237:
800:
1764:
96:
2125:
2071:
650:
750:
900:
1813:
2734:(Albanian, Arabic, Armenian, Belarusian, Bengali, Bulgarian, Burmese, Croatian, Cambodian, Czech, Dutch, English, Esperanto, Estonian, Filipino, French, Gernan, Greek, Hausa, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Laotian, Malaysian, Nepali, Persian, Polish, Portugaese, Pashto, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Sinhala, Spanish, Swahili, Swedish, Tamil, Turkish, Ukrainian, Urdu, Vietnamese, Hakka, Cantonese, Hokkien, Teochew, Hakka, Wenzhouese, Uyghur, Kazakh, Mongolian, Korean)
2021:
1512:
1106:
1460:
5095:
2184:, many international broadcasters cut back on hours and foreign languages broadcast, or reemphasized other language services. For example, in 1984, Radio Canada International broadcast in English, French, German, Spanish, Czech/Slovak, Hungarian, Polish, Russian, and Ukrainian. In 2005, RCI broadcast in English, Chinese, Arabic, Russian, and Spanish. There is a bigger trend towards TV (e.g. BBC World News, NHK World, CCTV-9) and news websites.
700:
1664:
1562:
1156:
1714:
598:
3214:
3005:
2932:
2797:
2270:
5105:
1971:
1310:
950:
1052:
850:
5084:
1258:
1921:
1614:
1002:
1360:
3192:
powered longwave transmitter on the US East Coast (this important event in international broadcasting history was described in depth in the IEEE "The
History of International Broadcasting" first volume). As Morse Code is considered to be a data format, with email and RSS merely being refinements of the technology it can be said that international broadcasting has a deep relationship with modern-day datacasting.
1871:
1410:
1206:
5115:
3285:). These audiences send letters and in response few radio stations write them back. These kind of Listeners often take part in weekly and monthly quizzes and contests started by many radio stations. A third audience consists of journalists, government officials, and key businesspersons, who exert a disproportionate influence on a state's foreign or economic policy.
3394:
foreign programming, is the use of radio broadcasting by direct broadcasting to loudspeakers. David
Jackson, director of the Voice of America, noted "The North Korean government doesn't jam us, but they try to keep people from listening through intimidation or worse. But people figure out ways to listen despite the odds. They're very resourceful."
3083:) DAB systems in the US in the 2000s. This is a popular method to reach listeners in cars that would otherwise not be accessible during that part of the day. However, in terms of the global international broadcasting audience the DAB listener base is very small—one can assume that it is less than 2% of the listener base globally.
3199:
Email and RSS feeds can traverse telecommunications barriers that streaming video cannot, thus the larger expected audience numbers. The global economic downturn of 2008-2009 will probably increase the email and RSS audience sizes as fewer people will be able to afford high speed internet connections
42:
to cultural content to news reports that reflect the point of view and concerns of the originating country or that seek to provide alternative information to that otherwise available as well as promote tourism and trade. In the first half of the twentieth century, international broadcasting was used
3191:
Many international broadcasters (television or radio) can reach "unreachable" audiences via email and RSS feeds. This is not at all unusual, as the first commonly agreed international broadcast was a Morse Code telegram transmitted from US President Wilson to the German Kaiser (mid-1918) via a high
3091:
International broadcasting via 24 hour TV news channels has its origins in North
America in the early 1980s. CNN technically was the first 24-hour international news channel as it was made available in Canada soon after launch. The BBC World Service considered setting up a global TV news channel as
2447:
Stations also broadcast to international audiences for cultural reasons. Often a station has an official mandate to keep expatriates in touch with their home country. Many broadcasters often relay their national domestic service on shortwave for that reason. Other reasons include teaching a foreign
3195:
The reach of RSS and email for international broadcasters is not really known that well, especially considering that emails get forwarded. The numbers for active RSS and email audiences are probably 5 to 20 times larger than for streaming video. It may take into the 2010s to get meaningful numbers
2471:
An additional reason for international broadcasting is to maintain contact with a country's citizens travelling abroad or expatriates who have emigrated and share news from home as well as cultural programming. This role of external shortwave broadcasting has declined as advances in communications
3339:
In many cases, governments do not want their citizens listening to international broadcasters. In Nazi
Germany, a major propaganda campaign, backed by law and prison sentences, attempted to discourage Germans from listening to such stations. The practice was made illegal in 1939. In addition, the
2330:
Broadcasters in one country have several reasons to reach out to an audience in other countries. Commercial broadcasters may simply see a business opportunity to sell advertising or subscriptions to a broader audience. This is more efficient than broadcasting to a single country, because domestic
3393:
North Korea restricts most people to a single fixed frequency mediumwave receiver; those who met political requirements and whose work absolutely required familiarity with events abroad were allowed shortwave receivers. Another method of reaching people with government radio programming, but not
33:
consists of radio and television transmissions that purposefully cross international boundaries, often with then intent of allowing expatriates to remain in touch with their countries of origin as well as educate, inform, and influence residents of foreign countries. Content can range from overt
3397:
Yet another method of preventing reception involves moving a domestic station to the frequency used by the international broadcaster. During the
Batista government of Cuba, and during the Castro years, Cuban medium-wave stations broadcast on the frequencies of popular South Florida stations. In
3099:
The rural populations of Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia (as well as East Asia) have radio listener bases that are far larger than the largest international TV broadcaster could hope for, yet they could be considered underserved since the end of the Cold War (when these regions had more radio
2420:
and other western broadcasters have emphasized news broadcasts, particularly to countries that are experiencing repression or civil unrest and whose populations are unable to obtain news from non-government sources. In the case of emergencies, a nation may broadcast special programs overseas to
3314:
Without these four audiences, international broadcasters face difficulty in getting funding. In 2001, for example, the BBC World
Service stopped transmitting shortwave broadcasts to North America, and other international broadcasters, such as YLE Radio Finland, stopped certain foreign-language
2548:(Arabic, Azeri, Bengali, Burmese, Cantonese, English, French for Africa, Hausa, Hindi, Indonesian, Kinyarwanda, Kirundi, Kyrgyz, Nepali, Pashto, Persian, Portuguese for Brazil, Russian, Sinhala, Somali, Spanish for Latin America, Swahili, Tamil, Turkish, Ukrainian, Urdu, Uzbek, Vietnamese)
2986:
in that direction. Use of such antennas for international broadcasting began in the mid-1930s and became prominent by the 1950s. By using antennas which focus most of their energy in one direction, a modern station may achieve the equivalent, in that direction, of tens of millions of
2951:) way in which broadcasters could reach an international audience. In recent years the proliferation of technologies such as satellite broadcasting, the Internet, and rebroadcasts of programming on AM and FM within target nations has meant that this is no longer necessarily the case.
2338:
reasons. Many government-owned stations portray their nation in a positive, non-threatening way. This could be to encourage business investment in or tourism to the nation. Another reason is to combat a negative image produced by other nations or internal dissidents, or insurgents.
3112:
to allow their news and information broadcasts to be globally distributed. The viewer numbers for these sites may seem huge. Cable, TVRO and terrestrial television broadcasters probably have 100 to 1,000 times larger audiences for their international broadcasting content.
2598:(German, English, Spanish, Hindi, Tamil, Russian, Arabic, Persian, Dari, Pashto, Urdu, Albanian, Amharic, Bengali, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Mandarin Chinese, French, Greek, Hausa, Indonesian, Kiswahili, Turkish, Macedonian, Portuguese, Romanian, Serbian, Ukrainian)
2893:, have abandoned shortwave broadcasting altogether, relying on Internet transmissions only. Others, such as the BBC World Service, have abandoned shortwave transmissions to North America, relying on local relays, the Internet, and satellite transmissions.
465:). In addition to the U.S.-Soviet cold war, the Chinese-Russian border dispute led to an increase of the numbers of transmitters aimed at the two nations, and the development of new techniques such as playing tapes backwards for reel-to-reel recorders.
2229:
International broadcasting using the traditional audio-only method will not cease any time soon due to its cost efficiencies. However, international broadcasting via television is considered more strategically important at least since the early 2000s.
2905:
band (530 kHz to 1710 kHz), which at night is capable of reliable reception from 150 to 2,500 km distance from a transmitter. Mediumwave is used heavily all over the world for international broadcasting on a formal and informal basis.
313:
recognized
Vatican Radio as a "special case" and authorized its broadcasting without any geographical limits. On December 25, 1937, a Telefunken 25-kW transmitter and two directional antennas were added. Vatican Radio broadcast over 10 frequencies.
3318:
However, international broadcasting has been successful when a country does not provide programming wanted by a wide segment of the population. In the 1960s, when there was no BBC service playing rock and roll, Radio
Television Luxembourg
2191:. Radio Canada International ceased shortwave broadcasting in 2012 becoming a purely online service producing podcasts and maintaining a website in several languages. Radio Netherlands ceased broadcasting in 2012 and was transformed into
521:, as part of the South African Broadcasting Corporation, was established in 1966 to promote the image of South Africa internationally and reduce criticism of apartheid. It continued in 1992, when the post-apartheid government renamed it
2857:
Because of this many broadcasters are discovering they can reach a wider audience through other methods (particularly the internet and satellite television) and are cutting back on (or even entirely dropping) shortwave.
294:, near Berlin. Specialty target programming to the United States began in 1933, to South Africa, South America, and East Asia in 1934, and South Asia and Central America in 1938. German propaganda was organized under
2624:(English, Arabic, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Bulgarian, Chinese, Dari, French, Georgian, German, Hausa, Italian, Japanese, Kazakh, Malay, Pashto, Kurdish, Russian, Spanish, Swahili, Turkmen, Turkish, Urdu, Uyghur, Uzbek)
3362:, or broadcasting a signal on the same frequencies as the international broadcaster. Germany jammed the BBC European service during the Second World War. Russian and Eastern European jammers were aimed against
3095:
Notwithstanding a large number of international 24-hour television news and information broadcasters, the television percentage of viewers is still fairly small when compared to global radio listener numbers.
3311:) provides the same service. Copies of OSC/FBIS reports can be found in many U.S. libraries that serve as government depositories. In addition, a number of hobbyists listen and report "spook" transmissions.
3350:
The idea was copied by Stalin's Soviet Union, which had a nearly identical copy manufactured in the Tesla factory in
Czechoslovakia. In North Korea, all receivers are sold with fixed frequencies, tuned to
2472:
have allowed expatriates to read news from home and listen and watch to domestic broadcasts in their own language via the internet and satellite. A number of international services such as the original
2954:
Transmitter output power has increased since 1920. Higher transmitter powers do guarantee better reception in the target area. Higher transmitter power in most cases counteracts the lesser effects of
3274:
An international broadcaster may have the technical means of reaching a foreign audience, but unless the foreign audience has a reason to listen, the effectiveness of the broadcaster is in question.
3658:
3292:
clues to the broadcasting state's policies and for hidden messages to foreign agents operating in the receiving country. The BBC started its monitoring service in
Caversham, Reading in 1936 (now
2353:
A second reason is to advance a nation's foreign policy interests and agenda by disseminating its views on international affairs or on the events in particular parts of the world. During the
2928:
transmissions (2,000 to 30,000 kHz or 2 to 30 MHz). Depending on time of day, season of year, solar weather and Earth's geomagnetic field, a signal might reach around the world.
2935:
This sort of map is used by radio engineers to determine the best frequencies to reach international audiences on shortwave bands. In this case, a transmitter is sited in the Southern
392:". Listeners to German programs often tuned in for curiosity's sake—at one time, German radio had half a million listeners in the U.S.--but most of them soon lost interest. Japan had "
2256:
prosperity bubble. There was another burst of global news channels launching in the late 2000s as part the developing world trying to catch up with the developed world in this area.
2428:
Besides ideological reasons, many stations are run by religious broadcasters and are used to provide religious education, religious music, or worship service programs. For example,
5688:
2939:, using a frequency of 12095 kHz and transmitting at the 500 kW power level. The picture shows a good signal over the Southern Pacific. The signal fades out as it approaches the
2868:
If the foreign audience is more than 1,000 kilometers away from the broadcaster, shortwave radio is reliable, but subject to interruption by adverse solar/geomagnetic conditions.
2889:
An international broadcaster such as the BBC, Radio France International or Germany's Deutsche Welle, may use all the above methods. Several international broadcasters, such as
2343:, the broadcasting arm of the apartheid South African government, is an example of this. A third reason is to promote the ideology of the broadcaster. For example, a program on
484:
was authorized in 1972 and began with four 500-kW transmitters. By 1989, there were 15 transmitters, four of which relayed the Voice of America. Meanwhile, in East Germany, the
425:(RBI) in East Germany. RBI's broadcasts ceased shortly before the reunification of Germany on October 3, 1990, and Deutsche Welle took over its transmitters and frequencies.
3545:
3699:
286:
German shortwave hours were increased from two hours a day to 18 per day, and eventually twelve languages were broadcast on a 24-hour basis, including English. A 100
2554:(Hindi, English, Sanskrit, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malawi, Urdu, Bangla, Marathi, Malayalam, Thai, Baloch, Arabic, Fiji Hindi, Bhojpuri, Assami, Nagapure)
3451:– MW broadcasts generally don't travel as far as shortwave broadcasts, but MW is still used for international broadcasting, particularly to neighboring countries
3405:
Jamming can be defeated by using very efficient transmitting antennas, carefully choosing the transmitted frequency, changing transmitted frequency often, using
3277:
One of the most common foreign audiences consists of expatriates, who cannot listen to radio or watch television programs from home. Another common audience is
4359:
2441:
437:), as Communist and non-Communist states attempted to influence each other's domestic population. Some of the most prominent Western broadcasters were the
125:, running on 25 kW of power. In June and July 1923, wireless transmissions were completed during nights on 97 meters from Poldhu to Marconi's yacht
377:
2237:
was the first broadcaster to consider setting up a satellite television news and information channel as far back as 1976, but ceded being the first to
410:(Sri Lanka) during World War II. The station broadcast radio programs to the allied armed forces across the region from their headquarters in Ceylon.
3666:
209:, following the collapse of the Soviet Union). Clarence W. Jones started transmitting on Christmas Day, 1931 from Christian missionary radio station
3366:, other Western broadcasters, and against Chinese broadcasters during the nadir of Sino-Soviet relations. In 2002, the Cuban government jammed the
133:. High speed shortwave telegraphy circuits were then installed from London to Australia, India, South Africa and Canada as the main element of the
3297:
244:
17:
2488:
and provide closer cultural and communication connections between the home country and its colonies, a role that became largely obsolete due to
74:
was the country's sole means of long-distance communication. The US Navy Radio Service radio station in New Brunswick, Canada, transmitted the '
169:
In 1927, Marconi also turned his attention toward long distance broadcasting on shortwave. His first such broadcasts took place to commemorate
3108:
Many international television broadcasters (as well as domestic television broadcasters) have set up accounts on streaming video sites like
5151:
5067:
5039:
5034:
4059:
399:
During World War II, Vatican Radio's news broadcasts were banned in Germany. During the war, the radio service operated in four languages.
5453:
3235:
3026:
2818:
2291:
173:
in the same year. He continued running a regular international broadcast that was picked up around the world, with programming from the
5203:
3130:
2871:
An international broadcaster may use a local mediumwave or FM radio or television relay station in the target country or countries.
2249:
Relay Station was built in 1976, but its setup costs were not known to have been part of the BBCWS decision processes at the time.
2130:
3540:
2675:
2334:
Governments typically have different motivations for funding international broadcasting. One clear reason is for ideological, or
3707:
2252:
In the early 1990s, many international (as well as domestic) 24-hour news and information channels launched as part of the post-
162:
show was inaugurated in 1928 and became the world's longest-running shortwave programme, continuing until 1995, transferring to
5492:
5061:
113:
radio for long-distance transmissions in the early 1920s. Using a system of parabolic reflector antennae, Marconi's assistant,
2767:
5463:
5056:
5046:
5026:
4828:
3352:
3308:
2331:
entertainment programs and information gathered by domestic news staff can be cheaply repackaged for non-domestic audiences.
310:
3423:
2947:
In previous decades shortwave (and sometimes high-powered mediumwave) transmission was regarded as the main (and often the
2865:
If the foreign audience is near the broadcaster, high-power longwave and mediumwave stations can provide reliable coverage.
2212:
264:
4193:
5723:
5512:
5118:
5051:
4897:
1934:
55:
and PHOHI). When operated by governments or entities close to a government, international broadcasting can be a form of
4823:
3418:
2913:
broadcast band (150 to 280 kHz), which provides reliable long-distance communications over continental distances.
329:
collaborated with the Axis powers to retransmit in Spanish news from the official radio stations of Germany and Italy.
230:
3196:
with respect to the size of these audiences for assorted technical reasons related to the RSS and email technologies.
4917:
4007:
3972:
3956:
3940:
3924:
3907:
3891:
3863:
3842:
3525:
3288:
A fourth, but less publicized audience, consists of intelligence officers and agents who monitor broadcasts for both
3261:
3052:
2844:
2317:
3243:
3034:
2826:
2299:
5144:
4702:
4250:
4052:
59:. Less frequently, international broadcasting has been undertaken for commercial purposes by private broadcasters.
4813:
3363:
2705:
2362:
2358:
2088:
446:
5728:
5625:
4808:
3347:, as well as an even cheaper 35 ℛ︁ℳ︁ receiver, that could not pick up distant signals well.
3239:
3030:
2822:
2295:
181:. The success of this operation caught the BBC's attention who rented out a shortwave transmitting station in
5473:
4833:
4003:
3371:
2663:
2386:
2382:
1627:
613:
540:, became one of the most prolific international broadcasters during the latter decades of the Cold War, with
5400:
5108:
4869:
4766:
4309:
4104:
4076:
4026:
Union group created to protect Radio Canada International's international broadcasting mandate and funding.
2601:
413:
Following the war and German partition, each Germany developed its own international broadcasting station:
381:
299:
148:
began the first international broadcasting on March 11, 1927, with programmes in Dutch for colonies in the
341:, Russian, German, British, and Italian international broadcasting services expanded. In 1938 the British
189:
was finally inaugurated on December 19, 1932, with transmissions aimed towards Australia and New Zealand.
5698:
5137:
5098:
4605:
4045:
3304:
2940:
2501:
1727:
1525:
1015:
481:
2449:
2187:
Some services, such as Swiss Radio International, left shortwave altogether and exist in Internet form,
473:
326:
5640:
5385:
5295:
4957:
4879:
4818:
4525:
3406:
3383:
3120:
3076:
2507:
2481:
2211:, a multimedia news platform, which does not broadcast on shortwave. Other shortwave broadcasters have
1119:
763:
422:
349:, French and Italian. In 1942, the United States initiated its international broadcasting service, the
236:
3780:
4729:
4690:
4535:
4435:
4364:
4297:
4124:
2890:
2731:
2421:
inform listeners what is occurring. During Iraqi missile strikes on Israel during the 1991 Gulf War,
2140:
813:
485:
462:
396:", who broadcast Japanese propaganda in English, along with American music to help ensure listeners.
361:
357:
used shortwave radio to keep in touch with the citizens of the Japanese-occupied Philippine Islands.
5088:
4330:
4265:
4218:
4178:
3289:
3281:, who attempt to listen to as many countries as possible and obtain verification cards or letters (
3224:
3015:
2983:
2807:
2557:
2280:
1830:
263:
in Germany to the US, Central and South America, and the Far East began in 1926. A second station,
3116:
International broadcasters known to maintain their own streaming video sites (not authoritative):
5650:
5549:
5502:
5410:
4927:
4912:
4756:
4707:
4630:
4530:
4208:
4094:
4089:
3659:"Radio Canada International goes off-air, moving online-only after 67 years of shortwave service"
3646:
3228:
3019:
2811:
2284:
134:
114:
2971:
1980s : 500 kW sometimes transmitters were "doubled up" to produce 1000 kW output
5544:
5458:
5300:
4849:
4635:
4450:
4395:
4390:
4203:
4168:
3517:
Innovation and the Communications Revolution: From the Victorian Pioneers to Broadband Internet
3066:
2539:
2484:) and others were founded in part with the goal of helping draw overseas empires closer to the
2219:
1834:
78:' by wireless to Nauen in 1917. In turn, Nauen station broadcast the news of the abdication of
3561:
2222:, are being introduced, as well as sending programs over the Web to be played back later, as "
5645:
5468:
5448:
4751:
4555:
4520:
4440:
4420:
4342:
4230:
4151:
3327:, into the United Kingdom. Similar programming came from an unlicensed, or "pirate" station,
2535:
2531:
2208:
1763:
4084:
3575:
271:
assumed control of the Nauen station and added to its shortwave and longwave capacity. Once
5273:
5213:
5198:
5193:
4665:
4625:
4595:
4352:
4287:
4109:
3079:(DAB) in Europe in the 1990s, and in a similar limited way in the Americas via in-band FM (
2749:
2627:
2589:
2135:
1572:
1470:
1268:
1216:
960:
608:
48:
8:
5380:
5251:
4675:
4615:
4374:
4336:
4134:
4119:
3438:
3278:
2373:" that was otherwise being censored and promote dissent and occasionally, to disseminate
95:
5129:
4034:
The non-governmental, not-for-profit industry association for international TV and radio
5517:
4902:
4859:
4790:
4660:
4590:
4565:
4500:
4347:
4068:
3398:
October 2002, Iraq changed frequencies of two stations to block the Voice of America's
3300:
2921:
2669:
2583:
2473:
1273:
346:
186:
158:
2874:
An international broadcaster may use a local shortwave broadcaster as a relay station.
325:
transmitter as a gift of Nazi Germany to aid their propaganda efforts, and until 1943
5630:
5589:
5507:
4942:
4864:
4778:
4761:
4724:
4570:
4400:
4369:
4235:
4129:
3968:
3952:
3936:
3920:
3903:
3887:
3859:
3838:
3521:
3180:
3145:
3135:
2979:
2743:
2709:
2684:(English, French, Samoan, Tongan, Niuean, Cook Islands Maori, Solomon Islands Pidgin)
2681:
2579:
2545:
2525:
2477:
2461:
2437:
2409:
2234:
2034:
1677:
863:
491:
In addition to these states, international broadcast services grew in Europe and the
488:
began transmitting Radio DDR, later Radio Berlin International, on October 15, 1959.
442:
354:
342:
318:
163:
153:
149:
106:
99:
79:
39:
5584:
4610:
3344:
70:. With the severing of Germany's undersea cables, the wireless telegraph station in
5666:
5610:
5579:
5424:
5235:
5160:
4947:
4907:
4887:
4854:
4783:
4741:
4655:
4510:
4495:
4470:
4445:
4405:
4255:
4114:
4099:
3379:
3367:
2936:
2645:
2413:
2084:
1577:
1373:
438:
350:
338:
5569:
2861:
An international broadcaster has several options for reaching a foreign audience:
5635:
5605:
5241:
4575:
4430:
4198:
4173:
4161:
4002:
Easy-to-construct "interference-reducing" antennas for shortwave portables: U.S.
3549:
3515:
3433:
3375:
3170:
2761:
2699:
2657:
2621:
2567:
2465:
2457:
2417:
2402:
2366:
2344:
2204:
1984:
1423:
1221:
1069:
663:
508:
507:, served both to present the Israeli point of view to the world and to serve the
385:
295:
280:
252:
240:
206:
202:
140:
The Dutch began conducting experiments in the shortwave frequencies in 1925 from
75:
2672:(English, French, Spanish, German, Indonesian, Japanese, Arabic, Chinese, Dutch)
5245:
4773:
4645:
4620:
4580:
4550:
4425:
4260:
4213:
4188:
4146:
3328:
3293:
3155:
3140:
3070:
2693:
2595:
2489:
2485:
2374:
2026:
1884:
1475:
1169:
1065:
905:
713:
537:
522:
469:
414:
373:
3499:
International Law Documents: Neutrality, Conduct and Conclusion of Hostilities
5717:
5620:
5345:
5225:
5164:
4922:
4695:
4685:
4600:
4490:
4485:
4475:
4460:
4282:
4141:
3949:
Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader: North Korea and the Kim Dynasty
3359:
2955:
2429:
2200:
2076:
458:
434:
365:
303:
198:
170:
3331:, which broadcast from a ship in the international waters of the North Sea.
2740:(English, Korean, Chinese, Spanish, Arabic, Russian, Vietnamese, Indonesian)
544:
one of the top five broadcasters in terms of hours of programming produced.
5692:
5167:
4800:
4640:
4585:
4515:
4480:
4415:
4314:
4304:
4156:
3443:
3125:
2755:
2721:
2717:
2519:
2370:
1826:
1818:
1768:
1111:
1057:
913:
541:
512:
496:
454:
450:
369:
272:
248:
226:
2974:
1980s-present: 600 kW single, 1200 kW from twinned transmitters.
2770:(Spanish, German, French, English, Italian, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese)
2432:, established in 1931, broadcasts such programs. Another station, such as
156:
and in German, Spanish and English for the rest of the world. The popular
5615:
5440:
5231:
5000:
4650:
4560:
4545:
4505:
4465:
4324:
3464:
3448:
3324:
2725:
2713:
2398:
1517:
1465:
1323:
533:
504:
492:
63:
2615:
5497:
5483:
5185:
5005:
4712:
4410:
4319:
4275:
4245:
4223:
3399:
3387:
3341:
2902:
2737:
2513:
2422:
2335:
477:
403:
393:
389:
322:
268:
182:
130:
110:
67:
56:
35:
2909:
In addition, many receivers used in Europe and Russia can receive the
548:
Estimated total programme hours per week of some external broadcasters
5560:
5419:
4990:
4455:
4270:
4037:
3428:
3320:
3160:
2925:
2611:
2607:
2573:
2440:
will carry brokered programming from evangelists. In the case of the
2340:
2192:
2188:
1776:
655:
518:
360:
Several announcers who became well known in their countries included
141:
66:, when German and British stations broadcast press communiqués using
44:
3986:
Hard-Core-DX – serious information about shortwave/AM radio stations
3213:
3004:
2931:
2796:
2666:(Hindi, Thai, English, Tamil, Telghu, and 126 other local languages)
2269:
102:
carried out the first short wave transmissions over a long distance.
5310:
5263:
5221:
4985:
4975:
4892:
4717:
4540:
3175:
2910:
2885:, may broadcast television programs to each other's viewing public.
2651:
2639:
2633:
2563:
2354:
2253:
2181:
1669:
705:
287:
122:
5350:
5305:
5259:
4980:
4965:
4183:
3996:
3165:
3150:
3109:
2965:
1960s : 200 kW, early 1960s (2 × 100 kW 'twinned')
2687:
2551:
2390:
2246:
2223:
1719:
1567:
1161:
603:
529:
418:
218:
2982:
to aim the signal toward the intended audience and increase the
2968:
1970s : 300 kW, but many 250 kW transmitters sold
43:
by colonial empires as a means of connecting colonies with the
5574:
5390:
5364:
5359:
5318:
5269:
5255:
5010:
4970:
4292:
3985:
3755:
3200:
in North America, Western Europe and the Asia-Pacific regions.
3092:
far back as 1975, but abandoned the idea for internal reasons.
2882:
2878:
2242:
1976:
1926:
1619:
1315:
1007:
755:
407:
291:
222:
118:
3999:
Cataloguing and reviewing every English-language radio station
433:
The Cold War led to increased international broadcasting (and
62:
International broadcasting, in a limited extent, began during
5395:
5290:
5182:
4995:
4932:
4240:
3458:
3454:
1876:
1415:
1365:
1211:
955:
805:
500:
260:
214:
71:
279:(Foreign Radio Section), was regarded as a vital element of
4937:
4021:
3799:
3797:
3080:
2988:
2779:
2773:
2444:, both governmental and religious programming is provided.
2433:
2394:
2378:
1263:
965:
855:
210:
145:
52:
3075:
Some international broadcasters have become available via
5159:
3687:
2259:
2238:
2196:
251:. International broadcasting was an important element in
178:
174:
4029:
3794:
3729:
468:
West Germany resumed regular shortwave broadcasts using
205:, the official service of the Soviet Union (renamed the
197:
Other notable early international broadcasters included
47:(for example the BBC Empire Service as well as France's
3706:. The Voice of Russia. 10 November 2014. Archived from
2425:
relayed its domestic service on its shortwave service.
2377:. Currently, the US operates similar services aimed at
503:
transmitters covered the Arab world; Israel's service,
4013:
3990:
3606:
3604:
2896:
380:, called "the traitors of Stuttgart"; and Americans
221:. Broadcasting in South Asia was launched in 1925 in
2442:
Broadcasting Services of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
3917:
Inside Hitler's Germany: Life Under the Third Reich
3900:
Communication and Democratic Reform in South Africa
3601:
3323:) broadcast rock and roll, including bands such as
2660:(Russian, English, French, German, Arabic, Spanish)
3358:The most common method of preventing reception is
2245:soon after launch). The defunct BBC World Service
3811:
3809:
2199:that trains youth in developing countries to use
267:, was added in 1931. In January 1932, the German
5715:
4031:AIB | Association for International Broadcasting
3935:. Translated by John O'Malley. Routledge, 2002.
2460:. In the case of major broadcasters such as the
2369:were founded to broadcast news from "behind the
449:. The Soviet Union's most prominent service was
3736:. WRTH Publications Ltd. Radio Data Center GmbH
3562:"Daventry Calling - 2: Station G5SW Chelmsford"
245:Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda
3884:Bicycling to Amersfoort: A World War II Memoir
3806:
3692:
2901:Most radio receivers in the world receive the
5145:
4053:
3409:, and properly aiming the receiving antenna.
2994:
2978:International stations generally use special
2786:
2203:for social change. Radio Moscow's successor,
321:, the Nationalist forces received a powerful
290:transmitter and antenna complex was built at
476:began operation in 1956, with eleven 100-kW
275:assumed power in 1933, shortwave, under the
5068:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
3242:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3033:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2825:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2298:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
5152:
5138:
5104:
4060:
4046:
3854:Jackson, David. "The Future of Radio II".
3374:program and the Chinese government jammed
2456:, or the Voice of America's broadcasts in
185:, with the callsign G5SW, to Marconi. The
3513:
3262:Learn how and when to remove this message
3053:Learn how and when to remove this message
2845:Learn how and when to remove this message
2468:, there is also an educational outreach.
2318:Learn how and when to remove this message
3386:as well broadcasts made by adherents of
3340:German government sold a cheap, 76
3334:
3103:
2930:
2516:(Malaysian Malays and Malaysian English)
2510:(Malaysian Malays and Malaysian English)
2207:, was disbanded in 2014 and replaced by
235:
94:
4018:The bible of international broadcasting
3858:, 2007 edition. 2007, Billboard Books.
2560:(Hindi, English, Tamil, Telghu, Bangla)
51:and the Dutch overseas radio services,
14:
5716:
4067:
3509:
3507:
3186:
2916:
2260:Reasons for international broadcasting
27:Radio communications between countries
5530:
5133:
4041:
3965:History of International Broadcasting
3700:"The Voice of Russia becomes Sputnik"
3309:Foreign Broadcast Information Service
1274:Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran
5114:
3722:
3424:List of shortwave radio broadcasters
3240:adding citations to reliable sources
3207:
3031:adding citations to reliable sources
2998:
2823:adding citations to reliable sources
2790:
2296:adding citations to reliable sources
2263:
2218:In addition, new standards, such as
388:, one of the two announcers called "
3902:. 2001, Cambridge University Press
3748:
3504:
2495:
345:launched international services in
24:
5531:
3419:List of international broadcasters
2897:Mediumwave and longwave broadcasts
2690:(English, French, Spanish, Arabic)
2576:(French, English, Arabic, Spanish)
1526:Radio Nederland Wereldomroep (RNW)
353:. In the Pacific theater, General
231:Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation
25:
5740:
4004:International Broadcasting Bureau
3979:
3915:Hughes, Matthew, and Chris Mann.
3497:U.S. Government Printing Office.
1016:Radio France Internationale (RFI)
5686:
5113:
5103:
5094:
5093:
5082:
4703:Free-space optical communication
3212:
3003:
2795:
2347:from the 1960s to the 1980s was
2268:
2123:
2069:
2019:
1969:
1919:
1869:
1811:
1762:
1712:
1662:
1612:
1560:
1510:
1458:
1408:
1358:
1308:
1256:
1204:
1154:
1120:Radio Berlin International (RBI)
1104:
1050:
1000:
948:
898:
848:
798:
764:Radio Canada International (RCI)
748:
698:
648:
596:
3993:(ARRL), Newington, Connecticut.
3848:
3835:The New Encyclopædia Britannica
3827:
3818:
3773:
3681:
3665:. June 25, 2012. Archived from
3651:
3640:
3631:
3622:
3613:
2480:, France's Poste Colonial (now
1374:Radiotelevisione Italiana (RAI)
447:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
428:
332:
298:, and played a key role in the
117:, rigged up a large antenna at
18:External service (broadcasting)
5626:Error detection and correction
3592:
3583:
3568:
3554:
3534:
3491:
3482:
3100:broadcasts targeted at them).
2630:(Hindi and 98 other languages)
2604:(Portuguese, English, Spanish)
1885:Radio Exterior de España (REE)
13:
1:
3470:
3296:). In the United States, the
3086:
528:Ironically, the isolationist
233:is the oldest in the region.
5089:Telecommunication portal
4870:Telecommunications equipment
3542:History of Radio Netherlands
3475:
3203:
2877:Neighboring states, such as
2241:(that had primary access to
382:Frederick William Kaltenbach
300:German annexation of Austria
259:Shortwave broadcasting from
192:
7:
5699:Comparison of radio systems
4606:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
3991:American Radio Relay League
3933:The Papacy: An Encyclopedia
3781:"News in Pacific Languages"
3412:
3305:Central Intelligence Agency
2502:List of world news channels
10:
5745:
5724:International broadcasting
5672:International broadcasting
5641:FM extended band in Brazil
4310:Telecommunications history
3873:
3384:Radio Taiwan International
3077:digital audio broadcasting
3064:
2995:Digital audio broadcasting
2787:Means to reach an audience
2499:
2482:Radio France International
2387:People's Republic of China
2213:ceased operations entirely
511:, particularly behind the
495:. Under the presidency of
423:Radio Berlin International
368:, who was one of the two "
90:
85:
31:International broadcasting
5680:
5659:
5598:
5558:
5537:
5526:
5482:
5439:
5409:
5373:
5338:
5331:
5283:
5212:
5181:
5174:
5077:
5019:
4956:
4918:Public Switched Telephone
4878:
4842:
4799:
4740:
4730:telecommunication circuit
4691:Fiber-optic communication
4674:
4436:Francis Blake (telephone)
4383:
4231:Optical telecommunication
4075:
3730:"World Radio TV Handbook"
2924:are capable of receiving
2891:Swiss Radio International
2732:China Radio International
463:China Radio International
362:British Union of Fascists
311:International Radio Union
177:station, then run by the
4829:Orbital angular-momentum
4266:Satellite communications
4105:Communications satellite
3803:Hughes and Mann 2002: 93
3290:open-source intelligence
2962:1950s : 100 kW
2558:Asian News International
2450:Radio Exterior de España
2383:Radio y Televisión Martí
2175:
327:Radio Nacional de España
5651:Shortwave relay station
5550:Audio signal processing
4708:Molecular communication
4531:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
4360:Undersea telegraph line
4095:Cable protection system
4015:World Radio TV Handbook
4010:(the "Villard antenna")
3898:Horwitz, Robert Britt.
3856:World Radio TV Handbook
3520:. IET. pp. 73–75.
2941:East Coast of Australia
2454:Un idioma sin fronteras
864:Radio Havana Cuba (RHC)
474:Julich transmitter site
135:Imperial Wireless Chain
119:Poldhu Wireless Station
115:Charles Samuel Franklin
5545:Audio data compression
4850:Communication protocol
4636:Charles Sumner Tainter
4451:Walter Houser Brattain
4396:Edwin Howard Armstrong
4204:Information revolution
3688:https://www.rnw.media/
3577:World Service timeline
3067:Digital Radio Mondiale
2944:
2220:Digital Radio Mondiale
384:, "Lord Hee-Haw", and
256:
103:
82:on November 10, 1918.
5729:Propaganda techniques
5646:Multipath propagation
5469:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II
5339:Frequency allocations
5214:Frequency allocations
4824:Polarization-division
4556:Narinder Singh Kapany
4521:Erna Schneider Hoover
4441:Jagadish Chandra Bose
4421:Alexander Graham Bell
4152:online video platform
3931:Levillain, Philippe.
3335:Restricting reception
3104:Streaming video sites
2934:
1222:All India Radio (AIR)
1070:Deutschlandfunk (DLF)
402:The British launched
239:
201:(February 12, 1931),
109:pioneered the use of
98:
5599:Technical (emission)
4666:Vladimir K. Zworykin
4626:Almon Brown Strowger
4596:Charles Grafton Page
4251:Prepaid mobile phone
4179:Electrical telegraph
4023:RCI Action Committee
3913:Hughes and Mann 2002
3610:Levillain 2002: 1600
3236:improve this section
3027:improve this section
2980:directional antennas
2819:improve this section
2750:The Filipino Channel
2628:Press Trust of India
2292:improve this section
1831:Peace & Progress
472:on May 3, 1953. Its
421:, West Germany, and
166:after World War II.
144:. The radio station
4616:Johann Philipp Reis
4375:Wireless revolution
4337:The Telephone Cases
4194:Hydraulic telegraph
3951:. 2006, Macmillan.
3947:Martin, Bradley K.
3919:. 2002, Brassey's.
3886:. 2005, iUniverse.
3710:on 29 November 2014
3574:BBC World Service.
3439:Shortwave listening
3345:"People's Receiver"
3187:RSS feeds and email
2922:Shortwave receivers
2917:Shortwave broadcast
2764:(English, Filipino)
2758:(English, Filipino)
2752:(English, Filipino)
2702:(English, Japanese)
2522:(Malaysian English)
1066:Deutsche Welle (DW)
417:, using studios in
4814:Frequency-division
4791:Telephone exchange
4661:Charles Wheatstone
4591:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
4566:Innocenzo Manzetti
4501:Reginald Fessenden
4236:Optical telegraphy
4069:Telecommunications
3997:englishradio.co.uk
3704:uk.SputnikNews.com
3548:2009-02-28 at the
3514:John Bray (2002).
3342:ℛ︁ℳ︁
3301:Open Source Center
2945:
2670:Voice of Indonesia
2592:(Spanish, English)
2474:BBC Empire Service
2452:'s Spanish class,
2448:language, such as
2349:What is Communism?
2180:At the end of the
480:transmitters. The
257:
187:BBC Empire Service
131:Cape Verde Islands
104:
5711:
5710:
5707:
5706:
5631:FM broadcast band
5538:Technical (audio)
5435:
5434:
5327:
5326:
5127:
5126:
4865:Store and forward
4860:Data transmission
4774:Network switching
4725:Transmission line
4571:Guglielmo Marconi
4536:Internet pioneers
4401:Mohamed M. Atalla
4370:Whistled language
3833:Goetz, Philip W.
3756:"Short Wave Info"
3637:Horwitz 2001: 287
3364:Radio Free Europe
3272:
3271:
3264:
3146:CNN International
3063:
3062:
3055:
2855:
2854:
2847:
2682:RNZ International
2664:Zee Entertainment
2636:(English, French)
2546:BBC World Service
2526:CNN International
2478:Radio Netherlands
2462:BBC World Service
2438:Trans World Radio
2410:BBC World Service
2365:and Indian Radio
2359:Radio Free Europe
2328:
2327:
2320:
2235:BBC World Service
2215:since the 1990s.
2173:
2172:
1678:RDP Internacional
443:BBC World Service
355:Douglas MacArthur
319:Spanish Civil War
164:Radio Netherlands
154:Dutch East Indies
150:Dutch West Indies
107:Guglielmo Marconi
100:Guglielmo Marconi
80:Kaiser Wilhelm II
40:counterpropaganda
16:(Redirected from
5736:
5693:Radio portal
5691:
5690:
5689:
5667:History of radio
5611:AM expanded band
5528:
5527:
5411:Commercial radio
5336:
5335:
5179:
5178:
5154:
5147:
5140:
5131:
5130:
5117:
5116:
5107:
5106:
5097:
5096:
5087:
5086:
5085:
4958:Notable networks
4948:Wireless network
4888:Cellular network
4880:Types of network
4855:Computer network
4742:Network topology
4656:Thomas A. Watson
4511:Oliver Heaviside
4496:Philo Farnsworth
4471:Daniel Davis Jr.
4446:Charles Bourseul
4406:John Logie Baird
4115:Data compression
4110:Computer network
4062:
4055:
4048:
4039:
4038:
3867:
3852:
3846:
3837:, 1991 edition,
3831:
3825:
3824:Martin 2006: 495
3822:
3816:
3813:
3804:
3801:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3696:
3690:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3655:
3649:
3644:
3638:
3635:
3629:
3626:
3620:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3599:
3596:
3590:
3587:
3581:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3558:
3552:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3511:
3502:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3380:Voice of America
3368:Voice of America
3267:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3247:
3216:
3208:
3058:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3038:
3007:
2999:
2991:of radio power.
2937:Vancouver Island
2850:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2830:
2799:
2791:
2496:Notable networks
2414:Voice of America
2323:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2303:
2272:
2264:
2141:Radio Yugoslavia
2129:
2127:
2126:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2025:
2023:
2022:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1767:
1766:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1578:Voice of Nigeria
1566:
1564:
1563:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1006:
1004:
1003:
954:
952:
951:
904:
902:
901:
854:
852:
851:
804:
802:
801:
754:
752:
751:
704:
702:
701:
654:
652:
651:
602:
600:
599:
552:
551:
439:Voice of America
351:Voice of America
339:Second World War
277:Auslandsrundfunk
21:
5744:
5743:
5739:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5733:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5703:
5687:
5685:
5676:
5655:
5636:FM broadcasting
5606:AM broadcasting
5594:
5554:
5533:
5522:
5478:
5431:
5405:
5374:Digital systems
5369:
5354:
5323:
5284:Digital systems
5279:
5208:
5170:
5158:
5128:
5123:
5083:
5081:
5073:
5015:
4952:
4874:
4838:
4795:
4744:
4736:
4677:
4670:
4576:Robert Metcalfe
4431:Tim Berners-Lee
4379:
4199:Information Age
4071:
4066:
3982:
3977:
3962:
3946:
3930:
3914:
3897:
3882:Graef, Robert.
3881:
3876:
3871:
3870:
3853:
3849:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3819:
3814:
3807:
3802:
3795:
3786:
3784:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3764:
3762:
3760:short-wave.info
3754:
3753:
3749:
3739:
3737:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3713:
3711:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3686:
3682:
3672:
3670:
3669:on July 1, 2017
3657:
3656:
3652:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3602:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3584:
3573:
3569:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3550:Wayback Machine
3539:
3535:
3528:
3512:
3505:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3434:Shortwave bands
3415:
3407:single sideband
3376:Radio Free Asia
3337:
3279:radio hobbyists
3268:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3233:
3217:
3206:
3189:
3106:
3089:
3073:
3059:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3024:
3008:
2997:
2984:effective power
2919:
2899:
2851:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2816:
2800:
2789:
2762:Kapatid Channel
2700:NHK World-Japan
2622:Voice of Turkey
2504:
2498:
2466:Radio Australia
2458:Special English
2418:All India Radio
2403:Radio Free Asia
2324:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2289:
2273:
2262:
2205:Voice of Russia
2178:
2124:
2122:
2070:
2068:
2020:
2018:
1985:Voice of Turkey
1970:
1968:
1920:
1918:
1870:
1868:
1812:
1810:
1761:
1728:Radio Bucharest
1713:
1711:
1663:
1661:
1613:
1611:
1561:
1559:
1511:
1509:
1476:Radio Pyongyang
1459:
1457:
1409:
1407:
1359:
1357:
1309:
1307:
1257:
1255:
1205:
1203:
1155:
1153:
1105:
1103:
1051:
1049:
1001:
999:
949:
947:
899:
897:
849:
847:
799:
797:
749:
747:
699:
697:
664:Radio Australia
649:
647:
597:
595:
559:
509:Jewish diaspora
482:Wertachtal site
453:and China used
431:
386:Mildred Gillars
335:
296:Joseph Goebbels
281:Nazi propaganda
253:Nazi propaganda
241:Joseph Goebbels
207:Voice of Russia
195:
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88:
76:Fourteen Points
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5532:Related topics
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4365:Videotelephony
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3980:External links
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3815:Graef 2005: 36
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3329:Radio Caroline
3303:(formerly the
3294:BBC Monitoring
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3141:BBC World News
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2500:Main article:
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2490:decolonization
2486:mother country
2375:disinformation
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2027:United Kingdom
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538:hermit kingdom
536:, virtually a
523:Channel Africa
470:Deutsche Welle
430:
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415:Deutsche Welle
406:from Colombo,
378:André Olbrecht
374:Paul Ferdonnet
372:"s; Frenchmen
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49:Poste Colonial
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5165:digital audio
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4834:Code-division
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4819:Time-division
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4745:and switching
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4709:
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4696:optical fiber
4694:
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4686:Coaxial cable
4684:
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4601:Radia Perlman
4599:
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4491:Lee de Forest
4489:
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4486:Thomas Edison
4484:
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4476:Donald Davies
4474:
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4461:Claude Chappe
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4305:Smoke signals
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4283:Semiconductor
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4142:Digital media
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3989:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3974:
3973:0-85296-920-1
3970:
3967:. 2000, IET.
3966:
3963:Wood, James.
3960:
3958:
3957:0-312-32221-6
3954:
3950:
3944:
3942:
3941:0-415-92228-3
3938:
3934:
3928:
3926:
3925:1-57488-503-0
3922:
3918:
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3908:0-521-79166-9
3905:
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3895:
3893:
3892:0-595-34621-9
3889:
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3865:
3864:0-8230-5997-9
3861:
3857:
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3843:0-85229-400-X
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3634:
3628:Wood 2000: 58
3625:
3619:Wood 2000: 51
3616:
3607:
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3595:
3589:Wood 2000: 49
3586:
3579:
3578:
3571:
3563:
3557:
3551:
3547:
3544:
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3537:
3529:
3527:9780852962183
3523:
3519:
3518:
3510:
3508:
3501:. 1919, p. 55
3500:
3494:
3488:Wood 2000: 56
3485:
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3466:
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3310:
3306:
3302:
3299:
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3286:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3266:
3263:
3255:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3221:This section
3219:
3215:
3210:
3209:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3131:ABC Australia
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3068:
3057:
3054:
3046:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3012:This section
3010:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2992:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2952:
2950:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2927:
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2914:
2912:
2907:
2904:
2894:
2892:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2849:
2846:
2838:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2804:This section
2802:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2676:ABC Australia
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
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2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2559:
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2537:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2483:
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2475:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2430:Vatican Radio
2426:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2363:Radio Liberty
2360:
2357:the American
2356:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2322:
2319:
2311:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2277:This section
2275:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2257:
2255:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2201:digital media
2198:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2077:United States
2067:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
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1867:
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1660:
1659:
1655:
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1649:
1646:
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1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1628:Radio Polonia
1626:
1623:
1621:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
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1590:
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1234:
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1101:
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997:
993:
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987:
984:
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975:
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920:
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896:
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888:
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882:
879:
876:
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870:
867:
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862:
859:
857:
846:
845:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
815:
814:Radio Beijing
812:
809:
807:
796:
795:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
765:
762:
759:
757:
746:
745:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
715:
712:
709:
707:
696:
695:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
665:
662:
659:
657:
646:
645:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
594:
593:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
557:
554:
553:
550:
549:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
464:
460:
459:Radio Beijing
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
426:
424:
420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
400:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
366:William Joyce
363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
330:
328:
324:
320:
315:
312:
309:In 1936, the
307:
305:
304:Munich Crisis
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:Vatican Radio
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
171:Armistice Day
167:
165:
161:
160:
159:Happy Station
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
101:
97:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
60:
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
37:
32:
19:
5684:
5671:
5168:broadcasting
4801:Multiplexing
4676:Transmission
4641:Nikola Tesla
4631:Henry Sutton
4586:Samuel Morse
4516:Robert Hooke
4481:Amos Dolbear
4416:John Bardeen
4335:
4315:Telautograph
4219:Mobile phone
4174:Edholm's law
4157:social media
4090:Broadcasting
4030:
4022:
4014:
3964:
3948:
3932:
3916:
3899:
3896:Horwitz 2001
3883:
3855:
3850:
3834:
3829:
3820:
3785:. Retrieved
3775:
3763:. Retrieved
3759:
3750:
3738:. Retrieved
3733:
3724:
3712:. Retrieved
3708:the original
3703:
3694:
3683:
3671:. Retrieved
3667:the original
3662:
3653:
3647:BBC Handbook
3642:
3633:
3624:
3615:
3598:Wood 2000:57
3594:
3585:
3576:
3570:
3556:
3541:
3536:
3516:
3498:
3493:
3484:
3457:(mediumwave
3444:FTA receiver
3404:
3396:
3392:
3357:
3349:
3338:
3317:
3313:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3258:
3249:
3234:Please help
3222:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3115:
3107:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3074:
3049:
3040:
3025:Please help
3013:
2977:
2953:
2948:
2946:
2920:
2908:
2900:
2888:
2860:
2856:
2841:
2832:
2817:Please help
2805:
2756:GMA Pinoy TV
2470:
2453:
2446:
2427:
2407:
2371:Iron Curtain
2352:
2348:
2345:Radio Moscow
2333:
2329:
2314:
2305:
2290:Please help
2278:
2251:
2232:
2228:
2217:
2186:
2179:
1935:Radio Sweden
1827:Radio Moscow
1819:Soviet Union
1769:South Africa
1112:East Germany
1058:West Germany
914:Radio Prague
614:Radio Tirana
547:
546:
542:Radio Tirana
527:
517:
513:Iron Curtain
497:Gamal Nasser
490:
467:
455:Radio Peking
451:Radio Moscow
432:
429:Cold War era
412:
401:
398:
370:Lord Haw-Haw
359:
336:
333:World War II
316:
308:
285:
276:
273:Adolf Hitler
258:
249:Nazi Germany
227:Radio Ceylon
203:Radio Moscow
196:
168:
157:
139:
126:
105:
61:
30:
29:
5616:Cable radio
5559:Technical (
5319:DVB-T2 Lite
5175:Terrestrial
5001:NPL network
4713:Radio waves
4651:Alfred Vail
4561:Hedy Lamarr
4546:Dawon Kahng
4506:Elisha Gray
4466:Yogen Dalal
4391:Nasir Ahmed
4325:Teleprinter
4189:Heliographs
3945:Martin 2006
3714:18 November
3465:State media
3449:Medium wave
3372:Radio Martí
3325:the Beatles
2538:, English,
2399:North Korea
1518:Netherlands
1466:North Korea
1424:Radio Japan
1324:Kol Yisrael
966:Radio Cairo
714:Radio Sofia
534:Enver Hoxha
505:Kol Yisrael
493:Middle East
337:During the
317:During the
137:from 1926.
64:World War I
5718:Categories
5498:DirectBand
5484:Subcarrier
5186:modulation
5047:Antarctica
5006:Toasternet
4928:Television
4411:Paul Baran
4343:Television
4327:(teletype)
4320:Telegraphy
4298:transistor
4276:Phryctoria
4246:Photophone
4224:Smartphone
4214:Mass media
3880:Graef 2005
3787:2021-04-17
3765:19 October
3740:19 October
3471:References
3400:Radio Sawa
3388:Falun Gong
3315:programs.
3136:Al Jazeera
3087:Television
3065:See also:
2903:mediumwave
2610:(English,
2580:Al Jazeera
2566:(English,
2514:Berita RTM
2423:Kol Israel
2385:) and the
2336:propaganda
2131:Yugoslavia
486:Nauen site
478:Telefunken
445:, and the
404:Radio SEAC
394:Tokyo Rose
390:Axis Sally
323:Telefunken
269:Reichspost
229:, now the
183:Chelmsford
111:short wave
68:Morse code
57:soft power
36:propaganda
5561:AM stereo
5420:Sirius XM
5413:providers
5332:Satellite
5031:Americas
5020:Locations
4991:Internet2
4752:Bandwidth
4456:Vint Cerf
4353:streaming
4331:Telephone
4271:Semaphore
4162:streaming
3961:Wood 2000
3476:Citations
3429:Shortwave
3402:program.
3252:July 2024
3223:does not
3204:Listeners
3161:France 24
3126:RTM ASEAN
3043:July 2024
3014:does not
2926:shortwave
2835:July 2024
2806:does not
2782:(Swedish)
2776:(Swedish)
2746:(English)
2678:(English)
2648:(English)
2608:TRT World
2586:, Arabic)
2574:France 24
2528:(English)
2520:RTM ASEAN
2341:Radio RSA
2308:July 2024
2279:does not
2193:RNW Media
2189:Swissinfo
1835:Republics
1777:Radio RSA
656:Australia
560:Alignment
558:Political
519:Radio RSA
306:of 1938.
193:Expansion
142:Eindhoven
45:metropole
5660:Cultural
5590:Magnavox
5563:formats)
5513:SCA/SCMO
5508:RDS/RBDS
5311:HD Radio
5301:DRM/DRM+
5296:DAB/DAB+
5099:Category
4986:Internet
4976:CYCLADES
4893:Ethernet
4843:Concepts
4767:terminal
4718:wireless
4541:Bob Kahn
4384:Pioneers
4209:Internet
4100:Cable TV
3734:wrth.com
3663:J-Source
3546:Archived
3413:See also
3176:Sky News
2911:longwave
2652:Zee News
2642:(French)
2640:TV5Monde
2634:Press TV
2564:Sky News
2532:BBC News
2355:Cold War
2254:Cold War
2224:podcasts
2182:Cold War
1670:Portugal
706:Bulgaria
501:Egyptian
302:and the
288:kilowatt
123:Cornwall
5486:signals
5454:AMR-WB+
5306:FMeXtra
5119:Commons
5109:Outline
5062:Oceania
4981:FidoNet
4966:ARPANET
4779:circuit
4348:digital
4077:History
3874:Sources
3866:. p 38.
3845:, p 315
3673:June 6,
3360:jamming
3244:removed
3229:sources
3166:i24NEWS
3151:DD News
3110:YouTube
3035:removed
3020:sources
2956:jamming
2827:removed
2812:sources
2738:Arirang
2722:Russian
2718:Spanish
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