734:"In front of you", Barbato told the judges, "we provided the documents and evidence of our innocence. My friends thought it necessary to support their defence legally; I will not do so. Not because I have no confidence in you, but it is the law that does not concern me. So I do not defend myself. You have to sentence: we are the elements that destroy your sacred institutions. You have to sentence: it is logical, human. I will always pay tribute to your loyalty. But we say to our friends outside: do not ask for pardon, do not ask for amnesty. Socialist civilization should not begin with an act of cowardice. We demand a condemnation, we do not ask for mercy. Martyrs are more useful to the holy cause than any propaganda. Condemn us!".
427:, especially in Catania, the movement got its real impetus with the establishment of the Fascio of Palermo on June 29, 1892. The Leagues rapidly radiated over all Sicily. In the spring of 1893 the leaders of the movement decided to carry their propaganda to the peasants and miners of the countryside. Between March and October the number of fasci grew from 35 to 162 with more than 200,000 members. From that moment on the dynamics of the movement started to change; no longer the workers and craftsmen in the urban centres, but rather the peasants became the driving force behind the organisation. The centre of gravity moved from the city to the countryside.
775:
wing', Crispi introduced a bill in July 1894 to take over large estates and uncultivated land. The idea was to rent out the land on long leases in medium-sized holdings and leaseholders would be given reduced credit and tax concessions. While the bill failed to convince the
Radicals and democrats of Crispi's good intentions, it angered the Sicilian landowners. After the suppression of the Fasci those were now unwilling to make any concessions. Under the leadership of Di Rudiní, they battled against the bill. When Crispi fell from power after Adwa in March 1896, their proponent Di Rudiní became Prime Minister and the Sicilian landowners were safe.
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of unrest to provoke a revolution on the island. However, the majority took an opposite view, arguing the need to proceed peacefully. A revolt was not only inappropriate, but it would be detrimental to the movement. The meeting condemned the violent incidents in various parts of the island, and launched an appeal to stay calm and not to retaliate. In the end De Felice
Giuffrida accepted the position of the majority. But the die was cast for the authorities to arrest De Felice, Montalto, Petrina, and others. Garibaldi Bosco, Barbato and Verro were arrested on board the steamship
842:: "I could not believe it myself. They spoke loudly and clearly, with ease and astonishing courage." One of the most prominent women was Marietta De Felice Giuffrida, the daughter of Giuseppe de Felice Giuffrida – one of the founders of the movement. Only 14 years old, she accompanied her father throughout Sicily to help him setting up Fasci in the interior. She was "extraordinarily animated by the spirit of socialism, who spoke to the people with a fervour of a missionary, and because of her sex and age, she commanded the fascination of the masses".
767:
262:, the Fasci were millenarian insofar as the socialism preached by the movement was seen by the Sicilian peasantry as a new religion, the true religion of Christ – betrayed by the priests, who were on the side of the rich – that foretold the dawn of a new world, without poverty, hunger and cold, in accordance with God’s will. The Fasci, which included many women, were encouraged by the messianic belief that the start of a new reign of justice was looming and the movement spread like an epidemic.
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promised important measures of land reform for the near future. He was not blind to the misery and the need for social reform. Before 1891 he had been the patron of the
Sicilian working-class and many of their associations had been named after him. Colajanni, the chief architect of Giolitti’s fall by exposing the scandal around Banca Romana, was first offered the Ministry of Agriculture, which he refused, then sent to Sicily on a mission of appeasement.
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immediate suppression of the Fasci. Despite the heavy pressure from the King, the army and conservative circles in Rome, however, Giolitti would neither treat strikes – which were not illegal – as a crime nor dissolve the Fasci nor authorise the use of firearms against popular demonstrations. His policy was "to allow these economic struggles to resolve themselves through amelioration of the condition of the workers" and not to interfere in the process.
797:. In the fall of 1901, Sicilian peasants – following the example of numerous agrarian strikes that were affecting the whole of Italy – again set off a wave of agrarian unrest, conscious of the fact that in a way they resumed "the march abruptly interrupted in 1894 by the repression of the Fasci". Just as the Fasci movement, one of the main goals of the 1901 strikes and was a revision of the land leases to undermine the economic power of the
818:
not have the right to vote at the time). They patrolled the taverns to prevent the men from betraying the duty of militancy with bottles of wine. They also took care of many organizational aspects and were particularly active in proselytizing for the movement, decorating the stage of the rallies, preparing ceremonies such as the inauguration opening of the flag of the Fasci, and welcoming the leaders who came to the towns with flowers.
508:(Corleone Covenants), are considered by historians to be the first trade union collective contract in capitalist Italy. In September, the state authorities intervened and some of the landowners were persuaded to capitulate. Elsewhere the strike continued until November 1893. Railwaymen of Catania and Palermo, the sulfur-miners and many other workers followed their example winning higher wages or better working conditions.
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415:, and in a later stage with the involvement of peasants and sharecroppers. In the autumn of 1893, labour conflicts in the cities and the mines came together with the protests and claims of the farmers. The movement reached its greatest breadth in the manifestations against taxes, involving the lowest tiers of the city and the countryside, becoming difficult, if not impossible, to control by its leaders.
906:(The Old and the Young) retraces the history of the failure and repression of the Fasci Siciliani in the period from 1893–94. Although Pirandello was not an active member of this movement, he had close ties of friendship with some of its leading ideologists: Rosario Garibaldi Bosco, Enrico La Loggia, Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida and Francesco De Luca.
566:, and many peasants, probably a majority in the strike centres, were left without tenancies when the planting season ended in mid-December. In December 1893, the failure of the Giolitti government to restore public order gave rise to a general demand that Crispi should return to power. Giolitti had to resign on November 24, 1893, as a result of the
642:. The Fasci were outlawed, the army and the police killed scores of protesters, and wounded hundreds. Thousands of militants, including all the leaders, were put in jail or sent into internal exile. Some 1,000 persons were deported to the penal islands without trial. All working-class societies and cooperatives were dissolved and the
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of the rebellion many peasants had no choice but to vote with their feet and opted for emigration. Others remained, and a year later, in 1895, protests against unjust taxes and about the issue of communal land resumed in many towns in Sicily. The disbandment of the military troops that had to maintain order had to be postponed.
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According to
Hobsbawm, the Fasci were a prime example of primitive agrarian movement that became modern by aligning itself with socialism and communism. Many of its leaders continued in the Socialist Party and continued the struggle for land rights and land reform once they were released. Despite the
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Many former adherents of the Fasci left Sicily. Life had grown hard and employment difficult to find because of their involvement with the movement. For those in Sicily who wanted to change their life for the better in those days, there were only two alternatives: rebel or emigrate. After the failure
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Nonetheless, Giolitti acknowledged the need to stifle the agitation. From May 1893 onwards, leaders of the Fasci were arrested occasionally and police and military reinforcements were sent to Sicily. In the autumn of 1893 the leadership lost control over the Fasci and the popular agitation got out of
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which was attended by some 1,500 people, including workers and small producers. The miners demanded that the minimum age to be raised to 14 years for those who worked in the sulfur mines, the decrease of working hours and setting a minimum wage. Small producers demanded measures to avoid exploitation
817:
The role of women in the Fasci
Siciliani was substantial, but is regularly overlooked in historical accounts. Women were often at the forefront of demonstrations and strikes, speaking in public meetings and conferences. During municipal elections they made sure that men were going to vote (women did
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The disorders were not the product of a revolutionary plot, but Crispi chose to believe otherwise. On the basis of dubious documents and reports, Crispi claimed that there was an organised conspiracy to separate Sicily from Italy; the leaders of the Fasci conspired with the clerics and were financed
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in the years between 1889 and 1894. The Fasci gained the support of the poorest and most exploited classes of the island by channeling their frustration and discontent into a coherent programme based on the establishment of new rights. Consisting of a jumble of traditionalist sentiment, religiosity,
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had their own meeting hall where they held their own meetings; they carried their own banner when participating in protest marches. For the Fasci the women abandoned the Church, but not the religious sentiment, to protest against the priests, who had tried to frighten them and isolate them with the
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recognized the excessive brutality of the repression. Many Fasci members were pardoned and released from jail. Di Rudinì made it clear though that a reorganization of the Fasci would not be tolerated. After their release, De Felice, Barbato and Bosco were met by a large crowd of supporters in Rome,
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In the early days of
January, 1894 a meeting of the Central Committee of the Fasci took place in Palermo to discuss the position of the movement. Two sharply contrasting positions emerged. De Felice Giuffrida, known for his anarchist tendencies, supported the need to take advantage of the situation
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Crispi's good intentions got lost in the outcry for strong measures. In the three weeks of uncertainty before the government was formed, the rapid spread of violence drove many local authorities to defy
Giolitti’s ban on the use of firearms. In December 1893, 92 peasants lost their lives in clashes
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some 170 Fasci were established in Sicily. According to some sources the movement reached a membership of more than 300,000 by the end of 1893. The Fasci constituted autonomous organizations with their own insignia (red rosettes), uniforms and sometimes even musical bands, and their own local halls
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The keenest socialist among the Fasci leaders was
Garibaldi Bosco. In August 1892, he attended the Socialist Party’s congress at Genoa and on his return obediently purged his Fascio of its anarchist and other non-socialist members. His ideal of a united democratic front was shared by the father of
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that rapidly spread throughout the island, and was marked by violent social conflict, almost rising to the point of insurrection. The leaders of the movement were not able to keep the situation from getting out of control. The proprietors and landowners asked the government to intervene, and Prime
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The brutal repression backfired to some extent. The Fasci leaders used the military tribunals to make impassioned and well-reported speeches in their defence. The tribunals were too repressive and revolted the
Liberal consciences of many Northern Italians. In an attempt to regain his former 'left
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in southern France escalated into a more generalized working-class revolt supported by anarchists and violent riots in Rome and Naples. Italy seemed to be slipping to a revolution. By the time Crispi returned to power in
December 1893, Italy appeared to many to be on the brink of collapse. Crispi
103:
State of emergency in January 1894, dissolving the organizations, arresting its leaders and restoring order through the use of extreme force. The revolt inspired social reforms and social legislation, including workman's compensation and pension schemes. The suppression of the strikes also led to
503:
On 31 July 1893 a peasant conference at Corleone drafted model agrarian contracts for labourers, sharecroppers and tenants and presented them to the landowners. When those refused to negotiate, a strike against landowners and against state taxes broke out over a large part of western Sicily. The
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led to a steep decrease in wheat prices. The island’s main sources of wealth – wine, fruit and sulfur – suffered a heavy blow. The dominant landowning class channeled most of the economic burden on to the peasantry, in the form of higher rents and discriminatory local taxation. As social tension
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ridiculed the conspiracy of Crispi, poking fun at "the famous treaty between the Emperor of Russia, the President of the French Republic, and Mr De Felice". The so-called "Treaty of Bisacquino" was so named not because it was signed in the Sicilian town, but because it had been invented by the
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The successful struggle convinced the Sicilian ruling elite that the "upheaval" had to be stopped. They were seized by panic and some even demanded the closing of all schools to halt the spread of subversive doctrines. Prefects and frightened local councils bombarded Rome with requests for the
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mobilized to boycott it, providing the necessary manpower to work on the lands that the peasants refused to cultivate. After that, Verro broke away from the mafiosi, and – according to police reports – became their most bitter enemy. He was killed by the Mafia in 1915 when he was the mayor of
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The trials of the central committee of the Fasci, that took place in Palermo in April and May 1894, were the final blow to the movement. In spite of an eloquent defence, which turned the Court into a political platform and thrilled every socialist in the country, they were condemned to heavy
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332:("Workers leagues") constituted in Central and North Italy from 1871 – did not develop was that it brought together not individual workers but the workers' associations of the city, which retained their independence, their status and economic orientation). Other leaders included
287:(1887–1891) and coincided with unpopular tax increases and ratification of a series of laws curtailing personal freedom. The Italian economy had been sliding into a deep recession since the late 1880s. New protective tariffs had been introduced in
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on agricultural and industrial goods, followed by a trade war with France, which badly damaged Italian commerce and affected Italy’s agricultural exports, the only potentially dynamic economic sector of Southern Italy. Many farmers suffered severely.
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hand. Peasant squatters seized land, violent crowds demonstrated for work and against local misgovernment, tax offices were burnt down and clashes with the police grew more frequent and bloody. The violent social conflict almost rose to the point of
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Women were among the most ardent. In some municipalities the women organized themselves into women's sections and in others even in exclusively female Fasci. The strongest and most numerous presence of women was in the Fascio of
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and socialist consciousness, the movement reached its apex in the summer of 1893, when new conditions were presented to the landowners and mine owners of Sicily concerning the renewal of sharecropping and rental contracts.
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rose, a handful of young and hitherto quite unknown socialist intellectuals – many of them recent graduates of Palermo University – seized their opportunity. The movement grew under the first government of Prime minister
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with the police and army. Government building were burned as well as flour mills and bakeries that refused to lower their prices when taxes were lowered or abolished. Eleven people were killed on December 10, 1893, in
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should be considered as dangerous. The women had developed "highly successful propaganda activities and revolutionary agendas, through which they exercised considerable influence on the other Fasci in the region".
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sentences of imprisonment. On May 30, 1894, the leaders of the movement received their sentence: Giuseppe de Felice Giuffrida to 18 years and Rosario Bosco, Nicola Barbato and Bernardino Verro to 12 years in jail.
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However, his attitude could not be maintained. Landowners were infuriated by the unwillingness of the government to use force, while the peasants were annoyed by the unwillingness to redistribute land from the
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as well as artisans, intellectuals, and industrial workers. The immediate demands of the movement were fair land rents, higher wages, lower local taxes and distribution of misappropriated common land. Between
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838:, of the Fascio of Piana, urged the audience to ensure the registration of women. The presence and political sophistication of the female representatives at the congress surprised the editor of the
782:. The industrial workmen’s compensation scheme from 1883 was made obligatory with the employer bearing all costs; and a voluntary fund for contributory disability and old age pensions was created.
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leanings, few of their supporters were revolutionaries. Nevertheless, the peasants who assembled into the Fasci were eager for social justice and convinced that a new world was about to be born. A
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1875:
411:. Disturbances continued throughout the year. The Fasci started out as urban movements, animated by artisans, which evolved into a more popular and combative mass movement with the adherence of
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in alliance with Verro. The Mafia was sometimes needed to enforce flying pickets with credible threats of violence and to make the strike costly to landowners by destroying their property.
590:). The protestors carried the portrait of the King taken from the municipality and burned tax files. On December 17, 1893, many people were wounded when troops fired on a manifestation in
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declared a state of emergency in January 1894, dissolving the organizations, arresting its leaders and restoring order through the use of extreme force. Some reforms followed, including
38:
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Some historians emphasize that the leagues were engaged in class struggle against a coalition of landowners and mafiosi and ignore evidence of strategic alliances between the Fasci and
539:
430:
On May 21–22, 1893, a congress was held in Palermo attended by 500 delegates from nearly 90 leagues and socialist circles. A Central Committee was elected, composed of nine members:
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988:" (as in a bundle of sticks), but also "league", and was used in the late 19th century to refer to political groups of many different (and sometimes opposing) orientations.
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635:
364:. While the ruling elite depicted the men of the Fasci as treasonous socialists, communists and anarchists seeking to overthrow the monarchy; in fact many were devout
1890:
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Nevertheless, the revolt inspired social reforms. In 1898, two measures of social legislation were passed by the minister of the treasury of Di Rudini’s cabinet,
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threat of excommunication. In Piana the women organised a boycott of annual religious procession in protest of the priest’s opposition to the movement in 1893.
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The Fasci were the result of the revolt of the Sicilian peasants against the introduction of capitalist relationships into the rural economy aggravated by the
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With the dissolution of the Fasci, the unrest on Sicily did not subside. In January 1898, peasants demanding work and bread ransacked the town hall in
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The Fasci movement was made up of a federation of scores of associations that developed among farm workers, tenant farmers, and small
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194:", as in a bundle of sticks, but also "league") because everyone can break a single stick, but no one can break a bundle of sticks.
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The hunchback's tailor: Giovanni Giolitti and liberal Italy from the challenge of mass politics to the rise of fascism, 1882-1922
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aspirations with urban intellectual leadership often in contact with workers’ organizations and ideas in the more industrialized
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In order to give the strike teeth and to protect himself from harm, Verro became a member of a Mafia group in Corleone, the
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The authorities watched the Fasci closely and in a report to the government in Rome noticed that the female Fasci in Piana,
745:. And the theatre applauded. In March 1896, after Crispi had to resign due to the humiliating defeat of the Italian army at
737:
The heavy sentence aroused strong reactions in Italy and in the United States. In Palermo, a group of students went to the
866:. The leagues were not only led by socialists and anarchists; some were run by local gentry and mafiosi. The Mafia bosses
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who released the horses form their carriage and dragged them to the hotel, cheering for socialism and denouncing Crispi.
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was a true socialist and wanted just what the Fasci were demanding". Nicola Barbato was known as "the workers' apostle".
931:. The play, a monologue depicting a peasant woman whose husband was killed in the events at Caltavuturo, was written by
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1894 defeat, permanent movements were set up in some areas of Sicily using modern socialist models of organisation.
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the communist movement In Sicily built on the incipient organisational structures of the Fasci, such as during the
705:, with the goal to detach Sicily from the rest of the country and put it under a Franco-Russian protectorate. The
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In the Shadow of the Statue of Liberty: Immigrants, Workers, and Citizens in the American Republic, 1880-1920
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In addition to the unrest in Sicily, a wave of rioting spread through Italy in August 1893, triggered by the
526:, minors that worked in conditions of near-slavery that sparked public outrage and inspired many complaints.
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826:, where over a thousand of the 3,500 members were women in a town of 9,000 inhabitants. The female Fascio
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was dispatched with 40,000 troops. The old order was restored through the use of extreme force, including
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after a rally that asked for the abolition of taxes on food and disbandment of the local field guards (
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occupied communal land that they claimed was theirs, local authorities killed 13 and wounded 21 in the
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The rural Fasci in particular were a curious phenomenon: both ancient and modern. They combined
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At the congress in Palermo in May 1893 where the union of all the Fasci in Sicily was decided,
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Il movimento antimafia siciliano: Dai Fasci dei lavoratori all'omicidio di Carmelo Battaglia
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Primitive rebels; studies in archaic forms of social movement in the 19th and 20th centuries
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Living the Revolution: Italian Women's Resistance and Radicalism in New York City, 1880-1945
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Martial Law Proclaimed In Sicily; Stern Measures Resorted To to Quiet the Anti-Tax Troubles
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Trouble Has Been Long Brewing; Quantities of Arms and Ammunition in Hands of Revolutionists
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919:, is based on the Caltavuturo massacre on January 20, 1893, when during the celebration of
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392:. On these and other important issues there was much friction between Catania and Palermo.
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923:, a firing squad killed 15 peasants who claimed their right to state-owned land. It won a
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494:. The Congress decided that all Leagues were obliged to join the Italian Workers' Party (
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388:. The leader in Catania, De Felice, also maintained contact with leading anarchists like
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Freed Italians Unrepentant; Many Socialists Greet Giuseppe de Felice, Bosco, and Barbato
885:(Little Brothers). However, during the great strike of the Fasci in September 1893, the
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614:. Two days after, on January 5, thirteen dead and many wounded closed the series in
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by large owners. The minimum-age measure was meant to improve the situation for the
225:. Cheers for the King were often heard in their marches that almost resembled quasi-
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and first performed on February 2, 1893, in Palermo to raise money for the victims.
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1928:, Biblioteca dei Classici italiani di Giuseppe Bonghi (Accessed November 2, 2010)
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The heads of the Fasci Siciliani in the courtroom cage at the trial in April 1894
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was crushed as well. The government also seized the opportunity to 'revise' the
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Shot Down by the Soldiers; Four of the Mob Killed in an Anti-Tax Riot in Sicily
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on December 25. On January 1, 1894, 20 people were killed and many wounded in
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The Italian Government Alarmed; More Troops Called Out for Service in Sicily
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Cabinet Forced To Resign; Italian Ministers Called "Thieves" by the People
1860:. Past & Present, Volume 209, Issue 1, November 2010, Pages 181–222,
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1858:"Hora": Social Conflicts and Collective Memories in Piana degli Albanesi
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killing of a number of migrant workers in the salt pans of Aigues Mortes
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On February 28, 1894, Crispi presented the "evidence" for a widespread
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809:. The Fasci inspired social struggle in Sicily well into the 1950s.
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Sicily Under Mob Control; A Series of Antitax Riots in the Island
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Sicily Under Mob Control; A Series of Antitax Riots in The Island
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Upon the rejection of these conditions, there was an outburst of
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L'associazionismo a Corleone: Un’inchiesta storica e sociologica
1580:, by Pietro Siino, Società Siciliana per l'Amicizia fra i Popoli
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Militants and Migrants: Rural Sicilians become American workers
1959:, British Film Institute database (access date August 10, 2010)
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Director of Public Safety of Bisacquino, the Neapolitan Sessi.
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throughout Sicily. Army reservists were recalled and General
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229:. Many of the Fasci were part of the Italian Workers' Party (
160:. The suppression of the strikes also led to an increase in
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Popular depiction of the crackdown on the Fasci Siciliani (
666:. In Catania 5,000 of the 9,000 electors were struck off.
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in agriculture of the 1880s. The agrarian crisis between
127:("Sicilian Workers Leagues"), were a popular movement of
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on March 18, 1889, but was dormant after its founder,
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in many of their meeting-places, and portraits of the
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for reunions and congresses. They were called Fasci (
1981:, La Repubblica (Palermo edition), February 19, 2008
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The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796
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The Columbia encyclopedia of modern drama, Volume 2
1290:, Umberto Santino, Narcomafie, Nr. 2, February 2005
622:by French gold, and war and invasion were looming.
403:in May 1892. On January 20, 1893, when peasants of
2023:Cody, Gabrielle H. & Evert Sprinchorn (2007).
1996:Revolutionary Mafiosi: Voice and Exit in the 1890s
1947:, Rai Internazionale (access date August 10, 2010)
511:In October 1893, a congress of miners was held in
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2109:, New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press
2058:, Champaign (IL): University of Illinois Press.
306:The first official Fascio was founded on May 1 (
741:and asked the orchestra to perform the hymn of
197:While many of the leaders were of socialist or
58:Il movimento dei fasci siciliani dei lavoratori
1999:, in: Paolo Viola & Titti Morello (eds.),
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964:, Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro
701:, Giuseppe De Felice, the anarchists and the
610:and the next day 18 dead and many wounded in
376:nature, characterised by statements such as "
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2003:(Istituto Gramsci Siciliano, Palermo, 2004).
1808:
1806:
1790:
1788:
1786:
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915:(Saint Sebastian's Day) (1993), directed by
2216:Italy from liberalism to fascism, 1870–1925
2143:, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
1893:, Città Nuova di Corleone, November 3, 2004
1825:
1714:
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1658:
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1548:
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1366:
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1360:
1358:
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1166:
1164:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1071:Il tribunale militare fu un abuso di Crispi
770:Illustrations of Fasci Siciliani protesters
239:) that had been founded at a conference in
2256:
2242:
1763:
1683:
1630:
1628:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1146:
1130:
1116:
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1034:
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1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
753:, the new government under Prime Minister
2046:Gli avvenimenti di Sicila e le loro cause
1904:The Columbia encyclopedia of modern drama
1866:
1803:
1779:
1744:
1729:
1598:
1583:
1491:
1479:
1434:
1428:Gli avvenimenti di Sicila e le loro cause
1404:
1337:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1240:
1180:
1084:Gli avvenimenti di Sicila e le loro cause
1056:Gli avvenimenti di Sicila e le loro cause
893:
689:: the so-called "International Treaty of
395:Crispi was replaced as prime minister by
1850:
1655:
1543:
1353:
1260:
1258:
1211:
1161:
1089:
1061:
765:
721:
537:
294:
2029:, New York: Columbia University Press.
1625:
1419:
1389:, The New York Times, December 27, 1893
1334:, The New York Times, November 25, 1893
1293:
1273:
1227:
1109:
1019:
991:
594:. Another 11 protestors were killed in
562:. Landowners matched the strike with a
399:in February 1891, who was succeeded by
2454:
2126:, University of North Carolina Press.
1909:
1306:
1014:In the Shadow of the Statue of Liberty
630:On January 3, 1894, Crispi declared a
2237:
1881:
1876:Donne ribelli nella Sicilia dei Fasci
1798:L'anima femminile dei Fasci siciliani
1561:
1540:, The New York Times, January 5, 1894
1528:, The New York Times, January 4, 1894
1516:, The New York Times, January 6, 1894
1488:, The New York Times, January 3, 1894
1476:, The New York Times, January 6, 1894
1255:
658:of anarchists and republicans in the
118:
60:, 1955, by Onofrio and Minico Ducato)
2438:(Saint Sebastian's Day) directed by
2160:Storia dei partiti politici italiani
1862:https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtq030
1680:, The New York Times, March 18, 1896
1652:, The New York Times, March 14, 1896
1401:, The New York Times January 3, 1894
1219:Storia dei partiti politici italiani
857:
812:
213:beside those of the revolutionaries
2426:(The Old and the Young) written by
2263:
977:
717:
104:increase in emigration from Sicily.
13:
2213:Seton-Watson, Christopher (1967).
1622:, The New York Times, May 31, 1894
606:. On January 2, there two dead in
533:
418:
167:
14:
2533:
2517:Riots and civil disorder in Italy
2009:Modern Italy, 1871 to the present
1571:I Fasci dei lavoratori in Sicilia
1556:Modern Italy, 1871 to the present
1122:Modern Italy, 1871 to the present
318:(an earlier Fascio was set up in
302:, one of the leaders of the Fasci
2219:. London: Methuen & Co Ltd.
2049:, Palermo: Remo Sandron Editore.
1972:Il drammaturgo della rivoluzione
1817:Il movimento antimafia siciliano
1755:Il movimento antimafia siciliano
1666:Italy from liberalism to fascism
1638:Il «manifesto» di Nicola Barbato
1608:Crispi sciolse i Fasci contadini
1446:Il movimento antimafia siciliano
1372:Italy from liberalism to fascism
1270:, La Sicilia, September 14, 2008
1268:La firma dei «Patti di Corleone»
1235:I fasci siciliani : 1892-94
1172:Italy from liberalism to fascism
1104:Il movimento antimafia siciliano
1073:, La Repubblica, 5 February 2009
1040:Italy from liberalism to fascism
50:
2137:Hobsbawm, Eric J. (1959/1971).
2069:De Grand, Alexander J. (2001).
1962:
1950:
1931:
1896:
1891:Verro, una vita contro la mafia
1699:
1671:
1643:
1613:
1531:
1519:
1507:
1467:
1462:1894, a Marineo un'altra strage
1452:
1416:, La Sicilia, December 11, 2011
1392:
1380:
1325:
1288:Movimento contadino e sindacale
1196:
1010:Sicilian Radicals in Two Worlds
500:), the predecessor of the PSI.
497:Partito dei Lavoratori Italiani
372:. The movement sometimes had a
232:Partito dei Lavoratori Italiani
2075:, Greenwood Publishing Group.
1878:, La Sicilia, February 6, 2012
1640:, La Sicilia, January 10, 2010
1208:, La Sicilia, February 8, 2009
1076:
1048:
967:
945:
125:Fasci Siciliani dei Lavoratori
1:
2092:, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
2043:Colajanni, Napoleone (1895).
2012:, Harlow: Pearson Education.
1938:Biography of Pasquale Scimeca
1919:Biografia di Luigi Pirandello
1800:, La Repubblica, 9 March 2010
1650:Pardon for Italian Socialists
1610:, La Sicilia, January 7, 2011
1595:, La Sicilia, January 8, 2012
1464:, La Sicilia, January 2, 2011
1250:Il «battesimo» del socialismo
1206:L’eccidio di «San Sebastiano»
939:
2304:Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida
2120:Guglielmo, Jennifer (2010).
2086:Duggan, Christopher (2008).
1741:, La Stampa, January 3, 1898
1711:, La Stampa, August 18, 1895
761:
674:that was about to leave for
625:
448:Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida
423:From its initial origins in
316:Giuseppe de Felice Giuffrida
120:[ˈfaʃʃisitʃiˈljaːni]
7:
2435:Il giorno di San Sebastiano
2195:Scolaro, Gabriella (2008),
2103:Gabaccia, Donna R. (1988).
1957:Il giorno di San Sebastiano
912:Il giorno di San Sebastiano
266:Foundation and rapid growth
10:
2538:
2179:I fasci siciliani: 1892-94
2163:, Naples: Guida Editori.
2052:Debouzy, Marianne (1992).
1987:
1620:Sicilian Rioters Sentenced
1252:, La Sicilia, May 24, 2009
235:, the initial name of the
135:inspiration that arose in
18:
16:Popular movement in Sicily
2414:
2378:
2342:
2271:
2177:Renda, Francesco (1977).
2157:Leoni, Francesco (2001).
1856:Fracchia, Joseph (2010).
1709:Il malcontento in Sicilia
927:and was presented at the
751:First Italo-Ethiopian War
636:Roberto Morra di Lavriano
476:province of Caltanissetta
99:
83:
73:
65:
49:
1593:I contadini in ginocchio
1474:Serious Affair in Sicily
1414:La strage di Giardinello
19:Not to be confused with
2497:Modern history of Italy
2401:Lercara Friddi massacre
2309:Agostino Lo Piano Pomar
2294:Rosario Garibaldi Bosco
1902:Cody & Sprinchorn,
933:Rosario Garibaldi Bosco
480:Rosario Garibaldi Bosco
472:Agostino Lo Piano Pomar
362:Santo Stefano Quisquina
334:Rosario Garibaldi Bosco
237:Italian Socialist Party
27:
2487:19th century in Sicily
2415:In literature and film
2006:Clark, Martin (2008).
1739:Gravi fatti in Sicilia
1691:Militants and Migrants
1321:Revolutionary Mafiosi.
1301:The hunchback's tailor
894:In literature and film
771:
727:
546:
303:
154:workmen's compensation
39:considered for merging
1993:Alcorn, John (2004).
1842:Living the Revolution
769:
725:
541:
517:province of Agrigento
468:province of Agrigento
298:
227:religious processions
2423:I vecchi e i giovani
2396:Giardinello massacre
2391:Caltavuturo massacre
2386:Banca Romana scandal
1499:The Force of Destiny
1345:The Force of Destiny
1188:The Force of Destiny
929:Venice film festival
904:I vecchi e i giovani
824:Piana degli Albanesi
644:freedom of the press
568:Banca Romana scandal
460:province of Siracusa
409:Caltavuturo massacre
384:Sicilian socialism,
243:on August 14, 1892.
87:Popular movement of
2522:Sicilian rebellions
2350:Napoleone Colajanni
2343:Related politicians
984:) literally means "
840:Giornale di Sicilia
749:in Ethiopia during
664:electoral registers
492:province of Palermo
452:province of Catania
444:province of Messina
436:province of Trapani
386:Napoleone Colajanni
254:. According to the
46:
2507:Socialism in Italy
2181:, Turin: Einaudi.
1977:2014-03-06 at the
1943:2012-03-01 at the
1924:2010-06-20 at the
1576:2016-03-04 at the
960:2011-09-27 at the
772:
728:
654:were suspended. A
640:summary executions
547:
304:
44:
2492:Politics of Italy
2449:
2448:
2365:Antonio Di Rudinì
2360:Giovanni Giolitti
2324:Lorenzo Panepinto
2132:978-0-8078-3356-8
2035:978-0-231-14424-7
874:led the Fasci in
858:Mafia involvement
851:San Giuseppe Jato
847:Belmonte Mezzagno
828:delle lavoratrici
813:The role of women
755:Antonio Di Rudinì
711:Felice Cavallotti
695:French Government
693:", signed by the
656:solidarity revolt
608:Belmonte Mezzagno
588:guardie campestri
506:Patti di Corleone
401:Giovanni Giolitti
397:Antonio Di Rudinì
390:Amilcare Cipriani
358:Lorenzo Panepinto
190:literally means "
108:
107:
2529:
2440:Pasquale Scimeca
2428:Luigi Pirandello
2406:Lunigiana revolt
2355:Francesco Crispi
2334:Bernardino Verro
2314:Giacomo Montalto
2299:Vito Cascioferro
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917:Pasquale Scimeca
900:Luigi Pirandello
868:Vito Cascioferro
718:Trial in Palermo
544:Francesco Crispi
488:Bernardino Verro
432:Giacomo Montalto
350:Bernardino Verro
300:Bernardino Verro
285:Francesco Crispi
272:world depression
205:hung beside the
150:Francesco Crispi
122:
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1979:Wayback Machine
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921:Saint Sebastian
896:
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836:Maria Cammarata
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803:First World War
764:
720:
628:
542:Prime Minister
536:
534:Rising tensions
421:
419:Initial success
346:Piana dei Greci
268:
170:
168:Characteristics
158:pension schemes
115:
112:Fasci Siciliani
61:
45:Fasci Siciliani
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902:'s 1913 novel
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747:Battle of Adwa
739:Teatro Bellini
719:
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699:Czar of Russia
632:state of siege
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616:Santa Caterina
596:Lercara Friddi
535:
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484:Nicola Barbato
464:Antonio Licata
440:Nicola Petrina
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342:Nicola Barbato
324:Nicola Petrina
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1470:
1463:
1455:
1448:
1447:
1437:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1407:
1400:
1395:
1388:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1333:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1302:
1296:
1289:
1281:
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1277:
1269:
1261:
1259:
1251:
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1236:
1230:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1207:
1199:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1165:
1157:
1156:
1149:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1085:
1079:
1072:
1064:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1041:
1035:
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1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
987:
983:
975:
970:
963:
959:
956:
955:Scuola Ducato
948:
944:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
913:
908:
905:
901:
898:
897:
891:
888:
884:
879:
877:
873:
872:Nunzio Giaimo
869:
865:
855:
852:
848:
843:
841:
837:
832:
829:
825:
819:
810:
808:
807:Biennio Rosso
804:
800:
796:
791:
787:
783:
781:
776:
768:
759:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
735:
732:
724:
715:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
677:
673:
667:
665:
661:
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649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
623:
619:
617:
613:
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605:
601:
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589:
585:
579:
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571:
569:
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555:
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531:
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501:
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493:
489:
485:
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477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
428:
426:
416:
414:
413:sulfur miners
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
391:
387:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
330:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
301:
297:
293:
290:
286:
281:
277:
273:
263:
261:
260:Eric Hobsbawm
257:
253:
249:
244:
242:
238:
234:
233:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
189:
184:
180:
175:
174:sharecroppers
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
146:
141:
138:
134:
130:
126:
123:), short for
121:
113:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
79:
76:
72:
68:
64:
59:
53:
48:
40:
36:
35:
34:Infobox event
31:
26:
22:
2433:
2421:
2319:Giovanni Noè
2264:
2215:
2201:, Lulu.com.
2196:
2193:(in Italian)
2178:
2175:(in Italian)
2158:
2155:(in Italian)
2138:
2121:
2104:
2087:
2070:
2053:
2044:
2041:(in Italian)
2024:
2007:
2000:
1994:
1969:(in Italian)
1964:
1952:
1933:
1916:(in Italian)
1911:
1903:
1898:
1888:(in Italian)
1883:
1873:(in Italian)
1868:
1857:
1852:
1841:
1816:
1813:(in Italian)
1795:(in Italian)
1770:
1765:
1754:
1751:(in Italian)
1746:
1736:(in Italian)
1731:
1721:
1716:
1706:(in Italian)
1701:
1690:
1685:
1673:
1668:, pp. 185-86
1665:
1645:
1635:(in Italian)
1615:
1605:(in Italian)
1600:
1590:(in Italian)
1585:
1568:(in Italian)
1563:
1555:
1533:
1521:
1509:
1498:
1493:
1481:
1469:
1459:(in Italian)
1454:
1444:
1441:(in Italian)
1436:
1431:, pp. 178-79
1426:
1421:
1411:(in Italian)
1406:
1394:
1382:
1371:
1344:
1339:
1327:
1320:
1300:
1295:
1285:(in Italian)
1265:(in Italian)
1247:(in Italian)
1242:
1234:
1229:
1218:
1213:
1203:(in Italian)
1198:
1187:
1182:
1171:
1153:
1148:
1137:
1132:
1121:
1103:
1083:
1078:
1068:(in Italian)
1063:
1055:
1050:
1039:
1016:, pp. 120-21
1013:
1009:
981:
973:
969:
952:(in Italian)
947:
925:Golden Globe
910:
903:
886:
882:
880:
861:
844:
839:
833:
827:
820:
816:
801:. After the
792:
788:
784:
777:
773:
736:
733:
729:
680:
671:
668:
629:
620:
604:Pietraperzia
587:
580:
572:
556:
552:insurrection
548:
528:
521:
510:
505:
502:
495:
429:
422:
394:
382:
329:Fasci operai
327:
310:), 1891, in
305:
269:
245:
230:
196:
187:
171:
142:
124:
111:
109:
84:Participants
57:
32:
25:
2512:Syndicalism
1840:Guglielmo,
1425:Colajanni,
1303:, pp. 47-48
1082:Colajanni,
1054:Colajanni,
652:association
584:Giardinello
456:Luigi Leone
405:Caltavuturo
370:monarchists
248:millenarian
95:inspiration
28:‹ The
2456:Categories
1769:Hobsbawm,
1720:Hobsbawm,
1689:Gabaccia,
1376:pp. 165-67
1299:De Grand,
1237:, p. 10–11
1152:Hobsbawm,
1142:pp. 98-101
1136:Hobsbawm,
1126:pp. 124-25
1044:pp. 162-63
940:References
890:Corleone.
876:Bisacquino
799:gabellotti
691:Bisacquino
687:parliament
683:conspiracy
560:latifundia
504:so-called
308:Labour Day
258:historian
162:emigration
129:democratic
89:democratic
2502:Socialism
1906:, p. 1073
1846:pp. 36-39
1821:pp. 31-34
1815:Scolaro,
1759:pp. 89-92
1753:Scolaro,
1443:Scolaro,
1102:Scolaro,
909:The film
864:the Mafia
795:Siculiana
762:Aftermath
743:Garibaldi
660:Lunigiana
626:Crackdown
600:Gibellina
374:messianic
366:Catholics
215:Garibaldi
199:anarchist
148:Minister
133:socialist
93:socialist
69:1889–1894
37:is being
1975:Archived
1941:Archived
1922:Archived
1695:pp.66-67
1574:Archived
1558:, p. 126
1497:Duggan,
1343:Duggan,
1319:Alcorn,
1186:Duggan,
958:Archived
887:Fratuzzi
883:Fratuzzi
592:Monreale
490:for the
474:for the
466:for the
458:for the
450:for the
442:for the
434:for the
354:Corleone
207:red flag
203:crucifix
116:Italian:
74:Location
41:. ›
30:template
2272:Leaders
1988:Sources
1554:Clark,
1449:, p. 57
1233:Renda,
1217:Leoni,
1158:, p. 96
1120:Clark,
1086:, p. 17
1058:, p. 14
709:deputy
707:Radical
703:Vatican
672:Bagnara
648:meeting
612:Marineo
564:lockout
515:in the
338:Palermo
320:Messina
312:Catania
256:Marxist
219:Mazzini
145:strikes
100:Outcome
2442:(1993)
2430:(1913)
2223:
2205:
2185:
2167:
2147:
2130:
2113:
2096:
2079:
2062:
2033:
2016:
1503:p. 342
1349:p. 340
1223:p. 251
1192:p. 339
1176:p. 161
1106:, p.18
986:faggot
974:Fascio
697:, the
523:carusi
513:Grotte
356:, and
192:faggot
188:fascio
137:Sicily
78:Sicily
21:Fascio
1775:p. 99
982:fasci
676:Tunis
378:Jesus
241:Genoa
2221:ISBN
2203:ISBN
2183:ISBN
2165:ISBN
2145:ISBN
2128:ISBN
2111:ISBN
2094:ISBN
2077:ISBN
2060:ISBN
2031:ISBN
2014:ISBN
870:and
849:and
650:and
602:and
486:and
368:and
289:1887
280:1892
278:and
276:1888
223:Marx
221:and
211:King
183:1893
181:and
179:1889
156:and
131:and
110:The
91:and
66:Date
1819:,
978:pl.
685:in
360:in
352:in
344:in
336:in
314:by
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2100:.
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2020:.
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