Autobiographical memory

921:, posterior cingulate cortex, and cerebellum are consistently identified as activated regions in at least half of the current imaging studies on autobiographical memory. A "secondary" neural network composed of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, superior medial cortex, superior lateral cortex, anterior cingulate, medial orbitofrontal, temporopolar and occipital cortices, thalamus and amygdala can be identified as active regions in a quarter to a third of imaging studies on autobiographical memory. Regions of the brain that are reported infrequently, in less than a quarter of autobiographical memory imaging studies, include the frontal eye fields, motor cortex, medial and lateral parietal cortices, fusiform gyrus, superior and inferior lateral temporal cortices, insula, basal ganglia and brain stem. 810:

bump). Semantic memories are less sensitive to age effects. Over time, autobiographical memories may consist more of general information than specific details of a particular event or time. In one study where participants recalled events from five life periods, older adults concentrated more on semantic details which were not tied to a distinct temporal or spatial context. Younger participants reported more episodic details such as activities, locations, perceptions, and thoughts. Even when probed for contextual details, older adults still reported more semantic details compared with younger adults.

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participants and observers. The participants engaging in recall reported true memories as being more important, emotionally intense, less typical, and having clearer imagery. True memories were generally reported to have a field perspective versus an observer perspective. An observer perspective was more prominent in false memories. True memories provided more information, including details about the consequences following the recalled event. However, with repeated recollection, false memories may become more like true memories and acquire greater detail.

442:. For example, when a person is feeling guilty about something he did earlier, he will perceive the people around him as also feeling guilty. On the other hand, Easterners have a more "outside-in view" of the world, perceiving the people around them as having complementary emotions to their own. With an outside-in view, someone who was feeling guilt would imagine the people around them looking upon them with scorn or disgust. These different perceptions across cultures of how one is viewed by others lead to different amounts of field or observer recall. 556: 121:

periods contain thematic knowledge about the features of that period, such as the activities, relationships, and locations involved, as well as temporal knowledge about the duration of the period. The thematic information in these periods can be used to group them together under broader themes, which can reflect personal attitudes or goals. As an example, a lifetime period with the theme of "when I lost my job" could fall under the broader category of either "when everything went downhill for me" or "minor setbacks in my life."

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clusters of memories often form around the theme of either achieving or failing to achieve personal goals. Clusters of general events that fall under the category of "first-time" achievements or occasions seem to have a particular vividness, such as the first time kissing a romantic partner, or the first time going to a ball game. These memories of goal-attainment pass on important information about the self, such as how easily a skill can be acquired, or an individual's success and failure rates for certain tasks.

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Another study found a reminiscence bump for adults in their 20s for happy involuntary memories but not for unhappy involuntary memories. Happy involuntary memories were also more than twice as frequent as unhappy involuntary memories. In older participants, a bump for memories reported as most important and happy was found. The saddest and most traumatic memories showed a declining retention function. The positivity bias could reflect an emphasis on emotional-regulation goals in older adults.

530:. The observer perspective tends to focus more on one's physical appearance, along with the spatial relations and peripheral details of the scene, which allows people to remember the specifics and important facts of their traumatic experience, without reliving most of the pain. The field perspective, on the other hand, focuses on the physical and psychological feelings experienced at the time of the event. For many people, it can be too difficult to use this perspective to recall the event. 575:

entries (at an average rate of 95%) and false foils were only judged as true 25% of the time. However, when judging between true diary entries and the altered foils, the altered foils were incorrectly judged as true 50% of the time. Barclay and Wellman theorized this was due to the tendency to group similar or repeated autobiographical memories into generic memories or schemas, and thus diary entries that seemed familiar enough to fit into these schemas would be judged as true.

239:: Autobiographical memories can be experienced from different perspectives. Field memories are memories recollected in the original perspective, from a first-person point of view. Observer memories are memories recollected from a perspective outside ourselves, a third-person point of view. Typically, older memories are recollected through an observer perspective, and observer memories are more often reconstructions while field memories are more vivid like copies. 462:

observer memories in women than events with low or no social interaction or significance. Observer perspective in men was generally unaffected by the type of event. Counterarguments to the theory are that people with social anxiety don't have a particularly strong autobiographical memory, which is what you would expect according to this theory. Females also show differences in male memory that isn't accounted for by some sociological reason.

602: 903: 310:, also known as hyperthymestic syndrome or highly superior autobiographical memory (HSAM), is a condition that affects an individual's autobiographical memory, essentially meaning that they cannot forget small details which otherwise would not be stored. It forms one extreme, in which a person might recall vividly almost every day of their life (usually from around the age of 10). On the other extreme is 25: 5111: 233:: Specific autobiographical memories contain a detailed memory of a certain event (event-specific knowledge); generic autobiographical memories are vague and hold little detail other than the type of event that occurred. Episodic autobiographical memories can also be categorized into generic memories, where one memory of an event is representative of a series of similar events. 942:

retrieval. There is a complex pattern of activation over time of retrieval of detailed autobiographical memories that stimulates brain regions used not only in autobiographical memory, but feature in other memory tasks and other forms of cognition as well. It is the specific pattern in its totality that distinguishes autobiographical cognition from other forms of cognition.

227:: Copies are vivid autobiographical memories of an experience with a considerable amount of visual and sensory-perceptual detail. Such autobiographical memories have different levels of authenticity. Reconstructions are autobiographical memories that are not reflections of raw experiences, but are rebuilt to incorporate new information or interpretations made in hind-sight. 5099: 802:

recollection with increased age. Using four groups of adults aged 40–79, Piolino and colleagues found evidence for a greater decline in episodic memories with longer retention intervals and a more substantial age-related decline in recall of episodic memory than semantic memory. They also found support for the three components of autobiographical memory, as modeled by

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high self-esteem also devoted more resources to encoding these positive memories over negative memories. In addition, it was found that people high in self-esteem reactivate positive memories more often than people with low self-esteem, and reactivate memories about other people's negative personality traits more often to maintain their positive self-image.

542:, some argue that effective treatment of PTSD requires the patient to re-experience the emotions and fear from that traumatic event so that it can be processed into something less distressing. Peter Lang and other researchers have hypothesized that the short-term relief the observer perspective provides may actually impede long-term recovery from PTSD. 418:. Also, in Eastern cultures, situation plays a larger role in determining the perspective of memory recall than in Western cultures. For example, Easterners are more likely than Westerners to use observer perspective when remembering events where they are at the center of attention (like giving a presentation, having a birthday party, etc.). 478:. Continuity is seen as a way to connect and strengthen the past self to the current self and discontinuity is distanced from the self. This theory breaks down the observer method (i.e. when an individual recalls memories as an observer) into two possibilities: the "dispassionate observer" and the "salient self". 202:: it acts as a central control process, controlling access to the autobiographical knowledge base. The working self manipulates the cues used to activate the knowledge structure of the autobiographical knowledge base and in this way can control both the encoding and recalling of specific autobiographical memories. 486:, the field perspective is used when an individual has continuity with the self (their present idea of their self matches the self they were in the past) whereas the observer perspective is used for discontinuity or inauthenticity of the self (when the remembered self is not the same as the present self). 492:

person. These drastic personal changes include things like graduating, getting over an addiction, entering or leaving prison, getting diagnosed with cancer, losing weight, and any other major life events. There is a split between the present self that is remembering and the past self that is remembered.

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Semanticizing memories, generalizing episodic memories by removing the specific temporal and spatial contexts, makes memories more persistent than age-sensitive episodic memories. Recent memories (retention interval) are episodic. Older memories are semanticized, becoming more resilient (reminiscence

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Positive autobiographical memories contain more sensory and contextual details than negative and neutral memories. People high in self-esteem recall more details for memories where the individual displayed positive personality traits than memories dealing with negative personality traits. People with

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cues were found to be more salient through measures including episodic richness, personal significance, and recall. Chu and Downes (2002) found ample evidence that odour cues are particularly good at cueing autobiographical memories. Odour-cued memories for specific events were more detailed and more

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A study performed by Barclay and Wellman (1986) included two types of foils in their recognition task: ones that were entirely false and ones that were the original diary entry with a few details altered. Against the false foils, participants were found to be highly accurate at recognizing their true

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In situations where one's physical appearance and actions are important (for example, giving a speech in front of an audience), the memory of that situation will likely be remembered in the observer perspective. This is due to the general trend that when the focus of attention in a person's memory is

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refers to the emotional state of the individual at the time that the memory is encoded. Events that were relatively low in emotional experience are often remembered from a field perspective. Events higher in emotion are more likely to be remembered from an observer perspective. When participants were

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Studies tested the prevalence of field and observer memories to determine which kind of memories occur at which times. Some of the moderators that change individuals' recalled perspectives are memory age, emotionality, and self-awareness. Additionally, emotion and affect are associated with the field

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There are many sorts of amnesia, and in studying their different forms, apparent defects in individual subsystems of the brain's memory systems may be observed, and their function in the normally-working brain clarified. Other neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease

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The directive function of autobiographical memory uses past experiences as a reference for solving current problems and a guide for our actions in the present and the future. Memories of personal experiences and the rewards and losses associated with them can be used to create successful models, or

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The sensory-perceptual details held in ESK, though short-lived, are a key component in distinguishing memory for experienced events from imagined events. In the majority of cases, it is found that the more ESK a memory contains, the more likely the recalled event has actually been experienced. Unlike

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the observer has the opposite pattern: if an individual perceives continuity with the self (old self matches new self), they would approach this with an observer perspective, contrasted to having discontinuity or incongruence (old self does not match new self) that would be approached with the field

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from an observer position, i.e. viewing the action as an outsider. In other words, the remembering person "sees" the whole situation, with themselves in it. The event is viewed from an external vantage point. There is a wide variation in the spatial locations of this external vantage point, with the

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Finally, autobiographical memory serves an adaptive function. Recalling positive personal experiences can be used to maintain desirable moods or alter undesirable moods. This internal regulation of mood through autobiographical memory recall can be used to cope with negative situations and impart an

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are more specific than lifetime periods and encompass single representations of repeated events or a sequence of related events. General events group into clusters with a common theme, so that when one memory of a general event is recalled, it cues the recall of other related events in memory. These

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Unfortunately, this effect is not well understood. One possible explanation suggests that, in relation to mood-congruent memory theory, the mood of the individual at the time of recall rather than the time of encoding has a stronger effect on the longevity of negative memories. If this is the case,

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Originally devised by Galton (1879), the memory probe method uses a list of words as cues to bring to mind autobiographical memories, which the participant then tries to describe in as much detail as possible. The answers can then be analyzed in order to gain a better understanding as to how recall

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People who use observer perspective to remember their old self tend to believe that they are less likely to revert to their old self. When a person recalls memories from the observer perspective, it helps preserve their self-image and self-esteem. Remembering a traumatic or embarrassing event from

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According to the theory - since women feel more objectified than men, they tend to be put in center-of-attention situations more often, which results in recalling more memories from the observer perspective. Studies also show that events with greater social interaction and significance produce more

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The relationship between the working self and the autobiographical knowledge base is reciprocal. While the working self can control the accessibility of autobiographical knowledge, the autobiographical knowledge base constrains the goals and self-images of the working self within who the individual

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or recollective experience is the sense of "mental time travel" that is experienced when recalling autobiographical memories. These recollections consist of a sense of self in the past and some imagery and sensory-perceptual details. Autonoetic consciousness reflects the integration of parts of the

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Several studies have shown a positivity effect for autobiographical memories in older adults. One study found a positivity bias for involuntary memories, where younger adults did not rate their involuntary memories as positively as did older adults. Voluntary memories did not show this difference.

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Piolino, Desgranges, Benali, and Eustache (2002) investigated age effects on autobiographical memory using an autobiographical questionnaire that distinguished between the recall of semantic and episodic memory. They proposed a transition from episodic to semantic memory in autobiographical memory

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These true autobiographical memories can then be presented to the participants at a later date in a recognition test, often in comparison to falsified diary entries or 'foils'. The results from these studies can give us information about the level of detail retained in autobiographical memory over

538:. When patients with PTSD were asked to recall their traumatic experience, 89 percent of those who used observer perspective to recall the traumatic event said they did so because it was emotionally easier and spared them from reliving the horror of their traumatic event. Although this is a useful 272:

The social function of autobiographical memory develops and maintains social bonds by providing material for people to converse about. Sharing personal memories with others is a way to facilitate social interaction. Disclosing personal experiences can increase the intimacy level between people and

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Research on autobiographical memory has focused on voluntary memories, memories that are deliberately recalled; nevertheless, research has evidenced differential effects of age on involuntary and voluntary autobiographical memory. One study found that fewer involuntary and voluntary memories were

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concerns memories from very early childhood, before age 6; very few memories before age 3 are available. The retention function is the recollection of events in the first 20 to 30 most recent years of an individual's life. This results in more memories for events closest to the present, a recency

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The lack of remembered detail especially affects positive memories; generally people remember positive events with more detail than negative events, but the reverse is seen in those with depression. Negative memories will seem more complex and the time of occurrence will be more easily remembered

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Networks in the left frontal lobe in the dorsolateral cortex and bilaterally in the prefrontal cortex become active during autobiographical memory retrieval. These regions are involved with reconstructive mnemonic processes and self-referential processes, both integral to autobiographical memory

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False memories often do not have as much visual imagery as true memories. In one study comparing the characteristics of true and false autobiographical memories, true memories were reported to be wealthier in "recollective experience" or providing many details of the originally encoded event, by

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show an abnormal trend of the fading effect bias. The negative memories of dysphoric individuals did not fade as quickly relative to control groups, and positive memories faded slightly faster. In severely dysphoric individuals the fading affect bias was exacerbated; negative memories faded more

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are composed of general knowledge about a distinguishable and themed time in an individual's life. For example, the period spent at school (school theme), or entering the workforce (work theme). Lifetime periods have a distinct beginning and ending, but they are often fuzzy and overlap. Lifetime

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People who picture their past self as different or conflicting with their current self often recall memories of their old self using the observer perspective. People who have undergone some kind of change often look upon their past self (before the change) as if they were a completely different

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The way people in different cultures perceive the emotions of the people around them also play a role in shaping the recall perspective of memories. Westerners are said to have a more "inside-out view" of the world, and unknowingly project their current emotions onto the world around them. This

434:, with people being more independent and stressing less importance on familial ties or the approval of others. On the other hand, Eastern cultures are thought of as less individualistic, focusing more on acceptance and maintaining family relationships while focusing less on the individual self. 276:

Autobiographical memory performs a self-representative function by using personal memories to create and maintain a coherent self-identity over time. This self-continuity is the most commonly referred to self-representative function of autobiographical memory. A stable self-identity allows for

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These three areas are organized in a hierarchy within the autobiographical knowledge base and together make up the overall life story of an individual. Knowledge stored in lifetime periods contain cues for general events, and knowledge at the level of general events calls upon event-specific

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Another explanation may be the tendency for individuals suffering from depression to separate themselves from their positive memories and focus more on evidence that supports their current negative self-image to keep it intact. Depressed adults also recall positive memories from an observer

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is the amount of time that has passed since the event. Memory age appears to be one of the most important determinants of perspective type. Recent memories are often experienced in the field perspective; as memory age increases, there is also an increase in the number of observer memories.

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The working self, often referred to as just the 'self', is a set of active personal goals or self-images organized into goal hierarchies. These personal goals and self-images work together to modify cognition and the resulting behavior so an individual can operate effectively in the world.

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While it seems adaptive to have negative memories fade faster, sometimes it may not be the case. Remembering negative events can prevent us from acting overconfident or repeating the same mistake, and we can learn from them in order to make better decisions in the future.

166:, which are contained in a separate memory system from the autobiographical knowledge base. This way of thinking could explain the rapid loss of event-specific detail, as the links between episodic memory and the autobiographical knowledge base are likewise quickly lost. 914:. The most abstract or conceptual knowledge is represented in frontal and anterior temporal networks, possibly bilaterally. Sensory and perceptual details of specific events are represented in posterior temporal and occipital networks, predominantly in the right cortex. 458:

on themselves, they will likely see themselves from someone else's point of view. This is because, in "center-of-attention" memories, the person is conscious about the way they are presenting themselves and instinctively try to envision how others were perceiving them.

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Events high in emotional content, such as stressful situations (ex: fighting in the Vietnam War), are likely to be recalled using observer perspective, while memories low in emotional content (ex: driving to work) are likely to be recalled using field perspective.

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perspective's brain region, while complex cognitive processing is associated with the observer perspective's brain region. The many factors that contribute to determining memory perspective are not affected by whether the recall of the memory was voluntary or

269:, of behavior. which can be applied over many scenarios. In instances where a problem cannot be solved by a generic schema, a more specific memory of an event can be accessed in autobiographical memory to give some idea of how to confront the new challenge. 510:

an observer perspective helps detach that person from that negative event, as if they were not the one experiencing it, but rather someone else. Given the distancing nature of observer perspective, it also results in a worse sense of self-continuity.

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reminiscing of shared past events strengthens pre-existing bonds. The importance of this function can easily be seen in individuals with impaired episodic or autobiographical memory, where their social relationships suffer greatly as a result.

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The topic of individual differences in autobiographical memory has been brought to the forefront by the dramatic descriptions of HSAM and SDAM, which may represent the extremes along a distribution of individual differences in autobiographical

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Autobiographical memories are initially constructed in left prefrontal neural networks. As a memory forms over time, activation then transitions to right posterior networks where it remains at a high level while the memory is held in the mind.

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Recent studies have used non-verbal cues for memory, such as visual images, music or odours. Emerging evidence suggests that music is a strong cue for autobiographical memories. Compared to face-evoked, food-evoked, and television-evoked cues,

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The vividness of the memory can increase one's belief in the veracity of the memory but not as strongly as spatial context. Some memories are extremely vivid. For the person recalling vivid memories of personal significance, these memories

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As well, recall of autobiographical memories that are important in defining ourselves differs depending on the associated emotion. Past failures seem farther away than past achievements, regardless if the actual length of time is the same.

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effect. Finally, there is the reminiscence bump occurring after around age 40, marked by an increase in the retrieval of memories from ages 10 to 30. For adolescents and young adults the reminiscence bump and the recency effect coincide.

630:. All memories fade, and the emotions linked with them become less intense over time. However, this fading effect is seen less with positive memories than with negative memories, leading to a better remembrance of positive memories. 701:

Individuals with depression encounter trouble remembering specific personal past events, and instead recall more general events (repeated or recurring events). Specific memory recall can further be inhibited by significant

346:. That is, the remembering person doesn't "see" themselves, they see the situation just as they saw it when it happened, through their own eyes. The field of view in such memories corresponds to that of the original situation. 613:

are reactivated more, they are remembered better and have more attention devoted to them. Through remembering our past achievements and failures, autobiographical memories affect how we perceive and feel about ourselves.

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reported by older adults compared with younger adults. The voluntary memories of older adults were not as specific and were not recalled as quickly as those of younger adults. There was no consistent distinction between

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Clinical psychologists have found that the observer perspective acts like a psychological "buffer" to decrease the stress an individual feels when recalling a difficult memory. This is especially seen in patients with

722:, as depressed individuals remember negatively charged memories during frequent negative moods. Depressed adults also tend to actively rehearse negative memories, which increases their retention period and vividness. 114:, used to provide information on what the self is, what the self was, and what the self can be. This information is categorized into three broad areas: lifetime periods, general events, and event-specific knowledge. 4002: 928:

processes unique to re-experiencing phenomena, such as emotional and perceptual processes, and domain-general processes, such as attention and memory, are necessary for successful autobiographical memory retrieval.

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Conway and Pleydell-Pearce (2000) proposed that autobiographical memory is constructed within a self-memory system (SMS), a conceptual model composed of an autobiographical knowledge base and the working self.

669:, wherein the mood of an individual can influence the mood of the memories they recall, is a key factor in the development of depressive symptoms for conditions such as dysphoria or major depressive disorder. 421:

There are many reasons for these differences in autobiographical perspectives across cultures. Each culture has its own unique set of factors that affect the way people perceive the world around them, such as

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refers to the reported amount of consciousness an individual had of themselves at the time of the event. A higher level of self-awareness is often associated with observer memories instead of field memories.

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Their responses fell between the extremes seen in people with Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory (HSAM) or Severely Deficient Autobiographical Memory (SDAM) recently described by memory researchers.

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The field and observer perspectives have also been described as "pre-reflective" and "reflective," respectively. Different brain regions are activated by the pre-reflective and reflective perspectives.

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Autobiographical memory maintenance is predominantly observed as changing patterns of activity within posterior sensory regions; more specifically, occipitotemporal regions of the right hemisphere.

886:, reporting events that did not occur, may reflect errors in source-monitoring. Confabulation can be a result of brain damage, but it can also be provoked by methods employed in memory exploration. 846:

Judging the veracity of autobiographical memories can be a source of difficulty. However, it is important to be able to verify the accurateness of autobiographical memories in order to study them.

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over a period of weeks or months, during which they record the details of everyday events that they judge to be memorable. In this way a record of true autobiographical memories can be collected.

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categories. The source of a remembered memory is attributed to personal experience. The source of a known memory is attributed to an external source, not personal memory. This can often lead to

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Women on average report more memories in the observer perspective than men. A theory for this phenomenon is that women are more conscious about their personal appearance than men. According to

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lifetime periods and general events, ESK are not organized in their grouping or recall. Instead, they tend to simply 'pop' into the mind. ESK is also thought to be a summary of the content of

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Memory can be inaccurate and critical details of a raw experience can be forgotten or re-imagined. The diary method of study circumvents these issues by having groups of participants keep a

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changes with age; the temporal distribution of autobiographical memories across the lifespan, as modelled by Rubin, Wetzler, and Nebes (1986), is separated into three components:

430:. One's sense of self is important in influencing whether autobiographical memories are recalled in the observer or field point of view. Western society has been found to be more 261:

Autobiographical memory serves three broad functions: directive, social, and self-representative. A fourth function, adaptive, was proposed by Williams, Conway and Cohen (2008).

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People often re-experience visual images when remembering events; one specific aspect of these images is their perspective. Basically, there are two types of perspective:

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knowledge. When a cue evenly activates the autobiographical knowledge base hierarchy, all levels of knowledge become available and an autobiographical memory is formed.

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Professionals such as therapists, police and lawyers must be aware of the malleability of memory and be wary of techniques that might promote false memory generation.

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Lemogne, Cédric; Piolino, Pascale; Friszer, Stéphanie; Claret, Astrid; Girault, Nathalie; Jouvent, Roland; Allilaire, Jean-François; Fossati, Philippe (June 2006).

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Bergouignan, Loretxu; Lefranc, Jean Pierre; Chupin, Marie; Morel, Nastassja; Spano, Jean Philippe; Fossati, Philippe (2011-10-10). Mattson, Mark P. (ed.).

1770: 1789: 863:. However, flashbulb memories may not be any more accurate than everyday memories when evaluated objectively. In one study, both flash bulb memories of 138:

and sensory-perceptual features. The high levels of detail in ESK fade very quickly, though certain memories for specific events tend to endure longer.

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with depression tend to rate their memories as more accurate and vivid than never-depressed adolescents, and the content of recollection is different.

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and everyday memories deteriorated over time; however, reported vividness, recollection and belief in accuracy of flashbulb memories remained high.

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Bergouignan, Loretxu; Lemogne, Cédric; Foucher, Aurélie; Longin, Estelle; Vistoli, Damien; Allilaire, Jean-François; Fossati, Philippe (2008).

426:. While these various cultural factors contribute to shaping one's memory perspective, the biggest factor in shaping memory perspective is 4282: 3205: 2646: 1549: 33: 4563: 3721:"Emotionally charged autobiographical memories across the life span: The recall of happy, sad, traumatic, and involuntary memories" 423: 221:: These autobiographical memories often contain biographical information, such as where one was born or the names of one's parents. 2914: 917:

A "core" neural network composed of the left medial and ventrolateral prefrontal cortices, medial and lateral temporal cortices,

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further studies should hopefully show that changes in mood state will produce changes in the strength of the fading affect bias.

2204:"Autobiographical memory as a dynamic process: Autobiographical memory mediates basic tendencies and characteristic adaptations" 2161: 1745: 882:

is a controversial condition in which people demonstrate conviction for vivid but false personal memories. False memories and

318:), where a person cannot relive memories from their lives, although this does not affect other memory capabilities or general 1373: 1312: 726:

perspective rather than a field perspective, where they appear as a spectator rather than a participant in their own memory.

2827:"The impact of song-specific age and affective qualities of popular songs on music-evoked autobiographical memories (MEAMs)" 3758:

Mather, Mara; Carstensen, Laura L. (2005). "Aging and motivated cognition: the positivity effect in attention and memory".

589: 2249:"As seen by the other...: Perspectives on the self in the memories and emotional perceptions of Easterners and Westerners" 910:

The autobiographical memory knowledge base is distributed through neural networks in the frontal, temporal and occipital

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However, increased remembering of negative memories can lead to the development of maladaptive conditions. The effect of

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asked to focus on feelings at retrieval of memories, they more often classified their memories as the field perspective.

4773: 1122: 1114: 1106: 1096: 3365:"Field perspective deficit for positive memories characterizes autobiographical memory in euthymic depressed patients" 2752: 2171: 4158: 4057:"The neuroanatomy of autobiographical memory: a slow cortical potential study of autobiographical memory retrieval" 3312: 1534:"Manipulating remember and know judgements of autobiographical memories: An investigation of false memory creation" 253:, wherein a person may believe that a memory is theirs when the information actually came from an external source. 244: 2615: 1477:

Piolino, P.; Desgranges, B.; Clarys, D.; Guillery-Girard, B.; Taconnat, L.; Isingrini, M.; Eustache, F. (2006).

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event, allowing them to recall the specifics and details of the event without having to relive the feelings and

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is the type of autobiographical memory recalled from the field of perspective that occurred when the memory was

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is recalled by an individual with depression, details for the event are almost non-existent and instead purely

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Thus, the visual perspective employed for continuous and discontinuous memories is the opposite for each view.

3313:"Facets of autobiographical memory in adolescents with major depressive disorder and never-depressed controls" 2962:

Jakubowski, Kelly; Belfi, Amy M.; Kvavilashvili, Lia; Ely, Abbigail; Gill, Mark; Herbert, Gemma (2023-02-13).

3411:"Episodic autobiographical memory in depression: Specificity, autonoetic consciousness, and self perspective" 535: 277:

evaluation of past experiences, known as life reflection, which leads to self-insight and often self-growth.

2826: 1026: 81:(personal experiences and specific objects, people and events experienced at particular time and place) and 4694: 4595: 4482: 4056: 3410: 3364: 2300: 2769: 2025: 454:, social and cultural expectations have created a society where women are far more objectified than men. 1081:

Cohen, Gillian; Conway, Martin A., eds. (2008). "Williams, Helen L., et al. 2 Autobiographical memory".

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Multivariate Anti-inflammatory Approaches to Rescue Neurogenesis and Cognitive function in Aged Animals

1571: 1347: 803: 3458:"Breast Cancer Affects Both the Hippocampus Volume and the Episodic Autobiographical Memory Retrieval" 1478: 1251: 181:

When the pattern of activation encompasses episodic memory, then autonoetic consciousness may result.

3232:"On the emotions that accompany autobiographical memories: Dysphoria disrupts the fading affect bias" 2964:"Comparing music- and food-evoked autobiographical memories in young and older adults: A diary study" 691: 571:

time, and if certain features of an event are more salient and memorable in autobiographical memory.

3078:"Phenomenal characteristics of autobiographical memories for positive, negative, and neutral events" 2786: 2514: 2473: 1181: 154:(past events that direct behaviour in the present) are all event specific memories that will resist 4858: 4803: 4778: 4608: 4585: 4535: 4440: 1880: 1575: 918: 642:

Negative memories generally fade faster than positive memories of similar emotional importance and

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Levine, Brian; Svoboda, Eva; Hay, Janine F.; Winocur, Gordon; Moscovitch, Morris (December 2002).

1682: 1393: 4545: 2411:"Looking back in time: Self-concept change affects visual perspective in autobiographical memory" 1351: 646:

period. This difference in retention period and vividness for positive memories is known as the

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The main reason for this is probably that the observer perspective distances the person from the

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Walker, W. Richard; Skowronski, John; Gibbons, Jeffrey; Vogl, Rodney; Thompson, Charles (2003).

3130:"Remembering pride and shame: Self-enhancement and the phenomenology of autobiographical memory" 2248: 4952: 4912: 4813: 4782: 4420: 4208: 2781: 2468: 1176: 760: 451: 77:

system consisting of episodes recollected from an individual's life, based on a combination of

2077: 1900:"Severely deficient autobiographical memory (SDAM) in healthy adults: A new mnemonic syndrome" 4967: 4682: 4568: 4540: 4525: 4520: 4358: 3231: 1884: 879: 719: 666: 282: 2360: 1213: 584:

of autobiographical memory works, especially in cases dealing with brain damage or amnesia.

4851: 4835: 4714: 4472: 4425: 4415: 4203: 4151: 4108: 4055:

Conway, Martin A.; Pleydell-Pearce, Christopher W.; Whitecross, Sharron E. (October 2001).

3469: 2866:"Investigating the role of involuntary retrieval in music-evoked autobiographical memories" 2604: 2123:

Mace, John H.; Atkinson, Elizabeth; Moeckel, Christopher H.; Torres, Varinia (2011-01-10).

1916: 1899: 1625:"Directive functions of autobiographical memory: The guiding power of the specific episode" 1440:"Phenomenal characteristics of memories for perceived and imagined autobiographical events" 1355: 1352:"Robinson, John A. First Experience Memories: Contexts and Functions in Personal Histories" 703: 523: 2718: 2457:"Here's Looking at Me: The Effect of Memory Perspective on Assessments of Personal Change" 1765: 785:

Autobiographical memory demonstrates only minor age differences, but distinctions between

729:

Finally, the autobiographical memory differences may be attributed to a smaller posterior

414:

are more likely to recall memories through an observer point of view than those living in

8: 4982: 4882: 4573: 4457: 4405: 4373: 4353: 2864:

Belfi, Amy M.; Bai, Elena; Stroud, Ava; Twohy, Raelynn; Beadle, Janelle N. (April 2022).

539: 384:

Perspective is most difficult to change in older memories, especially childhood memories.

266: 3473: 2996: 2963: 2915:"Phenomenological Differences in Music- and Television-Evoked Autobiographical Memories" 2567:

Conway, Martin A.; Collins, Alan F.; Gathercole, Susan E.; Anderson, Stephen J. (1996).

5079: 5064: 4902: 4847: 4840: 4808: 4709: 4704: 4656: 4634: 4603: 4430: 4117: 4092: 4030: 3983: 3901: 3783: 3606: 3492: 3457: 3438: 3340: 3251: 3165: 3009: 2944: 2890: 2865: 2846: 2807: 2596: 2542: 2380: 2361:"Gender Differences in Memory Perspectives: Evidence for Self-Objectification in Women" 2328: 2276: 2105: 2053: 1980: 1955: 1929: 1843: 1728: 1660: 1605: 1498: 1413: 1318: 1003: 968: 925: 820: 647: 373: 4018: 3971: 3577:

Piolino, Pascale; Desgranges, Béatrice; Benali, Karim; Eustache, Francis (July 2002).

3077: 2203: 410:

can affect the point of view autobiographical memory is recalled in. People living in

5115: 5103: 5074: 4922: 4793: 4768: 4724: 4651: 4629: 4530: 4467: 4435: 4410: 4378: 4363: 4273: 4243: 4181: 4122: 4022: 3975: 3940: 3893: 3840: 3775: 3740: 3697: 3645: 3598: 3554: 3497: 3430: 3384: 3332: 3290: 3255: 3157: 3053: 3013: 3001: 2983: 2948: 2936: 2895: 2850: 2799: 2795: 2748: 2665: 2600: 2588: 2534: 2530: 2486: 2430: 2384: 2320: 2268: 2167: 2097: 2045: 2041: 1985: 1921: 1835: 1732: 1719: 1652: 1644: 1609: 1532:

Hyman, Ira E. Jr.; Gilstrap, Livia L.; Decker, Kevin; Wilkinson, Carol (1999-01-06).

1514: 1506: 1459: 1417: 1369: 1322: 1308: 1273: 1214:"Remembering Our Past: What Are the Factors That Can Affect Autobiographical Memory?" 1194: 1118: 1110: 1102: 1092: 1008: 990: 832: 773: 767: 753: 651: 643: 471: 343: 4034: 3987: 3905: 3787: 3610: 3442: 3344: 2811: 2332: 2280: 2109: 2057: 1956:"Remembering from any angle: The flexibility of visual perspective during retrieval" 1847: 1664: 555: 134:(ESK) is vividly detailed information about individual events, often in the form of 5054: 5007: 4977: 4932: 4788: 4719: 4672: 4477: 4452: 4338: 4298: 4186: 4112: 4104: 4068: 4014: 3967: 3932: 3883: 3875: 3830: 3820: 3767: 3732: 3687: 3679: 3637: 3590: 3544: 3534: 3487: 3477: 3422: 3376: 3324: 3282: 3243: 3201: 3169: 3149: 3141: 3097: 3089: 3043: 2991: 2975: 2926: 2885: 2877: 2838: 2791: 2740: 2713: 2705: 2669: 2661: 2580: 2546: 2526: 2478: 2422: 2372: 2312: 2260: 2218: 2136: 2089: 2037: 1975: 1967: 1933: 1911: 1827: 1694: 1636: 1595: 1587: 1545: 1490: 1451: 1405: 1361: 1300: 1263: 1186: 1088: 998: 980: 860: 655: 610: 415: 3668:"Differential effects of age on involuntary and voluntary autobiographical memory" 3626:"Aging and autobiographical memory: Dissociating episodic from semantic retrieval" 3190:"Autobiographical memory: Unpleasantness fades faster than pleasantness over time" 2301:"Individualism and the field viewpoint: Cultural influences on memory perspective" 1479:"Autobiographical memory, autonoetic consciousness, and self-perspective in aging" 1304: 5136: 4992: 4972: 4947: 4937: 4892: 4887: 4641: 4613: 4348: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4191: 4144: 3482: 3426: 2881: 2316: 2078:"The 'I' and the 'Me' in self-referential awareness: a neurocognitive hypothesis" 1971: 1872: 1082: 790: 786: 711: 707: 431: 354: 163: 86: 82: 78: 3920: 3720: 3667: 3625: 3270: 3076:

D'Argembeau, Arnaud; Comblain, Christine; Van der Linden, Martial (2002-11-21).

2734: 2456: 2410: 2124: 1455: 1439: 1421: 1292: 1190: 1164: 680:

slowly and positive memories faded more quickly than non-dysphoria individuals.

5059: 5023: 4917: 4515: 4462: 4288: 4258: 4238: 4225: 3936: 3921:"Comparing recollective experience in true and false autobiographical memories" 3771: 3736: 3641: 3380: 3286: 2689: 2608: 2584: 2426: 1831: 1591: 1494: 911: 654:

in the mind are activated in response to a negative event, which minimizes the

199: 3594: 3328: 3145: 2482: 2376: 2222: 2093: 1576:"A tale of three functions: The self-reported uses of autobiographical memory" 1409: 1365: 1268: 609:

Emotion affects the way autobiographical memories are encoded and retrieved.

5130: 5038: 5028: 5002: 4997: 4957: 4942: 4907: 4830: 4677: 4505: 4368: 4343: 4306: 4263: 4253: 4248: 4233: 2987: 2940: 2931: 2842: 2825:

Platz, Friedrich; Kopiez, Reinhard; Hasselhorn, Johannes; Wolf, Anna (2015).

2744: 2592: 2049: 1750: 1723: 1648: 1510: 1502: 1277: 1031: 994: 985: 883: 593:

emotionally loaded than those for verbal, visual, or non-related odour cues.

427: 411: 307: 135: 107: 3879: 2709: 2264: 1624: 859:

to be more accurate than everyday memories. These memories have been termed

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There are four main categories for the types of autobiographical memories:

85:(general knowledge and facts about the world) memory. It is thus a type of 3979: 3558: 3294: 3206:

10.1002/(sici)1099-0720(199710)11:5<399::aid-acp462>3.3.co;2-5

3129: 2803: 1550:

10.1002/(sici)1099-0720(199808)12:4<371::aid-acp572>3.0.co;2-u

1463: 16:

Memory system consisting of episodes recollected from an individual's life

4927: 4798: 4752: 4093:"The functional neuroanatomy of autobiographical memory: a meta-analysis" 2674: 2611: 1165:"The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system" 730: 695: 3188:

Walker, W. Richard; Vogl, Rodney J.; Thompson, Charles P. (1999-01-06).

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Palombo, D. J.; Alain, C.; Söderlund, H.; Khuu, W.; Levine, B. (2015).

1600: 627: 155: 2618: 1640: 1476: 924:

These widespread activation patterns suggest that a number of varying

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Libby, Lisa K.; Eibach, Richard P.; Gilovich, Thomas (January 2005).

2140: 676: 358:

location of these perspectives depending on the event being recalled.

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Watkins, P.C.; Vache, K.; Vernay, S.P.; Muller, S. (February 1996).

3093: 3032:"Proust nose best: Odors are better cues of autobiographical memory" 142:(events that mark the beginning of a path towards long-term goals), 4687: 3925:

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition

3665: 3523:"The distribution of autobiographical memories across the lifespan" 601: 322:. SDAM is a severe autobiographical memory deficiency, but without 3666:

Schlagman, S.; Kliegel, M.; Schulz, J.; Kvavilashvili, L. (2009).

1438:

Johnson, M. K.; Foley, M. A.; Suengas, A. G.; Raye, C. L. (1988).

969:"Functions of Autobiographical Memory in Younger and Older Adults" 4400: 2125:"Accuracy and perspective in involuntary autobiographical memory" 902: 527: 407: 323: 3579:"Episodic and semantic remote autobiographical memory in ageing" 1790:"Highly superior and severely deficient autobiographical memory" 306:

Autobiographical memory may differ greatly between individuals.

169: 24: 4136: 4054: 3864:"Confidence, not consistency, characterizes flashbulb memories" 3576: 3362: 2961: 2913:

Jakubowski, Kelly; Belfi, Amy M.; Eerola, Tuomas (2021-06-01).

2566: 746: 74: 2768:

Zola-Morgan, Stuart; Cohen, Neal J.; Squire, Larry R. (1983).

1815: 793:

in older adults compared with younger people have been found.

3807:; Schrauf, Robert W.; Greenberg, Daniel L. (September 2003). 3455: 3127: 2359:

Huebner, David M.; Fredrickson, Barbara L. (September 1999).

564: 173:

Hierarchical structure of the autobiographical knowledge base

1531: 967:

Vranić, Andrea; Jelić, Margareta; Tonković, Mirjana (2018).

4091:

Svoboda, Eva; McKinnon, Margaret C.; Levine, Brian (2006).

3408: 3229: 2569:"Recollections of true and false autobiographical memories" 1345: 864: 733:

volume in any individuals going through cumulative stress.

718:

than positive and neutral events. This may be explained by

475: 150:(events that affirm an individual's beliefs and goals) and 111: 2647:"Accuracies and inaccuracies in autobiographical memories" 605:

Happy emotions will strengthen a memory of an Olympic goal

243:

Autobiographical memories can also be differentiated into

2824: 2122: 1897: 3268: 2166:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 89–90. 2163:

Remembering Our Past: Studies in Autobiographical Memory

813: 470:

Another theory of the visual perspective deals with the

3623: 2298: 2075: 1437: 3809:"Belief and recollection of autobiographical memories" 3271:"Unconscious mood-congruent memory bias in depression" 2767: 2645:

Barclay, Craig R.; Wellman, Henry M. (February 1986).

2299:

Martin, Maryanne; Jones, Gregory V. (September 2012).

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uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, and power distance

186:

autobiographical knowledge base and the working self.

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Boakes, Janet (1995-10-21). "False memory syndrome".

3803: 2912: 1162: 2409:

Libby, Lisa K.; Eibach, Richard P. (February 2002).

1681:

Robinson, John A.; Swanson, Karen L. (Summer 1990).

1350:; Spinnler, Hans; Wagenaar, Willem A., eds. (1992). 694:

impacts the retrieval of autobiographical memories.

2863: 2023: 1816:"Individual Differences in Autobiographical Memory" 1357:

Theoretical Perspectives on Autobiographical Memory

966: 945: 146:(events that re-direct plans from original goals), 3187: 2358: 101: 1877:Severely Deficient Autobiographical Memory (SDAM) 626:Positive memories appear to be more resistant to 5128: 3757: 2076:Tagini, Angela; Raffone, Antonino (2009-09-11). 3311:Kuyken, William; Howell, Rachael (2006-04-01). 2024:Nigro, Georgia; Neisser, Ulric (October 1983). 1680: 1570:Bluck, Susan; Alea, Nicole; Haberman, Tilmann; 1433: 1431: 1295:, in Goldstein, Sam; Naglieri, Jack A. (eds.), 1158: 1156: 465: 3517: 3358: 3356: 3354: 2644: 2513:McIsaac, Heather K.; Eich, Eric (April 2004). 1297:Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development 1163:Conway, M. A.; Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. (2000). 1154: 1152: 1150: 1148: 1146: 1144: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1136: 4152: 3857: 3714: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 2770:"Recall of remote episodic memory in amnesia" 932: 796: 3661: 3659: 3310: 3128:D'Argembeau, A.; Van der Linden, M. (2008). 3071: 3069: 3067: 2461:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2415:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1676: 1674: 1428: 366: 4283:The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two 4000: 3351: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2573:Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 2512: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2408: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2116: 1718:(PhD thesis). University of South Florida. 1444:Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 1133: 1080: 1076: 1074: 1072: 1070: 1068: 906:Diagram of the different lobes of the brain 4159: 4145: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3110: 2294: 2292: 2290: 1387: 1385: 1341: 1339: 1337: 1066: 1064: 1062: 1060: 1058: 1056: 1054: 1052: 1050: 1048: 706:occurring in comorbidity. When a specific 312:severely deficient autobiographical memory 4116: 3918: 3887: 3834: 3824: 3799: 3797: 3691: 3656: 3548: 3538: 3513: 3511: 3491: 3481: 3306: 3304: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3101: 3064: 3047: 3030:Chu, Simon; Downes, John J. (June 2002). 3029: 2995: 2930: 2889: 2785: 2717: 2673: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2472: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2246: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2019: 1979: 1949: 1915: 1683:"Autobiographical memory: The next phase" 1671: 1616: 1599: 1267: 1180: 1002: 984: 301: 285:are explained in better detail under the 110:knowledge base contains knowledge of the 4086: 4084: 4082: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4044: 3851: 3708: 3521:; Schulkind, Mathew D. (November 1997). 2629: 2441: 2229: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1746:"Forgetfulness is key to a healthy mind" 1743: 1622: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1470: 1391: 901: 600: 554: 168: 49:of all important aspects of the article. 3994: 3565: 3395: 3262: 3212: 2287: 2152: 2150: 1945: 1943: 1813: 1787: 1382: 1334: 1290: 1211: 1045: 5129: 4109:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.05.023 3957: 3951: 3794: 3751: 3617: 3508: 3301: 3176: 3025: 3023: 2688: 2682: 2553: 2497: 2391: 2339: 2064: 1917:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.04.012 1711: 1249: 741: 329: 298:can also affect memory and cognition. 45:Please consider expanding the lead to 4140: 4079: 4041: 3912: 2732: 2247:Cohen, Dov; Gunz, Alex (2002-01-01). 2201: 2180: 2156: 1996: 1556: 1525: 1394:"Momentous events and the life story" 814:Voluntary versus involuntary memories 4001:Johnson, M. K.; Raye, C. L. (1998). 3919:Heaps, C. M.; Nash, M. (July 2001). 2616:f25fcb61-1ac7-464c-9db9-12cacb7ea590 2147: 2026:"Point of view in personal memories" 1940: 1245: 1243: 1241: 1239: 1237: 1235: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1227: 826: 675:: Individuals with mild to moderate 590:music-evoked autobiographical memory 536:posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 513: 445: 18: 3020: 2515:"Vantage Point in Traumatic Memory" 545: 401: 13: 4003:"False memories and confabulation" 2211:Journal of Research in Personality 1814:Palombo, Daniela J. (2018-06-18). 897: 292: 206:actually is and what they can do. 14: 5148: 4564:Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm 2761: 1788:Richárd, Reichardt (2018-06-17). 1712:Acosta, Sandra Antonieta (2011). 1623:Pillemer, David B. (2003-03-01). 1392:Pillemer, David B. (2001-06-01). 1299:, Boston: Springer, p. 187, 1224: 870: 736: 658:and negative events experienced. 5109: 5097: 4166: 2531:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00660.x 1879:. Brian Levine: The Levine Lab ( 1250:Conway, Martin A. (2005-10-01). 946:Maintenance of a detailed memory 23: 3449: 2955: 2906: 2857: 2818: 2726: 2605:Lancaster University Library id 1891: 1865: 1807: 1781: 1758: 1744:Marshall, Jessia (2008-02-13). 1737: 1705: 892: 578: 198:The working self is similar to 189: 102:Autobiographical knowledge base 37:may be too short to adequately 4774:Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model 4647:Memory and social interactions 4061:Journal of Memory and Language 3369:Behaviour Research and Therapy 3275:Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2739:. Cambridge University Press. 2719:11858/00-001M-0000-002B-2CD1-7 2654:Journal of Memory and Language 1284: 1256:Journal of Memory and Language 1205: 1019: 960: 823:for younger and older adults. 780: 438:practice is called egocentric 353:is an autobiographical memory 47:provide an accessible overview 1: 4019:10.1016/s1364-6613(98)01152-8 3972:10.1016/s0140-6736(95)91736-5 2968:British Journal of Psychology 2733:Rubin, David C., ed. 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(2008). 1960:Consciousness and Cognition 1803:– via Wordpress site. 1766:"What's Your Memory Style?" 1456:10.1037/0096-3445.117.4.371 1191:10.1037/0033-295x.107.2.261 841: 637: 617: 10: 5153: 4821:Levels of Processing model 4746:World Memory Championships 4579:Lost in the mall technique 4426:dissociative (psychogenic) 3937:10.1037/0278-7393.27.4.920 3772:10.1016/j.tics.2005.08.005 3737:10.1037/0882-7974.17.4.636 3642:10.1037/0882-7974.17.4.677 3381:10.1016/j.brat.2007.12.007 3287:10.1037/0021-843x.105.1.34 2694:"Psychometric experiments" 2585:10.1037/0096-3445.125.1.69 2427:10.1037/0022-3514.82.2.167 1887:) – via Weebly site. 1832:10.1016/j.tics.2018.04.007 1592:10.1521/soco.23.1.91.59198 1495:10.1037/0882-7974.21.3.510 933:Construction and retrieval 830: 797:Episodic to semantic shift 596: 550: 281:emotional resilience. The 225:Copies vs. Reconstructions 5092: 5047: 5016: 4875: 4868: 4761: 4733: 4665: 4622: 4594: 4554: 4496: 4391: 4297: 4272: 4224: 4217: 4174: 3595:10.1080/09658210143000353 3329:10.1080/02699930500342639 3146:10.1080/09658210802010463 2483:10.1037/0022-3514.88.1.50 2223:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.10.002 2094:10.1007/s10339-009-0336-1 1410:10.1037/1089-2680.5.2.123 1366:10.1007/978-94-015-7967-4 1293:"Autobiographical Memory" 1269:10.1016/j.jml.2005.08.005 1027:"Autobiographical Memory" 367:Moderators of perspective 283:effects of mood on memory 4859:The Seven Sins of Memory 4804:Intermediate-term memory 4609:Indirect tests of memory 4586:Recovered-memory therapy 4536:Misattribution of memory 2932:10.1525/mp.2021.38.5.435 2843:10.1177/1029864915597567 2745:10.1017/cbo9780511558313 1291:Gregory, Lauren (2011), 1084:Memory in the Real World 986:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00219 919:temporoparietal junction 759:The retention function ( 474:or discontinuity of the 406:Studies have shown that 219:Biographical or Personal 209: 183:Autonoetic consciousness 132:Event-specific knowledge 4546:Source-monitoring error 3880:10.1111/1467-9280.02453 3858:Talarico, Jennifer M.; 3317:Cognition & Emotion 3236:Cognition & Emotion 2736:Autobiographical Memory 2377:10.1023/A:1018831001880 2265:10.1111/1467-9280.00409 973:Frontiers in Psychology 251:source-monitoring error 67:Autobiographical memory 4953:George Armitage Miller 4913:Patricia Goldman-Rakic 4073:10.1006/jmla.2001.2781 3527:Memory & Cognition 3248:10.1080/02699930302287 1794:Agykutatás egyszerűen 1699:10.1002/acp.2350040407 1087:(3rd ed.). Hove: 907: 720:mood congruence theory 606: 560: 452:objectification theory 302:Individual differences 174: 5116:Philosophy portal 5104:Psychology portal 4968:Henry L. Roediger III 4569:False memory syndrome 4541:Misinformation effect 4521:Imagination inflation 3868:Psychological Science 2710:10.1093/brain/2.2.149 2519:Psychological Science 2253:Psychological Science 1885:University of Toronto 1873:"What is SDAM ?" 1252:"Memory and the self" 905: 880:False memory syndrome 667:mood-congruent memory 604: 558: 172: 4473:Motivated forgetting 3813:Memory and Cognition 3725:Psychology and Aging 3672:Psychology and Aging 3630:Psychology and Aging 3036:Memory and Cognition 2082:Cognitive Processing 2030:Cognitive Psychology 1635:(2). Hove: 193–202. 1483:Psychology and Aging 1169:Psychological Review 821:involuntary memories 756:or infantile amnesia 704:psychological trauma 351:observer perspective 231:Specific vs. Generic 4983:Arthur P. Shimamura 4883:Richard C. Atkinson 4700:Effects of exercise 4574:Memory implantation 4458:Interference theory 4374:Selective retention 4354:Meaningful learning 3474:2011PLoSO...625349B 1346:Conway, Martin A.; 742:Temporal components 499:salient self's view 330:Memory perspectives 5080:Andriy Slyusarchuk 4903:Hermann Ebbinghaus 4809:Involuntary memory 4710:Memory improvement 4695:Effects of alcohol 4657:Transactive memory 4635:Politics of memory 4604:Exceptional memory 3862:(September 2003). 3826:10.3758/bf03196443 3715:Berntsen, Dorthe; 3540:10.3758/bf03211330 3049:10.3758/bf03194952 2980:10.1111/bjop.12639 1954:(September 2011). 1950:Rice, Heather J.; 1101:. (Master e-book) 908: 861:flashbulb memories 712:semantic knowledge 648:fading affect bias 611:Emotional memories 607: 561: 559:Writing in a diary 237:Field vs. Observer 175: 140:Originating events 5124: 5123: 5088: 5087: 5075:Cosmos Rossellius 4923:Marcia K. Johnson 4794:Exosomatic memory 4779:Context-dependent 4769:Absent-mindedness 4652:Memory conformity 4630:Collective memory 4531:Memory conformity 4468:Memory inhibition 4387: 4386: 4379:Tip of the tongue 4103:(12): 2189–2208. 2831:Musicae Scientiae 1771:Neuroscience News 1641:10.1080/741938208 1375:978-94-015-7967-4 1314:978-0-387-79061-9 833:Positivity effect 827:Positivity effect 791:episodic memories 774:Infantile amnesia 768:reminiscence bump 652:coping mechanisms 514:Effects of trauma 446:Effects of gender 340:field perspective 246:Remember vs. Know 164:episodic memories 64: 63: 5144: 5114: 5113: 5112: 5102: 5101: 5100: 5055:Jonathan Hancock 5008:Robert Stickgold 4978:Richard Shiffrin 4933:Elizabeth Loftus 4873: 4872: 4789:Childhood memory 4596:Research methods 4478:Repressed memory 4453:Forgetting curve 4441:transient global 4312:Autobiographical 4222: 4221: 4161: 4154: 4147: 4138: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4120: 4097:Neuropsychologia 4088: 4077: 4076: 4052: 4039: 4038: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3891: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3838: 3828: 3801: 3792: 3791: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3695: 3684:10.1037/a0015785 3663: 3654: 3653: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3574: 3563: 3562: 3552: 3542: 3515: 3506: 3505: 3495: 3485: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3406: 3393: 3392: 3360: 3349: 3348: 3308: 3299: 3298: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3227: 3210: 3209: 3185: 3174: 3173: 3125: 3108: 3107: 3105: 3073: 3062: 3061: 3051: 3027: 3018: 3017: 2999: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2934: 2919:Music Perception 2910: 2904: 2903: 2893: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2789: 2774:Neuropsychologia 2765: 2759: 2758: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2651: 2642: 2627: 2626: 2564: 2551: 2550: 2510: 2495: 2494: 2476: 2452: 2439: 2438: 2406: 2389: 2388: 2371:(5/6): 459–467. 2356: 2337: 2336: 2311:(3): 1498–1503. 2296: 2285: 2284: 2244: 2227: 2226: 2217:(4): 1060–1066. 2208: 2199: 2178: 2177: 2154: 2145: 2144: 2141:10.1002/acp.1634 2120: 2114: 2113: 2073: 2062: 2061: 2021: 1994: 1993: 1983: 1947: 1938: 1937: 1919: 1904:Neuropsychologia 1895: 1889: 1888: 1869: 1863: 1862: 1856: 1854: 1811: 1805: 1804: 1802: 1801: 1785: 1779: 1778: 1762: 1756: 1755: 1741: 1735: 1727: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1678: 1669: 1668: 1620: 1614: 1613: 1603: 1580:Social Cognition 1567: 1554: 1553: 1529: 1523: 1522: 1474: 1468: 1467: 1435: 1426: 1425: 1389: 1380: 1379: 1343: 1332: 1331: 1330: 1329: 1288: 1282: 1281: 1271: 1247: 1222: 1221: 1209: 1203: 1202: 1184: 1160: 1131: 1130: 1089:Psychology Press 1078: 1043: 1042: 1040: 1039: 1023: 1017: 1016: 1006: 988: 964: 806:and colleagues. 546:Methods of study 540:coping mechanism 416:Western cultures 412:Eastern cultures 402:Cultural effects 152:analogous events 148:anchoring events 118:Lifetime periods 108:autobiographical 59: 56: 50: 27: 19: 5152: 5151: 5147: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5142: 5141: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5110: 5108: 5098: 5096: 5084: 5065:Dominic O'Brien 5043: 5012: 4993:Susumu Tonegawa 4973:Daniel Schacter 4948:Eleanor Maguire 4938:Geoffrey Loftus 4893:Stephen J. Ceci 4888:Robert A. Bjork 4864: 4783:state-dependent 4757: 4729: 4661: 4642:Cultural memory 4618: 4614:Memory disorder 4590: 4550: 4492: 4383: 4293: 4268: 4213: 4170: 4165: 4135: 4134: 4089: 4080: 4053: 4042: 3999: 3995: 3956: 3952: 3917: 3913: 3860:Rubin, David C. 3856: 3852: 3805:Rubin, David C. 3802: 3795: 3766:(10): 496–502. 3756: 3752: 3717:Rubin, David C. 3713: 3709: 3664: 3657: 3622: 3618: 3575: 3566: 3519:Rubin, David C. 3516: 3509: 3454: 3450: 3407: 3396: 3361: 3352: 3309: 3302: 3267: 3263: 3228: 3213: 3186: 3177: 3126: 3111: 3094:10.1002/acp.856 3074: 3065: 3028: 3021: 2960: 2956: 2911: 2907: 2862: 2858: 2823: 2819: 2787:10.1.1.421.6932 2766: 2762: 2755: 2731: 2727: 2690:Galton, Francis 2687: 2683: 2649: 2643: 2630: 2565: 2554: 2511: 2498: 2474:10.1.1.323.9004 2453: 2442: 2407: 2392: 2357: 2340: 2297: 2288: 2245: 2230: 2206: 2200: 2181: 2174: 2155: 2148: 2121: 2117: 2074: 2065: 2022: 1997: 1952:Rubin, David C. 1948: 1941: 1896: 1892: 1871: 1870: 1866: 1852: 1850: 1812: 1808: 1799: 1797: 1786: 1782: 1764: 1763: 1759: 1742: 1738: 1710: 1706: 1679: 1672: 1621: 1617: 1572:Rubin, David C. 1568: 1557: 1530: 1526: 1475: 1471: 1436: 1429: 1390: 1383: 1376: 1348:Rubin, David C. 1344: 1335: 1327: 1325: 1315: 1289: 1285: 1248: 1225: 1210: 1206: 1182:10.1.1.621.9717 1161: 1134: 1099: 1079: 1046: 1037: 1035: 1025: 1024: 1020: 965: 961: 956: 948: 935: 926:domain-specific 900: 898:Neural networks 895: 873: 852: 844: 835: 829: 816: 799: 783: 744: 739: 708:episodic memory 650:. In addition, 640: 620: 599: 581: 553: 548: 516: 468: 448: 432:individualistic 404: 369: 332: 304: 295: 293:Memory disorder 259: 212: 192: 104: 95: 87:explicit memory 60: 54: 51: 44: 32:This article's 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5150: 5140: 5139: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5118: 5106: 5093: 5090: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5060:Paul R. McHugh 5057: 5051: 5049: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5020: 5018: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4918:Ivan Izquierdo 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4879: 4877: 4870: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4862: 4855: 4845: 4844: 4843: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4817: 4816: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4776: 4771: 4765: 4763: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4755: 4750: 4749: 4748: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4691: 4690: 4685: 4675: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4638: 4637: 4626: 4624: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4600: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4588: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4571: 4566: 4560: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4516:Hindsight bias 4513: 4508: 4502: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4463:Memory erasure 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4444: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4421:post-traumatic 4418: 4413: 4408: 4397: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4359:Personal-event 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4335: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4314: 4309: 4303: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4291: 4289:Working memory 4286: 4278: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4266: 4261: 4259:Motor learning 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4230: 4228: 4219: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4178: 4176: 4175:Basic concepts 4172: 4171: 4164: 4163: 4156: 4149: 4141: 4133: 4132: 4078: 4067:(3): 493–524. 4040: 4013:(4): 137–145. 3993: 3950: 3931:(4): 920–930. 3911: 3874:(5): 455–461. 3850: 3819:(6): 887–901. 3793: 3750: 3731:(4): 636–652. 3707: 3678:(2): 397–411. 3655: 3636:(4): 677–689. 3616: 3589:(4): 239–257. 3564: 3533:(6): 859–866. 3507: 3468:(10): e25349. 3448: 3421:(2): 258–268. 3394: 3375:(3): 322–333. 3350: 3323:(3): 466–487. 3300: 3261: 3242:(5): 703–723. 3211: 3200:(5): 399–413. 3175: 3140:(5): 538–547. 3109: 3088:(3): 281–294. 3063: 3042:(4): 511–518. 3019: 2974:(3): 580–604. 2954: 2925:(5): 435–455. 2905: 2856: 2837:(4): 327–349. 2817: 2780:(5): 487–500. 2760: 2753: 2725: 2704:(2): 149–162. 2681: 2628: 2552: 2525:(4): 248–253. 2496: 2440: 2421:(2): 167–179. 2390: 2338: 2286: 2228: 2179: 2172: 2146: 2115: 2063: 2036:(4): 467–482. 1995: 1966:(3): 568–577. 1939: 1890: 1864: 1826:(7): 583–597. 1806: 1796:(in Hungarian) 1780: 1774:. 2015-12-10. 1757: 1736: 1704: 1693:(4): 321–335. 1670: 1615: 1574:(2005-02-01). 1555: 1544:(4): 371–386. 1524: 1489:(3): 510–525. 1469: 1450:(4): 371–376. 1427: 1404:(2): 123–134. 1381: 1374: 1333: 1313: 1283: 1262:(4): 594–628. 1223: 1204: 1175:(2): 261–288. 1132: 1123:978-1135419875 1115:978-1841696416 1107:978-1841696409 1098:978-0203934852 1097: 1044: 1018: 958: 957: 955: 952: 947: 944: 934: 931: 899: 896: 894: 891: 872: 871:False memories 869: 851: 848: 843: 840: 831:Main article: 828: 825: 815: 812: 798: 795: 782: 779: 771: 770: 764: 761:recency effect 757: 743: 740: 738: 737:Effects of age 735: 639: 636: 619: 616: 598: 595: 580: 577: 552: 549: 547: 544: 515: 512: 504: 503: 494: 493: 488: 487: 467: 464: 447: 444: 403: 400: 399: 398: 395:Self-awareness 392: 385: 368: 365: 360: 359: 347: 331: 328: 303: 300: 294: 291: 258: 255: 241: 240: 234: 228: 222: 211: 208: 200:working memory 191: 188: 144:turning points 125:General events 103: 100: 94: 91: 62: 61: 41:the key points 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5149: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5117: 5107: 5105: 5095: 5094: 5091: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5040: 5039:Clive Wearing 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5015: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5003:Endel Tulving 5001: 4999: 4998:Anne Treisman 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4958:Brenda Milner 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4943:James McGaugh 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4908:Sigmund Freud 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4874: 4871: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4856: 4853: 4852:retrospective 4849: 4846: 4842: 4839: 4838: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4831:Muscle memory 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4760: 4754: 4751: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4732: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4678:Art of memory 4676: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4631: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4621: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4587: 4584: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4526:Memory biases 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4506:Confabulation 4504: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4498:Memory errors 4495: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4416:post-hypnotic 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4390: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4369:Rote learning 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4344:Hyperthymesia 4342: 4340: 4337: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4307:Active recall 4305: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4223: 4220: 4216: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4204:Consolidation 4202: 4200: 4197: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4162: 4157: 4155: 4150: 4148: 4143: 4142: 4139: 4128: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3997: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3954: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3915: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3798: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3754: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3662: 3660: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3620: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3514: 3512: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3452: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3307: 3305: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3026: 3024: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2958: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2764: 2756: 2754:9780521368506 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2737: 2729: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2692:(July 1879). 2691: 2685: 2676: 2675:2027.42/26271 2671: 2667: 2663: 2660:(1): 93–103. 2659: 2655: 2648: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2624: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2205: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2175: 2173:9780521657235 2169: 2165: 2164: 2159: 2153: 2151: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2119: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1946: 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