241:
1146:
1067:
999:
985:
969:
957:
933:
909:
893:
877:
853:
837:
821:
797:
781:
765:
749:
11526:
French President Charles De Gaulle and the Six-Year War (1960)
11193:
Images of the Algerian War: French fiction and film, 1954-1992
10309:
Between a Rock and a Hard Place: France and Algeria, 1954–1962
8559:, French governmental site – URL accessed on February 17, 2007
5665:(slaughter by smoke inhalation) of the Darha caves in 1844 by
5594:
5027:
Massacres and torture were frequent from the beginning of the
4874:
that France has not fully resolved—although the government of
18177:
16978:
16934:
American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
16440:
16223:
14302:
12197:
11049:
11046:
Chroniques d'un massacre. 8 mai 1945. Sétif, Guelma, Kherrata
6264:
5996:
5993:
Chroniques d'un massacre. 8 mai 1945. Sétif, Guelma, Kherrata
5569:
were music bands, including hip-hop bands such as the famous
4822:
4813:
4749:
4571:
4434:
community and led to a massive surge of support for the OAS.
3990:
3619:
3514:
3388:
3365:
3146:
3049:
3037:
2883:
2696:
2441:
2065:
10275:
La torture et l'armée pendant la guerre d'Algérie, 1954–1962
9669:"France admits torture during Algeria's war of independence"
8951:
7570:, chap. "Une double guerre civile", Picard, 2002, pp.132–139
6294:(2007). Scenario by Patrick Rotman which depicts the use of
4543:
Secondly, the FLN could count on Third World support. After
2629:
and organising the seizure or appropriation of their lands.
2547:
to be an integral part of France and was divided into three
17548:
16518:
16400:
14292:
14236:
9596:
Philippe Denoix, "Harkis" in Encyclopædia Universalis, 2010
8667:"Algerian Independence, 1954–1962: Case Outcome: COIN Loss"
8556:
8005:
6674:. University of Wales Press. 15 October 2013. p. 111.
4797:
4106:
Centre d'instruction et de préparation à la contre-guérilla
3928:
3567:
3044:(PCA) maintained a friendly neutrality toward the FLN. The
105:(7 years, 4 months, 2 weeks and 4 days)
12039:
10168:
Identity in Algerian Politics: The Legacy of Colonial Rule
9900:
9491:
We Are No Longer in France: Communists in Colonial Algeria
8287:(LDH), August 25, 2004 – URL accessed on January 17, 2007
7994:
Paris Between Empires - Monarchy and Revolutions 1814–1852
6671:
France's Colonial Legacies: Memory, Identity and Narrative
6595:
Collective Memory: France and the Algerian War (1954–1962)
5136:
Bigeard's justification of torture has been criticized by
4808:
16973:
16953:
16948:
12025:
11490:
The thirteenth of May: the advent of De Gaulle's Republic
9371:
A Soldier and a Woman: Sexual Integration in the Military
8360:. Violence de masse et Résistance - Réseau de recherche.
7996:, St. Martin's Press, New York, 2003 (2001), pp. 231–232.
7314:
7312:
7310:
7308:
6607:
6472:
History of the Armée de l'Air in the colonies (1939–1962)
6453:
who worked for FLN, draft dodgers, etc., to make false ID
5654:
4397:
Following the cease fire, tensions developed between the
4390:
National Assembly. Cairns wrote that the fulminations of
4116:
Centre d'entraînement à la guerre subversive Jeanne-d'Arc
2533:
2510:
2426:. Upon independence in 1962, 900,000 European-Algerians (
11090:
Beautiful Suffering: Photography and the Traffic in Pain
9392:
9390:
8972:
8246:(LDH), March 6, 2005 – URL accessed on January 17, 2007
5781:, Journal 1955–1962, University of Nebraska Press, 2000.
4498:), and the insurrection all but subsided. Nevertheless,
3592:
ambulance and cargo carrier, French forces utilized the
2588:
law in personal matters and was widely considered to be
12833:
List of participants in the invasion of Algiers in 1830
9989:"Prise de tête Marcel Bigeard, un soldat propre ?"
8260:
Citizenship in the Arab World: Kin, Religion and Nation
6810:
6808:
6278:
by Laurent Herbier (2007). The title translates to "My
5014:
4942:
4780:"), repurposing a slogan first coined years earlier by
4690:
3577:
10131:. New York Review (published 2006). pp. 198–200.
9639:"France returns Algerian remains as nations mend ways"
8664:
8301:"Interpretation of President Wilson's Fourteen Points"
7483:
7305:
5690:
Note: concerning the audio and film archives from the
5253:
French North African Operations medal, 11 January 1958
4232:(Assembly of the Democratic Left), which included the
4119:(Center of Training to Subversive War Joan of Arc) in
18484:
Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Africa
11962:
1961 French referendum on Algerian self-determination
11368:(1 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University press.
9387:
9368:
8948:"Accueil – CVCE Website - French Army audio archives"
4567:. The French government grew more and more isolated.
3850:
extremists), through whom a solution might be found.
9931:
The Eloquence of Silence: Algerian Women in Question
8886:
St. Michael and the Dragon: Memoirs of a Paratrooper
8742:"The French Army: From Indochina to Chad, 1946–1984"
8411:"UQAM | Guerre d'Indochine | ALGERIAN WAR"
7867:
7865:
7122:
Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict: Po – Z
6805:
6372:
5741:
St. Michael and the Dragon: Memoirs of a Paratrooper
4913:
attributes at least 100,000 deaths in what he calls
4055:. De Gaulle also modified the government, excluding
3829:
understood you"). De Gaulle raised the hopes of the
1219:~400,000 total deaths (French historians' estimate)
9961:
Les crimes de l'armée française: Algérie, 1954-1962
9957:
6196:(1972). The title translates to "The Algerian War".
5391:
Modern Algeria: Origins and Development of a Nation
4869:estimate that somewhere between 50,000 and 150,000
4409:in Algiers. A week later, French soldiers from the
3713:, the ALN failed to penetrate these defence lines.
3545:During 1956 and 1957, the FLN successfully applied
3455:newspaper. The FLN considered him a fool, and some
3337:. Lacoste saw the assembly, which was dominated by
3215:
2868:In the early morning hours of 1 November 1954, FLN
2695:(such regiments were created as early as 1842) and
2320:winning its independence from France. An important
1217:~1,000,000 total Algerian deaths (Horne's estimate)
18188:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries
11529:is available for free viewing and download at the
9792:
9139:
8883:
8140:
7921:
7666:West Germany, Cold War Europe and the Algerian War
7662:
7615:. University of California Press. pp. 68–69.
6562:
5826:
5731:Modern Warfare: A French View of Counterinsurgency
5492:
5321:
5051:and into the sea with concrete on their feet, and
4482:at this time, victory seemed extremely difficult.
4246:Confédération Française des Travailleurs Chrétiens
4131:to "let the affair die of its own, in serenity" ("
3517:" or a "public order operation" had turned into a
3362:French Air Force intercepted a Moroccan DC-3 plane
2399:attempts on de Gaulle as well as some attempts at
27:1954–1962 war of Algerian independence from France
11336:History and the culture of nationalism in Algeria
10971:of the Bénisti report given to Interior Minister
9951:
9798:
9369:De Groot, Gerard; Peniston-Bird, Corinna (2000).
9065:Cairns, John (1962). "Algeria: The Last Ordeal".
8329:Biographical Dictionary of European Labor Leaders
8272:les tirailleurs, bras armé de la France coloniale
7871:
7862:
7573:
7453:
7451:
6732:Ottaway, David; Ottaway, Marina (25 March 2022).
5937:, La Découverte, coll. "Textes à l'appui", Paris.
5326:One of the first books about the war in English,
5172:Algerian woman sexually abused by the French Army
4148:(FEN, Federation of Nationalist Students) around
18450:
16919:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
11497:
11096:(Criterion: Special Three-Disc Edition, 2004)".
11040:Bancel, Blanchard and Lemaire (op.cit.) quote **
11034:
10621:
10158:
9426:. Vol. 33 No. 3 (Summer 2010) pp. 445–474, p.445
9103:Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008 page 183.
7840:"Ombres et lumières de la révolution algérienne"
7770:
7320:"France remembers the Algerian War, 50 years on"
6920:
6020:(1970) and many others, more recent (see entry).
5978:Los Escuadrones De La Muerte/ the Death Squadron
4133:laissez mourir l'affaire d'elle même en sérénité
4099:'s strategic doctrine and acquired knowledge of
3787:, bringing together dissident army officers and
3749:to the use of mobile forces deployed on massive
2516:On the pretext of a slight to their consul, the
15356:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
14763:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
10954:Analyse de la version finale du rapport Benisti
10826:
10824:
10822:
10574:
9762:
9001:"Référendum sur l'autodétermination en Algérie"
8776:
8744:. In Beckett, Ian F. W.; Pimlott, John (eds.).
8231:le code de l'indigénat dans l'Algérie coloniale
7963:Évian accords, Chapitre II, partie A, article 2
7612:France, the United States, and the Algerian War
7602:
7082:
6800:Les combatants musulmans de la guerre d'Algérie
6735:Algeria: The Politics of a Socialist Revolution
6706:
6174:(1966). It was banned in France for five years.
6121:. The title translates to "The Little Soldier".
5821:
5645:French recognition of historical use of torture
5090:Torture was also used by both sides during the
4584:Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic
4276:referendum on the self-determination of Algeria
4022:, and with Jean-Jacques Susini, he created the
3859:Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic
2765:(1871–1940) acknowledged some demands, and the
1233:Over 2 million Algerians resettled or displaced
11006:
10688:
10686:
10684:
10667:. Praeger Security International. p. 48.
10090:(LDH, Human Rights League), 10 January 2007.
9768:
8131:
8129:
7635:
7515:. University of California Press. p. 81.
7448:
6731:
6638:
5751:Counterinsurgency Warfare: Theory and Practice
4547:, many new states were created in the wave of
3760:
3675:Organization of the French Algerian Resistance
2415:
18218:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
17665:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
17594:
17079:
14252:
13434:
13420:
12877:
12853:
12260:
11631:
11557:
11519:Algerian Independence Archive at marxists.org
10223:. University of Illinois Press. p. 272.
9927:
9843:
8382:
8262:, Amsterdam University Press, 2009, pp. 94–95
8226:
8224:
8179:The Making of Contemporary Algeria, 1830-1987
8066:. In Bloxham, Donald; Moses, A. Dirk (eds.).
7608:
7508:
7490:. Oxford University Press. pp. 263–277.
6556:
6034:Treillis au djebel- Les Piliers de Tiahmaïne
6004:La Guerre d'Algérie. Histoire d'une déchirure
5770:Treillis au djebel – Les Piliers de Tiahmaïne
5389:and French colonialism in Algeria, published
4953:After Algeria's independence was recognised,
4574:helped to rebuild the ALN to 20 000 men. The
2403:. Most of the former were carried out by the
2324:, it was a complex conflict characterized by
2275:
1257:
16995:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
14546:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council
13449:
11571:
11099:Millennium: Journal of International Studies
10819:
10372:Torture Bigeard: " La presse en parle trop "
10055:Henri Pouillot, mon combat contre la torture
9514:
8973:Jean-Paul Sartre; Henri Curiel; et al.
8746:Armed Forces & Modern Counter-Insurgency
8711:
8709:
8489:
8358:"Le cas de Sétif-Kherrata-Guelma (Mai 1945)"
7875:Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set
7716:
7459:"Algeria – The Revolution and Social Change"
7276:
7274:
7204:Revue d'Histoire Moderne & Contemporaine
7161:
7159:
6632:
6525:
5720:
5063:
5003:
4234:French Section of the Workers' International
3056:who had supported the UDMA in the past. The
2528:, the conquest was violent and marked by a "
2501:The decision to capture Algiers was made by
2428:
2404:
2344:
60:
54:
15856:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
11406:. Ithaca (N.Y.): Cornell university press.
10681:
9896:
9894:
9413:Vol. 69 No. 3 (Fall 2002) p. 889-911, p.890
8993:
8126:
7999:
7669:. Cambridge University Press. p. 170.
7242:
7240:
7238:
6645:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 35.
6263:by Alain Tasma (2006). The title refers to
5595:Socioeconomic situation of French Algerians
4776:pieds-noirs was "a suitcase or a coffin" ("
4083:, including the use of torture. During the
3641:by the U.S. in Vietnam. A third use was an
3351:National Council of the Algerian Revolution
3157:, those independent representatives of the
2849:
2822:(National Liberation Army) to engage in an
2640:of 7 March 1944 and later confirmed by the
2636:, equality of rights was proclaimed by the
2328:and war crimes. The conflict also became a
17601:
17587:
17086:
17072:
16959:United States involvement in regime change
14514:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
14259:
14245:
13427:
13413:
12884:
12870:
12267:
12253:
11564:
11550:
11493:. New York : Oxford University Press.
10769:
9983:
9981:
9831:Frontiersmen: Warfare In Africa Since 1950
9364:
9362:
9060:
9058:
9056:
9054:
9052:
9050:
9048:
9046:
9044:
9042:
8881:
8875:
8846:. Strategic Studies Institute. p. 8.
8460:
8458:
8221:
7917:
7915:
7913:
7911:
5617:, about his experiences while living in a
5603:in 1963, 43% of French Algerians lived in
3091:Union Syndicale des Travailleurs Algériens
3034:Democratic Union of the Algerian Manifesto
2810:Democratic Union of the Algerian Manifesto
2792:On the other hand, the nationalist leader
2756:Confédération générale du travail unitaire
2282:
2268:
1264:
1250:
12193:Defectors from the French army to the ALN
11361:
11332:
11289:
10860:
10767:
10765:
10763:
10761:
10759:
10757:
10755:
10753:
10751:
10749:
10191:
9691:
9112:
9040:
9038:
9036:
9034:
9032:
9030:
9028:
9026:
9024:
9022:
8706:
8613:
8611:
8609:
8607:
8605:
8603:
8601:
8599:
8597:
8595:
8593:
8591:
8589:
8587:
8585:
8355:
7656:
7629:
7579:
7430:
7428:
7271:
7156:
7017:
6997:. New York Review of Books. p. 358.
6988:
6986:
6984:
6982:
6980:
6978:
6976:
6974:
6778:. Cornell University Press. p. 101.
6702:
6700:
5438:massacre of between 100 and 200 Algerians
5228:
5059:, sleep deprivation and sexual assaults.
4439:referendum on the independence of Algeria
3888:, whose elite paratrooper unit fought at
3266:Learn how and when to remove this message
2986:Learn how and when to remove this message
2576:(Indigenous Code) was implemented by the
18504:Resistance to the French colonial empire
18298:Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic
18228:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation
18193:Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine)
11243:A savage war of peace: Algeria 1954-1962
11064:, coll. "Textes à l'appui", Paris, 1994
10729:
10727:
10725:
10723:
10721:
10719:
10717:
10216:
10196:(in French). Paris: Terra. p. 127.
10129:A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954-1962
9958:Pierre VIDAL-NAQUET (20 November 2014).
9907:. Oxford University Press. p. 261.
9891:
9870:
9822:
9332:
9312:
9264:
9146:. New York : Viking Press. p.
8966:
8901:
8899:
8897:
8832:
8830:
8583:
8581:
8579:
8577:
8575:
8573:
8571:
8569:
8567:
8565:
8356:Peyroulou, Jean-Pierre (21 March 2008).
8351:
8349:
8175:
8097:. Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 92–3.
8070:. Oxford University Press. p. 356.
8061:
7642:. Cornell University Press. p. 87.
7568:Pour une histoire de la guerre d´Algérie
7235:
6995:A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962
6972:
6970:
6968:
6966:
6964:
6962:
6960:
6958:
6956:
6954:
6707:Windrow, Martin; Chappell, Mike (1997).
6241:. The title translates to "Black Night".
6060:
5829:A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962
5549:. Hence, there is only one reference to
5288:
5248:
5125:, which had been disguised as suicides.
5018:
4885:
4826:, from the Algerian-Arabic dialect word
4807:
4721:
4623:
4320:
3939:
3715:
3705:(named for the French defense minister,
3528:
3476:
3329:Soustelle's successor, Governor General
3277:
3104:
3008:
2997:
2864:Algerian rebel fighters in the mountains
2859:
2671:
2600:
2492:
18464:20th-century military history of France
18173:Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)
18158:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order
15085:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
12807:1920 Algerian Political Rights Petition
12598:Battle of the Col des Beni Aïcha (1871)
12542:Allegiance to Mohamed ben Zamoum (1830)
12518:Battle of the Col des Beni Aïcha (1846)
11498:Servan-Schreiber, Jean Jacques (1957).
11420:
11401:
11260:
11171:
11086:
10736:France At War In the Twentieth Century
9978:
9828:
9772:A Savage War of Peace Algeria 1954-1962
9359:
8736:
8538:
8536:
8455:
8135:
8068:The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies
7908:
7710:
7351:. Oxford University Press. p. 38.
7338:
7200:"Histoire intérieure du FLN. 1954–1962"
7197:
6139:(1962). "Muriel" is a character's name.
5966:Escadrons de la mort, l'école française
5553:in a French textbook, one published by
5075:A notable instance of rape was that of
4976:, requesting more aid for Algeria with
4230:Rassemblement de la gauche démocratique
4181:Front national pour l'Algérie française
4172:" movement. The FEN then published the
4168:, who would theorize in the 1980s the "
3109:The six historical Leaders of the FLN:
2841:(rather than a colony), by French law.
2668:1920 Algerian Political Rights Petition
2651:
1181:25,600 to 30,000 French soldiers killed
14:
18451:
18168:Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)
16929:Russian espionage in the United States
15201:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
12838:List of participants in Mokrani Revolt
11462:
11382:
11214:. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
11209:
11142:
10903:"Français, histoire - Écoles, collège"
10746:
10660:
10535:
9734:
9539:
9435:
9355:La torture pendant la guerre d'Algérie
9279:
9064:
9019:
8509:
8090:
7850:from the original on 29 September 2017
7589:University of North Carolina Asheville
7425:
7388:
7076:
6857:
6839:from the original on 29 September 2017
6697:
6462:France and weapons of mass destruction
5947:(first tome, 1990; second tome, 1998;
5761:O Mon Pays Perdu: De Bou-Sfer a Tulle.
5335:, by the retired British Army officer
5199:'s troops were accused of practicing "
4551:: in 1945 there were 51 states in the
4145:Fédération des étudiants nationalistes
4032:and the French government in Algeria.
3964:, café owner Joseph Ortiz, and lawyer
2478:
2316:(FLN) from 1954 to 1962, which led to
18514:Separatist rebellion-based civil wars
17582:
17093:
17067:
16924:Soviet espionage in the United States
15080:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966
14859:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
14524:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
14240:
14034:
13800:
13643:
13516:
13408:
12865:
12852:
12812:1943 Manifesto of the Algerian People
12248:
12079:Memorial to the Liberation of Algeria
11545:
11486:
11469:Memoirs of Hope: Renewal and Endeavor
11448:
11236:
10808:
10773:
10714:
10504:
10331:from the original on 4 September 2015
10126:
9901:Jens Hanssen; Amal N. Ghazal (2020).
9346:
9344:
9328:
9326:
9324:
9308:
9306:
9294:
9237:
9231:
9222:
9188:from the original on 31 December 2018
9137:
8981:from the original on 20 November 2019
8905:
8894:
8836:
8827:
8617:
8562:
8346:
7820:from the original on 31 December 2018
7752:"Document officiel des Nations Unies"
7689:
7663:Mathilde Von Bulow (22 August 2016).
7293:from the original on 17 February 2021
7259:from the original on 17 February 2021
6992:
6951:
6829:"Algérie : Une guerre d'appelés"
6770:
6044:Histoire intérieure du FLN 1954–1962
5945:La Guerre d'Algérie par les documents
5795:
5763:Paris: Librarie Artheme Fayard, 1969.
5538:, particularly referring to the 1945
5267:La Guerre d'Algérie par les documents
4453:During the summer of 1962, a rush of
3935:
3658:in Algiers was the Fifth Bureau, the
3355:Comité de Coordination et d'Exécution
3304:the massacre of Pieds-Noirs civilians
3153:ordered the liquidation of potential
2308:) was a major armed conflict between
1245:
17608:
17506:Things named after Charles de Gaulle
17000:Soviet Union–United States relations
15351:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
13858:Second Franco-Dahomean War (1892–94)
12891:
12566:Allegiance to Emir Abdelkader (1833)
12554:Allegiance to Emir Abdelkader (1832)
12441:Expedition of the Col des Beni Aïcha
12283:Conflicts between France and Algeria
12229:
11190:
10733:
10642:from the original on 23 October 2022
10603:from the original on 7 November 2022
10237:from the original on 23 October 2022
10217:Beauvoir, Simone de (15 July 2012).
10164:
10145:
9679:from the original on 1 December 2020
9649:from the original on 1 December 2020
9564:
9487:
9462:
9213:, vol. 13, no. 6, 1982, pp. 382–386.
8533:
8325:
8176:Bennoune, Mahfoud (22 August 2002).
7465:from the original on 3 November 2016
7413:from the original on 13 October 2022
7379:. New York: Oxford University Press.
7326:from the original on 7 December 2017
7145:, Cambridge University Press, 2014 (
7064:from the original on 1 December 2022
7018:Beigbeder, Yves (1 September 2006).
6764:
6611:Exile Cultures, Misplaced Identities
6608:Paul Allatson; Jo McCormack (2008).
6057:List of films about the Algerian War
5916:Zdravko Pečar: Alžir do nezavisnosti
5121:and the head of the FLN in Algiers,
5015:French atrocities and use of torture
4943:Lasting effects in Algerian politics
4691:Exodus of the Pieds-Noirs and Harkis
3956:) in Algiers led by student leaders
3783:. By early 1958, he had organized a
3578:French counter-insurgency operations
3466:
3435:as his widow aided by the historian
3248:adding citations to reliable sources
3219:
2968:adding citations to reliable sources
2939:
2796:founded the Algerian Popular Union (
2518:French attacked and captured Algiers
88:Collage of the French war in Algeria
18:Exodus of the Pieds-Noirs and Harkis
18539:National Liberation Front (Algeria)
18208:National Liberation Front (Algeria)
17429:Union of Democrats for the Republic
16964:Soviet involvement in regime change
13873:Voulet–Chanoine Mission (1898–1900)
13863:Second Madagascar expedition (1895)
11263:Journal for the Study of Radicalism
11071:Aux origines de la guerre d'Algérie
10996:, Raphaëlle Branche, Université de
10536:Samuel, Henry (15 September 2018).
10288:, Raphaëlle Branche, Université de
9609:, Editions L'Harmattan, 1995, p.124
9481:
9179:Journal Officiel de l'État Algérien
8940:
8391:from the original on 10 August 2020
8326:Lane, A. Thomas (1 December 1995).
7811:Journal Officiel de l'État Algérien
7693:Algeria, 1830-2000: A Short History
7639:Algeria, 1830-2000: A Short History
7477:
7222:from the original on 13 August 2016
6521:
6494:List of French governors of Algeria
6221:"Deserter" by Martin Huberty (2002)
5956:Aux origines de la guerre d'Algérie
5887:Algeria: a revolution that failed.
5800:
5585:Henceforth, Benjamin Stora stated:
5486:Une Vie Debout: Mémoires Politiques
5475:Services spéciaux Algérie 1955–1957
5104:, rhetorically asking, "Is there a
5049:throwing detainees from helicopters
4419:killing between 50 and 80 civilians
3445:writer, philosopher and playwright
2758:(CGTU), joined the following year.
2247:List of people on stamps of Algeria
137:Independence of Algeria from France
55:
24:
18148:Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)
17670:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
17005:Soviet Union–United States summits
14479:1947 Polish parliamentary election
14364:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
12342:
11442:
11212:Pacification in Algeria, 1956-1958
11136:
10846:Institut national de l'audiovisuel
10277:, Paris, Gallimard, 2001 See also
9578:from the original on 19 April 2007
9341:
9321:
9303:
8695:from the original on 21 March 2023
8510:Hussey, Andrew (27 January 2013).
8196:from the original on 28 March 2024
8147:. Yale University Press. pp.
8111:from the original on 28 March 2024
7942:from the original on 28 March 2024
7892:from the original on 26 March 2023
7744:
7509:Robert Malley (20 November 1996).
7375:Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012.
7124:, index. 3, Academic Press, 1999 (
6776:Algeria 1830-2000: A Short History
6752:from the original on 26 March 2023
5922:
5889:London: Pall mall Press Ltd, 1966.
5692:Institut national de l'audiovisuel
3929:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
3673:domestic intelligence agency. The
3610:Section Administrative Spécialisée
25:
18550:
18213:Palestine Liberation Organization
17169:French Military Mission to Poland
15766:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
15701:United States invasion of Grenada
14971:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
14912:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
13833:French conquest of Senegal (1854)
11775:Massacre of 14 July 1953 in Paris
11507:
11174:The wars of French decolonization
11129:Library of Congress Country Study
10575:Arthur Grosjean (10 March 2014).
10001:from the original on 25 June 2005
9488:Drew, Allison (1 November 2014).
9444:from the original on 28 July 2020
9007:from the original on 26 July 2011
8417:from the original on 25 July 2020
8364:from the original on 9 April 2018
7758:from the original on 27 June 2020
6899:from the original on 8 April 2021
6882:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 6.
6711:. Osprey Publishing. p. 11.
6539:(and sometimes in Algeria as the
6356:(2014). Based on the short story
6162:, translates to "The Centurions".
5871:London: Osprey Publishing, 1997.
5244:
5152:'s revelations, published in the
4596:Palestine Liberation Organization
4255:
3295:Rebellion Spreads in North Africa
2844:
2816:(FLN) created an armed wing, the
2750:("North African Star"), to which
2359:(1946–58), to be replaced by the
1149:(pro-French Algerian auxiliaries)
18427:
18426:
18153:Arabian Peninsula People's Union
17836:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
17563:
17562:
15841:United States invasion of Panama
15691:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
15331:1971 Turkish military memorandum
15294:Communist insurgency in Thailand
15264:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
15196:Communist insurgency in Malaysia
15023:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
14951:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
14469:Restatement of Policy on Germany
14222:Ouvéa cave hostage taking (1988)
13913:Intervention in Mexico (1861–67)
13853:First Franco-Dahomean War (1890)
13746:Burma–France relations (1729–56)
12276:
12228:
12218:
12217:
11455:Resistance, Rebellion, and Death
11080:
10980:
10967:(LDH, Human Rights League), and
10947:
10921:
10895:
10868:Modern & Contemporary France
10854:
10802:
10654:
10615:
10568:
10529:
10498:
10486:from the original on 17 May 2023
10468:
10440:
10412:
10393:
10365:
10343:
10313:
10298:
10264:
10249:
10210:
10185:
10120:
10100:
10073:
10048:
10013:
9921:
9864:
9858:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2009.00844.x
9837:
9728:
9704:
9661:
9631:
9622:
9612:
9599:
9590:
9533:
9508:
9436:Vlazna, Vacy (9 November 2017).
9400:. London: Routledge, 1994 p. 120
8914:from the original on 15 May 2018
8906:Shatz, Adam (21 November 2002).
8718:, "Avoir 20 ans en Kabylie", in
8383:Ngoc H. Huynh (5 January 2016).
8023:from the original on 2 June 2020
7784:from the original on 4 July 2017
7377:Algeria: France's Undeclared War
7365:from the original on 21 May 2024
7198:Meynier, Gilbert (15 May 2024).
7178:from the original on 14 May 2021
7103:from the original on 21 May 2024
7038:from the original on 21 May 2024
6431:
6417:
6403:
6389:
6375:
6332:(2011). French documentary film.
5810:, New York: Enigma Books, 2010,
5342:In 1977, the British journalist
5216:
5189:
5177:
5165:
5043:of pregnant women, imprisonment
4661:planted three bombs: one in the
4613:
3981:("the week of barricades"). The
3524:
3224:
3216:After the Philippeville massacre
2944:
2592:. Its first article stipulated:
1509:
1271:
1114:
1102:
1090:
1078:
1066:
998:
984:
968:
956:
932:
908:
892:
876:
852:
836:
820:
796:
780:
764:
748:
602:
592:
582:
564:
554:
529:
508:
490:
480:
462:
445:
438:
429:
419:
401:
394:
385:
375:
357:
347:
337:
319:
291:
275:
236:
220:
202:
190:
178:
82:
17796:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état
16561:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
15942:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
15871:Fall of the inner German border
15771:1988 Black Sea bumping incident
15421:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
15411:Spanish transition to democracy
15371:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency
14998:Communist insurgency in Sarawak
14504:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
14385:Occupation of the Baltic states
14087:Tunisian independence (1952–56)
13868:Menalamba rebellion (1895-1903)
13706:French and Indian War (1754–60)
10742:. Berghahan Books. p. 144.
10556:from the original on 1 May 2019
10517:from the original on 1 May 2019
9721:, Guy Pervillé, page 157-68 in
9552:from the original on 6 May 2021
9456:
9429:
9416:
9403:
9333:Bouchène, Abderrahmane (2014).
9288:
9273:
9265:Bouchène, Abderrahmane (2014).
9258:
9225:Histoire de la guerre d'Algérie
9216:
9203:
9164:
9131:
9117:. Pygmalion. pp. 425–426.
9106:
9093:
8926:
8807:
8770:
8730:
8658:
8638:
8503:
8483:
8480:, January 10, 2007, n°4498, p.7
8443:from the original on 9 May 2015
8429:
8403:
8376:
8319:
8293:
8265:
8252:
8208:
8169:
8084:
8055:
7986:
7966:
7957:
7832:
7796:
7683:
7557:
7484:Matthew James Connelly (2002).
7382:
7135:
7115:
7050:
7011:
6930:Texas International Law Journal
6914:
6866:
6851:
6821:
6511:
5954:Rey-Goldzeiguer, Annie (2001).
5684:
5493:Continued controversy in France
5366:, Iraqi-born British historian
5322:English-language historiography
5010:Torture during the Algerian War
4340:Talks with the FLN reopened at
4215:and Jean-Marie Le Pen. Another
4071:, who had been a member of the
3824:Presidency of Charles de Gaulle
3686:, equipped by the French Army.
3645:role, with some reported minor
3235:needs additional citations for
2955:needs additional citations for
1187:50,000 Harkis killed or missing
18489:Civil wars of the 20th century
18238:Union of Arab Republics (1972)
18000:Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz
15341:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
14976:Mozambican War of Independence
14415:Indonesian National Revolution
14137:Holy Man's Rebellion (1901–36)
14077:Kongo-Wara rebellion (1928–31)
13968:Cochinchina Campaign (1858–62)
13721:Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)
12817:Declaration of 1 November 1954
12615:Battle of Bordj Menaïel (1871)
12296:Declaration of 1 November 1954
11813:Declaration of 1 November 1954
10776:The Journal of African History
10738:A la recherche du soldat perdu
10505:Genin, Aaron (30 April 2019).
9964:. La Découverte. p. 118.
8724:n°324, October 2007, pp.28–29
8387:. University of Pennsylvania.
8332:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
8182:. Cambridge University Press.
7846:(in French). 1 November 1982.
7609:Irwin M. Wall (20 July 2001).
7168:"Algeria: War of independence"
6792:
6725:
6662:
6601:
6586:
6569:. Lexington Books. p. 1.
6237:by Alain Tasma (2005). On the
6117:because some scenes contained
5861:, New York: Prager Publishers.
5561:students, those passing their
5358:In a 1977 column published in
4949:History of Algeria (1962–1999)
4717:
4047:dissolved, as well as General
2888:declaration of 1 November 1954
2856:Declaration of 1 November 1954
2685:1954 film about French Algeria
2540:and 92,329 dying in hospital.
2368:After major demonstrations in
2234:List of wars involving Algeria
1190:6,000 European civilian deaths
39:List of wars involving Algeria
13:
1:
16939:CIA and the Cultural Cold War
15954:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
15907:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
15629:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
15594:Seven Days to the River Rhine
15326:Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
14613:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état
14541:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
14202:First Indochina War (1946–54)
13953:Franco-Tahitian War (1844–47)
12334:Bombardment of Algiers (1688)
12329:Bombardment of Algiers (1683)
12324:Bombardment of Algiers (1682)
12319:French-Algerian War 1681–1688
11935:Proposed partition of Algeria
11427:. Westport (Conn.): Praeger.
11297:The Journal of Modern History
11073:, La Découverte, Paris, 2001.
10357:. 4 July 2000. Archived from
8062:Schaller, Dominik J. (2010).
7280:
7246:
6550:
6337:Ce que le jour doit à la nuit
6018:La Torture sous la République
5360:The Times Literary Supplement
5293:As the war was officially a "
5203:", whose victims were called
4881:
4274:De Gaulle convoked the first
4222:After the publication of the
3333:, a socialist, abolished the
3081:Armée de Libération Nationale
2819:Armée de Libération Nationale
2463:
18183:Federation of Arab Republics
18143:Arab Socialist Union (Libya)
18133:Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)
17734:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
17682:Arab separatism in Khuzestan
15932:Fall of communism in Albania
15902:Mongolian Revolution of 1990
15851:Polish Round Table Agreement
15191:1968 Polish political crisis
15008:Eritrean War of Independence
14774:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
14669:East German uprising of 1953
14601:Chinese Communist Revolution
14266:
14015:Franco-Siamese crisis (1893)
13599:King William's War (1689–97)
12026:Effects in Algerian politics
11421:Shrader, Charles R. (1999).
11275:10.14321/jstudradi.13.2.0001
10171:. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
9802:Encyclopedia of Human Rights
9725:(No. 19), automne 1996.
9546:Illinois Wesleyan University
9515:Whaley Eager, Paige (2016).
8793:10.1080/01402390412331302635
8780:Journal of Strategic Studies
7696:. Cornell University Press.
7537:Encyclopedia of the Cold War
7089:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1–272.
7086:A Military History of Africa
6738:. Univ of California Press.
6079:(1966) by Italian filmmaker
6002:Slama, Alain-Gérard (1996).
5669:to the 1945 riots in Sétif,
5405:
5140:, archbishop of Strasbourg,
4236:(SFIO) socialist party, the
4197:Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour
4087:(1947–54), officers such as
3817:
3306:by the FLN near the town of
2833:France, which had just lost
2802:Manifeste du peuple algérien
2306:Algerian War of Independence
7:
18308:Flag of the Arab Federation
18138:Arab Socialist Union (Iraq)
18128:Arab Socialist Action Party
15806:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
15534:Korean Air Lines Flight 902
15279:Corrective Movement (Syria)
15243:New People's Army rebellion
15238:Sino-Soviet border conflict
14966:Angolan War of Independence
14829:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
14709:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
14354:Jamaican political conflict
14082:Malagasy Uprising (1947–48)
13908:Argentina–Uruguay (1845–50)
13781:Egypt and Syria (1798–1801)
13696:King George's War (1744–48)
12372:Invasion of Algiers in 1830
11641:Algerian popular resistance
10965:Ligue des droits de l'homme
10881:10.1080/0963948042000196379
10088:Ligue des droits de l'homme
9997:(in French). 24 June 2000.
9494:. Oxford University Press.
8882:Leulliette, Pierre (1964).
8464:"Alger-Bagdad", account of
8007:Olivier Le Cour Grandmaison
7928:. Peter Lang. p. 179.
7922:Abdelkader Aoudjit (2010).
6814:Major Gregory D. Peterson,
6563:Alec G. Hargreaves (2005).
6526:
6368:
6184:Avoir 20 ans dans les Aurès
6156:Mark Robson (film director)
5896:, gta Verlag, Zürich 2017.
5806:Aussaresses, General Paul.
4284:Mouvement national algérien
4199:(who later competed in the
3761:Fall of the Fourth Republic
3729:(1957–60) during which the
3541:1956 newsreel about the war
3473:Battle of Algiers (1956–57)
3343:National Assembly of France
3076:Mouvement National Algérien
3016:(right), the leader of the
2526:Governor-General of Algeria
2228:Military history of Algeria
10:
18555:
18479:Public holidays in Algeria
18279:On the Way of Resurrection
18272:The Battle for One Destiny
18203:Lebanese National Movement
17644:Third International Theory
17479:Mémorial Charles-de-Gaulle
17424:Rally of the French People
17387:1965 presidential election
17111:Names and terms of address
16002:Sino-Indian border dispute
15831:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
15761:1987–1989 JVP insurrection
15519:1976 Argentine coup d'état
15431:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
15381:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état
15065:1964 Brazilian coup d'état
15033:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
14722:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
14489:Asian Relations Conference
13963:French conquest of Vietnam
13676:Queen Anne's War (1702–13)
13124:People's National Assembly
12941:Nationalism and resistance
12476:Battle of Boudouaou (1840)
12453:First Battle of the Issers
12425:French conquest of Algeria
12356:French conquest of Algeria
12177:Organisation armée secrète
12118:Algerian National Movement
11840:Hijacking of the FLN plane
11599:French conquest of Algeria
11487:Maier, Charles S. (1968).
11383:Sartre, Jean-Paul (1968).
11246:. New York: Viking Press.
11121:
10589:10.4000/criminocorpus.2676
10039:Hélie Denoix de Saint Marc
9934:. Routledge. p. 122.
9877:. Routledge. p. 137.
9799:David P. Forsythe (2009).
9519:. Routledge. p. 109.
9317:. Oxford University Press.
9313:Connelly, Matthew (2002).
9280:Westad, Odd Warne (2007).
9113:Montagnon, Pierre (2012).
9079:10.1177/002070206201700201
8824:, Flammarion, 1999, p. 174
8548:February 19, 2007, at the
8047:Bibliothèque de la Pléiade
7872:Kevin Shillington (2013).
7196:Meynier's work cited was:
7153:, lire en ligne ), p. 184.
6802:, L'Harmattan, 1995, p.125
6477:Independence Day (Algeria)
6265:ethnically Algerian French
6158:(1966). The French title,
6054:
5859:in the French-Algerian War
5396:
5007:
4946:
4617:
4417:demonstrators in Algiers,
4259:
4201:1965 presidential election
4067:(French broadcasting TV).
4025:Organisation armée secrète
3821:
3764:
3470:
3067:, the veteran nationalist
3063:After the collapse of the
2890:written by the journalist
2853:
2798:Union populaire algérienne
2744:. In 1926, he founded the
2665:
2655:
2485:French conquest of Algeria
2482:
2467:
2407:Organisation armée secrète
36:
29:
18422:
18331:
18288:
18256:
18233:Unified Political Command
18123:Arab Nationalist Movement
18068:
18020:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi
17880:
17849:
17816:1969 Sudanese coup d'état
17687:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
17652:
17616:
17558:
17514:
17469:
17437:
17414:
17345:
17297:
17220:
17188:
17179:
17128:
17119:
17101:
17038:
16987:
16909:
16886:William Appleman Williams
16831:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
16613:
16585:
16534:
16466:
16459:
16393:
16258:
16183:
16113:
16106:
16015:
15962:
15894:
15607:
15346:Bangladesh Liberation War
15336:1971 Sudanese coup d'état
15251:
15223:1969 Sudanese coup d'état
15211:1968 Peruvian coup d'état
14874:
14649:Arab Cold War (1952–1979)
14626:
14336:
14274:
14214:
14187:Franco-Thai War (1940–41)
14124:
14027:
13983:Sino-French War (1884–85)
13978:Tonkin Campaign (1883–86)
13925:
13898:Río de la Plata (1838–40)
13885:
13793:
13738:
13726:Santo Domingo (1795–1809)
13668:
13636:
13616:
13561:
13509:
13479:
13442:
13436:French colonial conflicts
13366:
13292:
13244:
13235:
13165:
13156:
13072:
13063:
12993:
12984:
12903:
12859:
12854:Links to related articles
12825:
12797:
12745:
12656:
12581:
12532:
12447:First Battle of Boudouaou
12422:
12353:
12340:
12302:
12289:
12215:
12185:
12136:
12106:National Liberation Front
12098:
12091:
12048:1 November 1954 Stadiums
11987:
11954:
11905:
11887:Killing of Saadia Mebarek
11870:
11794:
11787:
11736:
11724:Sétif and Guelma massacre
11587:
11580:
11362:McDougall, James (2017).
11333:McDougall, James (2006).
11290:McDougall, James (2017).
11172:Clayton, Anthony (1994).
10937:, presided by the deluty
10788:10.1017/S0021853700026402
10622:Michael Burleigh (2013).
10094:30 September 2007 at the
9871:Hannibal, Travis (2013).
9829:Clayton, Anthony (2001).
9744:. HarperCollins. p.
9701:, PUF, 2007, p. 115.
9540:Rohlof, Caroline (2012).
9424:French Historical Studies
7878:. Routledge. p. 60.
7778:"référendum 1962 Algérie"
7540:. Routledge. p. 16.
7389:Hobson, Faure L. (2009).
7132:, lire en ligne ), p. 86.
6921:Katherine Draper (2013).
6862:. Routledge. p. 137.
6858:Travis, Hannibal (2013).
6093:(1958). Egyptian film by
5991:Mekhaled, Boucif (1995).
5869:The Algerian War 1954–62.
5743:, Houghton Mifflin, 1964.
5721:Contemporary publications
5577:) or politically-engaged
5333:The Algerian Insurrection
5004:Atrocities and war crimes
4919:Sétif and Guelma massacre
4803:
4620:Women in the Algerian War
4604:African National Congress
4578:competed with China, and
4521:and the emergence of the
4336:about the 1962 cease fire
4318:for the rest of the war.
4174:Manifeste de la classe 60
4081:counter-revolutionary war
3971:La semaine des barricades
3892:in 1954, told journalist
3767:May 1958 crisis in France
3461:Nobel Prize in Literature
2814:National Liberation Front
2806:Sétif and Guelma massacre
2699:; and French settlers as
2662:Sétif and Guelma massacre
2314:National Liberation Front
2241:Postal history of Algeria
2180:Insurgency in the Maghreb
2003:Sétif and Guelma massacre
1281:
1206:
1161:
1151:1.5 million men mobilized
1129:
310:
168:
92:
81:
69:
50:
18474:20th-century revolutions
17741:1952 Egyptian revolution
17484:Adenauer-de Gaulle Prize
15661:1980 Turkish coup d'état
15496:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
15466:1978 Somali coup attempt
15426:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
15391:1973 Chilean coup d'état
15216:Revolutionary Government
15110:South African Border War
14902:1960 Turkish coup d'état
14819:Iraqi 14 July Revolution
14674:1953 Iranian coup d'état
14654:1952 Egyptian revolution
14062:Volta-Bani War (1915–16)
13926:Asia & Pacific Ocean
13681:Chickasaw Wars (1721–52)
12603:Battle of Naciria (1871)
12506:Second Assault of Dellys
12123:Algerian Communist Party
12111:National Liberation Army
11892:Charonne subway massacre
11749:Decolonisation of Africa
11389:. Boston: Beacon Press.
11112:10.1177/0305829808093770
11018:26 December 2019 at the
10628:. Penguin. p. 226.
10192:Bernardot, Marc (2008).
10127:Horne, Alistair (1977).
9723:Confluences Méditerranée
9605:General Maurice Faivre,
9572:"Alger Panse Ses Plaies"
9398:The Eloquence of Silence
9373:. Longman. p. 247.
9282:La guerre froide globale
9223:Stora, Benjamin (1993).
9138:Horne, Alistair (1978).
9003:. Université Perpignan.
8950:. ena.lu. Archived from
8908:"The Torture of Algiers"
8837:Cline, Lawrence (2005).
7690:Stora, Benjamin (2004).
7083:Stapleton, T.J. (2013).
6993:Horne, Alistair (1978).
6936:(3): 576. Archived from
6709:The Algerian War 1954–62
6527:al-Thawra al-Jaza'iriyah
6504:
6329:La Valise ou le Cercueil
6192:, a documentary film by
6073:starred and co-produced
6050:
5912:Algeria to Independence.
5808:The Battle of the Casbah
5575:les Arabes dans la Seine
5547:French secondary schools
5299:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
5065:centres de regroupements
4996:broke out in the 1990s.
4778:La valise ou le cercueil
4668:Algerian Communist Party
3910:Col. Bigeard (July 1959)
3836:Vive l'Algérie française
3808:taking the French island
3521:accompanied by torture.
3042:Algerian Communist Party
3018:National Liberation Army
3003:National Liberation Army
2886:, the FLN broadcast the
2850:Beginning of hostilities
2782:Parti du peuple algérien
2336:, with repercussions in
1230:8,000 villages destroyed
1224:1 million Europeans fled
1040:Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury
717:Mohammed Seddik Benyahia
707:Mohamed Lamine Debaghine
76:decolonisation of Africa
30:Not to be confused with
18394:Palestinian nationalism
18313:Flag of the Arab Revolt
17806:1966 Syrian coup d'état
17786:1963 Syrian coup d'état
17766:1961 Syrian coup d'état
15866:Fall of the Berlin Wall
15811:People Power Revolution
15796:Central American crisis
15736:1986 Black Sea incident
15386:1973 Afghan coup d'état
15284:Western Sahara conflict
15095:1966 Syrian coup d'état
15018:1963 Syrian coup d'état
14961:Portuguese Colonial War
14924:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
14689:1954 Syrian coup d'état
14566:Annexation of Hyderabad
14509:1947–1949 Palestine war
14197:South Vietnam (1945–46)
14067:Kaocen revolt (1916–17)
13995:Second Opium War (1860)
13988:North Vietnam (1886–96)
13973:North Vietnam (1873–74)
13776:East Indies (1793–1801)
13711:North America (1778–83)
13579:North America (1627–29)
13569:Beaver Wars (1609–1701)
12926:Medieval Muslim Algeria
12627:Battle of Issers (1871)
12459:First Assault of Dellys
12172:Front Algérie Française
11825:Battle of Philippeville
11210:Galula, David (2006) .
11069:Annie Rey-Goldzeiguer,
11030:(in English and French)
10933:8 December 2006 at the
10861:McCormack, J. (2004). "
10710:(in English and French)
9805:. OUP USA. p. 37.
9769:Alistair Horne (2012).
9440:. Palestine Chronicle.
8051:(in English and French)
8049:, 1991, pp 704 and 705.
7979:7 November 2017 at the
7780:. france-politique.fr.
7636:Benjamin Stora (2004).
6639:Yves Beigbeder (2006).
6614:. Rodopi. p. 117.
6186:by René Vautier (1972).
6180:by Michel Drach (1970).
5958:, La Découverte, Paris.
5629:and made by the deputy
5029:colonization of Algeria
4853:In 1962, around 90,000
4816:in uniform, summer 1961
4679:. Drif was pardoned by
4643:Eveline Safir Lavalette
4411:4th Tirailleur Regiment
4238:Radical-Socialist Party
4101:convince the population
3600:. The French also used
3423:and the torture by the
3155:interlocuteurs valables
2901:Radical-Socialist Party
2771:Blum-Viollette proposal
2524:, who became the first
2497:Battle of Somah in 1836
2489:Pacification of Algeria
2254:History of North Africa
2054:Independence referendum
1993:Attack on Mers-el-Kébir
1137:40,000 civilian support
18524:Wars involving Algeria
18469:20th-century conflicts
17821:1969 Libyan revolution
17699:1941 Iraqi coup d'état
17527:Operation Resurrection
17365:Algiers putsch of 1961
17266:Provisional Government
17261:Brazzaville Conference
17239:Empire Defense Council
16160:Neoclassical economics
15671:Gulf of Sidra incident
15228:1969 Libyan revolution
14919:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
14704:1954 Geneva Conference
14464:Turkish straits crisis
14459:Corfu Channel incident
14132:Boxer Rebellion (1901)
14097:Cameroon War (1955–64)
14092:Algerian War (1954–62)
14010:Leewards War (1888–97)
13808:Indian Ocean (1809–11)
13686:Dummer's War (1721–25)
13589:Carib Expulsion (1660)
12471:Battle Of Ammal (1840)
12389:Second Battle of Blida
12347:
12292:Ministry of Mujahideen
11757:Brazzaville Conference
11472:. Simon and Schuster.
11402:Shepard, Todd (2006).
10661:Gannon, James (2008).
10462:February 19, 2010, at
10377:June 24, 2005, at the
9928:Marnia Lazreg (1994).
8689:10.7249/j.ctt5hhsjk.16
8620:Réflexions Historiques
8091:Jalata, Asafa (2016).
7194:
7024:. BRILL. p. 198.
6535:
6306:by Mehdi Charef (2007)
6255:Paris massacre of 1961
6239:Paris massacre of 1961
6084:
5941:Jauffret, Jean-Charles
5789:Alžir do nezavisnosti.
5609:(shanty towns). Thus,
5592:
5567:Paris massacre of 1961
5508:
5308:French Socialist Party
5261:on the war, including
5254:
5229:Algerian use of terror
5064:
5033:Paris massacre of 1961
5024:
4895:
4892:Notre-Dame de la Garde
4817:
4734:
4700:(including indigenous
4683:on the anniversary of
4629:
4337:
4308:General Edmond Jouhaud
4304:General Maurice Challe
4262:Algiers putsch of 1961
4138:The opposition of the
4007:
3949:
3917:French Communist Party
3913:
3812:Operation Resurrection
3721:
3693:Late in 1957, General
3643:intelligence gathering
3542:
3482:
3421:destruction of Oradour
3298:
3141:, a psychiatrist from
3133:
3025:
3006:
2935:
2865:
2804:). Arrested after the
2742:French Communist Party
2686:
2610:
2599:
2498:
2474:French colonial empire
2429:
2405:
2345:
1536:Iberomaurusian Culture
682:Ahmed Tewfik El Madani
311:Commanders and leaders
227:French Fourth Republic
151:Fourth French Republic
142:French colonial empire
61:
56:ثورة التحرير الجزائرية
18529:Wars involving France
18509:Separatism in Algeria
18379:Jordanian nationalism
18113:Arab Islamic Republic
18108:Arab Higher Committee
17985:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani
17965:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
17776:North Yemen civil war
17709:Arab–Israeli conflict
17489:Fifth French Republic
17256:Casablanca Conference
17010:Russia–NATO relations
16891:Jonathan Reed Winkler
16175:Democratic capitalism
16170:Supply-side economics
16138:American conservatism
15937:Breakup of Yugoslavia
15826:Bougainville conflict
15741:South Yemen civil war
15676:Martial law in Poland
15539:Nicaraguan Revolution
15514:Dirty War (Argentina)
15321:1971 JVP insurrection
15135:Years of Lead (Italy)
15013:North Yemen civil war
14931:Berlin Crisis of 1961
14907:Albanian–Soviet split
14839:1959 Tibetan uprising
14804:Syrian Crisis of 1957
14659:Iraqi Intifada (1952)
14519:1948 Arab–Israeli War
14112:Bizerte crisis (1961)
13943:Philippines (1844–45)
13893:West Indies (1804–10)
13848:Ivory Coast (1883–98)
13771:East Indies (1778–83)
13701:Nova Scotia (1749–55)
13691:Natchez revolt (1729)
13651:West Africa (1758–63)
13584:West Indies (1635–59)
13457:South Carolina (1562)
13087:Council of the Nation
12782:De Lamoricière Treaty
12593:Battle of Alma (1871)
12512:Battle of Sidi Brahim
12413:Battle of Constantine
12395:Massacre of El Ouffia
12383:First Battle of Blida
12346:
12002:French Fifth Republic
11979:Algerian independence
11500:Lieutenant in Algeria
11191:Dine, Philip (1994).
11094:The Battle of Algiers
11025:Le Monde diplomatique
10939:Jacques-Alain Bénisti
10836:July 5, 2007, at the
10734:Dine, Philip (2000).
10705:Le Monde diplomatique
10698:22 April 2019 at the
10511:The California Review
10482:. 13 September 2018.
10165:Hill, J.N.C. (2009).
9846:International Affairs
9717:22 April 2022 at the
9295:Kadri, Aïssa (2015).
9252:10.3917/mond.121.0159
9142:A Savage War of Peace
9067:International Journal
8496:Wretched of the Earth
8468:'s film documentary,
8258:Gianluca P. Parolin,
8039:Travail sur l'Algérie
8035:Alexis de Tocqueville
8016:Le Monde diplomatique
7844:Le Monde diplomatique
7717:Pervillé, G. (2012).
7461:. countrystudies.us.
7287:Table 14.1 B; row 694
7253:Table 14.1 B; row 664
7216:10.3917/rhmc.504.0205
7189:
7172:Mass Atrocity Endings
6178:Elise ou la vraie vie
6167:The Battle of Algiers
6076:The Battle of Algiers
6064:
6008:Découvertes Gallimard
5772:Yellow Concept, 2004.
5631:Jacques-Alain Bénisti
5587:
5503:
5364:A Savage War of Peace
5348:A Savage War of Peace
5289:Lack of commemoration
5263:Jean-Charles Jauffret
5252:
5022:
5008:Further information:
4889:
4811:
4725:
4685:Algerian independence
4627:
4332:
4152:, a former member of
4111:Jacques Chaban-Delmas
4077:psychological warfare
4002:
3943:
3902:
3719:
3711:Battle of the borders
3660:psychological warfare
3540:
3480:
3360:In October 1956, the
3289:
3108:
3012:
3001:
2863:
2747:Étoile Nord-Africaine
2732:Within that context,
2684:
2666:Further information:
2604:
2594:
2496:
2160:High Council of State
1940:(19th–20th centuries)
1901:Emirate of Beni Abbas
1888:(16th–19th centuries)
1592:Archeology of Algeria
1162:Casualties and losses
243:French Fifth Republic
157:Fifth French Republic
155:Establishment of the
18534:Wars of independence
18519:Separatism in France
18499:Rebellions in Africa
18414:Tunisian nationalism
18384:Lebanese nationalism
18344:Egyptian nationalism
18339:Algerian nationalism
18243:United Arab Republic
18118:Arab Liberation Army
18098:Arab Ba'ath Movement
17955:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
17459:Vive le Québec libre
17402:Later life and death
17271:Liberation of France
17205:Battle of Montcornet
17200:4th Armored Division
16431:Non-Aligned Movement
16053:Peaceful coexistence
16007:North Borneo dispute
15922:German reunification
15917:Min Ping Yu No. 5202
15615:Salvadoran Civil War
15564:Grand Mosque seizure
15559:Yemenite War of 1979
15451:Mozambican Civil War
15406:Carnation Revolution
15361:Yemenite War of 1972
15299:1970 Polish protests
15130:1967 Hong Kong riots
15105:Argentine Revolution
15055:Guatemalan Civil War
14983:Cuban Missile Crisis
14897:Bay of Pigs Invasion
14769:1956 Poznań protests
14747:Geneva Summit (1955)
14349:Hukbalahap Rebellion
14328:Non-Aligned Movement
13604:Santo Domingo (1691)
12648:Capture of Touggourt
12494:Battle of Beni Mered
12465:Siege of Constantine
12314:Djidjelli expedition
12019:1962 Algerian crisis
12014:Aftermath in Algeria
11930:Manifesto of the 121
11914:Communauté française
11646:Algerian nationalism
11514:Algerian War Reading
11365:A history of Algeria
10812:A Scattering of Dust
10809:Greer, Herb (1962).
10361:on 19 February 2010.
9741:My Battle of Algiers
9467:. Just World Books.
9463:Drif, Zohra (2017).
8654:. 16 September 2018.
8471:La Bataille d'Algers
8045:, Paris, Gallimard,
6943:on 7 November 2016.
6483:Manifesto of the 121
6303:Cartouches Gauloises
6268:military auxiliaries
6144:Commando (1962 film)
6090:Jamila, the Algerian
6036:Yellow Concept 2004.
6014:Vidal-Naquet, Pierre
6006:, Gallimard, coll. "
5976:) (Spanish transl.:
5962:Robin, Marie-Monique
5933:Benot, Yves (1994).
5627:Philippe de Villepin
5532:Abdelaziz Bouteflika
5328:A Scattering of Dust
5211:), "Bigeard shrimp".
5150:Louisette Ighilahriz
5053:burying people alive
4959:Benyoucef Ben Khedda
4300:General André Zeller
3995:Boulevard Laferrière
3966:Jean-Baptiste Biaggi
3954:Unités Territoriales
3739:population transfers
3244:improve this article
3022:President of Algeria
2964:improve this article
2897:Pierre Mendès France
2658:Algerian nationalism
2652:Algerian Nationalism
2545:Constitution of 1848
2365:win hearts and minds
1710:Early African Church
1691:Prefecture of Africa
1675:Kingdom of the Aurès
1025:Pierre Mendes-France
37:For other uses, see
18404:Sahrawi nationalism
17761:1959 Mosul uprising
17694:Great Syrian Revolt
17532:Order of Liberation
17210:Battle of Abbeville
16876:Alex von Tunzelmann
16866:Vladimir Tismăneanu
16791:Thomas J. McCormick
16786:Jack F. Matlock Jr.
16686:Robert Hugh Ferrell
16549:Crusade for Freedom
16346:Illiberal democracy
16230:Ho Chi Minh Thought
16033:Eisenhower Doctrine
15886:Peaceful Revolution
15881:Romanian Revolution
15861:Revolutions of 1989
15846:1988 Polish strikes
15756:Operation INFEKTION
15751:1987 Lieyu massacre
15656:Eritrean Civil Wars
15639:Peruvian Revolution
15589:1979 Herat uprising
15579:Sino-Vietnamese War
15544:Uganda–Tanzania War
15524:Egyptian–Libyan War
15491:Third Indochina War
15486:Sino-Albanian split
15476:Ethiopian Civil War
15376:Eritrean Civil Wars
15316:Ping-pong diplomacy
15289:Cambodian Civil War
15115:Korean DMZ Conflict
15100:Cultural Revolution
15070:Dominican Civil War
15048:Tlatelolco massacre
14834:1959 Mosul uprising
14824:1958 Lebanon crisis
14551:Al-Wathbah uprising
14474:First Indochina War
14444:Iran crisis of 1946
14057:Zaian War (1914–21)
14042:Wadai War (1906–11)
13818:Algeria (1835–1903)
13766:Vietnam (1777–1820)
13716:Caribbean (1778–83)
12946:War of Independence
12641:Capture of Palestro
12500:Battle of the Smala
12366:Shipwreck of Dellys
12155:Commandos de Chasse
12149:French Armed Forces
11763:First Indochina War
11604:Invasion of Algiers
11058:Massacres coloniaux
11000:, 18 November 2004
10909:on 17 February 2001
10292:, 18 November 2004
10260:La guerre d'Algérie
10084:Marie-Monique Robin
9738:(31 January 2006).
9699:La Guerre d'Algérie
9073:(2 Spring): 87–88.
8890:. Houghton Mifflin.
8863:on 16 November 2016
8822:DST, Police Secrète
8543:Number given by the
8499:. François Maspero.
8284:Human Rights League
8243:Human Rights League
8216:Code de l'indigénat
7598:on 26 October 2014.
7442:16 May 2022 at the
7407:10.3917/aj.422.0067
7281:Rummel, Rudolph J.
7247:Rummel, Rudolph J.
6292:Florent Emilio Siri
6190:La Guerre d'Algérie
5935:Massacres coloniaux
5601:Metropolitan France
5523:'s creation of the
5479:Pierre Vidal-Naquet
5362:reviewing the book
5259:historical research
5092:First Indochina War
4758:Spanish Inquisition
4727:Commandos de Chasse
4565:UN general assembly
4532:and the Soviet-led
4515:metropolitan France
4500:François Mitterrand
4296:General Raoul Salan
4129:General de Castries
3962:Jean-Jacques Susini
3924:UN General Assembly
3549:in accordance with
3547:hit-and-run tactics
3437:Pierre Vidal-Naquet
3115:Mostefa Ben Boulaïd
2839:Metropolitan France
2828:First Indochina War
2705:Chasseurs d'Afrique
2623:Code de l'Indigénat
2605:Arrival of Marshal
2573:Code de l'indigénat
2479:Conquest of Algeria
2458:Algerians in France
2424:concentration camps
2338:metropolitan France
2302:Algerian Revolution
2300:(also known as the
1918:Barbary Slave Trade
1699:Exarchate of Africa
1667:Mauro-Roman Kingdom
1121:Jean-Jacques Susini
727:Abdelhafid Boussouf
697:Benyoucef Benkhedda
363:Mustapha Benboulaïd
353:Abdelhafid Boussouf
18409:Syrian nationalism
18389:Libyan nationalism
18349:Greater Mauritania
18265:The Arab Awakening
18248:United Arab States
18223:Rejectionist Front
18030:Gamal Abdel Nasser
17841:Yemeni unification
17831:Lebanese Civil War
17811:17 July Revolution
17781:Ramadan Revolution
17756:14 July Revolution
17030:Russian Revolution
16826:Mary Elise Sarotte
16811:William B. Pickett
16736:Patrick J. Hearden
16716:Gabriel Gorodetsky
16711:Timothy Garton Ash
16696:Anneli Ute Gabanyi
16291:Ethnic nationalism
16043:Hallstein Doctrine
15927:Yemeni unification
15716:1985 Geneva Summit
15681:Casamance conflict
15584:New Jewel Movement
15569:Iranian Revolution
15554:Chadian–Libyan War
15501:Cambodian conflict
15481:Lebanese Civil War
15471:Western Sahara War
15446:June 1976 protests
15441:Cambodian genocide
15206:17 July Revolution
15160:Nigerian Civil War
15075:Rhodesian Bush War
15060:Colombian conflict
15003:Ramadan Revolution
14742:Bandung Conference
14618:Operation Valuable
14499:Partition of India
14107:Ifni War (1957–58)
14102:Suez Crisis (1956)
13208:Telecommunications
12770:De Bourmont Treaty
12488:Battle of Mazagran
12377:Battle of Staouéli
12348:
12305:Pre-1830 conflicts
11850:Week of barricades
11830:Soummam conference
11650:Attempted reforms
11464:Gaulle, Charles de
10992:2008-12-11 at the
10959:2007-08-25 at the
10424:2007-11-05 at the
10405:2007-02-09 at the
10284:2007-10-20 at the
10220:Political Writings
10151:Text published in
10117:, 18 November 2004
10070:, 1 November 2004.
10060:2007-10-20 at the
10025:2008-11-28 at the
9211:American Libraries
9115:L'Armee d' Afrique
8954:on 23 October 2006
8477:Le Canard enchaîné
8277:2007-03-14 at the
8236:2007-03-14 at the
6449:(b. 1925), famous
6085:
6010:" (n° 301), Paris.
5796:Other publications
5737:Leulliette, Pierre
5712:(concerning these
5525:law on colonialism
5275:la guerre sans nom
5255:
5081:Simone de Beauvoir
5070:forced into labour
5025:
4992:, until a violent
4986:Houari Boumédiènne
4930:post-war reprisals
4896:
4836:Free French Forces
4818:
4735:
4630:
4628:FLN female bombers
4561:Bandung conference
4338:
4334:Universal Newsreel
4244:(FO) trade union,
4162:François d'Orcival
4113:added to that the
4093:Lionel-Max Chassin
4039:was arrested, and
4018:, who had entered
3958:Pierre Lagaillarde
3950:
3936:Week of barricades
3882:Operation Jumelles
3751:search-and-destroy
3722:
3585:Troupes coloniales
3543:
3483:
3393:Gamal Abdel Nasser
3299:
3180:state of emergency
3134:
3026:
3007:
2866:
2687:
2619:French nationality
2611:
2609:in Algiers in 1857
2499:
2446:many were murdered
2322:decolonization war
2223:Outline of Algeria
2131:Algerian Civil War
1930:Second Barbary War
1886:Regency of Algiers
1454:2nd Ouled Bouachra
1384:1st Ouled Bouachra
1145:90,000 to 180,000
1135:300,000 identified
1085:Pierre Lagaillarde
803:Mohammed Bellounis
722:Lakhdar Ben Tobbal
642:Houari Boumedienne
32:Algerian Civil War
18446:
18445:
18440:
18439:
18369:Iraqi nationalism
18060:Constantin Zureiq
17910:Abdul Rahman Arif
17890:Butrus al-Bustani
17576:
17575:
17542:Trente Glorieuses
17522:French Resistance
17447:Appeal of 18 June
17417:political parties
17410:
17409:
17330:1958 constitution
17293:
17292:
17095:Charles de Gaulle
17061:
17060:
17048:List of conflicts
16896:Rudolph Winnacker
16841:Giles Scott-Smith
16816:Ronald E. Powaski
16771:Melvyn P. Leffler
16701:John Lewis Gaddis
16676:Robert D. English
16641:Warren H. Carroll
16631:Michael Beschloss
16600:Nuclear arms race
16581:
16580:
16487:Neues Deutschland
16389:
16388:
16371:White nationalism
16341:Liberal democracy
16078:Ulbricht Doctrine
16068:Brezhnev Doctrine
15876:Velvet Revolution
15620:Soviet–Afghan War
15436:Angolan Civil War
15233:Goulash Communism
15090:ASEAN Declaration
15043:Mexican Dirty War
14941:Annexation of Goa
14892:1960 U-2 incident
14866:Sino-Soviet split
14844:Laotian Civil War
14684:Bricker Amendment
14664:Mau Mau rebellion
14608:Malayan Emergency
14596:Chinese Civil War
14556:Tito–Stalin split
14410:Division of Korea
14234:
14233:
14230:
14229:
14210:
14209:
14177:Vietnam (1930–31)
14162:Cilicia (1920–21)
14152:Vietnam (1918–21)
14147:Vietnam (1917–18)
14120:
14119:
14072:Rif War (1920–26)
14052:Morocco (1911–12)
14047:Casablanca (1907)
14023:
14022:
13921:
13920:
13881:
13880:
13843:Madagascar (1883)
13813:Algeria (1830–47)
13789:
13788:
13734:
13733:
13664:
13663:
13632:
13631:
13612:
13611:
13557:
13556:
13529:Senegal (1659–77)
13505:
13504:
13475:
13474:
13462:Florida (1562–65)
13402:
13401:
13362:
13361:
13269:List of Algerians
13231:
13230:
13152:
13151:
13134:Political parties
13097:Foreign relations
13059:
13058:
12918:Classical period
12846:
12845:
12755:Desmichels Treaty
12523:Siege of Laghouat
12242:
12241:
12211:
12210:
12137:Anti-independence
12087:
12086:
12074:Martyrs' Memorial
11950:
11949:
11925:FLN football team
11845:Operation Corsica
11835:Battle of Algiers
11783:
11782:
11769:Malagasy Uprising
11732:
11731:
11479:978-0-671-21118-9
11434:978-0-275-96388-0
11413:978-0-8014-4360-2
11375:978-0-521-85164-0
11346:978-0-521-84373-7
11253:978-0-670-61964-1
11221:978-0-8330-3920-0
11202:978-0-19-815875-2
11183:978-0-582-09802-2
10844:published on the
10840:, interview with
10271:Raphaëlle Branche
10194:Camps d'étrangers
10178:978-1-58826-608-8
10138:978-1-59017-218-6
10111:Raphaëlle Branche
10082:, interview with
9971:978-2-7071-8309-5
9914:978-0-19-165279-0
9852:(5): 1015–1029 .
9812:978-0-19-533402-9
9782:978-1-4472-3343-5
9775:. Pan Macmillan.
9755:978-0-06-085224-5
9673:www.aljazeera.com
9157:978-0-670-61964-1
9124:978-2-7564-0574-2
8910:. Algeria-Watch.
8763:978-0-312-04924-9
8750:St Martin's Press
8680:978-0-8330-8109-4
8158:978-0-300-10098-3
8104:978-1-137-55234-1
8077:978-0-19-923211-6
7885:978-1-135-45670-2
7676:978-1-107-08859-7
7547:978-1-135-92311-2
7522:978-0-520-91702-6
7497:978-0-19-514513-7
7322:. 16 March 2012.
7031:978-90-474-1070-6
6835:. 19 March 2012.
6745:978-0-520-35711-2
6681:978-1-78316-585-8
6652:978-90-04-15329-5
6621:978-90-420-2406-9
6576:978-0-7391-0821-5
6541:War of 1 November
6310:Balcon sur la mer
6115:Banned until 1963
5902:978-3-85676-376-3
5840:978-0-670-61964-1
5816:978-1-929631-30-8
5667:Aimable Pélissier
5615:Le Gone du Chaâba
5521:National Assembly
5452:On 15 June 2000,
5271:National Assembly
5205:crevettes Bigeard
4867:French historians
4681:Charles de Gaulle
4677:Barbarossa prison
4672:Raymonde Peschard
4392:Jean-Marie Le Pen
4330:
4225:Manifeste des 121
4213:François Brigneau
4209:Victor Barthélemy
4095:were inspired by
4057:Jacques Soustelle
3735:mountainous areas
3651:Lawrence E. Cline
3647:pseudo-operations
3639:Kit Carson Scouts
3551:guerrilla warfare
3538:
3467:Battle of Algiers
3413:Hubert Beuve-Méry
3335:Algerian Assembly
3323:Jacques Soustelle
3287:
3276:
3275:
3268:
3206:Jacques Soustelle
3014:Houari Boumediène
2996:
2995:
2988:
2734:Khalid ibn Hashim
2682:
2570:(1852–1871), the
2390:second referendum
2384:in March 1962. A
2374:Charles de Gaulle
2326:guerrilla warfare
2312:and the Algerian
2292:
2291:
2204:COVID-19 pandemic
1925:First Barbary War
1894:Ottoman governors
1754:Umayyad Caliphate
1683:Kingdom of Altava
1482:
1481:
1240:
1239:
1227:200,000 Jews fled
1055:Charles de Gaulle
1010:
994:
980:
952:
939:Pierre Jeanpierre
928:
904:
888:
872:
848:
832:
827:Jacques Soustelle
816:
792:
776:
760:
598:Houari Boumédiène
570:Colonel Amirouche
303:
287:
248:
232:
164:
163:
16:(Redirected from
18546:
18430:
18429:
18303:Eagle of Saladin
18010:Amin al-Husseini
17975:Faisal I of Iraq
17945:Sultan al-Atrash
17940:Mansur al-Atrash
17915:Abdul Salam Arif
17724:War of Attrition
17610:Arab nationalism
17603:
17596:
17589:
17580:
17579:
17566:
17565:
17536:Resistance Medal
17360:Constantine Plan
17282:Épuration légale
17235:Administrations
17186:
17185:
17165:Interwar period
17159:Battle of Dinant
17126:
17125:
17088:
17081:
17074:
17065:
17064:
16806:David S. Painter
16731:John Earl Haynes
16661:Nicholas J. Cull
16646:Adrian Cioroianu
16626:Thomas A. Bailey
16573:Voice of America
16464:
16463:
16376:White separatism
16356:Social democracy
16351:Guided democracy
16331:Authoritarianism
16281:Ultranationalism
16271:Anti-imperialism
16198:Marxism–Leninism
16111:
16110:
16098:Kinmen Agreement
16063:Johnson Doctrine
16048:Kennedy Doctrine
15964:Frozen conflicts
15947:1991 August Coup
15836:Afghan Civil War
15731:Reykjavík Summit
15726:Somali Rebellion
15666:Ugandan Bush War
15644:Gdańsk Agreement
15165:Protests of 1968
15145:War of Attrition
14854:Cuban Revolution
14790:We will bury you
14757:Cyprus Emergency
14737:Kashmir Princess
14727:Jebel Akhdar War
14576:Western betrayal
14261:
14254:
14247:
14238:
14237:
14212:
14211:
14192:Indochina (1945)
14122:
14121:
14032:
14031:
13923:
13922:
13903:Mexico (1838–39)
13883:
13882:
13798:
13797:
13736:
13735:
13666:
13665:
13641:
13640:
13614:
13613:
13574:Brazil (1612–15)
13559:
13558:
13534:Djidjelli (1664)
13514:
13513:
13497:Brazil (1590–04)
13492:Brazil (1555–67)
13477:
13476:
13447:
13446:
13429:
13422:
13415:
13406:
13405:
13382:
13375:
13242:
13241:
13183:
13163:
13162:
13070:
13069:
13026:
12991:
12990:
12951:1965 coup d'état
12921:
12886:
12879:
12872:
12863:
12862:
12850:
12849:
12790:
12778:
12715:Bab El Bekkouche
12635:
12623:
12611:
12574:
12562:
12550:
12484:
12281:
12280:
12279:
12269:
12262:
12255:
12246:
12245:
12232:
12231:
12221:
12220:
12099:Pro-independence
12096:
12095:
12037:
12036:
11943:
11920:Constantine Plan
11858:
11804:
11792:
11791:
11711:
11629:
11628:
11585:
11584:
11566:
11559:
11552:
11543:
11542:
11531:Internet Archive
11503:
11494:
11483:
11459:
11438:
11417:
11398:
11379:
11358:
11329:
11286:
11257:
11233:
11206:
11187:
11168:
11116:
11115:
11084:
11078:
11052:, Paris, 1995 **
11038:
11032:
11031:
11010:
11004:
11003:
10984:
10978:
10977:
10951:
10945:
10944:
10925:
10919:
10918:
10916:
10914:
10905:. Archived from
10899:
10893:
10892:
10858:
10852:
10851:
10848:archive website
10828:
10817:
10816:
10806:
10800:
10799:
10771:
10744:
10743:
10731:
10712:
10711:
10690:
10679:
10678:
10658:
10652:
10651:
10649:
10647:
10619:
10613:
10612:
10610:
10608:
10572:
10566:
10565:
10563:
10561:
10533:
10527:
10526:
10524:
10522:
10502:
10496:
10495:
10493:
10491:
10472:
10466:
10458:
10455:, June 22, 2000
10444:
10438:
10437:
10434:, July 15, 2000
10416:
10410:
10397:
10391:
10390:
10369:
10363:
10362:
10347:
10341:
10340:
10338:
10336:
10317:
10311:
10302:
10296:
10295:
10268:
10262:
10253:
10247:
10246:
10244:
10242:
10214:
10208:
10207:
10189:
10183:
10182:
10162:
10156:
10149:
10143:
10142:
10124:
10118:
10113:, Université de
10104:
10098:
10077:
10071:
10052:
10046:
10045:archive website
10035:Jacques Duquesne
10017:
10011:
10010:
10008:
10006:
9985:
9976:
9975:
9955:
9949:
9948:
9925:
9919:
9918:
9898:
9889:
9888:
9868:
9862:
9861:
9841:
9835:
9834:
9826:
9820:
9819:
9796:
9790:
9789:
9766:
9760:
9759:
9732:
9726:
9708:
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9665:
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9512:
9506:
9505:
9485:
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9478:
9460:
9454:
9453:
9451:
9449:
9433:
9427:
9420:
9414:
9407:
9401:
9396:Lazreg, Marnia.
9394:
9385:
9384:
9366:
9357:
9348:
9339:
9338:
9337:. La Découverte.
9330:
9319:
9318:
9310:
9301:
9300:
9292:
9286:
9285:
9277:
9271:
9270:
9269:. La Découverte.
9262:
9256:
9255:
9235:
9229:
9228:
9227:. La Découverte.
9220:
9214:
9207:
9201:
9200:
9195:
9193:
9187:
9176:
9168:
9162:
9161:
9145:
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9097:
9091:
9090:
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9017:
9016:
9014:
9012:
8997:
8991:
8990:
8988:
8986:
8977:. marxists.org.
8970:
8964:
8963:
8961:
8959:
8944:
8938:
8930:
8924:
8923:
8921:
8919:
8903:
8892:
8891:
8889:
8879:
8873:
8872:
8870:
8868:
8862:
8856:. Archived from
8845:
8834:
8825:
8811:
8805:
8804:
8774:
8768:
8767:
8734:
8728:
8727:
8713:
8704:
8703:
8702:
8700:
8671:Paths to Victory
8662:
8656:
8655:
8642:
8636:
8635:
8615:
8560:
8540:
8531:
8530:
8524:
8522:
8507:
8501:
8500:
8487:
8481:
8462:
8453:
8452:
8450:
8448:
8433:
8427:
8426:
8424:
8422:
8407:
8401:
8400:
8398:
8396:
8380:
8374:
8373:
8371:
8369:
8353:
8344:
8343:
8323:
8317:
8316:
8314:
8312:
8303:. Archived from
8297:
8291:
8290:
8269:
8263:
8256:
8250:
8249:
8228:
8219:
8212:
8206:
8205:
8203:
8201:
8173:
8167:
8166:
8146:
8133:
8124:
8123:
8118:
8116:
8088:
8082:
8081:
8059:
8053:
8052:
8043:Œuvres complètes
8032:
8030:
8028:
8003:
7997:
7990:
7984:
7970:
7964:
7961:
7955:
7954:
7949:
7947:
7919:
7906:
7905:
7899:
7897:
7869:
7860:
7859:
7857:
7855:
7836:
7830:
7829:
7827:
7825:
7819:
7808:
7800:
7794:
7793:
7791:
7789:
7774:
7768:
7767:
7765:
7763:
7748:
7742:
7741:
7739:
7737:
7723:. Armand Colin.
7714:
7708:
7707:
7687:
7681:
7680:
7660:
7654:
7653:
7633:
7627:
7626:
7606:
7600:
7599:
7597:
7591:. Archived from
7586:
7577:
7571:
7561:
7555:
7554:
7530:
7505:
7481:
7475:
7474:
7472:
7470:
7455:
7446:
7432:
7423:
7422:
7420:
7418:
7386:
7380:
7374:
7372:
7370:
7342:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7331:
7316:
7303:
7302:
7300:
7298:
7278:
7269:
7268:
7266:
7264:
7244:
7233:
7231:
7229:
7227:
7187:
7185:
7183:
7163:
7154:
7139:
7133:
7119:
7113:
7112:
7110:
7108:
7080:
7074:
7073:
7071:
7069:
7054:
7048:
7047:
7045:
7043:
7015:
7009:
7008:
6990:
6949:
6948:
6942:
6927:
6918:
6912:
6911:
6906:
6904:
6898:
6881:
6870:
6864:
6863:
6855:
6849:
6848:
6846:
6844:
6825:
6819:
6812:
6803:
6798:General Faivre,
6796:
6790:
6789:
6768:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6757:
6729:
6723:
6722:
6704:
6695:
6694:
6666:
6660:
6659:
6636:
6630:
6629:
6605:
6599:
6590:
6584:
6583:
6560:
6544:
6536:Guerre d'Algérie
6529:
6523:
6522:الثورة الجزائرية
6515:
6441:
6436:
6435:
6434:
6427:
6422:
6421:
6420:
6413:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6399:
6394:
6393:
6392:
6385:
6380:
6379:
6378:
6342:Alexandre Arcady
6322:Rachid Bouchareb
6172:Gillo Pontecorvo
6099:Djamila Bouhired
6081:Gillo Pontecorvo
5883:Arslan Humbaraci
5844:
5832:
5801:English-language
5779:Feraoun, Mouloud
5767:Maignen, Etienne
5727:Trinquier, Roger
5651:Paul Aussaresses
5513:Évian Agreements
5412:Hauptsturmführer
5337:Edgar O'Ballance
5220:
5193:
5181:
5169:
5123:Larbi Ben M'Hidi
5115:Paul Aussaresses
5077:Djamila Boupacha
5067:
4938:
4592:Matthew Connelly
4588:Evian agreements
4331:
4291:generals' putsch
4166:Alain de Benoist
4150:Dominique Venner
4061:Louis Terrenoire
4037:Alain de Sérigny
3980:
3911:
3844:
3539:
3491:Djamila Bouhired
3415:, the editor of
3382:Hocine Aït Ahmed
3374:Mohammed Boudiaf
3288:
3271:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3251:
3228:
3220:
3131:Larbi Ben M'Hidi
3123:Mohammed Boudiaf
3024:, during the war
2991:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2971:
2948:
2940:
2892:Mohamed Aïchaoui
2835:French Indochina
2736:, a grandson of
2683:
2642:loi Lamine Guèye
2617:, which granted
2579:sénatus-consulte
2538:killed in action
2522:Marshall Bugeaud
2454:
2434:
2410:
2350:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2249:
2236:
2187:2010s to present
2102:1965 coup d'état
2086:Contemporary era
1952:French governors
1870:
1862:
1854:
1846:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1798:
1790:
1782:
1774:
1766:
1758:
1750:
1720:Fossatum Africae
1703:
1695:
1687:
1679:
1671:
1663:
1655:
1642:
1634:
1626:
1617:Ancient Carthage
1548:
1540:
1532:
1513:
1503:
1485:
1484:
1389:Ath Yahia Moussa
1369:Bab El Bekkouche
1276:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1243:
1242:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1071:
1070:
1008:
1003:
1002:
992:
989:
988:
978:
973:
972:
963:Paul Aussaresses
961:
960:
950:
947:
937:
936:
926:
923:
913:
912:
902:
897:
896:
886:
881:
880:
870:
867:
857:
856:
846:
841:
840:
830:
825:
824:
814:
811:
801:
800:
790:
785:
784:
774:
769:
768:
758:
755:Alphonse Djamate
753:
752:
737:Ibrahim Mazhoudi
702:Abdelhamid Mehri
647:Hocine Aït Ahmed
632:
606:
596:
586:
578:
568:
560:Hocine Aït Ahmed
558:
550:
543:
533:
526:
512:
504:
496:Benali Boudghène
494:
484:
476:
466:
459:
449:
442:
433:
423:
415:
405:
398:
391:Larbi Ben M'Hidi
389:
379:
371:
361:
351:
341:
333:
323:
301:
296:
295:
294:
285:
280:
279:
278:
246:
241:
240:
239:
230:
225:
224:
223:
207:
206:
205:
195:
194:
193:
183:
182:
181:
125:Algerian victory
94:
93:
86:
65:
64:
62:Guerre d'Algérie
58:
57:
48:
47:
21:
18554:
18553:
18549:
18548:
18547:
18545:
18544:
18543:
18449:
18448:
18447:
18442:
18441:
18436:
18418:
18354:Greater Morocco
18327:
18323:Pan-Arab colors
18318:Hawk of Quraish
18284:
18252:
18103:Arab Federation
18064:
18050:Abdullah Rimawi
18025:Mostéfa Merarda
17980:Muammar Gaddafi
17960:Ahmed Ben Bella
17935:Jamal al-Atassi
17925:Bashar al-Assad
17876:
17845:
17826:Black September
17704:Anglo-Iraqi War
17648:
17612:
17607:
17577:
17572:
17554:
17510:
17471:
17465:
17452:Bayeux speeches
17439:
17433:
17416:
17415:Governments and
17406:
17397:1969 referendum
17377:1962 referendum
17341:
17314:1958 elections
17310:May 1958 crisis
17289:
17224:
17216:
17191:
17175:
17121:
17115:
17097:
17092:
17062:
17057:
17034:
17025:Second Cold War
16983:
16911:
16905:
16881:Odd Arne Westad
16871:Patrick Vaughan
16856:Athan Theoharis
16836:Ellen Schrecker
16821:Yakov M. Rabkin
16796:Timothy Naftali
16741:Tvrtko Jakovina
16726:Jussi Hanhimäki
16609:
16587:
16577:
16555:Paix et Liberté
16530:
16474:Active measures
16455:
16385:
16366:White supremacy
16326:Totalitarianism
16254:
16179:
16102:
16088:Reagan Doctrine
16083:Carter Doctrine
16023:Truman Doctrine
16011:
15958:
15890:
15785:Soviet reaction
15696:Ndogboyosoi War
15603:
15574:Saur Revolution
15401:1973 oil crisis
15366:Munich massacre
15274:Alcora Exercise
15269:Black September
15247:
14993:Sino-Indian War
14887:Simba rebellion
14870:
14714:Capture of the
14622:
14561:Berlin Blockade
14494:May 1947 crises
14484:Truman Doctrine
14449:Greek Civil War
14438:Blacklist Forty
14405:Gouzenko Affair
14392:Cursed soldiers
14344:Morgenthau Plan
14332:
14270:
14265:
14235:
14226:
14206:
14167:Syria (1925–27)
14157:Syria (1919–21)
14116:
14019:
14000:Japan (1863–64)
13933:Moluccas (1810)
13917:
13877:
13785:
13761:India (1756–63)
13756:India (1749–54)
13751:India (1746–48)
13730:
13660:
13628:
13608:
13594:Texas (1685–89)
13553:
13501:
13471:
13438:
13433:
13403:
13398:
13385:
13378:
13371:
13358:
13288:
13274:Public holidays
13227:
13181:
13170:Bank of Algeria
13148:
13114:Law enforcement
13055:
13024:
13023:Municipalities
12980:
12919:
12899:
12890:
12855:
12847:
12842:
12821:
12793:
12784:
12772:
12741:
12720:May 1958 crisis
12668:Toussaint Rouge
12652:
12629:
12617:
12605:
12577:
12568:
12556:
12544:
12528:
12478:
12435:Raid on Reghaïa
12418:
12407:Battle of Macta
12349:
12338:
12298:
12285:
12277:
12275:
12273:
12243:
12238:
12207:
12181:
12132:
12083:
12041:
12035:
11997:May 1958 crisis
11989:
11983:
11946:
11937:
11901:
11874:
11872:
11866:
11852:
11819:Toussaint Rouge
11805:
11798:
11779:
11753:
11728:
11705:
11678:Crémieux Decree
11671:Divide and rule
11627:
11590:
11576:
11570:
11523:The short film
11510:
11480:
11445:
11443:Primary sources
11435:
11414:
11376:
11347:
11254:
11238:Horne, Alistair
11222:
11203:
11184:
11157:10.2307/3208613
11145:Theatre Journal
11139:
11137:Further reading
11124:
11119:
11085:
11081:
11042:Boucif Mekhaled
11039:
11035:
11029:
11020:Wayback Machine
11011:
11007:
11001:
10994:Wayback Machine
10985:
10981:
10975:
10973:Nicolas Sarkozy
10961:Wayback Machine
10952:
10948:
10942:
10941:, October 2004
10935:Wayback Machine
10926:
10922:
10912:
10910:
10901:
10900:
10896:
10859:
10855:
10849:
10838:Wayback Machine
10829:
10820:
10807:
10803:
10772:
10747:
10732:
10715:
10709:
10700:Wayback Machine
10691:
10682:
10675:
10659:
10655:
10645:
10643:
10636:
10620:
10616:
10606:
10604:
10573:
10569:
10559:
10557:
10534:
10530:
10520:
10518:
10503:
10499:
10489:
10487:
10474:
10473:
10469:
10456:
10445:
10441:
10435:
10426:Wayback Machine
10417:
10413:
10407:Wayback Machine
10398:
10394:
10388:
10387:, May 12, 2000
10379:Wayback Machine
10370:
10366:
10349:
10348:
10344:
10334:
10332:
10319:
10318:
10314:
10303:
10299:
10293:
10286:Wayback Machine
10269:
10265:
10254:
10250:
10240:
10238:
10231:
10215:
10211:
10204:
10190:
10186:
10179:
10163:
10159:
10150:
10146:
10139:
10125:
10121:
10105:
10101:
10096:Wayback Machine
10078:
10074:
10062:Wayback Machine
10053:
10049:
10027:Wayback Machine
10018:
10014:
10004:
10002:
9987:
9986:
9979:
9972:
9956:
9952:
9942:
9926:
9922:
9915:
9899:
9892:
9885:
9869:
9865:
9842:
9838:
9827:
9823:
9813:
9797:
9793:
9783:
9767:
9763:
9756:
9733:
9729:
9719:Wayback Machine
9709:
9705:
9696:
9692:
9682:
9680:
9667:
9666:
9662:
9652:
9650:
9637:
9636:
9632:
9627:
9623:
9617:
9613:
9604:
9600:
9595:
9591:
9581:
9579:
9570:
9569:
9565:
9555:
9553:
9538:
9534:
9527:
9513:
9509:
9502:
9486:
9482:
9475:
9461:
9457:
9447:
9445:
9434:
9430:
9421:
9417:
9411:Social Research
9408:
9404:
9395:
9388:
9381:
9367:
9360:
9349:
9342:
9331:
9322:
9311:
9304:
9293:
9289:
9278:
9274:
9263:
9259:
9236:
9232:
9221:
9217:
9208:
9204:
9191:
9189:
9185:
9181:. 6 July 1962.
9174:
9170:
9169:
9165:
9158:
9136:
9132:
9125:
9111:
9107:
9098:
9094:
9063:
9020:
9010:
9008:
8999:
8998:
8994:
8984:
8982:
8971:
8967:
8957:
8955:
8946:
8945:
8941:
8931:
8927:
8917:
8915:
8904:
8895:
8880:
8876:
8866:
8864:
8860:
8854:
8843:
8835:
8828:
8812:
8808:
8775:
8771:
8764:
8735:
8731:
8725:
8714:
8707:
8698:
8696:
8681:
8663:
8659:
8651:TheGuardian.com
8644:
8643:
8639:
8616:
8563:
8550:Wayback Machine
8541:
8534:
8520:
8518:
8508:
8504:
8488:
8484:
8463:
8456:
8446:
8444:
8435:
8434:
8430:
8420:
8418:
8409:
8408:
8404:
8394:
8392:
8381:
8377:
8367:
8365:
8354:
8347:
8340:
8324:
8320:
8310:
8308:
8299:
8298:
8294:
8288:
8279:Wayback Machine
8270:
8266:
8257:
8253:
8247:
8238:Wayback Machine
8229:
8222:
8213:
8209:
8199:
8197:
8190:
8174:
8170:
8159:
8134:
8127:
8114:
8112:
8105:
8089:
8085:
8078:
8060:
8056:
8050:
8026:
8024:
8004:
8000:
7992:Philip Mansel,
7991:
7987:
7981:Wayback Machine
7971:
7967:
7962:
7958:
7945:
7943:
7936:
7920:
7909:
7895:
7893:
7886:
7870:
7863:
7853:
7851:
7838:
7837:
7833:
7823:
7821:
7817:
7813:. 6 July 1962.
7806:
7802:
7801:
7797:
7787:
7785:
7776:
7775:
7771:
7761:
7759:
7750:
7749:
7745:
7735:
7733:
7731:
7715:
7711:
7704:
7688:
7684:
7677:
7661:
7657:
7650:
7634:
7630:
7623:
7607:
7603:
7595:
7584:
7580:Keith Brannum.
7578:
7574:
7562:
7558:
7548:
7532:
7531:
7523:
7507:
7506:
7498:
7482:
7478:
7468:
7466:
7457:
7456:
7449:
7444:Wayback Machine
7433:
7426:
7416:
7414:
7395:Archives Juives
7387:
7383:
7368:
7366:
7359:
7343:
7339:
7329:
7327:
7318:
7317:
7306:
7296:
7294:
7279:
7272:
7262:
7260:
7245:
7236:
7225:
7223:
7181:
7179:
7166:
7164:
7157:
7140:
7136:
7120:
7116:
7106:
7104:
7097:
7081:
7077:
7067:
7065:
7056:
7055:
7051:
7041:
7039:
7032:
7016:
7012:
7005:
6991:
6952:
6940:
6925:
6919:
6915:
6902:
6900:
6896:
6890:
6879:
6871:
6867:
6856:
6852:
6842:
6840:
6827:
6826:
6822:
6813:
6806:
6797:
6793:
6786:
6772:Stora, Benjamin
6769:
6765:
6755:
6753:
6746:
6730:
6726:
6719:
6705:
6698:
6682:
6668:
6667:
6663:
6653:
6637:
6633:
6622:
6606:
6602:
6591:
6587:
6577:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6548:
6547:
6516:
6512:
6507:
6447:Adolfo Kaminsky
6437:
6432:
6430:
6423:
6418:
6416:
6409:
6404:
6402:
6395:
6390:
6388:
6381:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6354:David Oelhoffen
6317:Outside the Law
6287:L'Ennemi Intime
6229:Philippe Faucon
6125:Octobre à Paris
6111:Jean-Luc Godard
6106:Le Petit Soldat
6095:Youssef Chahine
6059:
6053:
6040:Gilbert Meynier
6030:Etienne Maignen
5925:
5923:French language
5865:Windrow, Martin
5841:
5823:Horne, Alistair
5803:
5798:
5757:Jouhaud, Edmond
5723:
5687:
5647:
5597:
5557:publishers for
5495:
5408:
5399:
5324:
5303:Afrique du nord
5291:
5247:
5231:
5224:
5221:
5212:
5194:
5185:
5182:
5173:
5170:
5083: and
5017:
5012:
5006:
4990:one-party state
4974:John F. Kennedy
4955:Ahmed Ben Bella
4951:
4945:
4932:
4884:
4806:
4762:décret Crémieux
4746:Maghrebi Jewish
4720:
4693:
4622:
4616:
4590:. According to
4472:
4321:
4272:
4260:Main articles:
4258:
4089:Roger Trinquier
3974:
3938:
3912:
3909:
3886:Colonel Bigeard
3838:
3826:
3820:
3793:May 1958 crisis
3773:Fourth Republic
3769:
3763:
3684:Atlas Mountains
3580:
3529:
3527:
3475:
3469:
3387:France opposed
3370:Ahmed Ben Bella
3278:
3272:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3241:
3229:
3218:
3151:Ahmed Ben Bella
3119:Mourad Didouche
2992:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2961:
2949:
2938:
2880:All-Saints' Day
2875:Toussaint Rouge
2858:
2852:
2847:
2713:Fourteen Points
2707:. US President
2672:
2670:
2664:
2656:Main articles:
2654:
2615:Crémieux Decree
2507:Barbary pirates
2491:
2483:Main articles:
2481:
2476:
2468:Main articles:
2466:
2448:
2357:Fourth Republic
2353:All Saints' Day
2347:Toussaint Rouge
2294:
2293:
2288:
2259:
2258:
2245:
2243:
2232:
2230:
2218:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2184:
2118:
2088:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2075:
1998:Operation Torch
1986:Cheikh Bouamama
1971:Emir Abdelkader
1947:French conquest
1934:
1913:Barbary pirates
1906:Emirate of Kuku
1882:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1836:
1828:
1820:
1812:
1804:
1796:
1788:
1780:
1772:
1764:
1756:
1748:
1741:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1701:
1693:
1685:
1677:
1669:
1661:
1654:(146 BC–590 AD)
1653:
1640:
1632:
1624:
1607:
1597:
1596:
1587:
1546:
1544:Capsian culture
1538:
1530:
1528:Aterian Culture
1523:
1501:
1494:
1483:
1478:
1379:May 1958 crisis
1289:Toussaint Rouge
1277:
1272:
1270:
1236:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1211:
1172:Unknown wounded
1154:
1150:
1144:
1136:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1103:
1101:
1091:
1089:
1079:
1077:
1065:
1059:
1050:Pierre Pflimlin
1021:
1020:
1013:
1007:
1005:Fernand Gambiez
997:
991:
983:
977:
967:
955:
949:
943:
931:
925:
919:
907:
901:
891:
885:
875:
869:
863:
851:
845:
835:
829:
819:
813:
807:
795:
789:
779:
773:
763:
757:
747:
741:
672:Mohamed Boudiaf
652:Ahmed Ben Bella
628:
620:
619:
612:
574:
546:
537:
516:
500:
472:
453:
411:
367:
343:Mohamed Boudiaf
329:
325:Mourad Didouche
306:
300:
292:
290:
284:
276:
274:
251:
245:
237:
235:
229:
221:
219:
213:
203:
201:
191:
189:
179:
177:
131:
117:
104:
103:– 19 March 1962
101:1 November 1954
87:
59:
53:
52:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
18552:
18542:
18541:
18536:
18531:
18526:
18521:
18516:
18511:
18506:
18501:
18496:
18491:
18486:
18481:
18476:
18471:
18466:
18461:
18444:
18443:
18438:
18437:
18435:
18434:
18423:
18420:
18419:
18417:
18416:
18411:
18406:
18401:
18396:
18391:
18386:
18381:
18376:
18371:
18366:
18361:
18356:
18351:
18346:
18341:
18335:
18333:
18332:Related topics
18329:
18328:
18326:
18325:
18320:
18315:
18310:
18305:
18300:
18294:
18292:
18286:
18285:
18283:
18282:
18275:
18268:
18260:
18258:
18254:
18253:
18251:
18250:
18245:
18240:
18235:
18230:
18225:
18220:
18215:
18210:
18205:
18200:
18198:Islamic Legion
18195:
18190:
18185:
18180:
18175:
18170:
18165:
18160:
18155:
18150:
18145:
18140:
18135:
18130:
18125:
18120:
18115:
18110:
18105:
18100:
18095:
18090:
18088:Al-Mourabitoun
18085:
18080:
18074:
18072:
18066:
18065:
18063:
18062:
18057:
18055:Hamdeen Sabahi
18052:
18047:
18045:Fuad al-Rikabi
18042:
18037:
18035:Adnan Pachachi
18032:
18027:
18022:
18017:
18012:
18007:
18005:Saddam Hussein
18002:
17997:
17995:Sati' al-Husri
17992:
17987:
17982:
17977:
17972:
17967:
17962:
17957:
17952:
17947:
17942:
17937:
17932:
17930:Hafez al-Assad
17927:
17922:
17920:Zaki al-Arsuzi
17917:
17912:
17907:
17902:
17897:
17892:
17886:
17884:
17878:
17877:
17875:
17874:
17869:
17864:
17859:
17853:
17851:
17847:
17846:
17844:
17843:
17838:
17833:
17828:
17823:
17818:
17813:
17808:
17803:
17801:Aden Emergency
17798:
17793:
17788:
17783:
17778:
17773:
17768:
17763:
17758:
17753:
17748:
17746:Iraqi Intifada
17743:
17738:
17737:
17736:
17731:
17729:Yom Kippur War
17726:
17721:
17716:
17706:
17701:
17696:
17691:
17690:
17689:
17679:
17674:
17673:
17672:
17662:
17656:
17654:
17650:
17649:
17647:
17646:
17641:
17636:
17631:
17626:
17624:Arab socialism
17620:
17618:
17614:
17613:
17606:
17605:
17598:
17591:
17583:
17574:
17573:
17571:
17570:
17559:
17556:
17555:
17553:
17552:
17545:
17538:
17529:
17524:
17518:
17516:
17512:
17511:
17509:
17508:
17503:
17502:
17501:
17499:Gaullist Party
17491:
17486:
17481:
17475:
17473:
17467:
17466:
17464:
17463:
17454:
17449:
17443:
17441:
17435:
17434:
17432:
17431:
17426:
17420:
17418:
17412:
17411:
17408:
17407:
17405:
17404:
17399:
17394:
17389:
17384:
17379:
17374:
17369:
17368:
17367:
17362:
17351:
17349:
17343:
17342:
17340:
17339:
17338:
17337:
17327:
17326:
17325:
17320:
17312:
17307:
17301:
17299:
17295:
17294:
17291:
17290:
17288:
17287:
17286:
17285:
17278:
17268:
17263:
17258:
17253:
17252:
17251:
17246:
17241:
17232:
17230:
17218:
17217:
17215:
17214:
17213:
17212:
17207:
17196:
17194:
17183:
17177:
17176:
17174:
17173:
17172:
17171:
17163:
17162:
17161:
17156:
17148:
17143:
17142:
17141:
17132:
17130:
17123:
17117:
17116:
17114:
17113:
17108:
17106:Foreign policy
17102:
17099:
17098:
17091:
17090:
17083:
17076:
17068:
17059:
17058:
17056:
17055:
17050:
17045:
17039:
17036:
17035:
17033:
17032:
17027:
17022:
17017:
17012:
17007:
17002:
16997:
16991:
16989:
16985:
16984:
16982:
16981:
16976:
16971:
16966:
16961:
16956:
16951:
16946:
16941:
16936:
16931:
16926:
16921:
16915:
16913:
16907:
16906:
16904:
16903:
16898:
16893:
16888:
16883:
16878:
16873:
16868:
16863:
16858:
16853:
16851:Timothy Snyder
16848:
16843:
16838:
16833:
16828:
16823:
16818:
16813:
16808:
16803:
16798:
16793:
16788:
16783:
16781:Vojtech Mastny
16778:
16776:Geir Lundestad
16773:
16768:
16766:Walter Laqueur
16763:
16761:Walter LaFeber
16758:
16753:
16748:
16743:
16738:
16733:
16728:
16723:
16718:
16713:
16708:
16703:
16698:
16693:
16691:André Fontaine
16688:
16683:
16678:
16673:
16668:
16663:
16658:
16653:
16648:
16643:
16638:
16633:
16628:
16623:
16621:Gar Alperovitz
16617:
16615:
16611:
16610:
16608:
16607:
16602:
16597:
16591:
16589:
16583:
16582:
16579:
16578:
16576:
16575:
16570:
16564:
16563:
16558:
16551:
16546:
16538:
16536:
16532:
16531:
16529:
16528:
16521:
16516:
16509:
16502:
16497:
16490:
16483:
16476:
16470:
16468:
16461:
16457:
16456:
16454:
16453:
16448:
16443:
16438:
16433:
16428:
16423:
16418:
16413:
16408:
16403:
16397:
16395:
16391:
16390:
16387:
16386:
16384:
16383:
16378:
16373:
16368:
16363:
16361:Third-Worldism
16358:
16353:
16348:
16343:
16338:
16333:
16328:
16323:
16318:
16313:
16308:
16303:
16298:
16293:
16288:
16283:
16278:
16273:
16268:
16262:
16260:
16256:
16255:
16253:
16252:
16247:
16242:
16237:
16232:
16227:
16220:
16215:
16210:
16205:
16200:
16195:
16189:
16187:
16181:
16180:
16178:
16177:
16172:
16167:
16162:
16157:
16152:
16150:Libertarianism
16147:
16142:
16141:
16140:
16130:
16128:Chicago school
16125:
16119:
16117:
16108:
16104:
16103:
16101:
16100:
16095:
16090:
16085:
16080:
16075:
16073:Nixon Doctrine
16070:
16065:
16060:
16055:
16050:
16045:
16040:
16035:
16030:
16025:
16019:
16017:
16016:Foreign policy
16013:
16012:
16010:
16009:
16004:
15999:
15994:
15989:
15984:
15979:
15974:
15968:
15966:
15960:
15959:
15957:
15956:
15951:
15950:
15949:
15939:
15934:
15929:
15924:
15919:
15914:
15909:
15904:
15898:
15896:
15892:
15891:
15889:
15888:
15883:
15878:
15873:
15868:
15863:
15858:
15853:
15848:
15843:
15838:
15833:
15828:
15823:
15818:
15813:
15808:
15803:
15801:Operation RYAN
15798:
15793:
15788:
15778:
15773:
15768:
15763:
15758:
15753:
15748:
15743:
15738:
15733:
15728:
15723:
15718:
15713:
15708:
15706:Able Archer 83
15703:
15698:
15693:
15688:
15683:
15678:
15673:
15668:
15663:
15658:
15653:
15652:
15651:
15641:
15636:
15631:
15622:
15617:
15611:
15609:
15605:
15604:
15602:
15601:
15596:
15591:
15586:
15581:
15576:
15571:
15566:
15561:
15556:
15551:
15546:
15541:
15536:
15531:
15526:
15521:
15516:
15511:
15503:
15498:
15493:
15488:
15483:
15478:
15473:
15468:
15463:
15458:
15456:Oromo conflict
15453:
15448:
15443:
15438:
15433:
15428:
15423:
15418:
15413:
15408:
15403:
15398:
15396:Yom Kippur War
15393:
15388:
15383:
15378:
15373:
15368:
15363:
15358:
15353:
15348:
15343:
15338:
15333:
15328:
15323:
15318:
15313:
15306:
15301:
15296:
15291:
15286:
15281:
15276:
15271:
15266:
15261:
15255:
15253:
15249:
15248:
15246:
15245:
15240:
15235:
15230:
15225:
15220:
15219:
15218:
15208:
15203:
15198:
15193:
15188:
15179:
15174:
15173:
15172:
15162:
15157:
15152:
15147:
15142:
15137:
15132:
15127:
15122:
15117:
15112:
15107:
15102:
15097:
15092:
15087:
15082:
15077:
15072:
15067:
15062:
15057:
15052:
15051:
15050:
15040:
15035:
15030:
15028:Aden Emergency
15025:
15020:
15015:
15010:
15005:
15000:
14995:
14990:
14985:
14980:
14979:
14978:
14973:
14968:
14958:
14953:
14948:
14946:Papua conflict
14943:
14938:
14933:
14928:
14927:
14926:
14916:
14915:
14914:
14904:
14899:
14894:
14889:
14884:
14878:
14876:
14872:
14871:
14869:
14868:
14863:
14862:
14861:
14851:
14849:Kitchen Debate
14846:
14841:
14836:
14831:
14826:
14821:
14816:
14811:
14809:Sputnik crisis
14806:
14801:
14793:
14786:
14781:
14779:Polish October
14776:
14771:
14766:
14759:
14754:
14749:
14744:
14739:
14734:
14729:
14724:
14719:
14711:
14706:
14701:
14696:
14691:
14686:
14681:
14679:Pact of Madrid
14676:
14671:
14666:
14661:
14656:
14651:
14646:
14641:
14636:
14634:Bamboo Curtain
14630:
14628:
14624:
14623:
14621:
14620:
14615:
14610:
14605:
14604:
14603:
14593:
14588:
14583:
14578:
14573:
14568:
14563:
14558:
14553:
14548:
14543:
14538:
14533:
14528:
14527:
14526:
14521:
14516:
14506:
14501:
14496:
14491:
14486:
14481:
14476:
14471:
14466:
14461:
14456:
14451:
14446:
14441:
14433:
14425:
14417:
14412:
14407:
14402:
14394:
14389:
14388:
14387:
14382:
14374:
14361:
14356:
14351:
14346:
14340:
14338:
14334:
14333:
14331:
14330:
14325:
14320:
14315:
14310:
14305:
14300:
14295:
14290:
14283:
14275:
14272:
14271:
14264:
14263:
14256:
14249:
14241:
14232:
14231:
14228:
14227:
14225:
14224:
14218:
14216:
14208:
14207:
14205:
14204:
14199:
14194:
14189:
14184:
14182:Vietnam (1940)
14179:
14174:
14172:Vietnam (1930)
14169:
14164:
14159:
14154:
14149:
14144:
14142:Vietnam (1916)
14139:
14134:
14128:
14126:
14118:
14117:
14115:
14114:
14109:
14104:
14099:
14094:
14089:
14084:
14079:
14074:
14069:
14064:
14059:
14054:
14049:
14044:
14038:
14036:
14029:
14025:
14024:
14021:
14020:
14018:
14017:
14012:
14007:
14002:
13997:
13992:
13991:
13990:
13985:
13980:
13975:
13970:
13960:
13958:Tourane (1856)
13955:
13950:
13948:Tourane (1847)
13945:
13940:
13935:
13929:
13927:
13919:
13918:
13916:
13915:
13910:
13905:
13900:
13895:
13889:
13887:
13879:
13878:
13876:
13875:
13870:
13865:
13860:
13855:
13850:
13845:
13840:
13838:Tunisia (1881)
13835:
13830:
13825:
13823:Morocco (1844)
13820:
13815:
13810:
13804:
13802:
13795:
13791:
13790:
13787:
13786:
13784:
13783:
13778:
13773:
13768:
13763:
13758:
13753:
13748:
13742:
13740:
13732:
13731:
13729:
13728:
13723:
13718:
13713:
13708:
13703:
13698:
13693:
13688:
13683:
13678:
13672:
13670:
13662:
13661:
13659:
13658:
13656:Morocco (1765)
13653:
13647:
13645:
13638:
13634:
13633:
13630:
13629:
13627:
13626:
13624:Siam (1687–90)
13620:
13618:
13610:
13609:
13607:
13606:
13601:
13596:
13591:
13586:
13581:
13576:
13571:
13565:
13563:
13555:
13554:
13552:
13551:
13549:Algiers (1688)
13546:
13544:Algiers (1683)
13541:
13539:Algiers (1682)
13536:
13531:
13526:
13524:Morocco (1629)
13520:
13518:
13511:
13507:
13506:
13503:
13502:
13500:
13499:
13494:
13489:
13483:
13481:
13473:
13472:
13470:
13469:
13467:Florida (1568)
13464:
13459:
13453:
13451:
13444:
13440:
13439:
13432:
13431:
13424:
13417:
13409:
13400:
13399:
13397:
13396:
13391:
13384:
13383:
13376:
13368:
13367:
13364:
13363:
13360:
13359:
13357:
13356:
13351:
13346:
13341:
13336:
13335:
13334:
13324:
13319:
13314:
13309:
13304:
13298:
13296:
13290:
13289:
13287:
13286:
13281:
13276:
13271:
13266:
13261:
13256:
13251:
13245:
13239:
13233:
13232:
13229:
13228:
13226:
13225:
13220:
13215:
13210:
13205:
13200:
13195:
13190:
13185:
13177:
13172:
13166:
13160:
13154:
13153:
13150:
13149:
13147:
13146:
13144:Prime Minister
13141:
13136:
13131:
13126:
13121:
13116:
13111:
13110:
13109:
13099:
13094:
13089:
13084:
13079:
13073:
13067:
13061:
13060:
13057:
13056:
13054:
13053:
13048:
13043:
13038:
13033:
13031:National parks
13028:
13020:
13015:
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6251:Michael Haneke
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6194:Yves Courrière
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6055:Main article:
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5855:: The Role of
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5540:Sétif massacre
5499:Benjamin Stora
5494:
5491:
5463:Jacques Chirac
5423:Jacques Vergès
5407:
5404:
5398:
5395:
5344:Alistair Horne
5323:
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5290:
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5283:la sale guerre
5246:
5245:Historiography
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5197:Marcel Bigeard
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5127:Marcel Bigeard
5119:Ali Boumendjel
5096:Claude Bourdet
5041:disembowelment
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5002:
4982:Guantanamo Bay
4971:U.S. President
4967:United Nations
4947:Main article:
4944:
4941:
4911:Rudolph Rummel
4883:
4880:
4876:Jacques Chirac
4820:The so-called
4805:
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4689:
4618:Main article:
4615:
4612:
4608:Nelson Mandela
4549:decolonization
4534:Communist bloc
4471:
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4437:In the second
4257:
4256:End of the war
4254:
4242:Force ouvrière
4205:Jacques Isorni
4073:Foreign Legion
4069:Pierre Messmer
4049:Lionel Chassin
3937:
3934:
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3822:Main article:
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3765:Main article:
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3755:Maurice Challe
3589:Foreign Legion
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3487:general strike
3471:Main article:
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3443:Existentialist
3409:United Nations
3378:Mohamed Khider
3331:Robert Lacoste
3310:(now known as
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3210:Soustelle Plan
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2909:Sétif massacre
2854:Main article:
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2845:War chronology
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2824:armed struggle
2769:initiated the
2763:Third Republic
2709:Woodrow Wilson
2653:
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2530:scorched earth
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2470:French Algeria
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2401:military coups
2361:Fifth Republic
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2199:Hirak Movement
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1981:Mokrani Revolt
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1976:Fatma N'Soumer
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17855:
17854:
17852:
17848:
17842:
17839:
17837:
17834:
17832:
17829:
17827:
17824:
17822:
17819:
17817:
17814:
17812:
17809:
17807:
17804:
17802:
17799:
17797:
17794:
17792:
17789:
17787:
17784:
17782:
17779:
17777:
17774:
17772:
17771:Arab Cold War
17769:
17767:
17764:
17762:
17759:
17757:
17754:
17752:
17749:
17747:
17744:
17742:
17739:
17735:
17732:
17730:
17727:
17725:
17722:
17720:
17717:
17715:
17712:
17711:
17710:
17707:
17705:
17702:
17700:
17697:
17695:
17692:
17688:
17685:
17684:
17683:
17680:
17678:
17675:
17671:
17668:
17667:
17666:
17663:
17661:
17658:
17657:
17655:
17651:
17645:
17642:
17640:
17637:
17635:
17632:
17630:
17627:
17625:
17622:
17621:
17619:
17615:
17611:
17604:
17599:
17597:
17592:
17590:
17585:
17584:
17581:
17569:
17561:
17560:
17557:
17551:
17550:
17546:
17544:
17543:
17539:
17537:
17533:
17530:
17528:
17525:
17523:
17520:
17519:
17517:
17513:
17507:
17504:
17500:
17497:
17496:
17495:
17492:
17490:
17487:
17485:
17482:
17480:
17477:
17476:
17474:
17468:
17462:
17460:
17455:
17453:
17450:
17448:
17445:
17444:
17442:
17436:
17430:
17427:
17425:
17422:
17421:
17419:
17413:
17403:
17400:
17398:
17395:
17393:
17390:
17388:
17385:
17383:
17382:Élysée Treaty
17380:
17378:
17375:
17373:
17370:
17366:
17363:
17361:
17358:
17357:
17356:
17353:
17352:
17350:
17348:
17344:
17336:
17333:
17332:
17331:
17328:
17324:
17321:
17319:
17316:
17315:
17313:
17311:
17308:
17306:
17305:Levant Crisis
17303:
17302:
17300:
17296:
17284:
17283:
17279:
17277:
17274:
17273:
17272:
17269:
17267:
17264:
17262:
17259:
17257:
17254:
17250:
17247:
17245:
17242:
17240:
17237:
17236:
17234:
17233:
17231:
17228:
17223:
17219:
17211:
17208:
17206:
17203:
17202:
17201:
17198:
17197:
17195:
17193:
17187:
17184:
17182:
17178:
17170:
17167:
17166:
17164:
17160:
17157:
17155:
17152:
17151:
17149:
17147:
17144:
17140:
17137:
17136:
17134:
17133:
17131:
17127:
17124:
17118:
17112:
17109:
17107:
17104:
17103:
17100:
17096:
17089:
17084:
17082:
17077:
17075:
17070:
17069:
17066:
17054:
17051:
17049:
17046:
17044:
17041:
17040:
17037:
17031:
17028:
17026:
17023:
17021:
17018:
17016:
17015:War on terror
17013:
17011:
17008:
17006:
17003:
17001:
16998:
16996:
16993:
16992:
16990:
16986:
16980:
16977:
16975:
16972:
16970:
16967:
16965:
16962:
16960:
16957:
16955:
16952:
16950:
16947:
16945:
16942:
16940:
16937:
16935:
16932:
16930:
16927:
16925:
16922:
16920:
16917:
16916:
16914:
16910:Espionage and
16908:
16902:
16899:
16897:
16894:
16892:
16889:
16887:
16884:
16882:
16879:
16877:
16874:
16872:
16869:
16867:
16864:
16862:
16861:Andrew Thorpe
16859:
16857:
16854:
16852:
16849:
16847:
16844:
16842:
16839:
16837:
16834:
16832:
16829:
16827:
16824:
16822:
16819:
16817:
16814:
16812:
16809:
16807:
16804:
16802:
16799:
16797:
16794:
16792:
16789:
16787:
16784:
16782:
16779:
16777:
16774:
16772:
16769:
16767:
16764:
16762:
16759:
16757:
16756:Gabriel Kolko
16754:
16752:
16749:
16747:
16744:
16742:
16739:
16737:
16734:
16732:
16729:
16727:
16724:
16722:
16721:Fred Halliday
16719:
16717:
16714:
16712:
16709:
16707:
16706:Lloyd Gardner
16704:
16702:
16699:
16697:
16694:
16692:
16689:
16687:
16684:
16682:
16679:
16677:
16674:
16672:
16669:
16667:
16666:Norman Davies
16664:
16662:
16659:
16657:
16654:
16652:
16651:John Costello
16649:
16647:
16644:
16642:
16639:
16637:
16634:
16632:
16629:
16627:
16624:
16622:
16619:
16618:
16616:
16612:
16606:
16603:
16601:
16598:
16596:
16593:
16592:
16590:
16586:Technological
16584:
16574:
16571:
16569:
16566:
16565:
16562:
16559:
16557:
16556:
16552:
16550:
16547:
16545:
16544:
16540:
16539:
16537:
16533:
16527:
16526:
16522:
16520:
16517:
16515:
16514:
16510:
16508:
16507:
16503:
16501:
16498:
16496:
16495:
16491:
16489:
16488:
16484:
16482:
16481:
16477:
16475:
16472:
16471:
16469:
16467:Pro-communist
16465:
16462:
16458:
16452:
16449:
16447:
16444:
16442:
16439:
16437:
16434:
16432:
16429:
16427:
16424:
16422:
16419:
16417:
16414:
16412:
16409:
16407:
16404:
16402:
16399:
16398:
16396:
16394:Organizations
16392:
16382:
16379:
16377:
16374:
16372:
16369:
16367:
16364:
16362:
16359:
16357:
16354:
16352:
16349:
16347:
16344:
16342:
16339:
16337:
16334:
16332:
16329:
16327:
16324:
16322:
16319:
16317:
16314:
16312:
16309:
16307:
16304:
16302:
16299:
16297:
16294:
16292:
16289:
16287:
16284:
16282:
16279:
16277:
16274:
16272:
16269:
16267:
16264:
16263:
16261:
16257:
16251:
16248:
16246:
16243:
16241:
16238:
16236:
16233:
16231:
16228:
16226:
16225:
16221:
16219:
16216:
16214:
16211:
16209:
16208:Eurocommunism
16206:
16204:
16201:
16199:
16196:
16194:
16191:
16190:
16188:
16186:
16182:
16176:
16173:
16171:
16168:
16166:
16163:
16161:
16158:
16156:
16153:
16151:
16148:
16146:
16143:
16139:
16136:
16135:
16134:
16131:
16129:
16126:
16124:
16121:
16120:
16118:
16116:
16112:
16109:
16105:
16099:
16096:
16094:
16091:
16089:
16086:
16084:
16081:
16079:
16076:
16074:
16071:
16069:
16066:
16064:
16061:
16059:
16056:
16054:
16051:
16049:
16046:
16044:
16041:
16039:
16038:Domino theory
16036:
16034:
16031:
16029:
16026:
16024:
16021:
16020:
16018:
16014:
16008:
16005:
16003:
16000:
15998:
15995:
15993:
15992:South Ossetia
15990:
15988:
15985:
15983:
15980:
15978:
15975:
15973:
15970:
15969:
15967:
15965:
15961:
15955:
15952:
15948:
15945:
15944:
15943:
15940:
15938:
15935:
15933:
15930:
15928:
15925:
15923:
15920:
15918:
15915:
15913:
15910:
15908:
15905:
15903:
15900:
15899:
15897:
15893:
15887:
15884:
15882:
15879:
15877:
15874:
15872:
15869:
15867:
15864:
15862:
15859:
15857:
15854:
15852:
15849:
15847:
15844:
15842:
15839:
15837:
15834:
15832:
15829:
15827:
15824:
15822:
15819:
15817:
15814:
15812:
15809:
15807:
15804:
15802:
15799:
15797:
15794:
15792:
15789:
15786:
15782:
15779:
15777:
15776:8888 Uprising
15774:
15772:
15769:
15767:
15764:
15762:
15759:
15757:
15754:
15752:
15749:
15747:
15744:
15742:
15739:
15737:
15734:
15732:
15729:
15727:
15724:
15722:
15721:Iran–Iraq War
15719:
15717:
15714:
15712:
15709:
15707:
15704:
15702:
15699:
15697:
15694:
15692:
15689:
15687:
15686:Falklands War
15684:
15682:
15679:
15677:
15674:
15672:
15669:
15667:
15664:
15662:
15659:
15657:
15654:
15650:
15647:
15646:
15645:
15642:
15640:
15637:
15635:
15632:
15630:
15626:
15623:
15621:
15618:
15616:
15613:
15612:
15610:
15606:
15600:
15597:
15595:
15592:
15590:
15587:
15585:
15582:
15580:
15577:
15575:
15572:
15570:
15567:
15565:
15562:
15560:
15557:
15555:
15552:
15550:
15549:NDF Rebellion
15547:
15545:
15542:
15540:
15537:
15535:
15532:
15530:
15529:German Autumn
15527:
15525:
15522:
15520:
15517:
15515:
15512:
15510:
15509:
15504:
15502:
15499:
15497:
15494:
15492:
15489:
15487:
15484:
15482:
15479:
15477:
15474:
15472:
15469:
15467:
15464:
15462:
15459:
15457:
15454:
15452:
15449:
15447:
15444:
15442:
15439:
15437:
15434:
15432:
15429:
15427:
15424:
15422:
15419:
15417:
15416:Metapolitefsi
15414:
15412:
15409:
15407:
15404:
15402:
15399:
15397:
15394:
15392:
15389:
15387:
15384:
15382:
15379:
15377:
15374:
15372:
15369:
15367:
15364:
15362:
15359:
15357:
15354:
15352:
15349:
15347:
15344:
15342:
15339:
15337:
15334:
15332:
15329:
15327:
15324:
15322:
15319:
15317:
15314:
15312:
15311:
15307:
15305:
15302:
15300:
15297:
15295:
15292:
15290:
15287:
15285:
15282:
15280:
15277:
15275:
15272:
15270:
15267:
15265:
15262:
15260:
15257:
15256:
15254:
15250:
15244:
15241:
15239:
15236:
15234:
15231:
15229:
15226:
15224:
15221:
15217:
15214:
15213:
15212:
15209:
15207:
15204:
15202:
15199:
15197:
15194:
15192:
15189:
15187:
15185:
15180:
15178:
15177:Prague Spring
15175:
15171:
15168:
15167:
15166:
15163:
15161:
15158:
15156:
15155:Al-Wadiah War
15153:
15151:
15148:
15146:
15143:
15141:
15138:
15136:
15133:
15131:
15128:
15126:
15123:
15121:
15120:12-3 incident
15118:
15116:
15113:
15111:
15108:
15106:
15103:
15101:
15098:
15096:
15093:
15091:
15088:
15086:
15083:
15081:
15078:
15076:
15073:
15071:
15068:
15066:
15063:
15061:
15058:
15056:
15053:
15049:
15046:
15045:
15044:
15041:
15039:
15036:
15034:
15031:
15029:
15026:
15024:
15021:
15019:
15016:
15014:
15011:
15009:
15006:
15004:
15001:
14999:
14996:
14994:
14991:
14989:
14986:
14984:
14981:
14977:
14974:
14972:
14969:
14967:
14964:
14963:
14962:
14959:
14957:
14954:
14952:
14949:
14947:
14944:
14942:
14939:
14937:
14934:
14932:
14929:
14925:
14922:
14921:
14920:
14917:
14913:
14910:
14909:
14908:
14905:
14903:
14900:
14898:
14895:
14893:
14890:
14888:
14885:
14883:
14880:
14879:
14877:
14873:
14867:
14864:
14860:
14857:
14856:
14855:
14852:
14850:
14847:
14845:
14842:
14840:
14837:
14835:
14832:
14830:
14827:
14825:
14822:
14820:
14817:
14815:
14812:
14810:
14807:
14805:
14802:
14800:
14799:
14794:
14791:
14787:
14785:
14782:
14780:
14777:
14775:
14772:
14770:
14767:
14764:
14760:
14758:
14755:
14753:
14750:
14748:
14745:
14743:
14740:
14738:
14735:
14733:
14730:
14728:
14725:
14723:
14720:
14718:
14717:
14712:
14710:
14707:
14705:
14702:
14700:
14699:Domino theory
14697:
14695:
14694:Petrov Affair
14692:
14690:
14687:
14685:
14682:
14680:
14677:
14675:
14672:
14670:
14667:
14665:
14662:
14660:
14657:
14655:
14652:
14650:
14647:
14645:
14642:
14640:
14637:
14635:
14632:
14631:
14629:
14625:
14619:
14616:
14614:
14611:
14609:
14606:
14602:
14599:
14598:
14597:
14594:
14592:
14589:
14587:
14584:
14582:
14579:
14577:
14574:
14572:
14571:Madiun Affair
14569:
14567:
14564:
14562:
14559:
14557:
14554:
14552:
14549:
14547:
14544:
14542:
14539:
14537:
14534:
14532:
14531:Marshall Plan
14529:
14525:
14522:
14520:
14517:
14515:
14512:
14511:
14510:
14507:
14505:
14502:
14500:
14497:
14495:
14492:
14490:
14487:
14485:
14482:
14480:
14477:
14475:
14472:
14470:
14467:
14465:
14462:
14460:
14457:
14455:
14452:
14450:
14447:
14445:
14442:
14440:
14439:
14434:
14432:
14431:
14426:
14424:
14423:
14418:
14416:
14413:
14411:
14408:
14406:
14403:
14401:
14400:
14395:
14393:
14390:
14386:
14383:
14381:
14380:
14375:
14373:
14372:
14367:
14366:
14365:
14362:
14360:
14357:
14355:
14352:
14350:
14347:
14345:
14342:
14341:
14339:
14335:
14329:
14326:
14324:
14321:
14319:
14316:
14314:
14311:
14309:
14306:
14304:
14301:
14299:
14296:
14294:
14291:
14289:
14288:
14284:
14282:
14281:
14280:United States
14277:
14276:
14273:
14269:
14262:
14257:
14255:
14250:
14248:
14243:
14242:
14239:
14223:
14220:
14219:
14217:
14213:
14203:
14200:
14198:
14195:
14193:
14190:
14188:
14185:
14183:
14180:
14178:
14175:
14173:
14170:
14168:
14165:
14163:
14160:
14158:
14155:
14153:
14150:
14148:
14145:
14143:
14140:
14138:
14135:
14133:
14130:
14129:
14127:
14123:
14113:
14110:
14108:
14105:
14103:
14100:
14098:
14095:
14093:
14090:
14088:
14085:
14083:
14080:
14078:
14075:
14073:
14070:
14068:
14065:
14063:
14060:
14058:
14055:
14053:
14050:
14048:
14045:
14043:
14040:
14039:
14037:
14033:
14030:
14026:
14016:
14013:
14011:
14008:
14006:
14003:
14001:
13998:
13996:
13993:
13989:
13986:
13984:
13981:
13979:
13976:
13974:
13971:
13969:
13966:
13965:
13964:
13961:
13959:
13956:
13954:
13951:
13949:
13946:
13944:
13941:
13939:
13936:
13934:
13931:
13930:
13928:
13924:
13914:
13911:
13909:
13906:
13904:
13901:
13899:
13896:
13894:
13891:
13890:
13888:
13884:
13874:
13871:
13869:
13866:
13864:
13861:
13859:
13856:
13854:
13851:
13849:
13846:
13844:
13841:
13839:
13836:
13834:
13831:
13829:
13826:
13824:
13821:
13819:
13816:
13814:
13811:
13809:
13806:
13805:
13803:
13799:
13796:
13792:
13782:
13779:
13777:
13774:
13772:
13769:
13767:
13764:
13762:
13759:
13757:
13754:
13752:
13749:
13747:
13744:
13743:
13741:
13737:
13727:
13724:
13722:
13719:
13717:
13714:
13712:
13709:
13707:
13704:
13702:
13699:
13697:
13694:
13692:
13689:
13687:
13684:
13682:
13679:
13677:
13674:
13673:
13671:
13667:
13657:
13654:
13652:
13649:
13648:
13646:
13642:
13639:
13635:
13625:
13622:
13621:
13619:
13615:
13605:
13602:
13600:
13597:
13595:
13592:
13590:
13587:
13585:
13582:
13580:
13577:
13575:
13572:
13570:
13567:
13566:
13564:
13560:
13550:
13547:
13545:
13542:
13540:
13537:
13535:
13532:
13530:
13527:
13525:
13522:
13521:
13519:
13515:
13512:
13508:
13498:
13495:
13493:
13490:
13488:
13487:Brazil (1531)
13485:
13484:
13482:
13480:South America
13478:
13468:
13465:
13463:
13460:
13458:
13455:
13454:
13452:
13450:North America
13448:
13445:
13441:
13437:
13430:
13425:
13423:
13418:
13416:
13411:
13410:
13407:
13395:
13392:
13390:
13387:
13386:
13381:
13377:
13374:
13370:
13369:
13365:
13355:
13352:
13350:
13347:
13345:
13342:
13340:
13337:
13333:
13330:
13329:
13328:
13325:
13323:
13320:
13318:
13315:
13313:
13310:
13308:
13305:
13303:
13300:
13299:
13297:
13295:
13291:
13285:
13282:
13280:
13277:
13275:
13272:
13270:
13267:
13265:
13262:
13260:
13259:Ethnic groups
13257:
13255:
13252:
13250:
13247:
13246:
13243:
13240:
13238:
13234:
13224:
13221:
13219:
13216:
13214:
13211:
13209:
13206:
13204:
13201:
13199:
13196:
13194:
13191:
13189:
13186:
13184:
13178:
13176:
13173:
13171:
13168:
13167:
13164:
13161:
13159:
13155:
13145:
13142:
13140:
13137:
13135:
13132:
13130:
13127:
13125:
13122:
13120:
13117:
13115:
13112:
13108:
13105:
13104:
13103:
13100:
13098:
13095:
13093:
13090:
13088:
13085:
13083:
13080:
13078:
13075:
13074:
13071:
13068:
13066:
13062:
13052:
13049:
13047:
13044:
13042:
13039:
13037:
13034:
13032:
13029:
13027:
13021:
13019:
13016:
13014:
13011:
13009:
13006:
13004:
13001:
12999:
12996:
12995:
12992:
12989:
12987:
12983:
12977:
12974:
12972:
12969:
12967:
12964:
12962:
12959:
12957:
12954:
12952:
12949:
12947:
12944:
12942:
12939:
12937:
12934:
12932:
12929:
12927:
12924:
12922:
12916:
12914:
12911:
12910:
12908:
12906:
12902:
12898:
12894:
12887:
12882:
12880:
12875:
12873:
12868:
12867:
12864:
12858:
12851:
12839:
12836:
12834:
12831:
12830:
12828:
12824:
12818:
12815:
12813:
12810:
12808:
12805:
12804:
12802:
12800:
12796:
12788:
12783:
12780:
12776:
12771:
12768:
12766:
12765:Évian Accords
12763:
12761:
12758:
12756:
12753:
12752:
12750:
12748:
12744:
12738:
12735:
12733:
12730:
12728:
12727:
12723:
12721:
12718:
12716:
12713:
12711:
12708:
12706:
12703:
12701:
12698:
12696:
12693:
12691:
12690:
12686:
12684:
12683:Philippeville
12681:
12679:
12676:
12674:
12671:
12669:
12666:
12665:
12663:
12661:
12660:
12655:
12649:
12646:
12645:
12642:
12639:
12638:
12633:
12628:
12625:
12621:
12616:
12613:
12609:
12604:
12601:
12599:
12596:
12594:
12591:
12590:
12588:
12586:
12585:
12580:
12572:
12567:
12564:
12560:
12555:
12552:
12548:
12543:
12540:
12539:
12537:
12535:
12531:
12524:
12521:
12519:
12516:
12513:
12510:
12507:
12504:
12501:
12498:
12495:
12492:
12489:
12486:
12482:
12477:
12474:
12472:
12469:
12466:
12463:
12460:
12457:
12454:
12451:
12448:
12445:
12442:
12439:
12436:
12433:
12432:
12430:
12428:
12426:
12421:
12414:
12411:
12408:
12405:
12402:
12401:Battle of Sig
12399:
12396:
12393:
12390:
12387:
12384:
12381:
12378:
12375:
12373:
12370:
12367:
12364:
12363:
12361:
12359:
12357:
12352:
12345:
12335:
12332:
12330:
12327:
12325:
12322:
12320:
12317:
12315:
12312:
12311:
12309:
12307:
12306:
12301:
12297:
12293:
12288:
12284:
12270:
12265:
12263:
12258:
12256:
12251:
12250:
12247:
12237:
12236:
12227: /
12226:
12225:
12214:
12204:
12201:
12199:
12196:
12194:
12191:
12190:
12188:
12184:
12178:
12175:
12173:
12170:
12166:
12165:
12164:La Main Rouge
12161:
12157:
12156:
12152:
12151:
12150:
12147:
12146:
12145:
12142:
12141:
12139:
12135:
12129:
12126:
12124:
12121:
12119:
12116:
12112:
12109:
12108:
12107:
12104:
12103:
12101:
12097:
12094:
12090:
12080:
12077:
12075:
12072:
12068:
12065:
12063:
12060:
12058:
12055:
12053:
12050:
12049:
12047:
12046:
12044:
12040:Monuments and
12038:
12032:
12029:
12027:
12024:
12020:
12017:
12016:
12015:
12012:
12010:
12007:
12003:
12000:
11999:
11998:
11995:
11994:
11992:
11986:
11980:
11977:
11973:
11970:
11969:
11968:
11967:Évian Accords
11965:
11963:
11960:
11959:
11957:
11953:
11941:
11936:
11933:
11931:
11928:
11926:
11923:
11921:
11918:
11916:
11915:
11911:
11910:
11908:
11904:
11898:
11895:
11893:
11890:
11888:
11885:
11883:
11880:
11879:
11877:
11869:
11863:
11860:
11856:
11851:
11848:
11846:
11843:
11841:
11838:
11836:
11833:
11831:
11828:
11826:
11823:
11821:
11820:
11816:
11814:
11811:
11810:
11808:
11806:of key events
11802:
11797:
11793:
11790:
11786:
11776:
11773:
11770:
11767:
11764:
11761:
11758:
11755:
11754:
11750:
11747:
11745:
11742:
11741:
11739:
11737:Other factors
11735:
11725:
11722:
11720:
11719:
11715:
11709:
11704:
11701:
11700:
11699:
11698:
11694:
11692:
11689:
11685:
11682:
11680:
11679:
11675:
11674:
11672:
11669:
11665:
11662:
11660:
11657:
11655:
11654:1920 petition
11652:
11651:
11649:
11647:
11644:
11642:
11639:
11638:
11636:
11634:
11630:
11622:
11619:
11618:
11617:
11614:
11610:
11607:
11605:
11602:
11601:
11600:
11597:
11596:
11594:
11592:
11586:
11583:
11579:
11574:
11567:
11562:
11560:
11555:
11553:
11548:
11547:
11544:
11538:
11535:
11532:
11528:
11527:
11522:
11520:
11517:
11515:
11512:
11511:
11501:
11496:
11492:
11491:
11485:
11481:
11475:
11471:
11470:
11465:
11461:
11457:
11456:
11451:
11450:Camus, Albert
11447:
11446:
11436:
11430:
11426:
11425:
11419:
11415:
11409:
11405:
11400:
11396:
11392:
11388:
11387:
11381:
11377:
11371:
11367:
11366:
11360:
11356:
11352:
11348:
11342:
11338:
11337:
11331:
11327:
11323:
11319:
11315:
11311:
11307:
11303:
11299:
11298:
11293:
11288:
11284:
11280:
11276:
11272:
11268:
11264:
11259:
11255:
11249:
11245:
11244:
11239:
11235:
11231:
11227:
11223:
11217:
11213:
11208:
11204:
11198:
11194:
11189:
11185:
11179:
11175:
11170:
11166:
11162:
11158:
11154:
11150:
11146:
11141:
11140:
11132:
11130:
11126:
11125:
11113:
11109:
11105:
11101:
11100:
11095:
11091:
11083:
11072:
11068:
11067:
11066:
11065:
11063:
11062:La Découverte
11059:
11055:
11051:
11047:
11043:
11037:
11027:
11026:
11021:
11017:
11014:
11009:
10999:
10995:
10991:
10988:
10983:
10974:
10970:
10969:Final version
10966:
10962:
10958:
10955:
10950:
10940:
10936:
10932:
10929:
10924:
10908:
10904:
10898:
10890:
10886:
10882:
10878:
10874:
10870:
10869:
10864:
10857:
10847:
10843:
10839:
10835:
10832:
10827:
10825:
10823:
10815:. Hutchinson.
10814:
10813:
10805:
10797:
10793:
10789:
10785:
10781:
10777:
10770:
10768:
10766:
10764:
10762:
10760:
10758:
10756:
10754:
10752:
10750:
10741:
10737:
10730:
10728:
10726:
10724:
10722:
10720:
10718:
10708:, April 2001
10707:
10706:
10701:
10697:
10694:
10689:
10687:
10685:
10676:
10674:9780313353826
10670:
10666:
10665:
10657:
10641:
10637:
10635:9781101638033
10631:
10627:
10626:
10618:
10602:
10598:
10594:
10590:
10586:
10583:(in French).
10582:
10578:
10571:
10555:
10551:
10547:
10543:
10542:The Telegraph
10539:
10532:
10516:
10512:
10508:
10501:
10485:
10481:
10477:
10471:
10465:
10461:
10454:
10453:
10448:
10443:
10433:
10432:
10427:
10423:
10420:
10415:
10408:
10404:
10401:
10396:
10386:
10385:
10380:
10376:
10373:
10368:
10360:
10356:
10352:
10346:
10330:
10326:
10322:
10316:
10310:
10306:
10301:
10291:
10287:
10283:
10280:
10276:
10272:
10267:
10261:
10257:
10256:Mohamed Harbi
10252:
10236:
10232:
10230:9780252036941
10226:
10222:
10221:
10213:
10205:
10203:9782914968409
10199:
10195:
10188:
10180:
10174:
10170:
10169:
10161:
10155:n°9 May 1961.
10154:
10148:
10140:
10134:
10130:
10123:
10116:
10112:
10108:
10103:
10097:
10093:
10089:
10085:
10081:
10076:
10069:
10068:
10063:
10059:
10056:
10051:
10044:
10040:
10036:
10032:
10028:
10024:
10021:
10016:
10000:
9996:
9995:
9990:
9984:
9982:
9973:
9967:
9963:
9962:
9954:
9947:
9943:
9941:9781134713301
9937:
9933:
9932:
9924:
9916:
9910:
9906:
9905:
9897:
9895:
9886:
9884:9780415531252
9880:
9876:
9875:
9867:
9859:
9855:
9851:
9847:
9840:
9833:. p. 34.
9832:
9825:
9818:
9814:
9808:
9804:
9803:
9795:
9788:
9784:
9778:
9774:
9773:
9765:
9757:
9751:
9747:
9743:
9742:
9737:
9731:
9724:
9720:
9716:
9713:
9707:
9700:
9694:
9678:
9674:
9670:
9664:
9648:
9644:
9643:www.aa.com.tr
9640:
9634:
9625:
9615:
9608:
9602:
9593:
9577:
9573:
9567:
9551:
9547:
9543:
9536:
9528:
9522:
9518:
9511:
9503:
9501:9781847799203
9497:
9493:
9492:
9484:
9476:
9470:
9466:
9459:
9443:
9439:
9432:
9425:
9419:
9412:
9406:
9399:
9393:
9391:
9382:
9380:9780582414396
9376:
9372:
9365:
9363:
9356:
9352:
9347:
9345:
9336:
9329:
9327:
9325:
9316:
9309:
9307:
9298:
9291:
9283:
9276:
9268:
9261:
9253:
9249:
9245:
9241:
9234:
9226:
9219:
9212:
9206:
9199:
9184:
9180:
9173:
9167:
9159:
9153:
9149:
9144:
9143:
9134:
9126:
9120:
9116:
9109:
9102:
9096:
9088:
9084:
9080:
9076:
9072:
9068:
9061:
9059:
9057:
9055:
9053:
9051:
9049:
9047:
9045:
9043:
9041:
9039:
9037:
9035:
9033:
9031:
9029:
9027:
9025:
9023:
9006:
9002:
8996:
8980:
8976:
8969:
8953:
8949:
8943:
8936:
8929:
8913:
8909:
8902:
8900:
8898:
8888:
8887:
8878:
8859:
8855:
8849:
8842:
8841:
8833:
8831:
8823:
8819:
8815:
8814:Roger Faligot
8810:
8802:
8798:
8794:
8790:
8786:
8782:
8781:
8773:
8765:
8759:
8755:
8751:
8747:
8743:
8739:
8738:Pimlott, John
8733:
8723:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8710:
8694:
8690:
8686:
8682:
8676:
8672:
8668:
8661:
8653:
8652:
8647:
8641:
8633:
8629:
8625:
8621:
8614:
8612:
8610:
8608:
8606:
8604:
8602:
8600:
8598:
8596:
8594:
8592:
8590:
8588:
8586:
8584:
8582:
8580:
8578:
8576:
8574:
8572:
8570:
8568:
8566:
8558:
8554:
8551:
8547:
8544:
8539:
8537:
8529:
8517:
8513:
8506:
8498:
8497:
8492:
8486:
8479:
8478:
8473:
8472:
8467:
8461:
8459:
8442:
8438:
8432:
8416:
8412:
8406:
8390:
8386:
8379:
8363:
8359:
8352:
8350:
8341:
8339:9780313264566
8335:
8331:
8330:
8322:
8307:on 1 May 1997
8306:
8302:
8296:
8286:
8285:
8280:
8276:
8273:
8268:
8261:
8255:
8245:
8244:
8239:
8235:
8232:
8227:
8225:
8217:
8211:
8195:
8191:
8189:9780521524322
8185:
8181:
8180:
8172:
8165:
8160:
8154:
8150:
8145:
8144:
8138:
8132:
8130:
8122:
8110:
8106:
8100:
8096:
8095:
8087:
8079:
8073:
8069:
8065:
8058:
8048:
8044:
8040:
8036:
8022:
8018:
8017:
8012:
8009:(June 2001).
8008:
8002:
7995:
7989:
7982:
7978:
7975:
7969:
7960:
7953:
7941:
7937:
7935:9781433110740
7931:
7927:
7926:
7918:
7916:
7914:
7912:
7904:
7891:
7887:
7881:
7877:
7876:
7868:
7866:
7849:
7845:
7841:
7835:
7816:
7812:
7805:
7799:
7783:
7779:
7773:
7757:
7753:
7747:
7732:
7730:9782200281977
7726:
7722:
7721:
7713:
7705:
7699:
7695:
7694:
7686:
7678:
7672:
7668:
7667:
7659:
7651:
7649:0-8014-8916-4
7645:
7641:
7640:
7632:
7624:
7622:9780520925687
7618:
7614:
7613:
7605:
7594:
7590:
7583:
7576:
7569:
7565:
7560:
7553:
7549:
7543:
7539:
7538:
7529:
7524:
7518:
7514:
7513:
7504:
7499:
7493:
7489:
7488:
7480:
7464:
7460:
7454:
7452:
7445:
7441:
7438:
7431:
7429:
7412:
7408:
7404:
7400:
7396:
7392:
7385:
7378:
7364:
7360:
7358:9780199241040
7354:
7350:
7349:
7341:
7325:
7321:
7315:
7313:
7311:
7309:
7292:
7288:
7284:
7277:
7275:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7243:
7241:
7239:
7232:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7201:
7193:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7162:
7160:
7152:
7151:9781139915823
7148:
7144:
7138:
7131:
7130:9780122270109
7127:
7123:
7118:
7102:
7098:
7096:9780313395703
7092:
7088:
7087:
7079:
7063:
7059:
7053:
7037:
7033:
7027:
7023:
7022:
7014:
7006:
7004:9781590172186
7000:
6996:
6989:
6987:
6985:
6983:
6981:
6979:
6977:
6975:
6973:
6971:
6969:
6967:
6965:
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6397:France portal
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6383:Africa portal
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5506:protagonists.
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5434:Maurice Papon
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5372:bien-pensants
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5368:Elie Kedourie
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5340:
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5295:police action
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5201:death flights
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5142:Marc Lienhard
5139:
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5131:Jacques Massu
5128:
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5107:
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5101:L'Observateur
5097:
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5088:
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5085:Gisèle Halimi
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5057:waterboarding
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4840:Indochina War
4837:
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4832:Maghrebi Jews
4829:
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4824:
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4779:
4774:
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4767:In 1959, the
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4754:Maghrebi Jews
4751:
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4706:Sephardi Jews
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4463:Mers El Kébir
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4371:Évian Accords
4367:
4365:
4364:André Malraux
4361:
4357:
4356:Maurice Papon
4351:
4348:
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4335:
4319:
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4309:
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4266:Évian Accords
4263:
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4193:Yvon Chautard
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4189:Georges Sauge
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4185:Claude Dumont
4182:
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4121:Philippeville
4118:
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4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4085:Indochina War
4082:
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4058:
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4020:clandestinely
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3894:Jean Lartéguy
3891:
3890:Dien Bien Phu
3887:
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3656:covert agents
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3555:
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3548:
3525:Guerrilla war
3522:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3506:Jacques Massu
3502:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3479:
3474:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3433:cause célèbre
3430:
3429:Maurice Audin
3426:
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3404:
3402:
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3309:
3308:Philippeville
3305:
3296:
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3259:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3233:This section
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3227:
3222:
3221:
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3211:
3207:
3201:
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3132:
3128:
3127:Krim Belkacem
3124:
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3103:
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3019:
3015:
3011:
3004:
3000:
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2979:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2953:This section
2951:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2933:
2931:
2930:Farhat Hached
2927:
2923:
2922:
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2803:
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2790:
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2778:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2767:Popular Front
2764:
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2757:
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2748:
2743:
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2568:Second Empire
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2398:
2397:assassination
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2382:Évian Accords
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2200:
2197:
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2191:
2189:
2188:
2181:
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2176:
2175:Peace Charter
2173:
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2168:
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2165:Civil Concord
2163:
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2125:
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2115:
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2110:
2109:Berber Spring
2107:
2106:
2103:
2100:
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2097:FFS rebellion
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2049:Évian Accords
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2025:
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2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
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1821:(973–1152 AD)
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1813:(970–1068 AD)
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1805:(909–1171 AD)
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1800:
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1765:(742–1066 AD)
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1746:Arab conquest
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1309:Philippeville
1307:
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935:
930:
924:
922:
916:
915:René Sentenac
911:
906:
900:
899:Jacques Massu
895:
890:
884:
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868:
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687:Ahmed Francis
685:
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663:
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657:Krim Belkacem
655:
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648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
631:
625:
624:Abane Ramdane
622:
621:
618:
609:
608:Amar Ouamrane
605:
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407:Ali La Pointe
404:
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381:Krim Belkacem
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255:La Main Rouge
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91:
85:
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77:
73:
68:
63:
49:
44:
40:
33:
19:
18459:Algerian War
18399:Pan-Islamism
18277:
18270:
18263:
18163:Ba'ath Party
18040:Ameen Rihani
17900:Jassem Alwan
17895:Michel Aflaq
17751:Algerian War
17750:
17677:Iraqi Revolt
17547:
17540:
17456:
17438:Speeches and
17372:Fouchet Plan
17355:Algerian War
17354:
17318:presidential
17280:
17181:World War II
17150:World War I
17020:Brinkmanship
16912:intelligence
16801:Marius Oprea
16751:Harvey Klehr
16681:Herbert Feis
16671:Willem Drees
16636:Archie Brown
16553:
16541:
16523:
16513:Trybuna Ludu
16511:
16504:
16500:Radio Moscow
16492:
16485:
16478:
16306:Anti-Zionism
16222:
16145:Keynesianism
16133:Conservatism
15997:Transnistria
15977:China-Taiwan
15634:Gera Demands
15507:
15308:
15183:
14988:El Porteñazo
14882:Congo Crisis
14797:
14732:Algerian War
14731:
14715:
14591:Western Bloc
14586:Eastern Bloc
14581:Iron Curtain
14437:
14429:
14421:
14398:
14378:
14370:
14287:Soviet Union
14285:
14278:
14091:
14028:20th century
14005:Korea (1866)
13794:19th century
13637:18th century
13510:17th century
13443:16th century
13249:Demographics
13218:Trade unions
13102:Human rights
13082:Constitution
12945:
12931:Ottoman rule
12760:Tafna Treaty
12725:
12688:
12659:Algerian War
12658:
12657:
12582:
12423:
12354:
12303:
12233:
12222:
12186:Other groups
12162:
12153:
11913:
11873:human rights
11871:War crimes /
11817:
11716:
11703:Legal status
11695:
11691:French Union
11676:
11621:Deportations
11573:Algerian War
11572:
11525:
11499:
11489:
11468:
11454:
11423:
11403:
11385:
11364:
11335:
11301:
11295:
11266:
11262:
11242:
11211:
11192:
11173:
11148:
11144:
11127:
11103:
11097:
11093:
11089:
11082:
11070:
11057:
11045:
11036:
11028:, June 2001
11023:
11008:
11002:(in English)
10982:
10949:
10923:
10911:. Retrieved
10907:the original
10897:
10875:(1): 75–86.
10872:
10866:
10862:
10856:
10850:(in English)
10811:
10804:
10782:(2): 220–1.
10779:
10775:
10739:
10735:
10703:
10663:
10656:
10644:. Retrieved
10624:
10617:
10605:. Retrieved
10580:
10570:
10558:. Retrieved
10541:
10531:
10519:. Retrieved
10510:
10500:
10490:14 September
10488:. Retrieved
10480:The Guardian
10479:
10470:
10450:
10442:
10429:
10414:
10395:
10382:
10367:
10359:the original
10354:
10345:
10333:. Retrieved
10324:
10315:
10308:
10300:
10294:(in English)
10274:
10266:
10259:
10251:
10239:. Retrieved
10219:
10212:
10193:
10187:
10167:
10160:
10152:
10147:
10128:
10122:
10102:
10075:
10065:
10050:
10031:Paul Teitgen
10015:
10003:. Retrieved
9992:
9960:
9953:
9945:
9930:
9923:
9903:
9873:
9866:
9849:
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9786:
9771:
9764:
9740:
9730:
9722:
9706:
9698:
9693:
9681:. Retrieved
9672:
9663:
9651:. Retrieved
9642:
9633:
9624:
9614:
9606:
9601:
9592:
9580:. Retrieved
9566:
9554:. Retrieved
9545:
9535:
9516:
9510:
9490:
9483:
9464:
9458:
9446:. Retrieved
9431:
9423:
9418:
9410:
9405:
9397:
9370:
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9290:
9281:
9275:
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9260:
9243:
9239:
9233:
9224:
9218:
9210:
9205:
9197:
9190:. Retrieved
9178:
9166:
9141:
9133:
9114:
9108:
9100:
9095:
9070:
9066:
9009:. Retrieved
8995:
8983:. Retrieved
8968:
8956:. Retrieved
8952:the original
8942:
8933:
8928:
8916:. Retrieved
8885:
8877:
8865:. Retrieved
8858:the original
8839:
8821:
8809:
8784:
8778:
8772:
8748:. New York:
8745:
8732:
8719:
8697:, retrieved
8670:
8660:
8649:
8640:
8623:
8619:
8526:
8519:. Retrieved
8516:The Guardian
8515:
8505:
8494:
8491:Frantz Fanon
8485:
8475:
8469:
8466:Yves Boisset
8445:. Retrieved
8431:
8419:. Retrieved
8405:
8393:. Retrieved
8378:
8366:. Retrieved
8328:
8321:
8309:. Retrieved
8305:the original
8295:
8282:
8267:
8259:
8254:
8241:
8210:
8198:. Retrieved
8178:
8171:
8162:
8142:
8137:Kiernan, Ben
8120:
8113:. Retrieved
8093:
8086:
8067:
8057:
8042:
8038:
8025:. Retrieved
8014:
8001:
7993:
7988:
7968:
7959:
7951:
7944:. Retrieved
7924:
7901:
7894:. Retrieved
7874:
7852:. Retrieved
7843:
7834:
7822:. Retrieved
7810:
7798:
7786:. Retrieved
7772:
7760:. Retrieved
7746:
7734:. Retrieved
7719:
7712:
7692:
7685:
7665:
7658:
7638:
7631:
7611:
7604:
7593:the original
7575:
7567:
7564:Guy Pervillé
7559:
7551:
7536:
7526:
7511:
7501:
7486:
7479:
7467:. Retrieved
7415:. Retrieved
7401:(2): 67–81.
7398:
7394:
7384:
7376:
7367:. Retrieved
7347:
7340:
7328:. Retrieved
7295:. Retrieved
7286:
7261:. Retrieved
7252:
7224:. Retrieved
7207:
7203:
7195:
7190:
7180:. Retrieved
7171:
7142:
7137:
7121:
7117:
7105:. Retrieved
7085:
7078:
7066:. Retrieved
7052:
7040:. Retrieved
7020:
7013:
6994:
6944:
6938:the original
6933:
6929:
6916:
6908:
6901:. Retrieved
6875:
6868:
6859:
6853:
6841:. Retrieved
6832:
6823:
6815:
6799:
6794:
6775:
6766:
6754:. Retrieved
6734:
6727:
6708:
6688:
6685:
6670:
6664:
6656:
6641:
6634:
6625:
6610:
6603:
6593:
6588:
6580:
6565:
6558:
6540:
6524:
6513:
6481:
6467:Frantz Fanon
6457:Cameroon War
6439:1960s portal
6425:1950s portal
6362:Albert Camus
6349:Far from Men
6347:
6335:
6327:
6315:
6309:
6301:
6285:
6273:
6260:
6244:
6234:
6224:
6209:
6204:Yves Boisset
6199:
6189:
6183:
6177:
6165:
6159:
6151:Lost Command
6149:
6142:
6130:
6124:
6104:
6088:
6074:
6046:Fayard 2004.
6043:
6033:
6017:
6003:
5992:
5977:
5965:
5955:
5949:account here
5944:
5934:
5927:
5926:
5911:
5893:
5886:
5868:
5851:
5828:
5807:
5788:
5769:
5760:
5750:
5740:
5730:
5695:
5689:
5688:
5685:INA archives
5678:
5662:
5661:". From the
5648:
5638:
5635:Bilingualism
5633:, claimed, "
5618:
5614:
5604:
5598:
5588:
5582:
5574:
5563:baccalauréat
5558:
5544:
5529:
5516:
5509:
5504:
5496:
5485:
5483:
5474:
5470:
5467:
5453:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5426:
5425:, adopted a
5418:
5415:Klaus Barbie
5411:
5409:
5400:
5390:
5384:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5363:
5359:
5357:
5347:
5341:
5332:
5327:
5325:
5315:
5311:
5302:
5292:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5266:
5256:
5240:
5236:disemboweled
5232:
5204:
5159:
5153:
5146:Sidi Ferruch
5135:
5111:Nazi Germany
5099:
5089:
5074:
5061:
5045:without food
5026:
4998:
4978:Fidel Castro
4962:
4952:
4927:
4923:
4907:Martin Evans
4905:
4901:
4897:
4870:
4862:
4854:
4852:
4827:
4821:
4819:
4793:
4789:
4786:
4781:
4777:
4768:
4766:
4737:
4736:
4709:
4695:
4694:
4652:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4569:
4545:World War II
4542:
4538:colonisation
4530:Western Bloc
4527:
4511:
4504:
4493:
4487:
4484:
4473:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4436:
4431:
4427:
4422:
4414:
4405:district of
4402:
4398:
4396:
4386:
4382:
4380:
4374:
4373:allowed the
4368:
4359:
4352:
4346:
4339:
4315:
4311:
4288:
4283:
4280:départements
4279:
4273:
4249:
4223:
4221:
4216:
4178:
4173:
4154:Jeune Nation
4143:
4137:
4132:
4114:
4104:
4041:Joseph Ortiz
4034:
4029:
4023:
4010:
4008:
4003:
3999:
3986:
3982:
3970:
3953:
3951:
3945:
3921:
3914:
3903:
3879:
3875:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3801:
3788:
3780:
3778:
3770:
3746:
3744:
3731:regroupement
3730:
3727:
3723:
3707:André Morice
3698:
3692:
3688:
3674:
3668:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3618:
3614:
3608:
3606:
3581:
3572:
3556:
3544:
3519:colonial war
3515:pacification
3510:
3503:
3484:
3456:
3450:
3447:Albert Camus
3441:
3432:
3416:
3405:
3386:
3359:
3354:
3347:
3338:
3328:
3318:
3300:
3294:
3262:
3253:
3242:Please help
3237:verification
3234:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3192:(literally,
3189:
3183:
3175:
3165:
3163:
3154:
3139:Frantz Fanon
3135:
3089:
3079:
3069:Messali Hadj
3062:
3053:
3036:(UDMA), the
3030:Ferhat Abbas
3027:
2982:
2973:
2962:Please help
2957:verification
2954:
2919:
2913:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2832:
2817:
2801:
2797:
2794:Ferhat Abbas
2791:
2787:Vichy France
2780:
2774:
2760:
2752:Messali Hadj
2745:
2738:Abd el-Kadir
2731:
2720:
2690:
2688:
2647:
2641:
2637:
2634:World War II
2631:
2626:
2622:
2612:
2595:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2542:
2515:
2500:
2427:
2413:
2394:
2376:, the first
2342:
2305:
2301:
2298:Algerian War
2297:
2295:
2186:
2185:
2170:Black Spring
2120:
2119:
2090:
2010:Algerian War
2009:
2008:
2007:
1964:Pacification
1936:
1935:
1884:
1881:Modern times
1797:(800–909 AD)
1789:(789–828 AD)
1781:(776–909 AD)
1773:(771–793 AD)
1757:(703–744 AD)
1749:(647–709 AD)
1702:(585–698 AD)
1694:(534–585 AD)
1686:(578–708 AD)
1678:(484–703 AD)
1670:(477–578 AD)
1662:(435–534 AD)
1641:(111–106 BC)
1633:(264–146 BC)
1551:Rock art in
1402:
1401:
1339:Sidi Semiane
1283:
1274:Algerian War
1273:
1214:
1198:2,000 jailed
1175:198 executed
1073:Saïd Boualam
1018:Politicians:
1017:
990:Jean Crepin
944:
920:
864:
808:
662:Frantz Fanon
637:Ferhat Abbas
629:
617:Politicians:
616:
575:
547:
501:
473:
435:Ahmed Zabana
412:
368:
330:
169:Belligerents
70:Part of the
51:Algerian War
43:
18093:Arab Ba'ath
18015:Salah Jadid
17872:Arabization
17719:Six-Day War
17714:Suez Crisis
17660:Arab Revolt
17639:Pan-Arabism
17323:legislative
17222:Free France
17135:Early life
17129:Before WWII
16846:Shen Zhihua
16656:Michael Cox
16588:competition
16535:Pro-Western
16525:Soviet Life
16451:Safari Club
16421:Warsaw Pact
16276:Nationalism
16266:Imperialism
16165:Reaganomics
16028:Containment
15821:Perestroika
15310:Realpolitik
15140:Six-Day War
15125:Greek junta
14936:Berlin Wall
14784:Suez Crisis
14752:Vietnam War
14639:McCarthyism
14454:Baruch Plan
14399:Unthinkable
14359:Dekemvriana
14298:Warsaw Pact
13938:Java (1811)
13828:Salé (1851)
13013:Earthquakes
12971:Arab Spring
12936:French rule
12920:(Antiquity)
12785: [
12773: [
12737:Bab El Oued
12630: [
12618: [
12606: [
12569: [
12557: [
12545: [
12534:Allegiances
12479: [
12427:: 1837-1870
12358:: 1830-1836
12128:Oujda Group
11938: [
11853: [
11799: [
11706: [
11684:Kabyle myth
11659:Jonnart Law
11591:colonialism
11575:(1954–1962)
11269:(2): 1–44.
11106:: 181–197.
10976:(in French)
10943:(in French)
10913:19 February
10457:(in French)
10436:(in French)
10389:(in French)
10335:12 February
10005:15 February
9736:Morgan, Ted
9683:23 November
9653:23 November
9299:. Karthala.
9246:: 159–174.
9011:5 September
8867:14 February
8818:Pascal Krop
8726:(in French)
8474:(2006), in
8368:13 November
8289:(in French)
8248:(in French)
7417:23 February
7297:13 November
7263:13 November
7068:19 December
6756:27 December
6275:Mon colonel
6225:La Trahison
6071:Saadi Yacef
5848:Maran, Rita
5679:pieds-noirs
5639:bilinguisme
5611:Azouz Begag
5606:bidonvilles
5571:Suprême NTM
5517:pieds-noirs
5459:Victor Hugo
5352:Suez Crisis
5312:pieds-noirs
5138:Joseph Doré
5094:(1946–54).
4933: [
4890:Ex-voto in
4848:Tirailleurs
4794:pieds-noirs
4790:pieds-noirs
4769:pieds-noirs
4729:of the 4th
4718:Pieds-noirs
4697:Pieds-Noirs
4659:Yacef Saâdi
4648:rural areas
4523:Third World
4492:and one in
4407:Bab El Oued
4063:, who quit
4016:Raoul Salan
3987:pieds-noirs
3975: [
3839: [
3789:pieds-noirs
3785:coup d'état
3781:pieds-noirs
3747:quadrillage
3703:Morice Line
3699:quadrillage
3695:Raoul Salan
3615:képis bleus
3598:Vietnam War
3511:quadrillage
3457:Pieds-Noirs
3401:Suez Crisis
3399:during the
3368:, carrying
3339:pieds-noirs
3316:Constantine
3256:August 2014
3176:Pieds-Noirs
3167:Pieds-Noirs
3111:Rabah Bitat
3071:formed the
3020:and future
2776:pieds-noirs
2717:sovereignty
2692:tirailleurs
2561:Constantine
2549:departments
2449: [
2431:Pieds-noirs
2194:Arab Spring
2071:Oujda Group
2061:Pieds-noirs
2044:1961 putsch
2039:1958 crisis
2019:Nationalism
2012:(1954–1962)
1770:Muhallabids
1739:Middle Ages
1625:(202–46 BC)
1547:(10,000 BC)
1539:(20,000 BC)
1531:(80,000 BC)
1500:History of
1464:Ouled Sinan
1459:Kef Lakhdar
1419:Bab El Oued
1398:(1959-1961)
1354:El Menaouer
1334:Oued Zeggar
1329:Fellaoucene
1157:3,000 (OAS)
1097:Raoul Salan
1030:Edgar Faure
859:Hervé Artur
843:Raoul Salan
712:Saad Dahlab
667:Rabah Bitat
588:Saadi Yacef
538: [
517: [
486:Rabah Bitat
454: [
451:Si Azzedine
140:End of the
130:Territorial
18494:Proxy wars
18453:Categories
18257:Literature
17950:Tariq Aziz
17867:Arab world
17862:Arab Union
17791:Dhofar War
17472:depictions
17470:Legacy and
17440:statements
17347:Presidency
17335:referendum
17139:Birthplace
16614:Historians
16605:Space Race
16506:Rudé právo
16460:Propaganda
16316:Neo-Nazism
16286:Chauvinism
16240:Trotskyism
16155:Monetarism
16123:Liberalism
16115:Capitalism
16107:Ideologies
16058:Ostpolitik
15781:Solidarity
15746:Toyota War
15649:Solidarity
15506:Operation
15461:Ogaden War
15150:Dhofar War
15038:Shifta War
14796:Operation
14644:Korean War
14436:Operation
14428:Operation
14420:Operation
14397:Operation
14377:Operation
14369:Operation
13322:Literature
13182:(currency)
13129:Parliament
13025:(communes)
13018:Ecoregions
12913:Prehistory
12705:Agounennda
12678:El Djorf I
12067:Tizi Ouzou
11988:Legacy and
11972:referendum
11875:violations
11796:Chronology
11609:Atrocities
11581:Background
11131:of Algeria
11054:Yves Benot
10646:23 October
10607:7 November
10464:Archive-It
10384:L'Humanité
10241:23 October
9994:L'Humanité
9582:13 January
9574:. ina.fr.
8985:13 January
8958:4 February
8918:25 October
8787:(2): 6–7.
8752:. p.
8721:L'Histoire
8553:Préfecture
8447:21 January
8311:21 January
8200:7 December
8115:7 December
8027:17 January
7896:28 October
7854:9 February
7788:13 January
7762:13 January
7754:. un.org.
7736:13 January
7528:dimension.
7469:13 January
7369:13 January
7107:13 January
6551:References
6235:Nuit noire
6211:Wild Reeds
6024:Roy, Jules
5833:. Viking.
5659:human zoos
5623:bicultural
5619:bidonville
5583:terminales
5559:terminales
5447:résistants
5346:published
4882:Death toll
4859:Louis Joxe
4788:departing
4663:Air France
4655:Zohra Drif
4602:, and the
4580:Khrushchev
4557:Yugoslavia
4455:Pied-Noirs
4443:Pied-Noirs
4423:Pied-Noirs
4399:Pied-Noirs
4383:Pied-Noirs
4375:Pied-Noirs
4360:Pied-Noirs
4347:Pied-Noirs
4316:Pied-Noirs
4312:Pied-Noirs
4097:Mao Zedong
3946:Vive Massu
3679:false flag
3594:helicopter
3499:Air France
3495:Zohra Drif
3397:Suez Canal
3391:President
3364:bound for
3290:Universal
3190:ratonnades
3143:Martinique
3046:communists
3040:, and the
2976:March 2014
2921:Main Rouge
2870:maquisards
2638:ordonnance
2566:Under the
2464:Background
2416:War crimes
2386:referendum
2114:1988 riots
1959:Resistance
1834:Almoravids
1647:Mauretania
1630:Punic Wars
1521:Prehistory
1344:Agounennda
1304:El Djorf I
1201:4 executed
1035:Guy Mollet
535:Ali Mallah
18290:Symbolism
17634:Nasserism
17629:Ba'athism
17298:1945–1958
17227:Campaigns
17190:Battle of
16901:Ken Young
16746:Tony Judt
16595:Arms race
16568:Red Scare
16436:NN States
16381:Apartheid
16336:Autocracy
16245:Stalinism
16213:Guevarism
16203:Castroism
16193:Communism
16185:Socialism
15711:Star Wars
15304:Koza riot
14430:Beleaguer
14422:Masterdom
13279:Squatting
13264:Languages
13254:Education
13223:Transport
13175:Companies
13139:President
13092:Elections
13046:Volcanoes
13036:Provinces
13008:Districts
12986:Geography
12961:Civil War
12956:1962–1999
12799:Documents
12689:Blue Bird
12673:Véronique
11990:aftermath
11906:Reactions
11771:(1947–49)
11765:(1946–54)
11718:Pied noir
11697:Indigénat
11673:policies
11326:148602270
11318:0022-2801
11283:1930-1189
11230:227297246
10889:145083214
10863:Terminale
10796:154576215
10597:162123460
10550:0307-1235
10305:David Huf
9619:Algeria".
9087:144891906
8932:French: "
8801:154354671
8164:conquest.
8033:(quoting
6903:11 August
6833:Le Figaro
6358:The Guest
5663:enfumades
5579:La Rumeur
5484:In 2002,
5428:tu quoque
5419:banlieues
5406:Reminders
5316:pied-noir
5265:'s book,
4994:civil war
4782:pied-noir
4764:in 1871.
4738:Pied-noir
4687:in 1962.
4495:l'Express
4432:Pied-Noir
4428:Pied-Noir
4415:Pied-Noir
4403:Pied-Noir
4270:Barbouzes
4170:New Right
4125:Indochina
4109:(Arzew).
3831:pied-noir
3818:De Gaulle
3797:René Coty
3664:Persuaded
3292:Newsreels
3194:rat-hunts
3100:Café wars
3086:guerrilla
2932:in 1952.
2915:fellaghas
2905:Indochina
2727:self-rule
2627:indigènes
2503:Charles X
2438:agreement
2378:president
2330:civil war
2141:Massacres
2091:1960s–80s
1866:Ziyyanids
1826:Hammadids
1810:Maghrawas
1794:Aghlabids
1778:Rustamids
1612:Phoenicia
1605:Antiquity
1590:Related:
1578:Madghacen
1474:Kef Afoul
1314:Blue Bird
1299:Véronique
1294:Boukerker
993:(1960–61)
979:(1958–60)
951:(1957–58)
903:(1956–60)
887:(1956–58)
847:(1956–58)
831:(1955–56)
815:(1955–58)
791:(1955–56)
775:(1954–55)
759:(1955–62)
302:(1961–62)
286:(1960–61)
247:(1958–62)
231:(1954–58)
18432:Category
18374:Islamism
18083:Al-Fatat
17850:Concepts
17617:Ideology
17568:Category
17494:Gaullism
17461: !"
17154:5th Army
17120:Life and
17053:Timeline
17043:Category
16988:See also
16480:Izvestia
16321:Islamism
16218:Hoxhaism
16093:Rollback
15972:Abkhazia
15912:Gulf War
15816:Glasnost
15186:incident
14956:Sand War
14814:Ifni War
14323:Rio Pact
14268:Cold War
13886:Americas
13669:Americas
13562:Americas
13389:Category
13344:Religion
13317:Football
13203:Taxation
13119:Military
13065:Politics
13051:Wildlife
12897:articles
12747:Treaties
12726:Jumelles
12710:Bouzegza
12695:Palestro
12224:Category
11744:Cold War
11502:. Knopf.
11466:(1971).
11452:(1961).
11395:5629332M
11355:61879728
11240:(1978).
11016:Archived
10990:Archived
10957:Archived
10931:Archived
10834:Archived
10696:Archived
10640:Archived
10601:Archived
10554:Archived
10515:Archived
10484:Archived
10460:Archived
10452:Le Monde
10431:Le Monde
10422:Archived
10403:Archived
10375:Archived
10355:Le Monde
10329:Archived
10325:Le Monde
10282:Archived
10235:Archived
10092:Archived
10067:El Watan
10058:Archived
10023:Archived
9999:Archived
9715:Archived
9677:Archived
9647:Archived
9576:Archived
9550:Archived
9442:Archived
9284:. Payot.
9240:Monde(s)
9183:Archived
9005:Archived
8979:Archived
8912:Archived
8740:(1985).
8699:21 March
8693:archived
8632:41299235
8546:Archived
8493:(1961).
8441:Archived
8415:Archived
8389:Archived
8362:Archived
8275:Archived
8234:Archived
8194:Archived
8139:(2007).
8109:Archived
8021:Archived
7977:Archived
7946:4 August
7940:Archived
7890:Archived
7848:Archived
7815:Archived
7782:Archived
7756:Archived
7463:Archived
7440:Archived
7411:Archived
7363:Archived
7324:Archived
7291:Archived
7257:Archived
7220:Archived
7176:Archived
7101:Archived
7062:Archived
7036:Archived
6894:Archived
6837:Archived
6774:(2004).
6750:Archived
6369:See also
6113:(1960).
6097:; about
5857:Ideology
5850:(1989).
5825:(1978).
5675:Kherrata
5536:genocide
5471:fellagha
5454:Le Monde
5378:and the
5279:fellagha
5154:Le Monde
4963:de facto
4915:democide
4773:Maghrebi
4742:Catholic
4702:Mizrachi
4670:-member
4519:Cold War
4489:Le Monde
4478:and the
3908:—
3587:and the
3504:General
3417:Le Monde
3389:Egyptian
3005:soldiers
2882:). From
2711:'s 1918
2590:apostasy
2136:Timeline
1850:Marinids
1842:Almohads
1802:Fatimids
1786:Idrisids
1762:Ifranids
1725:Gemellae
1715:Partenia
1491:a series
1489:Part of
1469:Guergour
1434:Bouk'hil
1429:Boutaleb
1394:Jumelles
1364:Timimoun
1349:Bouzegza
1319:Palestro
1195:100 dead
1130:Strength
677:Ali Kafi
147:Collapse
110:Location
74:and the
72:Cold War
18078:Al-Awda
17653:History
17515:Related
16543:Amerika
16426:Comecon
16311:Fascism
16301:Zionism
16250:Titoism
15791:Contras
15259:Détente
14536:Comecon
14215:Pacific
13373:Outline
13354:Symbols
13302:Cuisine
13294:Culture
13237:Society
13213:Tourism
13158:Economy
13077:Cabinet
12998:Borders
12905:History
12893:Algeria
12700:Algiers
12235:Commons
12062:El Oued
12052:Algiers
11882:Torture
11589:Settler
11165:3208613
11122:Sources
10086:by the
10041:on the
9556:28 July
9192:8 April
8521:21 July
7824:8 April
7503:defeat.
7042:5 April
6946:killed.
6843:16 June
6280:Colonel
6119:torture
6069:member
6065:Former
5853:Torture
5753:, 1964.
5733:, 1961.
5694:(INA),
5655:wartime
5397:In film
5387:Maghreb
5106:Gestapo
4156:and of
3871:Tunisia
3867:Morocco
3804:Corsica
3635:platoon
3564:Kabylie
3558:of the
3425:Gestapo
3349:member
3172:Algiers
3073:leftist
3054:évolués
2926:Maghreb
2722:oulémas
2701:Zouaves
2420:torture
2370:Algiers
2334:Algeria
2318:Algeria
2304:or the
1858:Hafsids
1622:Numidia
1565:Ahaggar
1561:Tassili
1502:Algeria
1449:Flawcen
1439:Nasinsa
1374:Borders
1324:Algiers
945:†
921:†
865:†
809:†
630:†
576:†
548:†
502:†
474:†
413:†
369:†
331:†
149:of the
132:changes
17392:May 68
17192:France
17146:Family
17122:career
16494:Pravda
16296:Racism
16235:Maoism
15987:Kosovo
15508:Condor
15184:Pueblo
15170:May 68
14798:Gladio
14716:Tuapse
14379:Jungle
14371:Priboi
14035:Africa
13801:Africa
13644:Africa
13517:Africa
13394:Portal
13307:Cinema
13198:Mining
13193:Health
13188:Energy
13180:Dinar
13041:Rivers
13003:Cities
12895:
12525:(1852)
12514:(1845)
12508:(1844)
12502:(1843)
12496:(1842)
12490:(1840)
12467:(1837)
12461:(1837)
12455:(1837)
12449:(1837)
12443:(1837)
12437:(1837)
12415:(1836)
12409:(1835)
12403:(1835)
12397:(1832)
12391:(1830)
12385:(1830)
12379:(1830)
12368:(1830)
12198:Harkis
12144:France
12092:Groups
11759:(1944)
11476:
11431:
11410:
11393:
11372:
11353:
11343:
11324:
11316:
11281:
11250:
11228:
11218:
11199:
11180:
11163:
10998:Rennes
10887:
10794:
10671:
10632:
10595:
10548:
10409:, AIDH
10290:Rennes
10227:
10200:
10175:
10135:
10115:Rennes
9968:
9938:
9911:
9881:
9809:
9779:
9752:
9523:
9498:
9471:
9377:
9154:
9121:
9085:
8850:
8799:
8760:
8687:
8677:
8630:
8528:exist.
8421:26 May
8395:26 May
8336:
8186:
8155:
8101:
8074:
7932:
7903:lives.
7882:
7727:
7700:
7673:
7646:
7619:
7544:
7519:
7494:
7355:
7330:15 May
7226:6 July
7182:6 July
7149:
7128:
7093:
7028:
7001:
6886:
6818:, p.33
6782:
6742:
6715:
6678:
6649:
6618:
6573:
6532:French
6518:Arabic
6451:forger
6344:(2012)
6324:(2010)
6296:Napalm
6261:Harkis
6218:(1994)
6206:(1973)
5984:
5972:
5900:
5875:
5837:
5814:
5671:Guelma
5551:racism
5442:Sûreté
5380:harkis
5376:colons
4871:Harkis
4863:Harkis
4855:Harkis
4844:Spahis
4823:Harkis
4812:Young
4804:Harkis
4731:Zouave
4711:Harkis
4708:) and
4476:France
4459:Jewish
4387:casbah
4306:, and
4268:, and
4250:ultras
4030:ultras
3983:ultras
3898:source
3631:Harkis
3625:harkis
3620:harkis
3602:napalm
3562:, the
3452:Combat
3319:wilaya
3312:Skikda
3297:, 1955
3159:Muslim
2697:spahis
2632:After
2607:Randon
2585:sharia
2442:Harkis
2351:("Red
2310:France
2121:1990s–
2066:Harkis
1818:Zirids
1651:Africa
1645:Roman
1583:Jedars
1573:Roknia
1557:Djelfa
1493:on the
1359:Essien
1147:Harkis
1009:(1961)
941:
927:(1957)
917:
871:(1956)
861:
805:
626:
572:
544:
498:
470:
437:
409:
393:
365:
327:
122:Result
18178:Fatah
17276:Paris
16979:Stasi
16446:SAARC
16441:ASEAN
16406:SEATO
16259:Other
16224:Juche
15982:Korea
15895:1990s
15608:1980s
15252:1970s
14875:1960s
14627:1950s
14337:1940s
14318:NEATO
14313:SEATO
14303:ANZUS
13380:Index
13349:Sport
13339:Music
13332:films
13327:Media
13284:Women
12966:2000s
12826:Lists
12789:]
12777:]
12634:]
12622:]
12610:]
12573:]
12561:]
12549:]
12483:]
12203:Women
12057:Batna
12031:Films
11942:]
11857:]
11803:]
11710:]
11322:S2CID
11161:JSTOR
11050:Syros
10885:S2CID
10792:S2CID
10593:S2CID
10560:1 May
10521:1 May
9710:Voir
9448:7 May
9186:(PDF)
9175:(PDF)
9083:S2CID
8861:(PDF)
8844:(PDF)
8797:S2CID
8685:JSTOR
8628:JSTOR
8151:–ff.
7818:(PDF)
7807:(PDF)
7596:(PDF)
7585:(PDF)
7165:From
6941:(PDF)
6926:(PDF)
6897:(PDF)
6880:(PDF)
6689:harki
6627:blow.
6505:Notes
6360:, by
6246:Caché
6200:R.A.S
6051:Films
5997:Syros
5555:Bréal
4937:]
4828:harki
4814:Harki
4750:Malta
4572:China
4342:Évian
4217:ultra
4053:MP-13
4011:ultra
3991:siege
3979:]
3863:Abbas
3848:colon
3843:]
3560:Aurès
3366:Tunis
3198:raton
3185:Colon
3147:Cairo
3096:Union
3094:(the
3050:Cairo
3038:ulema
2884:Cairo
2878:(Red
2553:Alger
2453:]
2123:2000s
1414:Paris
1403:1960s
1284:1950s
542:]
525:]
458:]
17549:Ngol
17534:and
17249:CFLN
16519:TASS
16411:METO
16401:NATO
15627:and
15625:1980
15182:USS
14308:METO
14293:NATO
14125:Asia
13739:Asia
13617:Asia
13312:Flag
13107:LGBT
11474:ISBN
11429:ISBN
11408:ISBN
11370:ISBN
11351:OCLC
11341:ISBN
11314:ISSN
11279:ISSN
11248:ISBN
11226:OCLC
11216:ISBN
11197:ISBN
11178:ISBN
10915:2007
10669:ISBN
10648:2022
10630:ISBN
10609:2022
10562:2019
10546:ISSN
10523:2019
10492:2018
10337:2007
10243:2022
10225:ISBN
10198:ISBN
10173:ISBN
10133:ISBN
10037:and
10007:2007
9966:ISBN
9936:ISBN
9909:ISBN
9879:ISBN
9807:ISBN
9777:ISBN
9750:ISBN
9685:2020
9655:2020
9584:2017
9558:2020
9521:ISBN
9496:ISBN
9469:ISBN
9450:2020
9375:ISBN
9194:2009
9152:ISBN
9119:ISBN
9013:2011
8987:2017
8960:2017
8920:2016
8869:2007
8848:ISBN
8816:and
8758:ISBN
8701:2023
8675:ISBN
8557:Gers
8523:2013
8449:2020
8423:2020
8397:2020
8370:2019
8334:ISBN
8313:2020
8202:2017
8184:ISBN
8153:ISBN
8117:2017
8099:ISBN
8072:ISBN
8029:2007
7972:See
7948:2021
7930:ISBN
7898:2022
7880:ISBN
7856:2018
7826:2009
7790:2017
7764:2017
7738:2017
7725:ISBN
7698:ISBN
7671:ISBN
7644:ISBN
7617:ISBN
7542:ISBN
7517:ISBN
7492:ISBN
7471:2017
7419:2021
7371:2017
7353:ISBN
7332:2022
7299:2019
7265:2019
7228:2017
7208:50–4
7184:2017
7147:ISBN
7126:ISBN
7109:2017
7091:ISBN
7070:2022
7044:2024
7026:ISBN
6999:ISBN
6905:2020
6884:ISBN
6845:2017
6780:ISBN
6758:2022
6740:ISBN
6713:ISBN
6676:ISBN
6647:ISBN
6616:ISBN
6571:ISBN
5982:ISBN
5970:ISBN
5898:ISBN
5873:ISBN
5835:ISBN
5812:ISBN
5673:and
5037:rape
4846:and
4798:Oran
4704:and
4657:and
4576:USSR
4289:The
4164:and
4158:MP13
4140:UNEF
4135:").
4091:and
3960:and
3568:Oran
3493:and
3380:and
3129:and
3065:MTLD
3058:AUMA
2660:and
2559:and
2557:Oran
2487:and
2472:and
2296:The
2034:GPRA
2024:RCUA
1649:and
1563:and
1553:Oran
1424:Oran
265:ANPA
97:Date
17244:CNF
16974:KGB
16969:MVD
16954:MI6
16949:MI5
16944:CIA
16416:EEC
11788:War
11306:doi
11271:doi
11153:doi
11108:doi
10877:doi
10784:doi
10585:doi
10043:INA
10029:by
9854:doi
9248:doi
9148:525
9075:doi
8789:doi
8555:du
8149:364
8041:in
7403:doi
7212:doi
6352:by
6340:by
6320:by
6290:by
6249:by
6227:by
6214:by
6202:by
6170:by
6154:by
6135:by
6109:by
6067:FLN
5714:INA
5599:In
4606:of
4598:of
4507:ALN
4480:FLN
4203:),
4065:RTF
4051:'s
4045:FNF
4043:'s
3896:, (
3671:DST
3246:by
3032:'s
2966:by
2936:FLN
2703:or
2534:Dey
2511:Dey
2155:GIA
2150:FIS
2029:FLN
298:OAS
282:FAF
260:MPC
209:PCA
197:MNA
185:FLN
18455::
12787:ar
12775:ar
12632:ar
12620:ar
12608:ar
12571:ar
12559:ar
12547:ar
12481:ar
12294:-
11940:fr
11855:fr
11801:fr
11708:fr
11391:OL
11349:.
11320:.
11312:.
11302:89
11300:.
11294:.
11277:.
11267:13
11265:.
11224:.
11159:.
11149:46
11147:.
11104:37
11102:.
11060:,
11056:,
11048:,
11044:,
11022:,
10963:,
10883:.
10873:12
10871:.
10821:^
10790:.
10780:35
10778:.
10748:^
10716:^
10702:,
10683:^
10638:.
10599:.
10591:.
10579:.
10552:.
10544:.
10540:.
10513:.
10509:.
10478:.
10449:,
10428:,
10381:,
10353:.
10323:.
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