Explicit memory - Knowledge

959:: Because a person has played an active role in processing explicit information, the internal cues that were used in processing it can also be used to initiate spontaneous recall. When someone talks about an experience, the words they use will help when they try to remember this experience at a later date. The conditions in which information is memorized can affect recall. If a person has the same surroundings or cues when the original information is presented, they are more likely to remember it. This is referred to as encoding specificity and it also applies to explicit memory. In a study where subjects were asked to perform a cued recall task participants with a high working memory did better than participants with a low working memory when the conditions were maintained. When the conditions were changed for recall both groups dropped. The subjects with higher working memory declined more. This is thought to happen because matching environments activates areas of the brain known as the left inferior frontal gyrus and the hippocampus. 426:. Agrammatism is apparent in Broca's aphasia patients, where a lack of fluency and omission of morphology and function words occur. While those with Broca's aphasia are still able to understand or comprehend speech, they have difficulty producing it. Speech production becomes more difficult when sentences are complex; for example, the passive voice is a grammatically complex structure that is harder for those with Broca's aphasia to comprehend. Wernicke's area is crucial for language development, focusing on the comprehension of speech, rather than speech production. Wernicke's aphasia affects declarative memory. Opposite of Broca's aphasia, paragrammatism is apparent, which causes normal or excessive fluency and use of inappropriate words (neologisms). Those with Wernicke's aphasia struggle to understand the meaning of words and may not recognize their mistakes in speech. 705:). The demonstrator, after eating a specific type of food, interacts with the subject rat, who then smells the food odor on the other's breath. The experimenters then present the subject rat with a decision between two food options; the food previously eaten by the demonstrator, and a novel food. The researchers found that when there was no time delay, both control rats and rats with lesions chose the familiar food. After 24 hours, however, the rats with hippocampal lesions were just as likely to eat both types of food, while control rats chose the familiar food. This can be attributed to the inability to form episodic memories due to lesions in the hippocampus. The effects of this study can be observed in humans with amnesia, indicating the role of the hippocampus in developing episodic memories that can be generalized to similar situations. 879:, often referred to as deep sleep, plays the most important role in consolidation of declarative memory and there is a large amount of evidence to support this claim. One study found that the first 3.5 hours of sleep offer the greatest performance enhancement on memory recall tasks because the first couple of hours are dominated by SWS. Additional hours of sleep do not add to the initial level of performance. Thus this study suggests that full sleep may not be important for optimal performance of memory. Another study shows that people who experience SWS during the first half of their sleep cycle compared to subjects who did not, showed better recall of information. However this is not the case for subjects who were tested for the second half of their sleep cycle, as they experience less SWS. 690:

events, cues, and places are all forms of declarative memory. Two groups of rats are observed: a control group with no lesions and an experimental group with hippocampal lesions. In this task created by Morris, rats are placed in the pool at the same position for 12 trials. Each trial is timed and the path taken by the rats is recorded. Rats with hippocampal lesions successfully learn to find the platform. If the starting point is moved, the rats with hippocampal lesions typically fail to locate the platform. The control rats, however, are able to find the platform using the cues acquired during the learning trials. This demonstrates the involvement of the hippocampus in declarative memory.

1027:(TBI) in young children can have negative effects on explicit memory. Researchers have looked at children with TBI in early childhood (i.e. infancy) and late childhood. Findings showed that children with severe TBI in late childhood experienced impaired explicit memory while still maintaining implicit memory formation. Researchers also found that children with severe TBI in early childhood had both increased chance of having both impaired explicit memory and implicit memory. While children with severe TBI are at risk for impaired explicit memory, the chances of impaired explicit memory in adults with severe TBI is much greater. 371:. Declarative memory stores all arbitrary, unique word-specific knowledge, including word meanings, word sounds, and abstract representations such as word category. In other words, declarative memory is where random bits and pieces of knowledge about language that are specific and unpredictable are stored. Declarative memory includes representations of simple words (e.g. cat), bound morphemes (morphemes that have to go together), irregular morphological forms, verb complements, and idioms (or non-compositional semantic units). Irregular morphological structures fall into the declarative system; the irregularities (such as 866:, such as the reactivation of newly learned memories during sleep. For example, it has been suggested that the central mechanism for consolidation of declarative memory during sleep is the reactivation of hippocampal memory representations. This reactivation transfers information to neocortical networks where it is integrated into long-term representations. Studies on rats involving maze learning found that hippocampal neuronal assemblies that are used in the encoding of spatial information are reactivated in the same temporal order. Similarly, positron emission tomography (PET) has shown reactivation of the 1039:

involved with explicit memory. People with Alzheimer's have problems learning new tasks. However, if the task is presented repeatedly they can learn and retain some new knowledge of the task. This effect is more apparent if the information is familiar. The person with Alzheimer's must also be guided through the task and prevented from making errors. Alzheimer's also has an effect on explicit spatial memory. This means that people with Alzheimer's have difficulty remembering where items are placed in unfamiliar environments. The hippocampus has been shown to become active in semantic and episodic memory.

711:, previously known as H.M., had parts of both his left and right medial temporal lobes (hippocampi) removed which resulted in the loss of the ability to form new memories. The long-term declarative memory was crucially affected when the structures from the medial temporal lobe were removed, including the ability to form new semantic knowledge and memories. The dissociation in Molaison between the acquisition of declarative memory and other kinds of learning was seen initially in motor learning. Molaison's declarative memory was not functioning, as was seen when Molaison completed the task of repetition 899:, a burst of brain activity occurring during stage 2 sleep, plays a role in boosting consolidation of declarative memories. Critics point out that spindle activity is positively correlated with intelligence. In contrast, Schabus and Gruber point out that sleep spindle activity only relates to performance on newly learned memories and not to absolute performance. This supports the hypothesis that sleep spindle helps to consolidate recent memory traces but not memory performance in general. The relationship between sleep spindles and declarative memory consolidation is not yet fully understood. 1063:(2004), Adam Sandler plays veterinarian Henry Roth, who falls for Lucy Whitmore, played by Drew Barrymore. Having lost her short-term memory in a car crash, Lucy can only remember the current day's events until she falls asleep. When she wakes up the next morning, she has no recollection of the previous day's experiences. Those experiences would normally be transferred into declarative knowledge and allow them to be recalled in the future. The movie is not the most accurate representation of a true amnesic patient, but it is useful to inform viewers of the detrimental effects of amnesia. 920:. Furthermore, Wixted believes that the sole role of sleep in declarative memory consolidation is nothing more but creating ideal conditions for memory consolidation. For example, when awake, people are bombarded with mental activity which interferes with effective consolidation. However, during sleep, when interference is minimal, memories can be consolidated without associative interference. More research is needed to make a definite statement whether sleep creates favourable conditions for consolidation or it actively enhances declarative memory consolidation. 391:

procedural memory, making grammar like another procedure. It underlies the learning of new, and already learned, rule-based procedures that oversee the regularities of language, particularly those procedures related to combining items into complex structures that have precedence and hierarchical relations- precedence in the sense of left to right and hierarchical in the sense of top to bottom. Procedural memory builds rule-governed structure (merging or series) of forms and representations into complex structures such as:

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3 required participants to recall the words they learned in phase 1. There were signs of decreased declarative memory performance in the participants that had to complete the stressful situation after learning the words. Recall performance after the stressful situation was found to be worse overall than after the non-stressful situation. It was also found that performance differed based on whether the participant responded to the stressful situation with an increase in measured levels of salivary cortisol.

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depended on frequency of use of the item and when the item was first acquired. This effect on semantic memory also has an effect on music and tones. Alzheimer's patients have difficulty distinguishing between different melodies they have never heard before. People with Alzheimer's also have issues with picturing future events. This is due to a deficit in episodic future thinking. There are many other reasons why adults and others may begin to have memory loss.

676: 496: 141:, which is the memory of experiences and specific events that occur during people's lives, from which they can recreate at any given point. For instance, semantic memory might contain information about what a cat is, whereas episodic memory might contain a specific memory of petting a particular cat. Humans can learn about new concepts by applying their knowledge learned from things in the past. 819:. An acute time-limited stressor involves a short-term challenge, while a brief natural stressor involves an event that is normal but nevertheless challenging. A stressful event sequence is a stressor that occurs, and then continues to yield stress into the immediate future. A chronic stressor involves exposure to a long-term stressor, and a distant stressor is a stressor that is not immediate. 5052: 603: 840:

retrieval of information impairs free recall of words, yet when administered before or after learning they had no effect on recall. They also found that hydrocortisone decreases brain activity in the above-mentioned areas during declarative memory retrieval. Therefore, naturally occurring elevations of cortisol during periods of stress lead to impairment of declarative memory.

5040: 1079:, which was caused by a head injury. Unlike most other amnesiacs, Leonard retains his identity and the memories of events that occurred before the injury but has lost all ability to form new memories. That loss of ability indicates that the head injury affected the medial temporal lobe of the brain, which has resulted in his inability to form declarative memory. 119:

their job, or the memory of notifying a subordinate that they are being terminated from their job. The retrieval of these episodic memories can be thought of as the action of mentally reliving in detail the past events that they concern. Episodic memory is believed to be the system that provides the basic support for semantic memory.

477:, there is still much to be discovered in terms of the operating mechanisms of declarative memory. It is unclear whether declarative memory is mediated by a particular memory system, or if it is more accurately classified as a type of knowledge. Also it is unknown how or why declarative memory evolved in the first place. 540:

to that person's link so you can remember what colour their shirt was, what the weather was like when you met them, etc. Specific episodes are made easier to remember and recall by repeatedly exposing oneself to them (which strengthens the links in the memory space) allowing for faster retrieval when remembering.

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may have an effect on the recall of declarative memories. Lupien, et al. completed a study that had 3 phases for participants to take part in. Phase 1 involved memorizing a series of words, phase 2 entailed either a stressful (public speaking) or non-stressful situation (an attention task), and phase

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When experiencing an event for the first time, a link is formed in the hippocampus allowing us to recall that event in the future. Separate links are also made for features related to that event. For example, when you meet someone new, a unique link is created for them. More links are then connected

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The effects of Alzheimer's disease are seen in the episodic part of explicit memory. This can lead to problems with communication. A study was conducted where Alzheimer's patients were asked to name a variety of objects from different periods. The results shown that their ability to name the object

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It is important to note that this study involved only male subjects, which may be significant as sex steroid hormones may have different effects in response to cortisol administration. Men and women also respond to emotional stimuli differently and this may affect cortisol levels. This was also the

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A study by Damoiseaux et al. (2007) evaluated the effects of glucocorticoids on hippocampal and prefrontal cortex activation during declarative memory retrieval. They found that administration of hydrocortisone (name given to cortisol when it is used as a medication) to participants one hour before

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has a profound effect on explicit memory. Mild cognitive impairment is an early sign of Alzheimer's disease. People with memory conditions often receive cognitive training. When an fMRI was used to view brain activity after training, it found increased activation in various neural systems that are

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something with your experiences: think about them, talk about them, write them down, study them, etc. The more you do, the better you will remember. Testing of information while learning has also shown to improve encoding in explicit memory. If a student reads a text book and then tests themselves

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His performance does improve over trials, however, his scores were inferior to those of control participants. In the condition of Molaison the same results from this priming task are reflected when looking at the other basic memory functions like remembering, recall and recognizing. Lesions should

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tests spatial learning in rats. In this test rats learn to escape from a pool by swimming toward a platform submerged just below the surface of the water. Visual cues that surround the pool (e.g. a chair or window) help the rat to locate the platform on subsequent trials. The rats' use of specific

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Episodic memory consists of the storage and recollection of observational information attached to specific life-events. These can be memories that happened to the subject directly or just memories of events that happened around them. Episodic memory is what people generally think of when they talk

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damage to the amygdala, as well as six control subjects and six subjects with brain damage. All subjects were shown a series of twelve slides accompanied by a narrative. The slides varied in the degree to which they evoked emotion – slides 1 through 4 and slides 9 through 12 contain non-emotional

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Some examples of episodic memory include the memory of entering a specific classroom for the first time, the memory of storing your carry-on baggage while boarding a plane, headed to a specific destination on a specific day and time, the memory of being notified that one are being terminated from

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named Dory with an inability to develop declarative memory. That prevents her from learning or retaining any new information such as names or directions. The exact origin of Dory's impairment is not mentioned in the film, but her memory loss accurately portrays the difficulties facing amnesiacs.

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studies are commonly used in cognitive neuroscience research. Lesions can occur naturally through trauma or disease, or they can be surgically induced by researchers. In the study of declarative memory, the hippocampus and the amygdala are two structures frequently examined using this technique.

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The anatomy of the hippocampus is largely conserved across mammals, and the role of these areas in declarative memory are conserved across species as well. The organization and neural pathways of the hippocampus are very similar in humans and other mammal species. In humans and other mammals, a

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is the part of memory responsible for recording information about one's environment and its spatial orientation. For example, a person's spatial memory is required in order to navigate around a familiar city, just as a rat's spatial memory is needed to learn the location of food at the end of a

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in slow-wave sleep (SWS) after spatial learning. Together these studies show that newly learned memories are reactivated during sleep and through this process new memory traces are consolidated. In addition, researchers have identified three types of sleep (SWS, sleep spindle and REM) in which

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The emotionally arousing slide (slide 7) was remembered no better by the bilateral damage participants than any of the other slides. All other participants notably remembered the seventh slide the best and in most detail out of all the other slides. This shows that the amygdala is necessary to

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Patient R.B. was another clinical case reinforcing the role of the hippocampus in declarative memory. After suffering an ischemic episode during a cardiac bypass operation, Patient R.B. awoke with a severe anterograde amnesic disorder. IQ and cognition were unaffected, but declarative memory

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helps consolidate highly emotional declarative memories. For instance Wagner, et al. compared memory retention for emotional versus neutral text over two instances; early sleep that is dominated by SWS and late sleep that is dominated by REM phase. This study found that sleep improved memory

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Results from an experiment by Davachi, Mitchell, and Wagner (2003) and subsequent research (Davachi, 2006) shows that activation in the hippocampus during encoding is related to a subject's ability to recall prior events or later relational memories. These tests did not differentiate between

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While declarative memory deals with irregularities of morphology, procedural memory uses regular phonology and regular morphology. Procedural memory system is used by grammar, where grammar is defined by the building of a rule governed structure. Language's ability to use grammar comes from

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Broca's area is important to procedural memory, because, "Broca's area is involved in the expressive aspects of spoken and written language (production of sentences constrained by the rules of grammar and syntax)." Broca's area corresponds to parts of the inferior frontal gyrus, presumably

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and also have impaired consolidation of declarative memory during sleep. Another study found that middle aged people compared to young group had a worse retrieval of memories. This in turn indicated that SWS is associated with poor declarative memory consolidation but not with age itself.

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Declarative memory supports a superposition associative memory, which allows for generalizations across representations. For example, the memorization of phonologically similar stem-irregular past tense pairs (e.g. spring-sprung, sing-sang) may allow for memory-based generalization to new

507:, and surrounding structures appear to be most important in declarative memory specifically. The ability to retain and recall episodic memories is highly dependent on the hippocampus, whereas the formation of new declarative memories relies on both the hippocampus and the 909:

retention of emotional text only during late sleep phase, which was primarily REM. Similarly, Hu & Stylos-Allen, et al. performed a study with emotional versus neutral pictures and concluded that REM sleep facilitates consolidation of emotional declarative memories.

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is the primary glucocorticoid in the human body. In the brain, it modulates the ability of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex to process memories. Although the exact molecular mechanism of how glucocorticoids influence memory formation is unknown, the presence of

194:. Spatial memory has representations within working, short-term and long-term memory. Research indicates that there are specific areas of the brain associated with spatial memory. Many methods are used for measuring spatial memory in children, adults, and animals. 719:

not be interpreted as an all-or-nothing condition, in the case of Molaison not all memory and recognition is lost, although the declarative memory is severely damaged he still has a sense of self and memories that were developed before the lesion occurred.

553:. It is therefore the hippocampus that allows us to recognize certain situations, environments, etc. as being either distinct or similar to others. However, the Three Stage Model does not incorporate the importance of other cortical structures in memory. 835:

in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex tell us these structures are some of its many targets. It has been demonstrated that cortisone, a glucocorticoid, impaired blood flow in the right parahippocampal gyrus, left visual cortex and cerebellum.

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Schabus, M; Hodlmoser, K; Gruber, G; Sauter, C; Anderer, P; Klosch, G; Parapatics, S; Saletu, B; Klimesch, W; Zeitlhofer, J (2006). "Sleep spindle-related activity in the human EEG and its relation to general cognitive and learning abilities".

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Backhaus, J.; Junghanns, K.; Born, J.; Hohaus, K.; Faasch, F.; Hohagen, F. (2006). "Impaired declarative memory consolidation during sleep in patients with primary insomnia: Influence of sleep architecture and nocturnal cortisol release".

137:(facts, ideas, meaning and concepts) that can be articulated and is independent of personal experience. This includes world knowledge, object knowledge, language knowledge, and conceptual priming. Semantic memory is distinct from 2800:

McClelland, J.L.; McNaughton, B.L.; O'Reilly, R.C. (1995). "Why there are complementary learning systems in the hippocampus and neocortex: Insights from the successes and failures of connectionist models of learning and memory".

577:(PFC) is essential for remembering contextual details of an experience rather than for memory formation. The PFC is also more involved with episodic memory than semantic memory, although it does play a small role in semantics. 631:). These memories have been linked to increased activation in the amygdala. Recent studies of patients with damage to the amygdala suggest that it is involved in memory for general knowledge, and not for specific information. 723:

deficits were observed (although not to the extent of that seen in Molaison). Upon death, an autopsy revealed that Patient R.B. had bilateral lesions of the CA1 cell region along the whole length of the hippocampus.

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and Robert Lockhart. This way a memory persists longer and will be remembered well. The later recall of information is thus greatly influenced by the way in which the information was originally processed.

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content. Slides 5 through 8 contain emotional material, and the seventh slide contained the most emotionally arousing image and description (a picture of surgically repaired legs of a car crash victim).

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Another key piece of evidence regarding SWS's involvement in declarative memory consolidation is a finding that people with pathological conditions of sleep, such as insomnia, exhibit both reduction in

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also are included, because many connections between the prefrontal cortex and temporal cortex are made through the thalamus. The regions that make up the explicit memory circuit receive input from the

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The depth-of-processing effect is the improvement in subsequent recall of an object about which a person has given thought to its meaning or shape. Simply put: To create explicit memories, you have to

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relates to any kind of memory that can be described in words; however, if it is assumed that a memory cannot be described without being conscious and vice versa, then the two concepts are identical.

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Lah, S.; Epps, A.; Levick, W.; Parry, L. (2011). "Implicit and explicit memory outcome in children who have sustained severe traumatic brain injury: Impact of age at injury (preliminary findings)".

549:) are activated depending on what information one is exposed to at that moment. Some cells are specific to spatial information, certain stimuli (smells, etc.), or behaviours as has been shown in a 84:

such as skills (e.g. knowing how to get dressed) or perception. Unlike explicit memory, implicit memory learns rapidly, even from a single stimulus, and it is influenced by other mental systems.

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Williams, H. L., Conway, M. A., & Cohen, G. (2008). Autobiographical memory. In G. Cohen & M. A. Conway (Eds.), Memory in the Real World (3rd ed., pp. 21-90). Hove, UK: Psychology Press.

773:(PTSD) emerges after exposure to a traumatic event eliciting fear, horror or helplessness that involves bodily injury, the threat of injury, or death to one's self or another person. The 450:. He theorized that all humans are born free of any knowledge and are the sum of their experiences. It was only in the late 1800s, however, that a young German philosopher by the name of 387:

irregularities, either from real words (bring-brought) or from novel ones (spring-sprung). This ability to generalize could underlie some degree of productivity within the memory system.

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of explicit memory depends on conceptually driven, top-down processing, in which a subject reorganizes the data to store it. The subject makes associations with previously related

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Other examples of semantic memory include types of food, capital cities of a geographic region, facts about people, dates, and the lexicon of flowers; a language, such as a one's

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Adolph, Cahill and Schul completed a study showing that emotional arousal facilitates the encoding of material into long term declarative memory. They selected two subjects with

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afterward, their semantic memory of what was read is improved. This study – test method improves encoding of information. This Phenomenon is referred to as the Testing Effect.

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and susceptibility to different diseases. Disease risk is particularly pertinent to mental illnesses, whereby chronic or severe stress remains a common risk factor for several

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Tucker A, Fishbein W, (2009) The Impact of sleep duration and subject intelligence on declarative and motor memory performance: how much is enough? J. Sleep Res., 304-312

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is believed to be involved in the encoding and retrieval of emotionally charged memories. Much of the evidence for this has come from research on a phenomenon known as

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Bunsey, M.; Eichenbaum, H. (1995). "Selective damage to the hippocampal region blocks long term retention of a natural and nonspatial stimulus-stimulus association".

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role in declarative memory consolidation is not shared by all researchers. For instance Ellenbogen, et al. argue that sleep actively protects declarative memory from

3727:"Activation and effective connectivity changes following explicit-memory training for face–name pairs in patients with mild cognitive impairment: A pilot study" 3774:

Metzler-Baddeley, C.; Snowden, J. S. (2005). "Brief report: Errorless versus errorful learning as a memory rehabilitation approach in Alzheimer's disease".

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found that remembering is an automatic process. It is also well documented that a hemispheric asymmetry occurs in the PFC: When encoding memories, the Left

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Hoscheidt, S. M.; Nadel, L.; Payne, J.; Ryan, L. (2010). "Hippocampal activation during retrieval of spatial context from episodic and semantic memory".

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Graham, S.; Levine, B. (2004). "The Fundamental Neuroanatomy of Episodic and Semantic Autobiographical Remembering: A Prospective Functional MRI Study".

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Gabrieli, J. D. E.; Cohen, N. J.; Corkin, S. (1988). "The impaired learning of semantic knowledge following bilateral medial temporal-lobe resection".

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If you were given a picture of half of a letter from the alphabet and you recognized which letter it is, you would be able to complete the letter.

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Lazzarim, Mayla K, Targa, Adriano, Sardi, Natalia F, et al. Pain impairs consolidation, but not acquisition or retrieval of a declarative memory.

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Einstein, G.O.; Mullet, H.G.; Harrison, T.L. (2012). "The testing effect: Illustrating a fundamental concept and changing study strategies".

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proposed the distinction between episodic and semantic memory. This was quickly adopted and is now widely accepted. Following this, in 1985,

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Ellenbogen, J; Payne, D; et al. (2006). "The role of sleep in declarative memory consolidation: passive, permissive, active or none?".

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The Three Stage Model was developed by Eichenbaum, et al. (2001), and proposes that the hippocampus does three things with episodic memory:

4223: 599:). This is responsible for humans' recollective experiences and 'mental time travelling' abilities (characteristics of episodic memory). 2290:

Milner, B.; Corkin, S.; Teuber, H.-L. (1968). "Further analysis of the hippocampal amnesic syndrome: 14-year follow-up study of H.M.".

623:. These are instances in which memories of powerful emotional events are more highly detailed and enduring than regular memories (e.g. 4504: 1195:

Tulving E. 1972. Episodic and semantic memory. In Organization of Memory, ed. E Tulving, W Donaldson, pp. 381–403. New York: Academic

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developed the first scientific approach to studying memory. While some of his findings have endured and remain relevant to this day (

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Kessels, R. C.; Feijen, J. J.; Postma, A. A. (2005). "Implicit and Explicit Memory for Spatial Information in Alzheimer's Disease".

458:), his greatest contribution to the field of memory research was demonstrating that memory can be studied scientifically. In 1972, 473:

technology, there have been a multitude of findings linking specific brain areas to declarative memory. Despite those advances in

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Modes of learning that are nonconscious - one learning to perform a sequence of actions that do not necessarily invoke knowledge

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of factual information, previous experiences, and concepts. This type of memory is dependent upon three processes: acquisition,

290:, where one has the ability to complete a pattern they have once seen before. This priming differs from priming in Psychology. 2542:

Baker, D.G.; et al. (2005). "Higher levels of basal CSF cortisol in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder".

320:"...the process of establishing a memory trace that improves the efficiency of assigning novel objects to contrasting groups" 3493: 1375: 1339: 845: 115:

about memory. Episodic memory allows for recalling various contextual and situational details of one's previous experiences.

848:(fMRI) study done utilising glucocorticoids, therefore more research is necessary to further substantiate these findings. 3468: 3315:

Hu, P; Stylos-Allen, M; Walker, MP (2006). "Sleep facilitates consolidation of emotionally arousing declarative memory".

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Stuss, D.T.; Tulving, E. (1997). "Toward a Theory of Episodic Memory: The Frontal Lobes & Autonoetic Consciousness".

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The study of human memory stretches back over the last 2000 years. An early attempt to understand memory can be found in

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Aristotle, On the Soul (De Anima), in Aristotle, Volume 4, Loeb Classical Library, William Heinemann, London, UK, 1936.

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Declarative and procedural memory fall into two categories of human language. Declarative memory system is used by the

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Adolphs, R; Denburg, NL; Tranel, D (2001). "The amygdala's role in long-term declarative memory for gist and detail".

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Graf, P.; Schacter, D. L. (1985). "Implicit and explicit memory for new associations in normal and amnesic subjects".

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Small, J. A.; Sandhu, N. (2008). "Episodic and semantic memory influences on picture naming in Alzheimer's disease".

1217: 335:"...retention of classically conditioned emotional relationships that cannot be voluntarily recollected or reported" 4099: 744:

regarding emotionally arousing stimuli, but is not required for encoding knowledge of emotionally neutral stimuli.

2753:"Glucocorticoids Decrease Hippocampal and Prefrontal Activation during Declarative Memory Retrieval in Young Men" 1815:

Craik, F.I.M.; Houle, S. (1994). "Role of Prefrontal Cortex in Human Episodic Memory: Lessons From PET Studies".

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as well as the dense cell layers of the CA fields. The intrinsic connectivity of these areas are also conserved.

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PFC (LPFC) is activated, and when retrieving memories, activation is seen in the Right Dorsolateral PFC (RPFC).

61:, which stores factual information. Explicit memory requires gradual learning, with multiple presentations of a 4587: 2460:"Stress-Induced Declarative Memory Impairment in Healthy Elderly Subjects: Relationship to Cortisol Reactivity" 1428:

Ebbinghaus, H. (1885). Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology. Teachers College, Columbia University

3268:"Emotional memory formation is enhanced across sleep intervals with high amounts of rapid eye movement sleep" 2991:

Plihal, W; Born, J (1997). "Effects of early and late nocturnal sleep on declarative and procedural memory".

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Ji, D.; Wilson, M. A. (2007). "Coordinated memory replay in the visual cortex and hippocampus during sleep".

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plays an active role in consolidation of declarative memory. Specifically, sleep's unique properties enhance

770: 628: 3581:"Variation in working memory capacity and episodic memory: Examining the importance of encoding specificity" 1522:

Eichenbaum, Howard (2001). "The Hippocampus and Declarative Memory: Cognitive Mechanisms and Neural Codes".

173:(personal experiences and specific objects, people and events experienced at particular time and place) and 4635: 4536: 4423: 685: 3360:""Interfering with Theories of Sleep and Memory " Sleep, Declarative Memory, and Associative Interference" 1478: 1235: 780: 3725:

Hampstead, B. M.; Stringer, A.Y.; Stilla, R.F.; Deshpande, G.; Hu, X.; Moore, A.; Sathian, K.K. (2011).

3622:"Event congruency enhances episodic memory encoding through semantic elaboration and relational binding" 4761: 4686: 4519: 3948:"Considering the role of semantic memory in episodic future thinking: Evidence from semantic dementia" 3080:"Midlife decline in declarative memory consolidation is correlated with a decline in slow wave sleep" 1179:

Kandel ER, Dudai, Y, Mayford MR. (2014). The molecular and systems biology of memory. Cell157:163–186

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proposed a more general distinction between explicit (declarative) and implicit (procedural) memory

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in PTSD contributes to an observed decrease in hippocampal volume and declarative memory deficits.

592: 2374:"Impaired declarative memory for emotional material following bilateral amygdala damage in humans" 1023:

While the human brain is certainly regarded for its plasticity, there is some evidence that shows

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Gabrieli, J.; Kao, Y. (2007). "Development of the Declarative Memory System in the Human Brain".

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Craik, F.I.M.; Lockhart, R.S. (1972). "Levels of processing: a framework for memory research".

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system consisting of episodes recollected from an individual's life, based on a combination of

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Sometimes a distinction is made between explicit memory and declarative memory. In such cases,

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Corkin, S (1968). "Acquisition of motor skill after bilateral medial temporal-lobe excision".

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Lupien, S.; Gaudreau, S.; Tchiteya, B.; Maheu, F.; Sharma, S.; Nair, N.; et al. (1997).

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is frequently portrayed in television and movies. Some of the better-known examples include:

741: 508: 73: 62: 1945: 4792: 4776: 4655: 4413: 4366: 4356: 4144: 4092: 3420: 1898: 1671: 1248: 862: 712: 624: 474: 281: 190:. It is often argued that in both humans and animals, spatial memories are summarized as a 43: 2628:"Neurobiology of BDNF in fear memory, sensitivity to stress, and stress-related disorders" 8: 4923: 4823: 4514: 4398: 4346: 4314: 4294: 1076: 300: 1902: 1675: 5020: 5005: 4843: 4788: 4781: 4749: 4650: 4645: 4597: 4575: 4544: 4371: 4064: 3928: 3885: 3842: 3799: 3751: 3726: 3707: 3646: 3621: 3561: 3526: 3483: 3432: 3389: 3340: 3204: 3155: 3145: 3128: 3104: 3079: 3060: 3016: 2964: 2918: 2869: 2826: 2777: 2752: 2715: 2682: 2663: 2603: 2578: 2524: 2349: 2245: 2202: 2156: 2113: 2060: 2050: 2033: 1976: 1921: 1886: 1832: 1794: 1743: 1718: 1640: 1615:

Manns, Joseph; Eichenbaum, Howard (September 2006). "Evolution of Declarative Memory".

1597: 1547: 1476:

Eichenbaum, Howard (1997). "Declarative memory: Insights from cognitive neurobiology".

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Ell, Shawn; Zilioli, Monica (2012), "Categorical Learning", in Seel, Norbert M. (ed.),

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Although many psychologists believe that the entire brain is involved with memory, the

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Kandel, E.R.; Schwartz, J.H.; Jessell, T.M.; Siegelbaum, S.A.; Hudspeth, A.J. (2013).

3292: 3267: 1946:"Amygdala damage impairs emotional memory for gist but not details of complex stimuli" 1828: 1694: 1659: 1535: 511:. Other studies have found that the parahippocampal cortices were related to superior 5056: 5044: 5015: 4863: 4734: 4709: 4665: 4592: 4570: 4471: 4408: 4376: 4351: 4319: 4304: 4214: 4184: 4122: 4056: 4021: 3969: 3920: 3877: 3834: 3791: 3756: 3699: 3651: 3602: 3489: 3464: 3424: 3381: 3332: 3328: 3297: 3248: 3196: 3192: 3160: 3109: 3052: 3008: 2956: 2910: 2873: 2861: 2818: 2782: 2720: 2702: 2667: 2655: 2647: 2608: 2590: 2559: 2516: 2481: 2440: 2395: 2341: 2303: 2276: 2237: 2233: 2194: 2148: 2105: 2065: 2011: 1980: 1968: 1926: 1867: 1786: 1748: 1734: 1699: 1632: 1589: 1539: 1495: 1455: 1371: 1335: 1287: 1252: 1213: 1141: 988: 929: 574: 451: 405:

Compositional semantics (the meaning of composition of words into complex structures)

345: 3889: 3803: 3711: 3565: 3530: 3393: 3344: 3064: 2968: 2889:"Are Spatial Memories Strengthened in the Human Hippocampus during Slow Wave Sleep?" 2627: 2353: 2249: 2160: 1887:"How personal experience modulates the neural circuitry of memories of September 11" 1836: 1798: 1644: 1601: 1551: 1299: 1153: 1137: 697:, devised by Bunsey and Eichenbaum, involves a social encounter between two rats (a 4995: 4948: 4918: 4873: 4729: 4660: 4613: 4418: 4393: 4279: 4239: 4127: 4068: 4048: 4011: 4003: 3959: 3932: 3912: 3869: 3846: 3826: 3783: 3746: 3738: 3691: 3641: 3633: 3592: 3553: 3518: 3436: 3416: 3371: 3324: 3287: 3279: 3238: 3208: 3188: 3150: 3140: 3099: 3091: 3048: 3044: 3020: 3000: 2948: 2922: 2900: 2853: 2830: 2810: 2772: 2764: 2710: 2694: 2639: 2598: 2551: 2528: 2508: 2471: 2430: 2414: 2385: 2333: 2318: 2299: 2272: 2229: 2206: 2186: 2140: 2117: 2097: 2055: 2045: 2003: 1960: 1916: 1906: 1859: 1824: 1778: 1738: 1730: 1689: 1679: 1624: 1581: 1531: 1491: 1487: 1447: 1363: 1327: 1279: 1244: 1133: 763: 620: 315: 81: 27: 5077: 4933: 4913: 4888: 4878: 4833: 4828: 4582: 4554: 4289: 4272: 4267: 4132: 4085: 3695: 2905: 1331: 1088: 956: 885: 876: 463: 252: 237: 174: 170: 138: 128: 109: 77: 58: 50: 39: 31: 3916: 2814: 2698: 2007: 1863: 1122:"Contributions of memory circuits to language: the declarative/procedural model" 754:

Neurobiological effects of physical exercise § Cognitive control and memory

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Cabeza, R.; LaBar, K.S. (2006). "Cognitive neuroscience of emotional memory".

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Eichenbaum, H (2000). "A cortical-hippocampal system for declarative memory".

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Corkin, S (2002). "Perspectives: What's new with the amnesic patient H.M.?".

1782: 1012: 1004: 984: 972: 895: 788: 784: 648: 581: 558: 459: 419: 191: 35: 3637: 3227:"Sleep spindles and their significance for declarative memory consolidation" 1911: 1684: 643:

have shown brain activation when a remote memory is being recovered and the

305:

Perceptual ability to differentiate sensories through experience of stimuli

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Chun, M (2005). "Drug-induced amnesia impairs implicit relational memory".

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structures are proposed to be involved in explicit memory. Most are in the

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was used to show that the hippocampus is in fact used as the memory space.

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There is a relatively small body of evidence that supports the idea that

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Wixted, JT (2004). "The psychology and neuroscience of forgetting".

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Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition

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Differentiating between categories such as smells, colors, tastes

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Studies have also shown that the PFC is extremely involved with

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Tulving, Endel (2002). "Episodic Memory: From Mind to Brain".

495: 1884: 1071:(2000) a film inspired by the case of Henry Molaison (H.M.). 857: 799:. One system suggests there are five types of stress labeled 380: 351: 3177: 1075:

plays a former insurance investigator suffering from severe

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Behaviorism, cognitivism, and the neuropsychology of memory

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Sharot, T; Martorella, EA; Delgado, MR; Phelps, EA (2007).

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Schabus, M; Gruber, G; Parapatics, S; et al. (2004).

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Adolphs, R.; Cahill, L.; Schul, R.; Babinsky, R. (1997).

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Irish, M.; Addis, D.; Hodges, J. R.; Piguet, O. (2012).

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Segerstrom, Suzanne C.; Miller, Gregory E. (July 2004).

3859: 3773: 3224: 3129:"Learning-dependent increases in sleep spindle density" 2626:

Notaras, Michael; van den Buuse, Maarten (2020-01-03).

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The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

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Eichenbaum, H.; Stewart, C.; Morris, R. G. M. (1990).

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individual test items later seen and those forgotten.

177:(general knowledge and facts about the world) memory. 3992:"Memories aren't made of this: Amnesia at the movies" 3579:

Unsworth, N.; Brewer, G. A.; Spillers, G. J. (2011).

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2020;31(8):707-715. doi:10.1097/FBP.0000000000000576.

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Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology

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Explicit memory can be divided into two categories:

3980: 3816: 3620:Staresina, B. P.; Gray, J. C.; Davachi, L. (2009). 2219: 1397:"Broca's Area - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics" 3681: 3126: 2289: 1658:Davachi, L.; Mitchell, J.P.; Wagner, A.D. (2003). 3357: 2750: 1208:; Jones, Michael (2013). Reisberg, Daniel (ed.). 76:, the counterpart to explicit memory is known as 5069: 2680: 2130: 2034:"Hippocampal representation in spatial learning" 338:Being afraid of dogs yet you cannot explain why 3358:Ellenbogen, J; Hulbert, J; et al. (2006). 2938: 1664:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1614: 1269: 3265: 528:Links these common episodes in a memory space. 323:Movie genres, breeds of dogs, types of fruits 4093: 3508: 3127:Gais, S; Molle, M; Helms, K; Born, J (2002). 2316: 962: 851: 670: 91:relates to any kind of conscious memory, and 3077: 2576: 1944:Adolphs, R; Tranel, D; Buchanan, TW (2005). 1849: 1768: 1437: 823:Neurochemical factors of stress on the brain 634: 422:44 and 45. Procedural memory is affected by 72:that is stored in explicit memory is called 4224:The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two 3902: 2498: 1723:Current Directions in Psychological Science 1571: 1354:Baars, Bernard J.; Gage, Nicole M. (2010), 1210:The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Psychology 1191: 1189: 1187: 1185: 557:cross-section of the hippocampus shows the 525:Identifies common features between episodes 522:Mediates the recording of episodic memories 4100: 4086: 3989: 3819:Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 3078:Backhaus, J; Born, J; et al. (2007). 2990: 2934: 2932: 2577:Stephens, Mary Ann C.; Wand, Gary (2012). 2367: 2365: 2363: 2087: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2027: 2025: 1814: 1764: 1762: 1521: 1475: 1321: 1204: 726: 4015: 3963: 3750: 3645: 3596: 3375: 3291: 3242: 3154: 3144: 3103: 2904: 2776: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2714: 2602: 2475: 2434: 2413:Babinsky, R.; Calabrese, P.; Durwen, H.; 2389: 2059: 2049: 1920: 1910: 1810: 1808: 1742: 1693: 1683: 1353: 1018: 923: 3672:, in: American scientist, 82:30-37, 1994 2886: 2843: 2751:Damoiseaux, J.S.; Elzinga, B.M. (2007). 2172: 2170: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1471: 1469: 1324:Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning 1182: 674: 601: 494: 485: 401:Inflectional and derivational morphology 362: 133:Semantic memory refers to general world 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 2929: 2360: 2076: 2022: 1759: 1716: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1306: 1232: 80:, refers to memories acquired and used 5070: 3463:. Worth Publishers. pp. 454–455. 3421:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141555 3406: 2731: 2317:Aggleton, J. P.; Brown, M. W. (1999). 2262: 2176: 1843: 1805: 1249:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135114 1119: 975:or closely related to it, such as the 4081: 3731:Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 3461:Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology 3459:Kolb, Bryan; Whishaw, Ian Q. (2003). 3220: 3218: 2541: 2167: 1506: 1466: 1046: 846:Functional magnetic resonance imaging 655:all play a role in memory formation. 228:Conscious memory of facts and events 4038: 3443: 3266:Wagner, U; Gais, S; Born, J (2001). 1558: 873:declarative memory is consolidated. 747: 580:Using PET studies and word stimuli, 568: 532:To support this model, a version of 1360:Cognition, Brain, and Consciousness 13: 3215: 3146:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-15-06830.2002 2887:Peigneux, P.; et al. (2004). 2051:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.10-11-03531.1990 1368:10.1016/b978-0-12-375070-9.00013-9 534:Piaget's Transitive Inference Task 480: 122: 103: 26:) is one of the two main types of 14: 5089: 4505:Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm 3585:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2583:Alcohol Research: Current Reviews 1771:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1326:, Springer US, pp. 509–512, 781:Stress can alter memory functions 658: 442:, in which he compares the human 413:Broca and Wernicke's Brain Region 245:The capital of Germany is Berlin 5050: 5038: 4107: 3329:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01799.x 3193:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04694.x 1735:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00559.x 936:or experiences. This was termed 383:) are what we have to memorize. 152:both exemplify semantic memory. 4032: 3939: 3896: 3853: 3810: 3767: 3718: 3675: 3662: 3613: 3572: 3537: 3502: 3477: 3400: 3351: 3308: 3259: 3171: 3120: 3071: 3027: 2984: 2975: 2941:Current Opinion in Neurobiology 2880: 2837: 2793: 2674: 2619: 2570: 2535: 2492: 2451: 2406: 2310: 2283: 2256: 2213: 2124: 1987: 1937: 1878: 1710: 1651: 1608: 1431: 1422: 1413: 1389: 1347: 1138:10.1016/j.cognition.2003.10.008 155: 4715:Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model 4588:Memory and social interactions 3049:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.051 2544:American Journal of Psychiatry 2417:; Brechtelsbuauer, D. (1993). 1492:10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.547 1362:, Elsevier, pp. 420–442, 1315: 1263: 1226: 1198: 1173: 1160: 1113: 1030: 987:in the temporal lobe, and the 893:Some researchers suggest that 490: 257:Specific personal experiences 16:Type of long-term human memory 1: 3523:10.1016/S0022-5371(72)80001-X 1829:10.1016/s0006-3223(97)87185-5 1536:10.1016/s0166-4328(01)00365-5 1107: 912:The view that sleep plays an 771:Posttraumatic stress disorder 4424:Retrieval-induced forgetting 4041:Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3696:10.3109/02699052.2010.531693 3486:Principles of neural science 2906:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.10.007 2304:10.1016/0028-3932(68)90021-3 2277:10.1016/0028-3932(68)90024-9 2234:10.1016/0278-2626(88)90027-9 1332:10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6_98 805:brief naturalistic stressors 801:acute time-limited stressors 686:Morris water navigation task 469:With the recent advances in 356:Learning how to ride a bike 350:The formation of skills and 7: 3917:10.1016/j.bandl.2006.12.002 3668:H.L. Petri and M. Mishkin: 2815:10.1037/0033-295x.102.3.419 2699:10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.601 2501:Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2179:Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2090:Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2008:10.1037/0735-7044.115.5.983 1864:10.1037/0033-2909.121.3.331 1479:Annual Review of Psychology 1236:Annual Review of Psychology 1095: 610: 197: 10: 5094: 4762:Levels of Processing model 4687:World Memory Championships 4520:Lost in the mall technique 4367:dissociative (psychogenic) 4053:10.1016/j.tics.2005.06.015 3862:Behavioural Brain Research 2953:10.1016/j.conb.2006.10.006 2757:Brain Imaging and Behavior 2556:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.5.992 1524:Behavioural Brain Research 1452:10.1037/0278-7393.11.3.501 963:Neural structures involved 852:Consolidation during sleep 751: 695:Odor-odor Recognition Task 671:Hippocampal lesion studies 499:Hippocampus as seen in red 429: 266:Non-declarative (implicit) 126: 107: 5033: 4988: 4957: 4816: 4809: 4702: 4674: 4606: 4563: 4535: 4495: 4437: 4332: 4238: 4213: 4165: 4158: 4115: 4008:10.1136/bmj.329.7480.1480 3874:10.1016/j.bbr.2010.04.010 3788:10.1080/13803390490919164 3598:10.3758/s13423-011-0165-y 3377:10.1016/j.cub.2006.05.024 3005:10.1162/jocn.1997.9.4.534 2769:10.1007/s11682-007-9003-2 2644:10.1038/s41380-019-0639-2 2579:"Stress and the HPA Axis" 2338:10.1017/s0140525x99002034 1717:Davachi, Dobbins (2008). 1284:10.1007/s11910-002-0039-9 1168:Behavioural Pharmacology. 809:stressful event sequences 758: 635:Other structures involved 34:. Explicit memory is the 4800:The Seven Sins of Memory 4745:Intermediate-term memory 4550:Indirect tests of memory 4527:Recovered-memory therapy 4477:Misattribution of memory 3743:10.1177/1545968310382424 3558:10.1177/0098628312450432 1783:10.1162/0898929042568587 918:associative interference 833:glucocorticoid receptors 593:autonoetic consciousness 98: 53:, which stores specific 30:, the other of which is 4487:Source-monitoring error 3996:British Medical Journal 3511:J Verb Learn Verb Behav 3488:. McGraw Hill Medical. 3244:10.1093/sleep/27.7.1479 1912:10.1073/pnas.0609230103 1685:10.1073/pnas.0337195100 1057:In the romantic comedy 740:facilitate encoding of 727:Amygdala lesion studies 606:Amygdala as seen in red 375:being the past form of 162:Autobiographical memory 4894:George Armitage Miller 4854:Patricia Goldman-Rakic 3990:Baxtendale, S (2004). 3546:Teaching of Psychology 2687:Psychological Bulletin 2477:10.1210/jcem.82.7.4075 2145:10.1002/hipo.450050606 1891:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1852:Psychological Bulletin 1025:traumatic brain injury 1019:Traumatic brain injury 924:Encoding and retrieval 680: 607: 500: 222:Declarative (explicit) 28:long-term human memory 5057:Philosophy portal 5045:Psychology portal 4909:Henry L. Roediger III 4510:False memory syndrome 4482:Misinformation effect 4462:Imagination inflation 3638:10.1093/cercor/bhn165 3084:Learning & Memory 1401:www.sciencedirect.com 752:Further information: 742:declarative knowledge 679:The Morris water maze 678: 605: 498: 486:Normal brain function 363:The model of language 74:declarative knowledge 4414:Motivated forgetting 3965:10.1093/brain/aws119 2632:Molecular Psychiatry 1719:"Declarative Memory" 863:memory consolidation 856:It is believed that 629:assassination of JFK 625:September 11 attacks 475:cognitive psychology 242:Factual information 55:personal experiences 4924:Arthur P. Shimamura 4824:Richard C. Atkinson 4641:Effects of exercise 4515:Memory implantation 4399:Interference theory 4315:Selective retention 4295:Meaningful learning 4002:(7480): 1480–1483. 2436:10.1155/1993/684234 2378:Learning and Memory 1903:2007PNAS..104..389S 1676:2003PNAS..100.2157D 1574:Nature Neuroscience 1120:Ullman, MT (2004). 1077:anterograde amnesia 1036:Alzheimer's disease 1003:systems, including 639:The regions of the 543:Hippocampal cells ( 346:Procedural learning 301:Perceptual learning 260:Your 10th birthday 203: 5021:Andriy Slyusarchuk 4844:Hermann Ebbinghaus 4750:Involuntary memory 4651:Memory improvement 4636:Effects of alcohol 4598:Transactive memory 4576:Politics of memory 4545:Exceptional memory 3905:Brain and Language 2391:10.1101/lm.4.3.291 1629:10.1002/hipo.20205 1102:Gollin figure test 1047:In popular culture 681: 621:flashbulb memories 608: 513:recognition memory 501: 331:Emotional learning 288:pattern completion 202: 93:declarative memory 24:declarative memory 5065: 5064: 5029: 5028: 5016:Cosmos Rossellius 4864:Marcia K. Johnson 4735:Exosomatic memory 4720:Context-dependent 4710:Absent-mindedness 4593:Memory conformity 4571:Collective memory 4472:Memory conformity 4409:Memory inhibition 4328: 4327: 4320:Tip of the tongue 3831:10.1159/000087233 3495:978-0-07-139011-8 3370:(13): 1290–1294. 3139:(15): 6830–6834. 3096:10.1101/lm.470507 3043:(12): 1324–1330. 2638:(10): 2251–2274. 1377:978-0-12-375070-9 1341:978-1-4419-1428-6 989:prefrontal cortex 817:distant stressors 813:chronic stressors 748:Affecting factors 575:Prefrontal cortex 569:Prefrontal cortex 452:Herman Ebbinghaus 360: 359: 316:Category learning 207:Long-Term Memory 46:, and retrieval. 5085: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5043: 5042: 5041: 4996:Jonathan Hancock 4949:Robert Stickgold 4919:Richard Shiffrin 4874:Elizabeth Loftus 4814: 4813: 4730:Childhood memory 4537:Research methods 4419:Repressed memory 4394:Forgetting curve 4382:transient global 4253:Autobiographical 4163: 4162: 4102: 4095: 4088: 4079: 4078: 4073: 4072: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4019: 3987: 3978: 3977: 3967: 3958:(7): 2178–2191. 3943: 3937: 3936: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3825:(2–3): 184–191. 3814: 3808: 3807: 3782:(8): 1070–1079. 3771: 3765: 3764: 3754: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3679: 3673: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3649: 3632:(5): 1198–1207. 3617: 3611: 3610: 3600: 3591:(6): 1113–1118. 3576: 3570: 3569: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3456: 3441: 3440: 3409:Annu Rev Psychol 3404: 3398: 3397: 3379: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3295: 3284:10.1101/lm.36801 3263: 3257: 3256: 3246: 3222: 3213: 3212: 3187:(7): 1738–1746. 3175: 3169: 3168: 3158: 3148: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3107: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3037:Biol. Psychiatry 3031: 3025: 3024: 2988: 2982: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2936: 2927: 2926: 2908: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2780: 2748: 2729: 2728: 2718: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2606: 2574: 2568: 2567: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2479: 2470:(7): 2070–2075. 2455: 2449: 2448: 2438: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2393: 2369: 2358: 2357: 2326:Behav. Brain Sci 2323: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2292:Neuropsychologia 2287: 2281: 2280: 2265:Neuropsychologia 2260: 2254: 2253: 2217: 2211: 2210: 2174: 2165: 2164: 2128: 2122: 2121: 2102:10.1038/35036213 2085: 2074: 2073: 2063: 2053: 2029: 2020: 2019: 1991: 1985: 1984: 1950: 1941: 1935: 1934: 1924: 1914: 1882: 1876: 1875: 1847: 1841: 1840: 1817:Biol. Psychiatry 1812: 1803: 1802: 1777:(9): 1633–1646. 1766: 1757: 1756: 1746: 1714: 1708: 1707: 1697: 1687: 1670:(4): 2157–2162. 1655: 1649: 1648: 1612: 1606: 1605: 1580:(9): 1198–1205. 1569: 1556: 1555: 1530:(1–2): 199–207. 1519: 1504: 1503: 1473: 1464: 1463: 1435: 1429: 1426: 1420: 1417: 1411: 1410: 1408: 1407: 1393: 1387: 1386: 1385: 1384: 1351: 1345: 1344: 1319: 1313: 1310: 1304: 1303: 1267: 1261: 1260: 1230: 1224: 1223: 1202: 1196: 1193: 1180: 1177: 1171: 1164: 1158: 1157: 1117: 991:. Nuclei in the 797:mental illnesses 597:Tulving's theory 551:Radial Maze Task 438:major treatise, 204: 201: 150:final vocabulary 5093: 5092: 5088: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5083: 5082: 5068: 5067: 5066: 5061: 5051: 5049: 5039: 5037: 5025: 5006:Dominic O'Brien 4984: 4953: 4934:Susumu Tonegawa 4914:Daniel Schacter 4889:Eleanor Maguire 4879:Geoffrey Loftus 4834:Stephen J. Ceci 4829:Robert A. Bjork 4805: 4724:state-dependent 4698: 4670: 4602: 4583:Cultural memory 4559: 4555:Memory disorder 4531: 4491: 4433: 4324: 4234: 4209: 4154: 4111: 4106: 4076: 4037: 4033: 3988: 3981: 3944: 3940: 3901: 3897: 3858: 3854: 3815: 3811: 3772: 3768: 3723: 3719: 3680: 3676: 3667: 3663: 3626:Cerebral Cortex 3618: 3614: 3577: 3573: 3542: 3538: 3507: 3503: 3496: 3482: 3478: 3471: 3470:978-071675300-1 3457: 3444: 3405: 3401: 3364:Current Biology 3356: 3352: 3313: 3309: 3264: 3260: 3223: 3216: 3176: 3172: 3125: 3121: 3076: 3072: 3032: 3028: 2993:J Cogn Neurosci 2989: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2937: 2930: 2885: 2881: 2842: 2838: 2798: 2794: 2749: 2732: 2679: 2675: 2624: 2620: 2575: 2571: 2540: 2536: 2513:10.1038/nrn1825 2497: 2493: 2456: 2452: 2415:Markowitsch, H. 2411: 2407: 2370: 2361: 2321: 2315: 2311: 2288: 2284: 2261: 2257: 2218: 2214: 2175: 2168: 2129: 2125: 2086: 2077: 2044:(11): 331–339. 2030: 2023: 1992: 1988: 1948: 1942: 1938: 1883: 1879: 1848: 1844: 1813: 1806: 1767: 1760: 1715: 1711: 1656: 1652: 1613: 1609: 1570: 1559: 1520: 1507: 1474: 1467: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1414: 1405: 1403: 1395: 1394: 1390: 1382: 1380: 1378: 1352: 1348: 1342: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1272:Current Science 1268: 1264: 1231: 1227: 1220: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1165: 1161: 1132:(1–2): 231–70. 1118: 1114: 1110: 1098: 1049: 1033: 1021: 965: 926: 886:Slow-Wave Sleep 877:Slow-wave sleep 854: 825: 789:immune function 761: 756: 750: 729: 673: 661: 637: 613: 571: 509:parahippocampus 493: 488: 483: 481:Neuropsychology 464:Daniel Schacter 432: 424:Broca's aphasia 420:Brodmann's area 415: 365: 200: 158: 139:episodic memory 131: 129:Semantic memory 125: 123:Semantic memory 112: 110:Episodic memory 106: 104:Episodic memory 101: 89:explicit memory 78:implicit memory 59:semantic memory 51:episodic memory 32:implicit memory 20:Explicit memory 17: 12: 11: 5: 5091: 5081: 5080: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5059: 5047: 5034: 5031: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 5001:Paul R. McHugh 4998: 4992: 4990: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4961: 4959: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4859:Ivan Izquierdo 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4820: 4818: 4811: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4803: 4796: 4786: 4785: 4784: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4717: 4712: 4706: 4704: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4696: 4691: 4690: 4689: 4678: 4676: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4632: 4631: 4626: 4616: 4610: 4608: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4579: 4578: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4541: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4524: 4523: 4522: 4512: 4507: 4501: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4457:Hindsight bias 4454: 4449: 4443: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4404:Memory erasure 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4385: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4362:post-traumatic 4359: 4354: 4349: 4338: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4300:Personal-event 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4276: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4255: 4250: 4244: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4232: 4230:Working memory 4227: 4219: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4207: 4202: 4200:Motor learning 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4171: 4169: 4160: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4119: 4117: 4116:Basic concepts 4113: 4112: 4105: 4104: 4097: 4090: 4082: 4075: 4074: 4047:(8): 355–357. 4031: 3979: 3938: 3895: 3868:(2): 121–132. 3852: 3809: 3766: 3737:(3): 210–222. 3717: 3674: 3661: 3612: 3571: 3552:(3): 190–193. 3536: 3517:(6): 671–684. 3501: 3494: 3476: 3469: 3442: 3399: 3350: 3307: 3278:(2): 112–119. 3258: 3237:(8): 1479–85. 3214: 3181:Eur J Neurosci 3170: 3119: 3090:(5): 336–341. 3070: 3026: 2999:(4): 534–547. 2983: 2974: 2947:(6): 716–722. 2928: 2879: 2858:10.1038/nn1825 2836: 2809:(3): 419–457. 2792: 2763:(1–2): 31–41. 2730: 2693:(4): 601–630. 2673: 2618: 2589:(4): 468–483. 2569: 2550:(5): 992–994. 2534: 2491: 2450: 2429:(3): 167–170. 2405: 2384:(3): 291–300. 2359: 2332:(3): 425–489. 2309: 2298:(3): 215–234. 2282: 2271:(3): 255–264. 2255: 2228:(2): 157–177. 2212: 2191:10.1038/nrn726 2185:(2): 153–160. 2166: 2139:(6): 546–556. 2123: 2075: 2021: 2002:(5): 983–992. 1996:Behav Neurosci 1986: 1965:10.1038/nn1413 1959:(4): 512–518. 1936: 1897:(1): 389–394. 1877: 1858:(3): 331–354. 1842: 1804: 1758: 1729:(2): 112–118. 1709: 1650: 1623:(9): 795–808. 1607: 1586:10.1038/nn1950 1557: 1505: 1465: 1446:(3): 501–518. 1430: 1421: 1412: 1388: 1376: 1346: 1340: 1314: 1305: 1278:(6): 516–522. 1262: 1225: 1218: 1197: 1181: 1172: 1159: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1104: 1097: 1094: 1060:50 First Dates 1048: 1045: 1032: 1029: 1020: 1017: 964: 961: 925: 922: 853: 850: 824: 821: 775:chronic stress 760: 757: 749: 746: 728: 725: 709:Henry Molaison 672: 669: 660: 659:Lesion studies 657: 653:fusiform gyrus 645:occipital lobe 636: 633: 612: 609: 570: 567: 530: 529: 526: 523: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 456:Learning Curve 431: 428: 414: 411: 410: 409: 406: 403: 398: 364: 361: 358: 357: 354: 348: 343: 340: 339: 336: 333: 328: 325: 324: 321: 318: 313: 310: 309: 306: 303: 298: 295: 294: 291: 286:Also known as 284: 279: 276: 275: 273: 270: 268: 262: 261: 258: 255: 250: 247: 246: 243: 240: 235: 232: 231: 229: 226: 224: 218: 217: 214: 211: 208: 199: 196: 182:Spatial memory 157: 154: 148:or a person's 127:Main article: 124: 121: 108:Main article: 105: 102: 100: 97: 65:and response. 38:, intentional 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5090: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5058: 5048: 5046: 5036: 5035: 5032: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4981: 4980:Clive Wearing 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4944:Endel Tulving 4942: 4940: 4939:Anne Treisman 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4899:Brenda Milner 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4884:James McGaugh 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4849:Sigmund Freud 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4794: 4793:retrospective 4790: 4787: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4772:Muscle memory 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4756: 4753: 4752: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4725: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4701: 4695: 4692: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4673: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4620: 4619:Art of memory 4617: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4605: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4534: 4528: 4525: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4467:Memory biases 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4447:Confabulation 4445: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4439:Memory errors 4436: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4357:post-hypnotic 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4344: 4343: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4331: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4310:Rote learning 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4285:Hyperthymesia 4283: 4281: 4278: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4260: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4248:Active recall 4246: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4164: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4145:Consolidation 4143: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4103: 4098: 4096: 4091: 4089: 4084: 4083: 4080: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4035: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3986: 3984: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3942: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3899: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3856: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3813: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3678: 3671: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3616: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3575: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3505: 3497: 3491: 3487: 3480: 3472: 3466: 3462: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3403: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3354: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3323:(10): 891–8. 3322: 3318: 3311: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3262: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3221: 3219: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3174: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3123: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3074: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3030: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2987: 2978: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2935: 2933: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2899:(3): 535–45. 2898: 2894: 2890: 2883: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2846:Nat. Neurosci 2840: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2796: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2677: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2622: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2573: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2538: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2495: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2454: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2423:Behav. Neurol 2420: 2416: 2409: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2320: 2313: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2259: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2216: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2173: 2171: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2127: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2028: 2026: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1990: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1947: 1940: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1881: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1846: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1811: 1809: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1765: 1763: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1713: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1654: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1611: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1480: 1472: 1470: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1434: 1425: 1416: 1402: 1398: 1392: 1379: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1350: 1343: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1318: 1309: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1266: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1237: 1229: 1221: 1219:9780195376746 1215: 1211: 1207: 1201: 1192: 1190: 1188: 1186: 1176: 1169: 1163: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1116: 1112: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1093: 1090: 1086: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1064: 1062: 1061: 1055: 1053: 1044: 1040: 1037: 1028: 1026: 1016: 1014: 1013:noradrenaline 1010: 1006: 1005:acetylcholine 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 985:rhinal cortex 982: 978: 974: 973:temporal lobe 970: 960: 958: 954: 951: 946: 943: 939: 935: 931: 921: 919: 915: 910: 907: 906: 900: 898: 897: 896:sleep spindle 891: 888: 887: 880: 878: 874: 871: 870: 865: 864: 859: 849: 847: 841: 837: 834: 829: 820: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 776: 772: 768: 765: 755: 745: 743: 737: 734: 724: 720: 716: 714: 710: 706: 704: 700: 696: 691: 688: 687: 677: 668: 665: 656: 654: 650: 649:temporal lobe 646: 642: 632: 630: 626: 622: 618: 604: 600: 598: 594: 589: 587: 583: 582:Endel Tulving 578: 576: 566: 562: 560: 559:dentate gyrus 554: 552: 548: 547: 541: 537: 535: 527: 524: 521: 520: 519: 516: 514: 510: 506: 497: 478: 476: 472: 467: 465: 461: 460:Endel Tulving 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 427: 425: 421: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 393: 392: 388: 384: 382: 378: 374: 370: 355: 353: 349: 347: 344: 342: 341: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 326: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 311: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 296: 292: 289: 285: 283: 280: 278: 277: 274: 271: 269: 267: 264: 263: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 248: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 233: 230: 227: 225: 223: 220: 219: 215: 212: 209: 206: 205: 195: 193: 192:cognitive map 189: 184: 183: 178: 176: 172: 168: 164: 163: 153: 151: 147: 142: 140: 136: 130: 120: 116: 111: 96: 94: 90: 85: 83: 82:unconsciously 79: 75: 71: 66: 64: 60: 56: 52: 47: 45: 44:consolidation 41: 37: 33: 29: 25: 21: 5011:Ben Pridmore 4929:Larry Squire 4839:Susan Clancy 4798: 4682:Memory sport 4607:Other topics 4497:False memory 4452:Cryptomnesia 4429:Weapon focus 4389:Decay theory 4262: 4257: 4150:Neuroanatomy 4109:Human memory 4044: 4040: 4034: 3999: 3995: 3955: 3951: 3941: 3908: 3904: 3898: 3865: 3861: 3855: 3822: 3818: 3812: 3779: 3775: 3769: 3734: 3730: 3720: 3690:(1): 44–52. 3687: 3684:Brain Injury 3683: 3677: 3669: 3664: 3629: 3625: 3615: 3588: 3584: 3574: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3514: 3510: 3504: 3485: 3479: 3460: 3412: 3408: 3402: 3367: 3363: 3353: 3320: 3316: 3310: 3275: 3271: 3261: 3234: 3230: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3136: 3132: 3122: 3087: 3083: 3073: 3040: 3036: 3029: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2977: 2944: 2940: 2896: 2892: 2882: 2852:(1): 100–7. 2849: 2845: 2839: 2806: 2803:Psychol. Rev 2802: 2795: 2760: 2756: 2690: 2686: 2676: 2635: 2631: 2621: 2586: 2582: 2572: 2547: 2543: 2537: 2507:(1): 54–64. 2504: 2500: 2494: 2467: 2463: 2453: 2426: 2422: 2408: 2381: 2377: 2329: 2325: 2312: 2295: 2291: 2285: 2268: 2264: 2258: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2182: 2178: 2136: 2132: 2126: 2096:(1): 41–50. 2093: 2089: 2041: 2037: 1999: 1995: 1989: 1956: 1953:Nat Neurosci 1952: 1939: 1894: 1890: 1880: 1855: 1851: 1845: 1820: 1816: 1774: 1770: 1726: 1722: 1712: 1667: 1663: 1653: 1620: 1616: 1610: 1577: 1573: 1527: 1523: 1483: 1477: 1443: 1439: 1433: 1424: 1415: 1404:. Retrieved 1400: 1391: 1381:, retrieved 1359: 1349: 1323: 1317: 1308: 1275: 1271: 1265: 1240: 1234: 1228: 1209: 1200: 1175: 1167: 1162: 1129: 1125: 1115: 1084:Finding Nemo 1082: 1081: 1066: 1065: 1058: 1056: 1050: 1041: 1034: 1022: 966: 955: 949: 947: 942:Fergus Craik 940:encoding by 937: 927: 913: 911: 903: 901: 894: 892: 884: 881: 875: 867: 861: 855: 842: 838: 826: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 779: 769: 762: 738: 730: 721: 717: 707: 703:demonstrator 702: 698: 694: 692: 684: 682: 662: 641:diencephalon 638: 614: 590: 586:Dorsolateral 579: 573:The lateral 572: 563: 555: 550: 544: 542: 538: 531: 517: 502: 471:neuroimaging 468: 433: 416: 389: 385: 376: 372: 366: 287: 265: 221: 213:Description 180: 179: 160: 159: 156:Hybrid types 143: 132: 117: 113: 92: 88: 86: 68:The type of 67: 48: 40:recollection 23: 19: 18: 4869:Eric Kandel 4817:Researchers 4789:Prospective 4740:Free recall 4694:Shas Pollak 4347:anterograde 4263:Declarative 3415:: 235–269. 3317:Psychol Sci 2133:Hippocampus 2038:J. 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