35:
6134:
6659:
6639:
6610:
6568:
6532:
6503:
6474:
6438:
6396:
6360:
6331:
6302:
6266:
6244:
6208:
6179:
6150:
6691:
5703:
4862:
1400:, and may be elongated into an oval for longer strings of symbols. This was illustrated in the 1997 edition of the chart, where the circle was typeset as ( ̲̅) and longer strings as e.g. (a̲̅a̲̅a̲̅). There is no way to typeset this in Unicode that does not require spurious characters between the letters (as here), but it may be graphically approximated with an unused set of brackets, such as ⦇aaa⦈.
1377:
indicated instead, as in ⸨cough⸩ or ⸨knock⸩, as in the illustrative transcription below; this notation may be used for extraneous noise that does not obscure speech, but which the transcriber nonetheless wishes to notate (e.g. because someone says 'excuse me' after coughing, or verbally responds to the knock on the door, and the noise is thus required to understand the speech).
857:
voicing at the beginning or end of the sound. For the latter, both parentheses mean the sound is (de)voiced in the middle, while the single parentheses mean complete (de)voicing at the beginning or end of the sound. The implication is that such voicing or devoicing is atypical of the language being spoken. For example, ⟨
1357:(voice-quality symbols) take IPA and extIPA diacritics, as well as several additional diacritics that are potentially available for extIPA transcription. The subscript dot for 'whisper' is sometimes found in IPA transcription, though in IPA the diacritic has also been used for apical-retroflex articulation.
1318:
The arrow for sliding articulation was first used for for 'watch' and for 'zipper'. It is most commonly observed in quick changes from the blade to the tip of the tongue (laminal to apical) in plosives and fricatives, such as and , or vice versa, but is not limited to that; the consonants may also
2270:
Original text: "The World Cup Finals of 1982 are held in Spain this year. They will involve the top nations of the World in a tournament lasting over four weeks, held at fourteen different centers in Spain. All of the first-round games will be in the provincial towns with the semi-finals, and finals
2391:
Normally in the IPA, a transcription with a coronal letter, such as , is assumed to be alveolar unless a diacritic is added to indicate otherwise (e.g. dental or post-alveolar ). However, a speech pathologist may need to indicate whether the alveolar target is actually achieved, and so may overtly
856:
The transcriptions for partial voicing and devoicing may be used in either the sense of degrees of voicing or in the sense that the voicing is discontinuous. For the former, both parentheses indicate the sound is mildly (partially) voiced throughout, and single parentheses mean a partial degree of
1376:
Double parentheses indicate that transcription is uncertain because of extraneous noise or speech, as when one person talks over another. As much detail as possible may be included, as in ⸨2 syll.⸩ or ⸨2σ⸩ for two obscured syllables. This is also IPA usage. Sometimes the obscuring noise will be
2361:. A double (stacked) nasal diacritic may have greater spacing than the single diacritic U+034C, depending on the font. A double nasal diacritic would occur on vowels, while a velopharyngeal diacritic typically occurs on consonants, though not always. For clarity, superscript ⟨
681:
The extIPA has widened the use of some of the regular IPA symbols, such as for pre-aspiration and for uvularization, and has added some new ones. Some of these extIPA diacritics are occasionally used for non-disordered speech, for example for the unusual airstream mechanisms of
1396: indicates an undetermined or indeterminate voiceless plosive. Regular IPA and extIPA letters may also be circled to indicate that their identification is uncertain. For example, ⓚ indicates that the segment is judged to probably be . This is effectively a
1373:. Parentheses are also used to indicate silent pauses, for example (...); the length of the pause may be indicated, as in (2.3 sec). A very short (.) may be used to indicate an absence of co-articulation between adjacent segments, for instance rather than .
872:
Altering the position of a diacritic relative to the letter indicates that the phonation begins before the consonant or vowel does or continues beyond it. The voiceless ring and other phonation diacritics can be used in the same way if needed. For example,
2252:
is incompletely articulated. However, due to the ambiguous meaning of superscripting in the IPA, this is not a convention supported by the ICPLA. An unambiguous transcription would mark the consonant more specifically as weakened () or silent ().
693:
diacritics to indicate partial phonation; a single parenthesis at the left or right of the voicing indicates that it is partially phonated at the beginning or end of the segment. These conventions may be convenient for representing various
1337:
Any IPA letter may be used in superscript form as a diacritic, to indicate the onset, release or 'flavor' of another letter. In extIPA, this is provided specifically for the fricative release of a plosive. For example,
137:
Many sounds found only in disordered speech are indicated with diacritics, though an increasing number of dedicated letters are used as well. Special letters are included to transcribe the speech of people with
1759:
row is added here. Several new columns appear as well, though the linguolabial column is the result of a standard-IPA diacritic. Dorso-velar and velo-dorsal are combined here, as are upper and lower alveolar.
3204:
2471:
Because a formatting trick has been used here, the symbol cannot be copied and pasted from this page. In a supporting font, the combining circle U+20DD will accept the click wildcard letter
3240:
1380:
In the extIPA, indistinguishable/unidentifiable sounds are circled rather than placed in single parentheses as in IPA. An empty circle, ◯, is used for an indeterminate segment,
2245:
The customary use of superscript IPA letters is formalized in the extIPA, specifically for fricative releases of plosives, as can be seen in the lower-left of the full chart.
3214:
2510:
119:
3224:
2248:
Speech pathologists also often use superscripting to indicate that a target sound has not been reached – for example, for an instance of the word 'chicken' where the
3209:
146:. The extIPA repeats several standard-IPA diacritics that are unfamiliar to most people but transcribe features that are common in disordered speech. These include
2452:
Unicode encodes a combining circle diacritic (U+20DD) that will work with any IPA letter, but as of 2020 it is not widely included in fonts. For example, ⟨
3194:
68:
1747:
Three rows appear in the extIPA chart that do not occur in the IPA chart: "fricative lateral + median" (simultaneous grooved and lateral frication), "
3171:
3156:
1384: σ an indeterminate syllable, Ⓒ a segment identifiable only as a consonant, etc. Full capital letters, such as C in Ⓒ, are used as
2430:
Although not specified by the extIPA, the offset symbols are generally taken to refer to the interlocutor's left and right, not the speaker's.
6063:
4109:
3855:
1411:
of connected speech. These are subscripted within a {curly brace} notation to indicate that they are comments on the intervening text. The
293:
4123:
4116:
3862:
4337:
4095:
3841:
1322:
The slit-grooved distinction of the channel shape of front fricatives may be handled with these diacritics, with for example ⟨
323:
1291:
Slurred/sliding articulation (a consonantal diphthong, moving from one articulation to another within the time of a single segment)
182:⟩ for an apical r; these articulations are indistinguishable in sound and so are rarely identified in non-disordered speech.
6745:
3106:
5852:
4130:
3827:
1385:
670:(tongue slap). This letter is used with the alveolar and palatal clicks for and , clicks with percussive release, or "clucks".
130:. Some of the symbols are used for transcribing features of normal speech in IPA transcription, and are accepted as such by the
6025:
5955:
5891:
5814:
4102:
3848:
865:⟩ would indicate that the transcriber found the devoicing to be atypical, as in pathological speech. Similarly, ⟨
698:. Phonation diacritics may also be prefixed or suffixed to represent relative timing beyond the segment (pre- and post-voicing
2308:
The up-arrow for egressive airflow is no longer present in the 2016 extIPA chart but is mentioned in the accompanying article.
6700:
6235:
6020:
5898:
5795:
5712:
4871:
4632:
4539:
3120:
2874:
1346:⟩ is with lateral-plus-central release. Combining diacritics can be added to superscript diacritics, such as ⟨
353:
5975:
5912:
5717:
4722:
4614:
4521:
3834:
2382:. A double (stacked) minus may be narrower or have greater spacing than the single diacritic U+0347, depending on the font.
702:). The following are examples; in principle, any IPA or extIPA diacritic may be parenthesized or displaced in this manner.
667:
497:
Voiceless velopharyngeal trill or 'snort'. (Velopharyngeal fricative accompanied by uvular trill. may be equivalent to .)
1342:⟩ is with a lateral-fricative release (similar to the velar lateral affricate , but with less frication); ⟨
170:⟩ for a sound (segment or feature) with no available symbol (letter or diacritic). The novel transcription ⟨
6251:
6068:
5919:
5865:
5821:
5251:
5206:
4709:
4646:
4553:
4004:
3760:
399:
300:, with simultaneous airflow through the sibilant groove in the tongue and across the side of the tongue), intended for a
1365:
The
Extended IPA has adopted bracket notation from conventions transcribing discourse. Parentheses are used to indicate
6273:
6048:
5833:
5802:
5217:
5169:
5155:
5097:
5083:
4731:
4639:
4546:
3151:
3073:
2956:
579:
376:
131:
6322:
5997:
5982:
5762:
5231:
4749:
4660:
4621:
4567:
4528:
4285:
3028:
2990:
2968:
2946:
2839:
1330:⟩ for ungrooved (non-sibilant) aveolar fricatives. This is a common topic in speech pathology, though ⟨
430:
28:
2628:
Bernhardt & Ball (1993) Characteristics of
Atypical Speech currently not included in the Extensions to the IPA.
2484:
The dorsal lateral fricatives will not display unless you have an supporting font installed, such as the free fonts
6750:
6494:
5748:
5224:
4876:
4803:
4740:
4653:
4560:
4067:
4011:
3976:
3767:
3732:
2961:
Handbook of the
International Phonetic Association : a guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
1403:
Curly brackets with
Italian musical terms are used for phonation and prosodic notation, such as and terms for the
6559:
6338:
6293:
5858:
5840:
4785:
4053:
3809:
3115:
1580:
598:
123:
50:
6510:
6465:
6351:
5768:
5707:
5702:
5134:
5062:
4866:
4861:
4667:
4574:
4220:
4179:
3915:
3582:
2918:
2787:
1397:
6523:
6309:
6170:
5776:
5658:
5518:
5486:
4810:
4074:
3990:
3983:
3746:
3739:
3568:
6630:
6481:
6367:
6058:
5754:
5649:
5638:
5550:
5162:
5090:
4792:
4250:
4060:
4039:
3962:
3816:
3795:
3718:
3199:
3099:
2453:
2418:
2362:
2358:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2292:
2249:
2219:
2209:
2198:
2180:
2175:
2159:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2130:
2123:
2118:
2104:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2053:
2049:
2040:
2035:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1987:
1976:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1903:
1893:
1885:
1873:
1868:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1468:
1462:
1393:
1370:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1312:
1294:
1283:
1263:
1259:
1243:
1238:
1222:
1207:
1193:
1181:
1168:
1154:
1141:
1133:
1115:
1101:
1079:
1073:
1060:
1039:
1027:
1003:
993:
979:
961:
948:
933:
925:
909:
895:
878:
874:
866:
862:
858:
842:
830:
817:
807:
792:
780:
767:
759:
746:
738:
728:
721:
713:
659:
654:
649:
630:
611:
587:
568:
547:
531:
523:
507:
484:
479:
471:
456:
451:
438:
434:
420:
415:
407:
403:
389:
384:
366:
361:
343:
338:
330:
313:
308:
297:
283:
278:
225:
179:
171:
167:
159:
151:
64:
60:
6755:
6539:
6186:
6141:
5871:
5665:
5148:
5127:
5076:
4819:
4237:
4193:
4186:
4137:
3929:
3922:
3873:
3618:
3589:
3438:
3267:
2515:
2926:
2350:
This diacritic potentially conflicts with the occasional IPA use of a double tilde for a high degree of
1138:(on a coronal letter) class-3 occlusion (tongue protrudes past upper teeth, as with a severe underbite)
1022:
friction (especially noisy nasal airstream caused by turbulent airflow through the velopharyngeal port)
6695:
6690:
6601:
6199:
5782:
5679:
5601:
4479:
4372:
4259:
4165:
4081:
3997:
3901:
3753:
3600:
3575:
3554:
2896:(1990). "Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for the transcription of atypical speech".
1311:
Diacritics may be placed within parentheses as the voicing diacritics are above. For example, ⟨
1032:(on an oral letter) nasal fricative escape (audible turbulent airflow through the nostrils, as with a
6650:
6387:
6157:
6053:
5672:
5592:
5581:
5183:
5141:
5111:
5069:
4443:
4151:
4046:
3969:
3887:
3802:
3725:
3632:
3483:
3454:
242:
Several letters and superscript forms were added to
Unicode 14 and 15. They are included in the free
197:. Sounds sometimes found in the world's languages that do not have symbols in the basic IPA include
6617:
6429:
6215:
5730:
5608:
5176:
5104:
4828:
4425:
4399:
4348:
4268:
4200:
4144:
3880:
3660:
3625:
3465:
3445:
3424:
861:⟩ would be used for the usual devoicing or partial devoicing of the language, while ⟨
446:
6666:
6579:
6403:
5622:
5018:
4486:
4319:
4310:
4293:
4172:
4088:
3908:
3646:
3607:
3561:
3497:
3092:
2240:
1415:
conventions use similar notation for voice quality. These may be combined, for example with VoQS
812:
2374:
This diacritic potentially conflicts with the occasional IPA use of a double minus for a highly
6445:
5615:
5379:
5317:
5009:
4998:
4943:
4465:
4450:
4330:
4158:
3894:
3639:
3525:
3490:
3381:
3366:
3350:
2375:
956:
46:
877:⟩ indicates that voicelessness continues past the , more or less equivalent to ⟨
5441:
5368:
5348:
5306:
5286:
5025:
4922:
4432:
4406:
4381:
4355:
3667:
3511:
3472:
3431:
3361:
3322:
3166:
2505:
2262:
1618:
1126:
1110:
202:
24:
2754:; Dickson, Craig (December 1995). "The VoQS System for the Transcription of Voice Quality".
5904:
5430:
5410:
5388:
5326:
5039:
4978:
4301:
3653:
3504:
3406:
1752:
1726:
1069:
606:
563:
502:
194:
3084:
2405:. This is not an obvious reading of the diacritic and was not the intention of the extIPA.
2337:⟩ at small type sizes. If clarity is needed, a different diacritic such as ⟨
8:
6705:
5968:
5572:
5459:
5450:
5359:
5297:
5046:
5032:
4950:
4472:
3532:
3386:
3343:
2551:
1642:
918:
904:
641:
622:
236:
212:
ExtIPA was revised and expanded in 2015; the new symbols were added to
Unicode in 2021.
5991:
5421:
4987:
4936:
4915:
3674:
3518:
3376:
3356:
3310:
3055:
2880:
2845:
2807:
2771:
2735:
2355:
1718:
1701:
1163:
1147:
3079:
6416:
5947:
5342:
5193:
4957:
4884:
4498:
3411:
3391:
3333:
3219:
3059:
3024:
2996:
2986:
2964:
2942:
2884:
2870:
2835:
2811:
2775:
2739:
2715:
2489:
1670:
1230:
1217:
273:
247:
206:
163:
2849:
6226:
5280:
4971:
4929:
3401:
3371:
3338:
3328:
3047:
3016:
2934:
2905:
2862:
2861:. Empirical Approaches to Linguistic Theory. Vol. 15. Brill. pp. 74–128.
2827:
2799:
2763:
2727:
2402:
1697:
1666:
1408:
988:
695:
86:
6550:
6284:
5741:
5271:
4964:
4393:
3396:
3262:
3015:. Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
2978:
1748:
1679:
1658:
190:
127:
6456:
2938:
2922:
2893:
2819:
2783:
2747:
2711:
2547:
2379:
2288:
1019:
786:
186:
20:
2909:
2866:
2831:
2803:
2767:
2731:
6739:
6115:
5632:
5474:
4888:
3020:
1199:
1187:
230:
147:
2904:(4). International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association: 273–280.
869:⟩ would indicate atypical devoicing at the beginning of the segment.
5961:
3683:
2485:
2351:
1722:
836:
467:
327:
301:
220:
The non-IPA letters found in the extIPA are listed in the following table.
155:
143:
625:(for lips smacking together; cf. non-percussive for lips smacking apart)
526:⟩, was used for a voiceless velodorsal plosive from 2008 to 2015.)
6713:
6127:
6110:
5884:
5404:
4208:
3277:
3255:
2751:
1646:
519:
2462:⟩ combines U+20DD with σ to represent an unidentifiable syllable.
6592:
6120:
3418:
3272:
3008:
1033:
78:
Extensions to the
International Phonetic Alphabet for Disordered Speech
3080:
Pronunciation videos of consonants in the main extIPA chart as of 2008
2857:
Bennett, William G. (2020). "Click
Phonology". In Sands, Bonny (ed.).
2261:
A sample transcription of a written text read aloud, using extIPA and
34:
6378:
5880:
5121:
5054:
3940:
3696:
3300:
1634:
1626:
1251:
690:
689:
One modification of regular IPA is the use of parentheses around the
6684:
6015:
5937:
5931:
5696:
4855:
3693:
3051:
1710:
56:
3038:
van der Voort, Hein (2005). "Kwaza in a
Comparative Perspective".
2955:
2679:
5788:
4992:
3548:
3250:
3000:
1756:
1687:
1302:
1047:
243:
198:
175:
2317:
Distinct from the mathematical superscript equals sign, U+207C
1388:, and may combine with IPA and extIPA diacritics. For example,
1326:⟩ for grooved (sibilant) dental fricatives, and ⟨
209:, and fricatives that are simultaneously lateral and sibilant.
2333:⟩ is nearly indistinguishable from the denasal ⟨
6091:
3245:
2651:
2649:
2511:
2440:
2341:⟩ (suggesting nasal escape) might be more distinctive.
1734:
1404:
1360:
1334:⟩ occur in non-pathological speech in some languages.
1088:
683:
2891:
2667:
2655:
2590:
2414:
The latter could be specified by doubling the diacritic for
1369:(silent articulation), as in the common silent sign to hush
1208:
120:
International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association
3114:
2822:; Lowry, Orla M. (2001). "Transcribing Disordered Speech".
1610:
Unidentified and partially identified sounds in recordings
1412:
1354:
221:
139:
110:
104:
89:
2646:
2401:
Occasionally seen on rounded vowel letters to transcribe
2790:; Miller, Kirk (2018). "Revisions to the extIPA chart".
518:
Voiceless velodorsal plosive. (The old IPA letter for a
466:
Voiceless velopharyngeal fricative (often occurs with a
2892:
Duckworth, Martin; Allen, George; Hardcastle, William;
1588:
Extraneous noise; speech obscured by extraneous noise
1050:(as with a headcold; complements the nasal diacritic)
2716:"Further to Articulatory Force and the IPA Revisions"
1198:(complements the diacritics for rounding – see
118:, are a set of letters and diacritics devised by the
98:
92:
4893:
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
107:
101:
55:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
38:
Extended IPA Chart for Disordered Speech, as of 2015
16:
Disordered speech additions to the phonetic alphabet
3074:
Chart of extended IPA symbols for disordered speech
1764:Consonants not appearing on the standard IPA chart
95:
1076:⟩ may be used for a true glottal fricative
2792:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
2756:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
2746:
2720:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
6737:
2916:
2782:
2690:
2688:
69:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
1190:(class-2 occlusion, as with a severe overbite)
185:Sounds restricted to disordered speech include
2921:(2008). "Clinical Phonetic Transcription". In
239:), as VoQS started off as a subset of extIPA.
6064:Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop
3100:
3040:International Journal of American Linguistics
3037:
2963:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
2685:
2624:
2622:
2614:
1315:⟩ indicates a partially denasalized .
2985:. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
2365:⟩ may be used for the velopharyngeal.
2329:The symbol for the nareal fricative ⟨
294:Voiceless grooved lateral alveolar fricative
250:fonts as of version 6.2 from February 2023.
3046:(4). University of Chicago Press: 365–412.
2586:
2584:
2582:
1386:wild-cards for certain categories of sounds
1273:Offset to the left and right, respectively
193:(a.k.a. nareal fricatives) and some of the
3107:
3093:
2619:
2546:
1361:Prosodic notation and indeterminate sounds
1233:fricatives (including lowered tongue tip)
3162:Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)
2977:
2818:
2694:
2602:
324:Voiced grooved lateral alveolar fricative
2579:
1350:⟩ for with bidental aspiration.
224:letters may also be used, as in ⟨
33:
2856:
2680:International Phonetic Association 1999
2296:
2234:
23:. For other extensions to the IPA, see
6738:
3332:
2572:
2570:
2568:
437:⟩ or, in standard IPA, ⟨
433:. The voiced fricative may be ⟨
406:⟩ or, in standard IPA, ⟨
402:. The voiced fricative may be ⟨
6089:
5571:
5270:
4986:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3342:
3337:
3327:
3298:
3133:
3088:
3007:
2983:Preliminaries to linguistic phonetics
2826:. London: Whurr. pp. 25–40, 80.
2641:
2147:
2115:
1068:Strong articulation (not necessarily
775:subscript: U+1AC4; superscript: 1AC2
754:subscript: U+1AC3; superscript: 1AC1
733:subscript: U+1ABD; superscript: 1ABB
354:Voiceless retroflex lateral fricative
6100:
6041:
5734:
4944:
4905:
3314:
2931:The handbook of Clinical Linguistics
2710:
2552:"Unicode request for extIPA support"
2534:
668:Sublaminal lower-alveolar percussive
59:. For the distinction between ,
6069:Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
4923:
4883:Symbols to the right in a cell are
2565:
1087:Weak articulation (not necessarily
470:). The voiced fricative is ⟨
400:Voiceless palatal lateral fricative
13:
4979:
3152:International Phonetic Association
2957:International Phonetic Association
2898:Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics
580:Voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive
377:Voiced retroflex lateral fricative
132:International Phonetic Association
126:for the phonetic transcription of
14:
6767:
6665:
6649:
6629:
6616:
6600:
6578:
6558:
6538:
6522:
6509:
6493:
6480:
6464:
6444:
6428:
6415:
6402:
6386:
6366:
6350:
6337:
6321:
6308:
6292:
6272:
6250:
6234:
6214:
6198:
6185:
6169:
6156:
6140:
5996:
5981:
5974:
5954:
5930:
5918:
5911:
5897:
5890:
5864:
5851:
5839:
5832:
5820:
5813:
5801:
5794:
5775:
5761:
5747:
5678:
5671:
5664:
5657:
5648:
5637:
5621:
5614:
5607:
5600:
5591:
5580:
5549:
5517:
5485:
5458:
5449:
5440:
5429:
5420:
5409:
5387:
5378:
5367:
5358:
5347:
5325:
5316:
5305:
5296:
5285:
5250:
5230:
5223:
5216:
5205:
5182:
5175:
5168:
5161:
5154:
5147:
5140:
5133:
5126:
5110:
5103:
5096:
5089:
5082:
5075:
5068:
5061:
5045:
5038:
5031:
5024:
5017:
5008:
4997:
4951:
4827:
4818:
4809:
4802:
4791:
4784:
4748:
4739:
4730:
4721:
4708:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4620:
4613:
4573:
4566:
4559:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4527:
4520:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4449:
4442:
4431:
4424:
4405:
4398:
4380:
4371:
4354:
4347:
4336:
4329:
4318:
4309:
4300:
4284:
4267:
4258:
4249:
4236:
4219:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3717:
3682:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3606:
3599:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3471:
3464:
3453:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3407:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
3067:
2392:transcribe an alveolar nasal as .
1751:" (a.k.a. nareal fricative) and "
1319:be labial or dorsal, e.g. and .
431:Voiceless velar lateral fricative
29:Sinological extensions to the IPA
6689:
6657:
6637:
6608:
6566:
6530:
6501:
6472:
6436:
6394:
6358:
6329:
6300:
6264:
6242:
6206:
6177:
6148:
6132:
5701:
4937:
4916:
4860:
3205:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols
174:⟩ is used for an English
85:
6746:International Phonetic Alphabet
4958:
3116:International Phonetic Alphabet
2704:
2673:
2661:
2635:
2608:
2478:
2465:
2446:
2433:
2424:
2408:
2395:
2385:
2368:
2344:
2271:held in Barcelona and Madrid."
599:Voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive
124:International Phonetic Alphabet
51:International Phonetic Alphabet
6049:Nasal labial–velar approximant
4972:
4930:
3299:
3225:IPA chart for English dialects
3134:
2596:
2540:
2528:
2323:
2311:
2302:
2281:
2256:
1:
4965:
2824:Methods in Clinical Phonetics
2521:
2439:Used in the transcription of
884:Other extIPA diacritics are:
727:partial/central devoicing of
708:Partial phonation (examples)
676:
6059:Voiceless bidental fricative
3167:Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)
2291:pre-voiced ejective ⟨
2193:
2170:
2150:
2111:
2059:
2022:
1982:
1940:
1898:
1844:
1767:
847:with extended voicelessness
802:Displaced timing (examples)
718:partial/central voicing of
379:, implicit in standard IPA.
356:, implicit in standard IPA.
7:
3268:Phonetic symbols in Unicode
2516:Phonetic symbols in Unicode
2499:
1256:and apical-r, respectively
19:For the Unicode block, see
10:
6772:
6090:
2939:10.1002/9781444301007.ch23
2550:; Ball, Martin J. (2020).
2238:
1305:(reiterated articulation)
938:(in isolation) exhalation
930:(in isolation) inhalation
542:Voiced velodorsal plosive
215:
18:
6591:
6549:
6455:
6377:
6283:
6225:
6126:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6098:
6085:
6054:Nasal palatal approximant
5731:Co-articulated consonants
5631:
5576:
5539:
5507:
5472:
5403:
5341:
5279:
5240:
5192:
5120:
5053:
4991:
4977:
4970:
4963:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4935:
4928:
4921:
4914:
4912:
4764:
4686:
4593:
4497:
4392:
4292:
4207:
4034:
3938:
3790:
3692:
3547:
3417:
3349:
3321:
3307:
3294:
3233:
3187:
3144:
3140:
3129:
2933:. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
2910:10.3109/02699209008985489
2867:10.1163/9789004424357_003
2832:10.1002/9780470777879.ch3
2804:10.1017/S0025100317000147
2768:10.1017/S0025100300005181
2732:10.1017/S0025100300004783
2152:Median+lateral fricative
2046:
1937:
1890:
1865:
1609:
1597:
1587:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1549:
1539:
1527:
1517:
1504:
1466:
1456:
1277:
1172:
1158:
1119:
1105:
1095:
1054:
983:
973:
942:
913:
899:
889:
801:
707:
634:
615:
605:
591:
572:
562:
551:
535:
511:
501:
445:
272:
261:
166:fricatives , and ⟨
3021:10.1017/CBO9781139166621
2274:
1742:
1601:two syllables obscured;
178:, as opposed to ⟨
6751:Communication disorders
4903:Non-pulmonic consonants
4035:Non-sibilant fricative
3791:Non-sibilant affricate
3157:History of the alphabet
3013:Principles of phonetics
2929:; Howard, Sara (eds.).
2925:; Perkins, Michael R.;
2241:Superscript IPA letters
1577:crescendo, rallentando,
850:U+02F7 (˷), U+02F3 (˳)
797:partially denasalized
296:, (a laterally lisped
262:Superscript and example
80:, commonly abbreviated
47:phonetic transcriptions
3215:Sinological extensions
3076:(PDF, revised to 2015)
1162:(on a coronal letter)
1146:(on a glottal letter)
1125:(on a coronal letter)
1055:Articulatory strength
44:This article contains
39:
2695:Ball & Lowry 2001
2668:Duckworth et al. 1990
2656:Duckworth et al. 1990
2632:23:1, p. 35–36.
2591:Duckworth et al. 1990
2506:Voice Quality Symbols
2263:Voice Quality Symbols
2239:Further information:
1467:Silent articulation:
1186:(on a labial letter)
1109:(on a labial letter)
203:sublaminal percussive
195:percussive consonants
37:
25:Voice Quality Symbols
4687:Lateral approximant
2235:Superscript variants
2172:Lateral approximant
987:(on a nasal letter)
905:Ingressive airstream
890:Airstream mechanism
722:z̥᪽ʒ̊᪻
447:Velopharyngeal
205:, palatal and velar
3311:Pulmonic consonants
2917:Hesselwood, Barry;
2682:, pp. 176, 192
1765:
1581:other musical terms
919:Egressive airstream
642:Bidental percussive
623:Bilabial percussive
6756:1989 introductions
5241:Lateral fricative
4887:, to the left are
4594:Lateral fricative
3382:Postalveolar
3367:Linguolabial
3210:Naming conventions
3173:Journal of the IPA
2615:van der Voort 2005
2593:, pp. 277–278
2576:Ball et al. (2018)
2356:Palantla Chinantec
2113:Lateral fricative
1763:
1583:may also be used.
1284:s͢θ x͢ɕ
751:initial devoicing
207:lateral fricatives
40:
6733:
6732:
6729:
6728:
6724:
6723:
6676:
6675:
6081:
6080:
6077:
6076:
6034:
6033:
5859:Uvular–epiglottal
5726:
5725:
5688:
5687:
4899:
4898:
4847:
4846:
4765:Lateral tap/flap
3362:Labiodental
3290:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3220:World Orthography
2876:978-90-04-23268-6
2473:⟨Ʞ⟩
2403:compressed vowels
2319:⟨⁼⟩
2287:For example, the
2232:
2231:
2061:Median fricative
1740:
1739:
1500:1.2-second pause
1419:for 'falsetto':
1417:⟨F⟩
1309:
1308:
1176:Labial spreading
1014:
1001:
917:(after a letter)
903:(after a letter)
854:
853:
696:voice onset times
674:
673:
644:(gnashing teeth)
558:Velodorsal nasal
494:
427:U+1DF04, U+1079C
396:U+1DF06, U+107A1
373:U+1DF05, U+1079F
233:interdental trill
128:disordered speech
6763:
6717:
6693:
6670:
6669:
6661:
6660:
6654:
6653:
6641:
6640:
6634:
6633:
6621:
6620:
6612:
6611:
6605:
6604:
6583:
6582:
6570:
6569:
6563:
6562:
6543:
6542:
6534:
6533:
6527:
6526:
6514:
6513:
6505:
6504:
6498:
6497:
6485:
6484:
6476:
6475:
6469:
6468:
6449:
6448:
6440:
6439:
6433:
6432:
6420:
6419:
6407:
6406:
6398:
6397:
6391:
6390:
6371:
6370:
6362:
6361:
6355:
6354:
6342:
6341:
6333:
6332:
6326:
6325:
6313:
6312:
6304:
6303:
6297:
6296:
6277:
6276:
6268:
6267:
6255:
6254:
6246:
6245:
6239:
6238:
6219:
6218:
6210:
6209:
6203:
6202:
6190:
6189:
6181:
6180:
6174:
6173:
6161:
6160:
6152:
6151:
6145:
6144:
6136:
6135:
6105:
6104:
6101:
6087:
6086:
6039:
6038:
6000:
5985:
5978:
5958:
5934:
5922:
5915:
5901:
5894:
5868:
5855:
5843:
5836:
5827:Labial–retroflex
5824:
5817:
5805:
5798:
5779:
5769:Labial–retroflex
5765:
5751:
5735:
5705:
5682:
5675:
5668:
5661:
5652:
5641:
5625:
5618:
5611:
5604:
5595:
5584:
5555:
5523:
5491:
5462:
5455:
5446:
5435:
5426:
5415:
5393:
5384:
5373:
5364:
5353:
5331:
5322:
5311:
5302:
5291:
5277:bottom: uvular)
5254:
5234:
5227:
5220:
5209:
5186:
5179:
5172:
5165:
5158:
5151:
5144:
5137:
5130:
5114:
5107:
5100:
5093:
5086:
5079:
5072:
5065:
5049:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5021:
5012:
5001:
4981:
4974:
4967:
4960:
4953:
4946:
4939:
4932:
4925:
4918:
4910:
4909:
4906:
4894:
4864:
4831:
4822:
4813:
4806:
4795:
4788:
4752:
4743:
4734:
4725:
4712:
4670:
4663:
4656:
4649:
4642:
4635:
4624:
4617:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4556:
4549:
4542:
4531:
4524:
4489:
4482:
4475:
4468:
4453:
4446:
4435:
4428:
4409:
4402:
4384:
4375:
4358:
4351:
4340:
4333:
4322:
4313:
4304:
4288:
4271:
4262:
4253:
4240:
4223:
4203:
4196:
4189:
4182:
4175:
4168:
4161:
4154:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4112:
4105:
4098:
4091:
4084:
4077:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4014:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3819:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3686:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3610:
3603:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3475:
3468:
3457:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3296:
3295:
3142:
3141:
3131:
3130:
3124:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3086:
3085:
3063:
3034:
3004:
2979:Ladefoged, Peter
2974:
2952:
2913:
2888:
2859:Click Consonants
2853:
2815:
2779:
2743:
2698:
2692:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2626:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2577:
2574:
2563:
2562:
2556:
2544:
2538:
2537:, pp. 39–41
2532:
2493:
2482:
2476:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2412:
2406:
2399:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2285:
2251:
2221:
2211:
2200:
2182:
2177:
2161:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2132:
2125:
2120:
2106:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2055:
2051:
2042:
2037:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1989:
1984:Fricative nasal
1978:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1905:
1895:
1887:
1875:
1870:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1766:
1762:
1655:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1470:
1464:
1454:
1453:
1418:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1372:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1314:
1296:
1285:
1265:
1261:
1245:
1240:
1224:
1211:
1195:
1183:
1170:
1156:
1143:
1135:
1117:
1103:
1081:
1075:
1062:
1041:
1029:
1010:
1005:
997:
995:
989:Nareal fricative
981:
963:
950:
935:
927:
911:
897:
887:
886:
880:
876:
868:
864:
860:
844:
832:
819:
809:
794:
782:
772:final devoicing
769:
761:
748:
743:initial voicing
740:
730:
723:
715:
705:
704:
661:
656:
651:
632:
613:
589:
570:
564:Pharyngeal
549:
533:
525:
509:
503:Velodorsal
492:
486:
481:
473:
463:U+02A9, U+10790
458:
453:
440:
436:
422:
417:
409:
405:
391:
386:
368:
363:
350:U+A78E, U+1079D
345:
340:
332:
328:laterally lisped
320:U+02AB, U+1079A
315:
310:
299:
290:U+02AA, U+10799
285:
280:
253:
252:
227:
191:nasal fricatives
181:
173:
169:
161:
153:
117:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
91:
66:
62:
6771:
6770:
6766:
6765:
6764:
6762:
6761:
6760:
6736:
6735:
6734:
6725:
6715:
6714:unrounded
6710:
6672:
6671:
6664:
6662:
6658:
6655:
6648:
6643:
6642:
6638:
6635:
6628:
6623:
6622:
6615:
6613:
6609:
6606:
6599:
6585:
6584:
6577:
6572:
6571:
6567:
6564:
6557:
6545:
6544:
6537:
6535:
6531:
6528:
6521:
6516:
6515:
6508:
6506:
6502:
6499:
6492:
6487:
6486:
6479:
6477:
6473:
6470:
6463:
6451:
6450:
6443:
6441:
6437:
6434:
6427:
6422:
6421:
6414:
6409:
6408:
6401:
6399:
6395:
6392:
6385:
6373:
6372:
6365:
6363:
6359:
6356:
6349:
6344:
6343:
6336:
6334:
6330:
6327:
6320:
6315:
6314:
6307:
6305:
6301:
6298:
6291:
6279:
6278:
6271:
6269:
6265:
6257:
6256:
6249:
6247:
6243:
6240:
6233:
6221:
6220:
6213:
6211:
6207:
6204:
6197:
6192:
6191:
6184:
6182:
6178:
6175:
6168:
6163:
6162:
6155:
6153:
6149:
6146:
6139:
6133:
6094:
6073:
6037:
6036:
6035:
6030:
6007:
6006:
6005:
6004:
6003:Labial–alveolar
6001:
5994:
5989:
5986:
5979:
5971:
5966:
5965:
5959:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5935:
5927:
5926:
5923:
5916:
5908:
5907:
5902:
5895:
5887:
5877:
5876:
5875:
5874:
5869:
5861:
5856:
5848:
5847:
5844:
5837:
5829:
5828:
5825:
5818:
5810:
5809:
5808:Labial–alveolar
5806:
5799:
5791:
5786:
5785:
5780:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5758:
5757:
5755:Labial–alveolar
5752:
5744:
5727:
5722:
5552:
5520:
5508:Voiced lateral
5488:
5463:
5452:
5443:
5432:
5423:
5412:
5390:
5381:
5370:
5361:
5350:
5328:
5319:
5308:
5299:
5288:
5276:
5274:
4892:
4881:
3387:Retroflex
3303:
3282:
3241:ASCII encodings
3229:
3183:
3136:
3125:
3118:
3113:
3070:
3031:
2993:
2971:
2949:
2923:Ball, Martin J.
2894:Ball, Martin J.
2877:
2842:
2820:Ball, Martin J.
2788:Howard, Sara J.
2784:Ball, Martin J.
2752:Esling, John H.
2748:Ball, Martin J.
2712:Ball, Martin J.
2707:
2702:
2701:
2693:
2686:
2678:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2636:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2589:
2580:
2575:
2566:
2554:
2545:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2413:
2409:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2386:
2373:
2369:
2349:
2345:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2259:
2243:
2237:
1840:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1749:fricative nasal
1745:
1653:
1546:
1536:
1524:
1514:
1442:
1437:} know that F}
1436:
1432:
1428:
1416:
1389:
1381:
1363:
1269:
1255:
1242:
1121:
1015:
1009:
1002:
996:
969:Pre-aspiration
679:
664:U+00A1, U+A71E
493:(U+10790+107AA)
228:⟩ for a
218:
187:velopharyngeals
122:to augment the
88:
84:
74:
73:
72:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6769:
6759:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6731:
6730:
6727:
6726:
6722:
6721:
6709:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6687:
6681:
6678:
6677:
6674:
6673:
6663:
6656:
6647:
6646:
6644:
6636:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6614:
6607:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6589:
6588:
6586:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6565:
6556:
6555:
6553:
6547:
6546:
6536:
6529:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6507:
6500:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6478:
6471:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6453:
6452:
6442:
6435:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6400:
6393:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6375:
6374:
6364:
6357:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6335:
6328:
6319:
6318:
6316:
6306:
6299:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6281:
6280:
6270:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6258:
6248:
6241:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6223:
6222:
6212:
6205:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6183:
6176:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6154:
6147:
6138:
6137:
6130:
6124:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6099:
6096:
6095:
6083:
6082:
6079:
6078:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6045:
6043:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6002:
5995:
5990:
5987:
5980:
5973:
5972:
5967:
5960:
5953:
5952:
5946:
5936:
5929:
5928:
5924:
5917:
5910:
5909:
5905:Labial–palatal
5903:
5896:
5889:
5888:
5879:
5878:
5870:
5863:
5862:
5857:
5850:
5849:
5845:
5838:
5831:
5830:
5826:
5819:
5812:
5811:
5807:
5800:
5793:
5792:
5787:
5781:
5774:
5773:
5767:
5760:
5759:
5753:
5746:
5745:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5728:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5699:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5676:
5669:
5662:
5655:
5653:
5646:
5644:
5642:
5635:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5619:
5612:
5605:
5598:
5596:
5589:
5587:
5585:
5578:
5575:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5558:
5556:
5547:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5540:Nasal lateral
5537:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5526:
5524:
5515:
5513:
5511:
5509:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5492:
5483:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5465:
5456:
5447:
5438:
5436:
5427:
5418:
5416:
5407:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5385:
5376:
5374:
5365:
5356:
5354:
5345:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5323:
5314:
5312:
5303:
5294:
5292:
5283:
5278:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5248:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5228:
5221:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5180:
5173:
5166:
5159:
5152:
5145:
5138:
5131:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5108:
5101:
5094:
5087:
5080:
5073:
5066:
5059:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5043:
5036:
5029:
5022:
5015:
5013:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4995:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4976:
4969:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4941:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4913:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4858:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4825:
4823:
4816:
4814:
4807:
4800:
4798:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4746:
4744:
4737:
4735:
4728:
4726:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4664:
4657:
4650:
4643:
4636:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4618:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4571:
4564:
4557:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4525:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4483:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4447:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4429:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4378:
4376:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4352:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4316:
4314:
4307:
4305:
4298:
4296:
4290:
4289:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4265:
4263:
4256:
4254:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3680:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3451:
3449:
3442:
3435:
3428:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3357:Bilabial
3354:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3191:
3189:
3188:Special topics
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3138:
3137:
3127:
3126:
3112:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3069:
3068:External links
3066:
3065:
3064:
3052:10.1086/501245
3035:
3029:
3005:
2991:
2975:
2969:
2953:
2947:
2927:Müller, Nicole
2914:
2889:
2875:
2854:
2840:
2816:
2798:(2): 155–164.
2780:
2744:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2684:
2672:
2660:
2645:
2634:
2618:
2607:
2603:Ladefoged 1971
2595:
2578:
2564:
2539:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2477:
2464:
2445:
2432:
2423:
2407:
2394:
2384:
2367:
2343:
2322:
2310:
2301:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2258:
2255:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2128:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1889:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1716:
1713:
1708:
1705:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1674:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1640:
1637:
1632:
1629:
1624:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1596:
1594:⸨ ⸩
1590:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:('pianissimo')
1545:Quieter speech
1543:
1540:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:('fortissimo')
1521:
1518:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1465:
1463:( )
1459:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1398:copy-edit mark
1362:
1359:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1257:
1249:
1246:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1020:Velopharyngeal
1017:
1006:
991:
985:
982:
976:
975:
971:
970:
967:
964:
959:
954:
951:
945:
944:
940:
939:
936:
931:
928:
922:
921:
915:
912:
907:
901:
898:
892:
891:
852:
851:
848:
845:
840:
833:
827:
826:
823:
820:
815:
810:
804:
803:
799:
798:
795:
790:
783:
777:
776:
773:
770:
765:
764:final voicing
762:
756:
755:
752:
749:
744:
741:
735:
734:
731:
725:
719:
716:
710:
709:
678:
675:
672:
671:
665:
662:
657:
652:
646:
645:
639:
636:
633:
627:
626:
620:
617:
614:
609:
603:
602:
596:
593:
590:
584:
583:
577:
574:
571:
566:
560:
559:
556:
553:
550:
544:
543:
540:
537:
534:
528:
527:
516:
513:
510:
505:
499:
498:
495:
489:
487:
482:
476:
475:
464:
461:
459:
454:
449:
443:
442:
428:
425:
423:
418:
412:
411:
397:
394:
392:
387:
381:
380:
374:
371:
369:
364:
358:
357:
351:
348:
346:
341:
335:
334:
321:
318:
316:
311:
305:
304:
291:
288:
286:
281:
276:
270:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
217:
214:
67:⟩, see
43:
42:
41:
21:IPA Extensions
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6768:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6743:
6741:
6720:
6719:
6718: rounded
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6692:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6679:
6668:
6652:
6645:
6632:
6625:
6619:
6603:
6596:
6594:
6590:
6587:
6581:
6574:
6561:
6554:
6552:
6548:
6541:
6525:
6518:
6512:
6496:
6489:
6483:
6467:
6460:
6458:
6454:
6447:
6431:
6424:
6418:
6411:
6405:
6389:
6382:
6380:
6376:
6369:
6353:
6346:
6340:
6324:
6317:
6311:
6295:
6288:
6286:
6282:
6275:
6261:
6259:
6253:
6237:
6230:
6228:
6224:
6217:
6201:
6194:
6188:
6172:
6165:
6159:
6143:
6131:
6129:
6125:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6097:
6093:
6088:
6084:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6040:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6010:
5999:
5993:
5984:
5977:
5970:
5963:
5957:
5949:
5942:
5940:
5933:
5921:
5914:
5906:
5900:
5893:
5886:
5882:
5873:
5872:Labial–uvular
5867:
5860:
5854:
5842:
5835:
5823:
5816:
5804:
5797:
5790:
5784:
5778:
5770:
5764:
5756:
5750:
5743:
5737:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5704:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5684:
5681:
5677:
5674:
5670:
5667:
5663:
5660:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5636:
5634:
5630:
5627:
5624:
5620:
5617:
5613:
5610:
5606:
5603:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5579:
5574:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5561:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5548:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5531:
5529:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5516:
5514:
5512:
5510:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5476:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5461:
5457:
5454:
5448:
5445:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5428:
5425:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5408:
5406:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5386:
5383:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5366:
5363:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5324:
5321:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5304:
5301:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5284:
5282:
5273:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5236:
5233:
5229:
5226:
5222:
5219:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5191:
5188:
5185:
5181:
5178:
5174:
5171:
5167:
5164:
5160:
5157:
5153:
5150:
5146:
5143:
5139:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5125:
5123:
5119:
5116:
5113:
5109:
5106:
5102:
5099:
5095:
5092:
5088:
5085:
5081:
5078:
5074:
5071:
5067:
5064:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5041:
5037:
5034:
5030:
5027:
5023:
5020:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5007:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4996:
4994:
4989:
4985:
4982:
4975:
4968:
4961:
4954:
4947:
4940:
4933:
4926:
4919:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4904:
4895:
4890:
4886:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4863:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4850:
4843:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4808:
4805:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4665:
4662:
4658:
4655:
4651:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4558:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4526:
4523:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4477:
4474:
4470:
4467:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4184:
4181:
4177:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4132:
4128:
4125:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3200:Case variants
3198:
3196:
3195:Cursive forms
3193:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3117:
3110:
3105:
3103:
3098:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3030:9781139166621
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2992:0-226-46787-2
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2970:9780521637510
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2948:9781405135221
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2841:9781861561848
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2681:
2676:
2670:, p. 278
2669:
2664:
2658:, p. 279
2657:
2652:
2650:
2643:
2638:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2616:
2611:
2604:
2599:
2592:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2560:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2468:
2449:
2442:
2436:
2427:
2417:
2416:extra laminal
2411:
2404:
2398:
2388:
2381:
2378:sound, as in
2377:
2371:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2326:
2314:
2305:
2299:, p. 102
2298:
2290:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2254:
2246:
2242:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2142:
2137:
2129:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1986:
1983:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1892:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1544:
1541:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1523:Louder speech
1522:
1519:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1387:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1358:
1356:
1351:
1335:
1320:
1316:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1200:rounded vowel
1197:
1192:
1189:
1188:labioalveolar
1185:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1100:
1099:
1096:Articulation
1094:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1007:
1000:
992:
990:
986:
978:
977:
974:Nasalization
972:
968:
965:
960:
958:
955:
952:
947:
946:
941:
937:
932:
929:
924:
923:
920:
916:
908:
906:
902:
894:
893:
888:
885:
882:
870:
849:
846:
841:
838:
834:
829:
828:
824:
822:post-voiced
821:
816:
814:
811:
806:
805:
800:
796:
791:
788:
784:
779:
778:
774:
771:
766:
763:
758:
757:
753:
750:
745:
742:
737:
736:
732:
726:
720:
717:
712:
711:
706:
703:
701:
697:
692:
687:
685:
669:
666:
663:
658:
653:
648:
647:
643:
640:
637:
629:
628:
624:
621:
618:
610:
608:
604:
600:
597:
594:
586:
585:
581:
578:
575:
567:
565:
561:
557:
554:
546:
545:
541:
538:
530:
529:
521:
517:
514:
506:
504:
500:
496:
490:
488:
483:
478:
477:
469:
465:
462:
460:
455:
450:
448:
444:
432:
429:
426:
424:
419:
414:
413:
401:
398:
395:
393:
388:
383:
382:
378:
375:
372:
370:
365:
360:
359:
355:
352:
349:
347:
342:
337:
336:
329:
325:
322:
319:
317:
312:
307:
306:
303:
295:
292:
289:
287:
282:
277:
275:
271:
267:
264:
258:
255:
254:
251:
249:
245:
240:
238:
234:
232:
223:
213:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
183:
177:
165:
157:
149:
148:preaspiration
145:
144:cleft palates
141:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
115:
83:
79:
70:
58:
54:
52:
48:
36:
30:
26:
22:
6711:
5988:Labial–velar
5938:
5925:Labial–velar
5846:Labial–velar
5783:Labial–velar
5729:
5275:(top: velar;
4902:
4882:
3309:
3176:
3172:
3161:
3043:
3039:
3012:
2982:
2960:
2930:
2919:Howard, Sara
2901:
2897:
2858:
2823:
2795:
2791:
2762:(2): 71–80.
2759:
2755:
2726:(1): 39–41.
2723:
2719:
2705:Bibliography
2697:, p. 80
2675:
2663:
2637:
2629:
2610:
2605:, p. 35
2598:
2561:. L2/20-039.
2558:
2548:Miller, Kirk
2542:
2530:
2486:Gentium Plus
2480:
2467:
2448:
2435:
2426:
2415:
2410:
2397:
2387:
2370:
2352:nasalization
2346:
2325:
2313:
2304:
2297:Bennett 2020
2295:⟩ in
2283:
2269:
2267:
2260:
2247:
2244:
1746:
1576:
1564:
1554:
1535:Quiet speech
1488:Medium pause
1472:
1446:
1439:
1425:
1402:
1379:
1375:
1366:
1364:
1352:
1336:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1122: +032A
1011:
998:
883:
871:
855:
699:
688:
680:
468:cleft palate
302:lateral lisp
268:Description
241:
229:
219:
211:
184:
156:linguolabial
136:
81:
77:
75:
63:and ⟨
45:
5950:approximant
5885:approximant
4209:Approximant
3278:IPA Braille
3256:Kirshenbaum
3009:Laver, John
2257:Sample text
2195:Percussive
1647:approximant
1569:Slow speech
1559:Fast speech
1513:Loud speech
1482:Short pause
1254:(molar-r),
1127:interdental
1111:Dentolabial
1072:); ⟨
957:Unaspirated
520:velar click
485:𐞐𐞪
6740:Categories
6701:full chart
6227:Near-close
6021:full chart
5943:(variable)
5713:full chart
5196:affricate
4872:full chart
4501:affricate
3301:Consonants
3273:IPA number
3135:IPA topics
2642:Laver 1994
2522:References
1753:percussive
1494:Long pause
1034:nasal lisp
943:Phonation
881:⟩.
867:z̥᫃
863:z̥᪽
813:pre-voiced
781:z̤᪽
768:z̥᫄
760:s̬᫄
747:z̥᫃
739:s̬᫃
714:s̬᪽
677:Diacritics
607:Percussive
522:, ⟨
474:⟩.
441:⟩.
435:𝼄̬
410:⟩.
404:𝼆̬
162:⟩,
154:⟩,
6551:Near-open
6285:Close-mid
5969:Implosive
5962:Velarized
5881:Fricative
5633:Voiceless
5573:Implosive
5122:Fricative
5055:Affricate
4889:voiceless
3941:fricative
3939:Sibilant
3697:affricate
3344:Laryngeal
3234:Encodings
3060:224808983
3001:75-179318
2885:243697259
2812:151863976
2776:145791575
2740:143614464
2535:Ball 1993
2457:σ⃝
2376:retracted
1810:alveolar)
1635:fricative
1627:consonant
1537:('piano')
1515:('forte')
1471:a silent
1252:bunched-r
1248:(as IPA)
839:offglide
787:murmuring
691:phonation
588:𝼂
548:𝼇
532:𝼁
508:𝼃
491:U+1DF00,
480:𝼀
416:𝼄
385:𝼆
362:𝼅
246:Plus and
237:raspberry
6712:Legend:
6706:template
6685:IPA help
6457:Open-mid
6026:template
6016:IPA help
5992:Ejective
5964:alveolar
5718:template
5697:IPA help
4988:Ejective
4877:template
4856:IPA help
4294:Tap/flap
3694:Sibilant
3377:Alveolar
3011:(1994).
2981:(1971).
2959:(1999).
2850:58518097
2714:(1993).
2500:See also
2354:, as in
1900:Denasal
1846:Plosive
1806:alveolar
1783:alveolar
1711:sibilant
1702:resonant
1605:a cough
1505:Prosody
1457:Silence
1409:dynamics
1367:mouthing
1338:⟨
1218:Whistled
1164:Alveolar
1148:bidental
1016:U+10790
873:⟨
785:partial
635:–
616:–
595:U+1DF02
592:–
573:–
555:U+1DF07
552:–
539:U+1DF01
536:–
515:U+1DF03
512:–
256:Category
199:denasals
158:⟨
150:⟨
61:/ /
57:Help:IPA
6716:•
6116:Central
5948:Lateral
5789:Plosive
5577:Voiced
5475:lateral
5473:Tenuis
5464:
5194:Lateral
4499:Lateral
3549:Plosive
3412:Glottal
3392:Palatal
3334:Coronal
3251:X-SAMPA
2559:Unicode
2459:
2455:
1827:dorsal)
1796:linguo-
1757:denasal
1688:plosive
1671:lateral
1619:segment
1603:⸨cough⸩
1555:allegro
1440:allegro
1433:didn't
1426:allegro
1303:Stutter
1299:U+005C
1288:U+0362
1278:Timing
1270:U+0354
1268:U+0355,
1231:laminal
1227:U+033B
1214:U+034E
1173:U+034D
1159:U+0347
1106:U+0346
1084:U+0349
1065:U+0348
1048:Denasal
1044:U+034A
984:U+034B
966:U+02B0
953:U+02ED
914:U+2191
900:U+2193
835:with a
825:U+02EC
724:
638:U+02AD
619:U+02AC
576:U+A7AF
274:Lateral
265:Unicode
244:Gentium
216:Letters
176:molar-r
164:laminal
49:in the
6694:
6092:Vowels
5941:-sound
5706:
5343:Voiced
5281:Tenuis
4885:voiced
4865:
3856:t̠ɹ̠̊˔
3402:Uvular
3372:Dental
3351:Manner
3339:Dorsal
3329:Labial
3058:
3027:
2999:
2989:
2967:
2945:
2883:
2873:
2848:
2838:
2810:
2774:
2738:
2490:Andika
2124:ɬ̪͆ɮ̪͆
2089:θ̪͆ð̪͆
2079:h̪͆ɦ̪͆
2024:Trill
1942:Nasal
1874:t̪͆d̪͆
1841:ngeal
1839:phary-
1832:phary-
1825:(velo-
1813:retro-
1808:(lower
1803:dental
1801:inter-
1798:labial
1793:dental
1788:labial
1786:dento-
1781:labio-
1778:dental
1776:labio-
1773:labial
1727:stress
1723:accent
1698:rhotic
1667:liquid
1429:I {F {
1392:
1120:U+0346
1070:fortis
1008:U+034C
837:creaky
326:, (a
259:Letter
248:Andika
231:buccal
201:, the
82:extIPA
65:
6696:audio
6128:Close
6111:Front
6042:Other
5976:ɠ̊͜ɓ̥
5742:Nasal
5708:audio
5405:Nasal
5272:Click
4867:audio
4394:Trill
3863:d̠ɹ̠˔
3419:Nasal
3397:Velar
3323:Place
3246:SAMPA
3121:chart
3056:S2CID
2881:S2CID
2846:S2CID
2808:S2CID
2772:S2CID
2736:S2CID
2555:(PDF)
2441:Damin
2380:Kwaza
2293:ˬɡ̥xʼ
2289:!Xoon
2275:Notes
2144:𝼄𝼄̬
2139:𝼆𝼆̬
2018:ŋ̥͋ŋ͋
2013:ɲ̥͋ɲ͋
2008:ɳ̥͋ɳ͋
2003:n̥͋n͋
1988:m̥͋m͋
1837:upper
1834:ngeal
1830:velo-
1823:velar
1755:". A
1743:Chart
1735:vowel
1680:nasal
1659:click
1643:glide
1565:lento
1497:(1.2)
1491:(...)
1473:shhh!
1469:(ʃːː)
1405:tempo
1371:(ʃːː)
1332:s̪ z̪
1328:θ͇ ð͇
1324:s̪ z̪
1295:p\p\p
1089:lenis
1061:f͈,h͈
896:ɬ↓,ə↓
684:Damin
226:ↀ͡r̪͆
140:lisps
53:(IPA)
6593:Open
6121:Back
5998:t͡pʼ
5232:q𝼄ʼ
5225:k𝼄ʼ
5218:c𝼆ʼ
5084:t̠ʃʼ
5070:t̪θʼ
5063:p̪fʼ
4993:Stop
4444:ɽ̊r̥
4110:ɹ̠̊˔
3842:tɹ̝̊
3263:TIPA
3177:JIPA
3025:ISBN
2997:LCCN
2987:ISBN
2965:ISBN
2943:ISBN
2871:ISBN
2836:ISBN
2630:JIPA
2359:/ẽ̃/
2119:ɬ̼ɮ̼
2094:θ͇ð͇
2084:θ̼ð̼
2074:f͆v͆
2069:f͇v͇
1886:𝼃𝼁
1869:t̼d̼
1862:p͆b͆
1857:p͇b͇
1852:p̪b̪
1820:atal
1818:pal-
1815:flex
1719:tone
1700:(or
1669:(or
1599:⸨2σ⸩
1579:and
1542:𝆏𝆏
1520:𝆑𝆑
1485:(..)
1413:VoQS
1407:and
1355:VoQS
1353:The
1348:tʰ̪͆
1223:s̻z̻
789:of
700:etc.
601:or
582:or
222:VoQS
142:and
76:The
27:and
6379:Mid
5983:ɠ͡ɓ
5866:q͡p
5853:q͡ʡ
5841:ɡ͡b
5834:k͡p
5822:ɖ͡b
5815:ʈ͡p
5803:d͡b
5796:t͡p
5777:ŋ͡m
5763:ɳ͡m
5749:n͡m
5444:ɴ𝼊
5442:ŋ𝼊
5382:ɢ𝼊
5380:ɡ𝼊
5320:q𝼊
5318:k𝼊
5207:tɬʼ
5112:qχʼ
5105:kxʼ
5098:tɕʼ
5091:tʂʼ
5077:tsʼ
4804:𝼈̥
4575:ɡʟ̝
4568:k𝼄
4561:ɟʎ̝
4554:c𝼆
4547:d𝼅
4124:ɻ̊˔
4117:ɹ̠˔
3849:dɹ̝
3835:d̪ð
3828:t̪θ
3817:b̪v
3810:p̪f
3740:d̠ʒ
3733:t̠ʃ
3145:IPA
3048:doi
3017:doi
2935:doi
2906:doi
2863:doi
2828:doi
2800:doi
2764:doi
2728:doi
2488:or
2363:◌𐞐
2250:/k/
2181:l̪͆
2105:ʩʩ̬
2054:ʩ𐞪
2041:r̪͆
1965:n̪͆
1894:ꞯ𝼂
1791:bi-
1771:bi-
1479:(.)
1447:or
1344:d𐞚
1340:k𐞜
1313:m͊᪻
1142:h̪͆
1116:n̪͆
1004:s𐞐
879:pʰa
875:p˳a
793:n͊᪻
331:/z/
298:/s/
235:(a
6742::
6446:o̞
6430:ɤ̞
6404:ø̞
6388:e̞
5939:Sj
5892:ɥ̊
5680:ʛ̥
5673:ɠ̊
5666:ʄ̊
5659:ᶑ̊
5650:ɗ̥
5639:ɓ̥
5553:ɴǁ
5551:ŋǁ
5521:ɢǁ
5519:ɡǁ
5489:qǁ
5487:kǁ
5453:ɴǂ
5451:ŋǂ
5433:ɴǃ
5431:ŋǃ
5424:ɴǀ
5422:ŋǀ
5413:ɴʘ
5411:ŋʘ
5391:ɢǂ
5389:ɡǂ
5371:ɢǃ
5369:ɡǃ
5362:ɢǀ
5360:ɡǀ
5351:ɢʘ
5349:ɡʘ
5329:qǂ
5327:kǂ
5309:qǃ
5307:kǃ
5300:qǀ
5298:kǀ
5289:qʘ
5287:kʘ
5252:ɬʼ
5184:χʼ
5177:xʼ
5170:ɕʼ
5163:ʂʼ
5156:ʃʼ
5149:sʼ
5142:θʼ
5135:fʼ
5128:ɸʼ
5047:ʡʼ
5040:qʼ
5033:kʼ
5026:cʼ
5019:ʈʼ
5010:tʼ
4999:pʼ
4980:EG
4952:RF
4945:PA
4924:LD
4917:BL
4891:.
4829:ʟ̆
4820:ʎ̆
4811:𝼈
4786:ɺ̥
4750:ʟ̠
4668:ʟ̝
4661:𝼄
4654:ʎ̝
4647:𝼆
4640:𝼅
4540:tꞎ
4529:dɮ
4522:tɬ
4466:ʀ̥
4451:ɽr
4426:r̥
4400:ʙ̥
4382:ʡ̆
4373:ɢ̆
4349:ɽ̊
4331:ɾ̥
4320:ɾ̼
4302:ⱱ̟
4286:ʔ̞
4131:ɻ˔
4103:ð̠
4096:θ̠
4075:ð̼
4068:θ̼
3930:ʔh
3923:ʡʢ
3916:ʡʜ
3909:ɢʁ
3902:qχ
3895:ɡɣ
3888:kx
3881:ɟʝ
3874:cç
3803:bβ
3796:pɸ
3768:dʑ
3761:tɕ
3754:dʐ
3747:tʂ
3726:dz
3719:ts
3590:d̼
3583:t̼
3576:b̪
3569:p̪
3526:ɴ̥
3512:ŋ̊
3498:ɲ̊
3484:ɳ̊
3466:n̥
3455:n̼
3439:ɱ̊
3425:m̥
3353:↓
3325:→
3054:.
3044:71
3042:.
3023:.
2995:.
2941:.
2900:.
2879:.
2869:.
2844:.
2834:.
2806:.
2796:48
2794:.
2786:;
2770:.
2760:25
2758:.
2750:;
2734:.
2724:23
2722:.
2718:.
2687:^
2648:^
2621:^
2581:^
2567:^
2557:.
2339:n̾
2335:n͊
2331:n͋
2265::
2176:l̼
2160:ʪʫ
2134:𝼅
2056:)
2050:𝼀
2036:r̼
1979:)
1977:𝼇
1960:n̼
1955:m͆
1950:m͇
1934:ŋ͊
1929:ɲ͊
1924:ɳ͊
1919:n͊
1904:m͊
1888:)
1532:𝆏
1510:𝆑
1435:𝆏
1431:𝆏
1394:P̥
1264:s͔
1262:,
1260:s͕
1244:ɹ̺
1239:ɹ̈
1209:s͎
1202:)
1194:o͍
1182:f͇
1169:s͍
1155:s͇
1134:t͆
1102:v͆
1091:)
1080:v͉
1074:h͈
1040:m͊
1036:)
1028:v͋
1012:or
999:or
994:s͌
980:n͋
962:ʰp
949:p˭
910:ʘ↑
859:z̥
843:p˳
831:a˷
818:zˬ
808:ˬz
686:.
472:ʩ̬
457:𐞐
439:ʟ̝
421:𐞜
408:ʎ̝
390:𐞡
367:𐞟
344:𐞝
333:)
314:𐞚
284:𐞙
189:,
180:ɹ̺
172:ɹ̈
160:◌̼
152:ʰ◌
134:.
105:aɪ
6667:ɒ
6651:ɑ
6631:ä
6618:ɶ
6602:a
6580:ɐ
6560:æ
6540:ɔ
6524:ʌ
6511:ɞ
6495:ɜ
6482:œ
6466:ɛ
6417:ə
6368:o
6352:ɤ
6339:ɵ
6323:ɘ
6310:ø
6294:e
6274:ʊ
6252:ʏ
6236:ɪ
6216:u
6200:ɯ
6187:ʉ
6171:ɨ
6158:y
6142:i
5956:ɫ
5932:ɧ
5920:w
5913:ʍ
5899:ɥ
5883:/
5623:ʛ
5616:ɠ
5609:ʄ
5602:ᶑ
5593:ɗ
5582:ɓ
5460:ʞ
4973:U
4966:V
4959:P
4938:A
4931:D
4793:ɺ
4741:ʟ
4732:ʎ
4723:ɭ
4710:l
4633:ꞎ
4622:ɮ
4615:ɬ
4487:ʢ
4480:ʜ
4473:ʀ
4433:r
4407:ʙ
4356:ɽ
4338:ɾ
4311:ⱱ
4269:ɰ
4260:j
4251:ɻ
4238:ɹ
4221:ʋ
4201:ɦ
4194:h
4187:ʕ
4180:ħ
4173:ʁ
4166:χ
4159:ɣ
4152:x
4145:ʝ
4138:ç
4089:ð
4082:θ
4061:v
4054:f
4047:β
4040:ɸ
4012:ʑ
4005:ɕ
3998:ʐ
3991:ʂ
3984:ʒ
3977:ʃ
3970:z
3963:s
3684:ʔ
3675:ʡ
3668:ɢ
3661:q
3654:ɡ
3647:k
3640:ɟ
3633:c
3626:ɖ
3619:ʈ
3608:d
3601:t
3562:b
3555:p
3533:ɴ
3519:ŋ
3505:ɲ
3491:ɳ
3473:n
3446:ɱ
3432:m
3179:)
3175:(
3123:)
3119:(
3108:e
3101:t
3094:v
3062:.
3050::
3033:.
3019::
3003:.
2973:.
2951:.
2937::
2912:.
2908::
2902:4
2887:.
2865::
2852:.
2830::
2814:.
2802::
2778:.
2766::
2742:.
2730::
2492:.
2475:.
2443:.
2421:.
2419:,
2222:)
2220:¡
2218:(
2210:ʭ
2199:ʬ
2131:ꞎ
2052:(
1975:(
1884:(
1731:Ⓥ
1725:/
1721:/
1715:Ⓣ
1707:Ⓢ
1704:)
1694:Ⓡ
1684:Ⓟ
1676:Ⓝ
1673:)
1663:Ⓛ
1654:Ⓚ
1645:/
1639:Ⓖ
1631:Ⓕ
1623:Ⓒ
1615:◯
1443:}
1423:{
1390:◯
1382:◯
1241:,
934:↑
926:↓
729:,
660:,
655:ꜞ
650:¡
631:ʭ
612:ʬ
569:ꞯ
524:ʞ
452:ʩ
339:ꞎ
309:ʫ
279:ʪ
168:*
114:/
111:ə
108:p
102:t
99:s
96:ˈ
93:k
90:ɛ
87:/
71:.
31:.
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