606:
579:
385:, had the engine longitudinally in front of the front wheels, with the transmission behind the engine and the differential at the rear of the assembly. This arrangement, used by Panhard until 1967, potentially had a weight distribution problem analogous to that of the Cord L29 mentioned above. However, the Panhard's air-cooled flat twin engine was very light, and mounted low down with a low centre of gravity reducing the effect. The air-cooled flat twin engine of the Citroën 2CV was also mounted very low, in front of the front wheels, with the transmission behind the axle line and the differential between the two. This became quite popular; cars using this layout included the German
629:
195:
145:
133:
36:
463:
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341:(MF). The engine was mounted longitudinally (fore-and-aft, or north–south) behind the wheels, with the transmission ahead of the engine and differential at the very front of the car. With the engine so far back, the weight distribution of such cars as the Cord L-29 was not ideal; the driven wheels did not carry a large enough proportion of weight for good traction and handling. The 1934
664:
universal can be a plunge or tripod type joint. The tripod is splined to the intermediate shaft and held by a circlip. A ball, supported on needle roller bearings, is fitted to each post of the tripod, and these slide in a trunion inside the yoke. This caters for changes in shaft length and horizontal angle. The drive is transferred through the trunion and balls to rotate the shaft.
557:, put the transmission on one side of the transversely mounted engine, and doubled back the drivetrain to put the differential just behind the transmission, but offset to one side. Hence the driveshafts to the wheels are longer on one side than the other. This located the weight just a bit in front of the wheels. It is this system which dominates worldwide at present.
424:) used a novel arrangement which had the engine and transmission in a 'side-by-side' arrangement with power being transmitted between the two via a heavy-duty chain, and a specially designed intermediate driveshaft that passed under the engine sump. This family has the distinction of being the highest engine capacity (8.2 L) front-wheel-drive vehicles ever built. The
314:. In the 1980s, the traction and packaging advantages of this layout caused many compact and mid-sized vehicle makers to adopt it in the US. Most European and Japanese manufacturers switched to front wheel drive for the majority of their cars in the 1960s and 1970s, the last to change being VW, Ford of Europe, and General Motors (Vauxhall - UK and Opel - Germany).
405:, and it had its engine longitudinally mounted, unlike most other front-wheel-drive cars on the market at that time. This arrangement continued also on the second-generation Tercel, until 1987, the third generation received a new, transversely mounted engine. Other front-wheel-drive Toyota models, such as
671:
Where the differential is not located in the center line of the vehicle, an intermediate shaft can be fitted to maintain equal length drive shafts on each side. This keeps drive shaft angles equal on both sides and helps prevent steering irregularities and vibration. The outer end of the intermediate
667:
The outer universal joint allows greater angular changes but not changes in shaft length. It is normally a ball and cage type with an inner race splined to the intermediate shaft. An outer race is formed in the yoke. The cage retains the balls in location in grooves in both races. The balls transfer
655:
In front wheel drive vehicles, the drive shafts transfer the drive directly from the differential to the front wheels. A short inner stub shaft is splined to the differential side gear and an outer stub shaft is splined to the front wheel hub. Each stub shaft has a yoke, or housing, to accommodate a
605:
256:
such as snow, mud, gravel or wet tarmac. When hill climbing in low-traction conditions RR is considered the best two-wheel-drive layout, primarily due to the shift of weight to the rear wheels when climbing. The cornering ability of an FWD vehicle is generally better, because the engine is placed
265:
rarely use the FWD layout because weight is transferred to the rear wheels under acceleration, while unloading the front wheels and sharply reducing their grip, effectively capping the amount of power which could realistically be utilized; in addition, the high power of high-performance cars can
663:
Universal joints let the shaft keep rotating while allowing for changes due to suspension movement, such as shaft length and horizontal angle, and shaft angle as the steering turns. Constant-velocity universal joints are normally used to transfer power smoothly between the components. The inner
578:
566:
under heavy acceleration. This is caused by differing drive shaft lengths which in turn results in different incident angles at the joints of the driveshaft. The farther these joints are articulate, the less effective they are at delivering torque to the wheels.
504:
had the four-cylinder inline water-cooled engine transversely mounted. The transmission was located in the sump below the crankshaft, with power transmitted by transfer gears. Other models that used the "transmission-in-sump" layout included the
452:
attempts to address the long-standing drawback of uneven weight distribution. This is done by packaging the differential in front of the clutch, allowing the axle line to be further forward in relation to the rear face of the engine block.
252:(RMR) layouts, it places the engine over the drive wheels, improving traction in many applications. As the steered wheels are also the driven wheels, FWD cars are generally considered superior to RWD cars in conditions in which there is low
428:
and “classic” Saab 900 also used a similar arrangement. The Eagle
Premier used a similar powertrain arrangement found in the Renault 21 and 25 – later becoming the basis for the Chrysler LH sedans produced until the 2004 model year.
224:
This layout is the most traditional form and remains a popular, practical design. The engine, which takes up a great deal of space, is packaged in a location passengers and luggage typically would not use. The main deficit is
668:
the drive from the shaft to the hub and allow for changes in horizontal angle and for a wide steering angle to be achieved. A flexible rubber boot fitted to each joint retains grease and keeps out dirt and moisture.
628:
202:
Historically, this designation was used regardless of whether the entire engine was behind the front axle line. In recent times, the manufacturers of some cars have added to the designation with the term
482:. The Trabant in 1957 was also one of the only cars to have a transverse mounted engine, being a sort of DKW successor. This was a novelty, especially for a car being made in a communist country.
257:
over the steered wheels. However, as the driven wheels have the additional demands of steering, if a vehicle accelerates quickly, less grip is available for cornering, which can result in
478:
The first popular transverse engined FWD cars were the DKW 'Front' made from 1931, which had a twin cylinder two-stroke engine. Saab copied this design on their first car, the 1949
345:
solved the weight distribution issue by placing the transmission at the front of the car with the differential between it and the engine. Combined with the car's low slung
757:
672:
shaft is supported by a bearing secured to the transaxle case and a universal joint assists with alignment. In some cases a longer drive shaft is used on one side. A
53:
270:. Electronic traction control can avoid wheel-spin but largely negates the benefit of extra power. This was a reason for the adoption of the all-wheel-drive
329:
There are four different arrangements for this basic layout, depending on the location of the engine, which is the heaviest component of the drivetrain.
840:
100:
72:
79:
209:
which describes a car in which the engine is in front of the passenger compartment but behind the front axle. The engine positions of most pre–
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815:. Gothenburg, Sweden: A B Nordbok, 1983. (Includes pictures of the engine layouts of the Traction Avant and other designs.)
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also introduced a front engine with a transversely installed two-stroke twin-cylinder engine (using DKW technology) in a
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322:, focused on luxury vehicles, however retained the rear-wheel-drive layout in even their smaller cars, though their
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is the most prominent user of this mechanical layout, having used it since the 1950s in its predecessor companies
595:
mid-engine, front-wheel-drive layout allows greater distance between front doors and wheelwells, and short front
1891:
57:
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240:(RWD), the FWD layout eliminates the need for a central tunnel or a higher chassis clearance to accommodate a
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373:
A 1975 Alfa Romeo
Alfasud Sprint Veloce using a Longitudinally mounted front-engine and front-wheel drive.
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397:. This is the standard configuration of Audi and Subaru front-wheel-drive vehicles. In 1979,
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is open, showing the transversely mounted engine that drives the front wheels.
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design, this resulted in handling which was remarkable for the era.
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introduced and launched their first front-wheel-drive car, the
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is the most recent user of this format - having used it on the
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Early cars using the FWD layout include the 1925 Alvis, 1929
318:
was the last
Japanese company to switch in the early 1980s.
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413:, had transversely mounted engines from the beginning on.
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Longitudinally mounted front-engine and front-wheel drive
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Road Test: Rear Drive vs. Front Drive vs. All-Wheel Driv
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Longitudinally front-mounted engine, front-wheel drive
448:
upward. The latest evolution of the format in Audi's
229:—the heaviest component is at one end of the vehicle.
458:
Front-engine transversely mounted / Front-wheel drive
703:
444:, and it can be found in its larger models from the
676:dynamic damper may be fitted to absorb vibrations.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
660:, at each end of a connecting intermediate shaft.
635:Transverse front-mounted engine, front-wheel drive
618:, (today Audi) longitudinal layout superseded the
332:
1904:
560:Front-wheel-drive vehicles tend to suffer from
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244:providing power to the rear wheels. Like the
722:
162:front-engine, front-wheel-drive (FWD) layout
650:
841:
827:
285:
172:and driven roadwheels at the front of the
697:
337:The earliest front wheel drive cars were
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1245:Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe
775:"BMW Technology Guide: Rear wheel drive"
706:Fundamentals of motor vehicle technology
571:Front-wheel drive design characteristics
461:
368:
250:rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout
193:
143:
131:
69:"Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout"
1591:Homogeneous charge compression ignition
704:Hillier, Victor; Peter Coombes (2004).
233:is not ideal, but usually predictable.
14:
1905:
622:front transverse engines in the 1950s.
822:
535:car application, based on the German
492:of 1959 and related cars such as the
238:front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout
198:Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout
179:
339:mid-engine, front-wheel-drive layout
246:rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
24:
805:
27:Term used in automotive technology
25:
1924:
1255:Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville
732:. Drivingfast.net. Archived from
420:(along with its sister model the
796:"What the heck is torque steer?"
730:"Engine & Driveline Layouts"
641:, followed the footsteps of the
627:
604:
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509:and various applications of the
34:
45:needs additional citations for
1892:Template:EC car classification
848:
788:
767:
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614:(FF longitudinal layout): The
333:Mid-engine / Front-wheel drive
13:
1:
708:. Nelson Thornes. p. 9.
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585:Mid-engine, front-wheel drive
150:longitudinally mounted engine
7:
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357:, and the first generation
138:transversely mounted engine
10:
1929:
1581:Gasoline / petrol
1345:Roadster / Spider / Spyder
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170:internal combustion engine
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1801:
1721:(engine / drive)
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511:PSA-Renault X-Type engine
263:High-performance vehicles
1360:Sedan delivery/Panel van
651:Front-wheel drive shafts
637:(FF transverse layout):
274:in the high performance
1621:Liquified petroleum gas
1433:Driverless (autonomous)
813:Cars of the 50s and 60s
286:Historical arrangements
1526:Compressed natural gas
1453:Personal rapid transit
475:
374:
343:Citroën Traction Avant
199:
153:
141:
1792:Dual motor-four-wheel
1390:Town (Coupé de Ville)
465:
372:
236:In contrast with the
197:
184:Further information:
147:
135:
1803:Engine configuration
736:on 27 September 2016
507:Datsun 100A (Cherry)
383:Jean-Albert Grégoire
54:improve this article
1809:internal combustion
1611:Internal combustion
1418:All-terrain vehicle
1340:Retractable hardtop
643:Autobianchi Primula
547:Autobianchi Primula
418:Oldsmobile Toronado
227:weight distribution
811:Sedgwick, Michael
760:2011-07-18 at the
755:www.motortrend.com
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375:
200:
180:Usage implications
168:, places both the
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1900:
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965:Compact executive
715:978-0-7487-8082-2
686:Front-wheel drive
470:on this original
422:Cadillac Eldorado
190:Front-wheel-drive
186:Automobile layout
158:automotive design
130:
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16:(Redirected from
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1771:Front-four-wheel
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1585:direct injection
1496:Alternative fuel
1310:Multi-stop truck
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523:Suzuki Suzulight
498:Austin 1100/1300
326:marque are FWD.
217:or on the front
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806:Further reading
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1365:Shooting brake
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1355:Saloon / Sedan
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859:Classification
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381:, designed by
379:Panhard Dyna X
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272:quattro system
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26:
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1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1370:Station wagon
1368:
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1263:
1261:
1260:Coupé utility
1258:
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1199:
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1128:
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1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1074:Sport compact
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
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1051:
1049:
1047:
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1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1010:
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1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
990:
988:
986:
985:Minivan / MPV
982:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
962:
960:
958:
954:
948:
945:
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928:
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869:
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851:
844:
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824:
821:
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809:
797:
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735:
731:
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630:
625:
621:
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598:
594:
590:
586:
580:
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574:
568:
565:
564:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
543:Dante Giacosa
540:
538:
534:
533:
528:
524:
521:. The 1955
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
481:
473:
469:
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454:
451:
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443:
439:
435:
430:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
391:Lancia Flavia
388:
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371:
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321:
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177:
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146:
139:
134:
124:
121:
113:
110:November 2011
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1728:
1679:Twelve-wheel
1636:Drive wheels
1409:Specialized
1330:Pickup truck
1235:Cabrio coach
1079:Sports sedan
1054:Grand tourer
812:
790:
778:. Retrieved
769:
750:
738:. Retrieved
734:the original
724:
705:
699:
670:
666:
662:
654:
634:
611:
584:
563:torque steer
561:
559:
541:
530:
513:such as the
484:
477:
450:MLB platform
431:
415:
376:
336:
328:
289:
280:Audi Quattro
268:torque steer
235:
231:Car handling
223:
214:
211:World-War-II
204:
201:
165:
161:
155:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1913:Car layouts
1829:Four-stroke
1729:Front-front
1669:Eight-wheel
1644:Front-wheel
1576:Natural gas
1561:Fossil fuel
1516:Biogasoline
1202:Body styles
1130:Vintage car
780:1 September
537:Lloyd LP400
515:Peugeot 104
308:Trabant P50
306:, the 1957
300:Citroën 2CV
298:, the 1948
282:road cars.
1854:Two-stroke
1750:Front-rear
1743:Rear-front
1659:Four-wheel
1649:Rear-wheel
1488:Propulsion
1478:Voiturette
1463:Flying car
1458:Police car
1423:Amphibious
1335:Quad coupé
1225:Berlinetta
942:Street rod
884:Subcompact
692:References
519:Renault 14
442:Auto Union
266:result in
259:understeer
242:driveshaft
80:newspapers
1764:Rear-rear
1674:Ten-wheel
1664:Six-wheel
1654:Two-wheel
1566:Fuel cell
1506:Biodiesel
1473:Tow truck
1448:Pedal car
1428:Connected
1400:Vis-Ă -vis
1375:Targa top
1320:Panel van
1315:Notchback
1295:Limousine
1285:Landaulet
1275:Hatchback
1220:Barchetta
1188:S-segment
1183:M-segment
1178:J-segment
1173:F-segment
1168:E-segment
1163:D-segment
1158:C-segment
1153:B-segment
1148:A-segment
1059:Hot hatch
1036:Coupe SUV
970:Executive
932:Lead sled
909:Full-size
889:Supermini
740:6 January
593:Renault 4
589:MF layout
549:of 1964,
486:Issigonis
416:The 1966
377:The 1946
359:Renault 5
355:Renault 4
292:Cord L-29
276:Jensen FF
248:(RR) and
215:front-mid
213:cars are
206:front-mid
166:FF layout
18:FF layout
1907:Category
1887:Category
1864:W engine
1849:Straight
1606:Hydrogen
1571:Fuel gas
1536:Electric
1411:vehicles
1350:Runabout
1300:Microvan
1290:Liftback
1280:Kammback
1265:Fastback
1240:Cab over
1230:Brougham
975:Personal
947:T-bucket
937:Lowrider
904:Mid-size
758:Archived
680:See also
639:Fiat 128
597:overhang
555:Fiat 127
551:Fiat 128
527:city car
389:and the
254:traction
1859:V (Vee)
1834:H-block
1600:plug-in
1598: (
1583: (
1553: (
1551:Ethanol
1540:battery
1538: (
1511:Biofuel
1501:Autogas
1468:Taxicab
1443:Gyrocar
1438:Go-kart
1385:Touring
1380:Torpedo
1325:Phaeton
1305:Minibus
1270:Hardtop
1115:Economy
1110:Classic
1105:Antique
1089:Go-kart
1021:Compact
998:Leisure
993:Compact
927:Hot rod
899:Compact
867:By size
620:DKW F89
502:Allegro
480:Saab 92
432:Today,
426:Saab 99
411:Corolla
351:Renault
347:unibody
304:Saab 92
302:, 1949
294:, 1931
174:vehicle
94:scholar
1882:Portal
1869:Wankel
1794:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1717:Layout
1596:Hybrid
1531:Diesel
1521:Biogas
1215:Baquet
1064:Muscle
1046:Sports
957:Luxury
919:Custom
894:Family
852:design
712:
674:rubber
468:bonnet
409:, and
403:Tercel
399:Toyota
395:Fulvia
316:Toyota
296:DKW F1
152:layout
140:layout
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1819:Boxer
1697:Front
1626:Steam
1395:T-top
1250:Coupe
1098:Other
1084:Super
874:Micro
407:Camry
164:, or
101:JSTOR
87:books
1824:Flat
1707:Rear
1069:Pony
1031:Mini
1003:Mini
782:2016
742:2010
710:ISBN
553:and
517:and
500:and
494:Maxi
490:Mini
472:Mini
466:The
440:and
434:Audi
393:and
324:MINI
312:Mini
278:and
219:axle
188:and
160:, a
73:news
1702:Mid
1555:E85
1545:NEV
1210:2+2
1125:Van
1120:Ute
1013:SUV
879:Kei
850:Car
591:):
545:'s
532:kei
488:'s
438:DKW
320:BMW
156:In
148:FF
136:FF
56:by
1909::
1140:EU
539:.
496:,
446:A4
261:.
221:.
176:.
1811:)
1807:(
1602:)
1587:)
1557:)
1547:)
842:e
835:t
828:v
798:.
784:.
744:.
718:.
645:.
599:.
587:(
529:/
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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